4.

6 Porosity logs

sonic log,
density log neutron log

(matrix mineral)

1






3

4.6.1 Sonic or Acoustic log

Sonic tool

sonic tool


synthetic seismogram

2
 sonic tool
(transmitter) magnetostrictive transducer
piezoelectric transducer
(sonic pulse) (receiver)
piezoelectric lead zirconate titanate (PZT)

sonic log interval transit time, t,

1

interval transit time
(lithology) (porosity)

sonic log

3

sonic log
seismic (
check-shot survey) synthetic log ( density log)
density log, neutron log log

4.6.1.1 Principle

10 40 kHz
compressional waves shear waves
surface waves
guided waves

4
Guided waves Interface waves 2

1. Reyleigh waves


shear waves

2. Stoneley waves

amplitude
tube waves
compressional waves

5




sonic log

compressional
waves fluid
pressure waves compressional
waves
fluid pressure waves shear waves
compressional waves

6
4.6.1.2 Equipment
sonic tool
1

1.Conventional sonic tool

Conventional sonic tool
compressional waves 2
3 5

2
2
interval transit time, t,

7
 2
3 5
(resolution)

2. Borehole compensated sonic tool (BHC)

sonic tool borehole compensated
sonic tool 2
2 (4 )
2
1 2

3
2

8




2
(up-going down-going)
2

100 200 (microseconds, s)

50 (milliseconds,
ms)

9



interval
transit time
cycle skipping

3. Long-spaced sonic tool (LSS)

sonic tool long-spaced sonic tool
depth-derived borehole compensated

2
2
2
8 10 10 12
BHC sonic tool

10
 2
11 kHz

2



digital compressional waves,
shear waves fluid waves

4. Array-sonic tool
sonic tool spacing
array-sonic tool BHC log
LSS log open hole cement bond log (CBL)
variable density log (VDL) cased hole

11
 2 2
5 18 kHz 2
2 3
5 8
6
8
compressional wave, shear waves Stonley waves

4.6.1.3 Depth of investigation

BHC log 2 3 cm



20 100 cm

12
4.6.1.4 Some typical problems
sonic tool

conventional sonic
tool

(material)
(damage or alteration)
swelling clay



shale alteration

13
4.6.1.5 Log presentation
interval transit time sonic log trace 2 3
scale . s/ft interval
transit time trace
interval transit time
40 140 s

sonic tool
(series of pips)
trace 2 1 msec integrated
travel time (TTI) 10 msec



(seismic section)

14
4.6.1.6 Sonic porosity determination
sonic log correlation
interval transit time

sonic log, S,
Wyllie time-average
formula
t log = S t f + (1 S )t ma

t log t ma
S =
t f t ma

15
 tlog = sonic log s/ft
tma = interval transit time matrix material
tf = interval transit time saturating fluid
( 189 s/ft fresh mud
185 s/ft salt mud)

15 25 %
sonic log
(30 % )
(high hydrocarbon saturation)
shallow invasion t
(high water saturation formation)

16
 (compaction)
(uncompacted
sands)
sonic tool, S,
C (t log t ma )
S =
t log
C = 0.625 0.7
0.67
(gas-saturated reservoir rock)
C 0.6

laminated shale
sonic log (apparent sonic porosity)
laminated shale , S,
laminated shale
t log t ma t sh t msh
S = Vsh
t f t ma t f t msh

17
 Vsh = laminated shale
tsh = interval transit time laminated shale
tmsh = interval transit time matrix shale
( 82.0 s/ft)

laminated shale

S = C
(
t t
log ma

)
Vsh ( t sh t msh )


t log t sh

18
4.6.1.8 Applications

1. Lithology and pore fluid identification

sonic log


compressional waves shear waves plot
compressional transit time, tc shear transit time, ts

19

sonic log

interval transit time

interval transit time

gas-bearing zone
compressional waves
interval transit time

20
2. Formation fluid pressure
sonic log
overpressure shale zone interval transit
time shale
shale confining
pressure pore pressure hydrostatic pressure
overcompaction shale

3. Elastic constant, mechanical properties and

fractures
elastic constants bulk modulus shear modulus

compressional waves shear waves sonic log
compressional
waves shear waves elastic
constants

21
compressive strength stress
shear modulus
overburden pressure pore
pressure effective confining pressure
(mechanical properties) tensile
strength compressive
strength
(poorly cemented sandstones)

sonic log

hydrofracturing



sonic log
amplitude shear waves
shear
waves

22
4. Compaction




(sh) Magara (1980)

Z
sh = 0 exp
C

0 =
(initial poroity at Z = 0)
Z = (depth of burial)
C = (decay constant)

23


5. Source-rock identification.
sonic log


Meyer and Nederlof
(1984)
D = 6.906 + 3.186 log t log + 0.487 log R75O

R75O = 75OF (24OC)

24
4.6.2 Density log

Density log
(bulk density)


shale (shaly sands)
(complex lithology)
(overburden pressure)
oil-shale

25

(matrix) (rock-forming
minerals) (fluid)

4.6.2.1 Principle
(Cs137 0.66 MeV Co60 1.17
1.33 MeV)


comption scattering

26


(true bulk
density, b)

27
4.6.2.2 Compensated formation density tool (FDC)
(source)
(scintillation detector) 2

(short-spacing detector)
(long-spacing detector)


mud cake

(electrical pulse)

(pulse
rate)

28


residue mud
cake mud filled hole rugosity
mud

29
4.6.2.3 Depth of investigation
4
8 vertical resolution 6 10

4.6.2.4 Log presentation

density log
trace 2 3 scale 2.0 3.0 g/cm3
scale
scale 1.0 2.0
g/cm3 2.7 2.0
g/cm3 0 40 %

30
 correction trace 3 0
+ 0.25 g/cc
0
+
0.15 g/cc

4.6.2.5 Density porosity determination

clean formation
density log, D,

log = ma (1 D ) + f D

ma log
D =
ma f

31
 ma = matrix
log = log
f =

shale formation density log,

D,
ma log sh
D = Vsh ma
ma f ma f

sh = shale

32
 clean formation
density log, D,

ma log Rmf mf gas

D = +
ma gas Rxo ma gas

Rmf = mud filtrate

Rxo = flushed zone
gas = (g/cc)

0.18
gas =
(7644 / depth( ft ) ) + 0.22

33
4.6.2.6 Some effects on density log

1. Borehole effect
density tool
washout
caliper

34
 6 9

1 9 bulk density
0.005 g/cm3
1 9
bulk density 0.01 g/cm3

2. Hydrocarbon effect
oil-bearing formation

density log gas bearing formation
density log

35
3. Effect of shale
shale clay shale

shale 2.2 2.65 g/cm3
shale compaction
shale compaction clay

4. Effect of pressure

shale
(compaction) overpressure
shale
high-pressure permeable sands

36
4.6.2.7 Applications
1.


2. neutron, sonic log log
lithology
3 neutron resistivity log gas-oil,
gas-water, oil-water contact

37
4.6.3 Neutron log
neutron log
(porous rock)



neutron log
(core)

4.6.3.1 Principle

(fast neutrons, 5 MeV)

38


0.025 eV (low or thermal neutron)

Ra-Be (300 millicurie, at

4.5 MeV), 239Pu-Be (5 curie, at 4.5 MeV), 238Pu-Be (16
curie, at 4.5 MeV) Americium-beryllium ,AmBe (at
4.5 MeV)

39
4.6.3.2 Equipment

Gamma ray/Neutron Tool (GNT)
1 (scintillation
Geiger-Mueller detector) 1

Sidewall
neutron porosity tool (SNP)
Compensated neutron logging
(CNL) Dual-energy neutron logging (DNL)

40
1.Neutron-epithermal neutron log (CNT-G) or
Sidewall neutron porosity tool (SNP)
CNT-G SNP tool
skid
(activated boron lithium
fluoride crystal)
0.4 eV (epithermal neutron)

5
mudcake

41
2.Compensated neutron logging (CNL)
CNL tool
16-curie
thermal neutron 2
1 2

(dual spacing)
SNP tool

42



(thermal neutron absorber)

43
3. Dual-Energy Neutron logging (DNL)
DNL tool

epithermal neutron 2
thermal neutron 2

clean formation
shaly formation

epithermal neutron
density porosity
2
shale clay

44
4.6.3.3 Depth of investigation



vertical resolution SNP log 2
CNL log 12-15 SNP log
8
CNL log 10

4.6.3.4 Log presentation

SNP logging
scale trace 2 3
log

45
 CNL tool DNL tool
(LS)
(SS)
CNL log
porosity log Compensated density
neutron tool
density tool trace

4.6.3.5 Environmental effect

46
1. Response to hydrocarbon
neutron log




neutron log
log

2. Shale, bound water

neutron log


shale

47
3. Effect of lithology
neutron log

4.6.3.6 Environmental corrections

48
1. SNP corrections
SNP log
sidewall
mudcake

2. Thermal neutron measurement

CNL log DNL log
mudcake
FDC tool caliper
neutron log

FDC tool

49
 CNL tool DNL tool

- 7 7/8
-
- mudcake standoff
- 75OF
- 1
-

50
4.6.3.7 Neutron porosity determination
neutron log

neutron log
(apparent porosity)

sonic log density log

shale clay
shale clay

N = log Vsh sh

S = neutron log
Vsh = shale
sh = neutron porosity shale

51
4.6.3.8 Applications
1. SNP tool


2. Neutron tool resistivity tool, sonic tool
density tool


3. Neutron tool gravel pack

52