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    Atlas of Igneous Rock PDF

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    Nes Thanut

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    PER} Igneous Rocks UCR at lt ] LOW-PRICED EDITION Atlas of Igneous Rocks and Their Textures ‘The English Language Book Society is funded by the Overseas Development Administration of the British Government. It makes available low- priced, unabridged editions of British publishers textbooks to students in developing countries. Below is alist of some other books on earth sciences published under the ELBS imprint Adams, MacKenzie and Guilford ‘Atlas of Sedimentary Rocks under the Microscope Longn Blyth and de Freitas A Geology for Engineers Edward Arnold Deer, Howie and Zussman ‘An Introduction to the Rock-Forming Minerals Longman Evans ‘An Introduction to Ore Geology Blackwell Scientific Hall Igneous Petrology Longman Holmes; Holmes (reviser) Holmes: Principles of Physical Geology Van Nostrand Reinhold (UK) Kearey and Brooks ‘An Introduction to Geophysical Exploration Blackwell Scientific MacKenzie and Guilford Atlas of Rock-Forming Minerals in Thin Section Longman Read and Watson Introduction to Geology Vols 1 and 2 Macmillan Tucker Sedimentary Petrology Blackwell Scientific Watson Geology and Man Allen & Unwin Atlas of Igneous Rocks and Their Textures W.S. MACKENZIE C.H. DONALDSON C. GUILFORD Longman Scientific & Technical Longman Group UK Lie; Longman House, Burnt Mill, Harlow, Associated companies throughou the world © Longman Group UK Led 1982 All rights reserved no part ofthis publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval system, or transmitted inany form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior ‘written permission of the Publishers. First published 1982 Reprinted 1984, 1988 ELBScaltion frst published 1988, ISBN 0 582,02641 5 Printed in Great Britain by William Clowes Ltd, Beccles and London Contents Preface Acknowledgements Part | The textures of igneous rocks (Numbers refer to photographs ~ not to pages) Introduction Crystallinity Granularity Terms referring to what the aided and unaided eye can or cannot see Terms indicating absolute ranges of grain size Terms indicating relative size of crystals Crystal shapes ‘Terms indicating quality of the development of faces on crystals Terms indicating three-dimensional crystal shape General three-dimensional terms Specific three-dimensional terms Skeletal, dendritic and embayed crystals Parallel-growth crystals Sieve-textured crystals Elongate, curved, branching crystals Pseudomorphs Mutual relations of crystals (and amorphous materials) Equigranular textures Inequigranular textures Seriate texture Porphyritic texture 19 10-14 15-17 18-22 23-25 26-30 31-32 33, 34:37 38 39-43 45 Glomeroporphyrtic texture Poikiltc texture Ophitic texture Interstitial textures Oriented, aligned and dirsoted textures Trachytic texture Trachytoid texture Paralle-grovth texture wee Comb texture {comb layering) Orbicular texture (orbicular layering) xe Intergrowth textures Conserial texture Micrographie texture (or graphic, if visible with the naked eye) Granophyric texture Myrmekitic texture Intrafaseiculate texture Lamellar and bleb-like intergrowths Symplectite texture Radiate textures Spherulitic texture Variohtie texture Radiate intergrowth ‘Overgrowth textures Skeletal or dendritic overgrowth Corona texture Crystal zoning Banded textures (banding) ‘Comb layering, orbicular texture, and ocellar texture Cavity textures ‘Vesicular texture Amygdaloidal texture Miavolitic texture Lithophysa or (stone-ball) texture Part 2 Varieties of igneous rocks (Numbers refer to photographs ~ not 0 pages) Inroduetion| Urabasie racks Dunite Peridotite Kimbelite Garnet peridotite Pyroxenite Komatite Meymechite Horblendite Basie rocks Basats var. Tholeitc basalt var, Alkali olivine basalt var. Lunar low-Ti basalt var. Lunar high-Ti basalt var. Pieritic basalt var. Ankaramite 46.47 4851 52.57 868 on 9294 95-102 103-104 106-107 108 109 0 un 42 113 m4 us 18 119) 120 cr 12 23 spilt Gaboro ‘Teschenite Essexite Dolerite Norite Anorthosite Intermediate rocks Andesite Boninite Diorite Tonalite Kentallenite Monzonite Dacite Granodiorite Trachyte Syenite Shonkinite Acid rocks Rhyolite Pantellerte Granite Alkali granite Alkaline and miscellancous rocks Phonolite Leucite phonolite Nosean leucite phonolite Pseudoleucite phonolite Blairmorite Nepheline syenite Malignite Sodalite syenite Nephelinite Holite Untite Basanite Tephrte Olivine melilitite Leueitite Fergusite Alnoite Maturite Fiteroyite Wyomingite Madupite Carbonatite Chondrite (meteorite) ‘Achondrite (meteorite) Append Preparation ofa thin ction of rock References Indes m4 135 126 a7 18 19 130 131 im 133 1M BS 136 GT 138 139 140 1 146 ut 148 ry 150 151 132 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165, 166 167 Preface ‘The commonest means of studying an igneous rock is to examine it in thin section, either with a petrographic microscope or a hand lens, which permits identifeation ofthe minerals present and investigation of their textural relations. From such study the skilled petrographer can interpret details of the history of the magma which crystallized to form the rock ‘To become skillod requires many hours of study and training. Much of the Uuaining is acquired by patient attention by the teacher to the student. The student ‘needs his observations verified and this can result in the teacher being summoned every minute or so; with a class of ten or more, the student is for long periods ‘unattended, becomes frustrated and loses interest. The remedy is forthe student t0 bbe able to verify his own observations by comparison with a photograph of a rock ofthe same type or showing the same feature(s) ‘The main aim of this book is to provide such a laboratory handbook to assist the sudent of geology (undergraduate and amateur) beginning to study igneous rocks in thin section, I s hoped that t may also be useful as a Teference work for more advanced students and others interested in the natural history of rocks, ‘The work is divided into two parts ~ Part [is devoted to descriptions and photo- raph of textures fourd in igneous rocks and Part 2 consists of photographs of common (and a few not so common) igneous rocks. We have selected those rocks and textural types which we believe may be en- countered in an undergraduate course in geology but have made no attempt to produce a comprehensive coverage of all igncous rocks which have been given Individual names because many of these names reflect only minor mineralogical or textural differences, ‘We have tried, as far as possible, to avoid any interpretation of the origin of textures and rocks although the simple matter of arranging the rocks in some order of presentation is based to some extent on presumed genetic relationships between them. Tha previously published Alas of Rack-Forming Minerals we have illustrated the appearance of the common rock-forming minerals so that here we have not con- sidered it necessary to describe the optical properties in detail. To be able to give a hhame to the majority of igneous rocks iti only necessary to be familiar with the properties of between twelve and fifteen minerals and we have assumed thatthe user Df this book i already able to recognize these mineral. ‘Thin sections can be observed under the simplest of microscopes fitted with 10 picces of polaroid and a new field of interest is open tothe amateur for only a modest, Tinancial outlay. Because some amateur geologists may be interested in preparing {heir ovn thin sections we have included brief description of how this may be done. “Many of the photographs show a combination of shapes and colours which have a special beauty of their own, reflecting the fact that while thin section study is of practical importance it can also be of aesthetic satisfaction. & few of the most Attractive pictures unashamedly represent the authors’ selfindulgence. The usual criticism of photomicrographs is that its very often dificult to deter~ ‘mine which feature they are intended to ilustrate. For this reason many textbooks are illustrated by drawings in which the required feature may be exaggerated. We have tried to test the usefulness of our photographs by asking our colleagues t0 ‘dentiy the mineral assemblage or texture which we have illustrated. We are grateful to them for their help inthis respect. Most of the photographs were made from thin sections of rocks in the teaching collections of the Geology Departments of Man- chester University and St Andrews University. Others were provided by friends tnd colleagues who made available to us thin seetions from their own research colletions, and we are most grateful to them for their help in this matter. We are particularly indebted to Dr John Wadsworth and Mr lan MacKenzie who read and Criticized al the descriptions ofthe textures and rocks. However, any failings in these leseriptions ate our responsibility alone. Finally, we caution those using the book not to regard the photographs 38 re presenting all the known textures and varieties of igneous rock, or indeed all thet zuises, These photographs are only an aid to recognition of textures and rock types and ean never substitute for looking at thin sevtions under the microscope Acknowledgements We are much indebted to our colleagues and friends who have generously given us thin sections of rocks from which to take photographs: they include th Following gentlemen; S.O. Agrell B. Atkinson, N. Binsiead, K. Brooks, F. M. Broadhurst TSE, Carmichael, 1B. Dawson, 1. Psion, M.E. Fleet, F.G. F. Gibb, A. Hall, D.L Hamilton, C. M. B. Henderson, A.M. Hopgood, E. Iki, R, Johnston, LR. MacKenzie, R. Nesbitt, E, Sapounizis, J. Wadsworth, Rong-shu Zeng and J Zussman, We havealso benchited greatly from having heem able to use the collections (of the lite Prof. H. 1, Drever who was the teacher and friend of both WSM and CHD at St, Andrews University, although 25 years intervened between our time as his students: head his calleague Mr. R, Johnston were jointly responsible for arousing four interest in igneous rocks early in our careers. The staf of the publishers have been very patient and helpful and we especially wish to thank them for their consideration and for that quality essential to all publishers a sense of humour, ‘Miss Patricia Crook's help both in typing the manuscript and in preparing the index is gratefully acknowledged. We are grateful to Dr Robert Hutchison of the British Museum (Natural History) for permission to photograph thin sections ofthe Prairie Dog meteorite and the Stannero meteorite, both of which are inthe British Muscum collections. Part | The textures of igneous rocks Introduction ‘To English-speaking petrologists rextures are the geometrical relationships among the component crystals of a rock and any amorphous materials (glass or gas in cavities) that may be present. They comprise the following properties 1. Crystallinity (legree oferystallization) ~ie. the relative proportions of alass anc cxystals 2 Granularity (grain size) i.e, the absolute and the relative sizes of crystals +. Crystal shapes. 4 Mutual relations or arrangement of erystals and any amorphous materials present In this part of the book textures in each of these categories are desribed and ilus- tated, some in plane-polarized light (PPL), some in cross-polarized light (XPL) tind some in both. Some textures exhibit more than one of the above properties and Wwe have indicated where ths is so. ‘Petrography, of which textural telations are a part, is the descriptive and factual side of petrology, whereas perrogenesis isthe interpetive side. Thus genetic terms, Such as ciomudate, cumulus crystal, cumudate texture, synnewsis texture, exsolion Texture and fluxion texture should be avoided, as they combine factual desription ‘Sith interpretation; they rob any person reading a petrographic description of Unbiased observations and can cast doubt on the objectivity ofthe petrographer who ‘wrote the description. For this reason, genetic textural terms are not included inthis book, there being sulable non-genetic terms available forall of them, ‘Remarkably few igncous textures have been reproduced inthe laboratory and the origins of even fewer could be claimed to be adequately understood. For these feasoms, we have made no comment on the origin of most of the textures; readers Should eonsult the texts by Iddings (1909), Holmes (1921), Nigali (1984), Hatch, ‘Wells and Wells (1972) or Cox, Bell and Pankhurst (1979), for discussion ofthe origin of textures and their implications, However, it should be noted that many textures ‘tre open to more than one interpretation and the newcomer to the subject is advised to consider the possible origins and implications for himself before reading one bf these tens. He is then likely to interpret the erystallization ofa rock more objec: tively and flexibly than if the ‘standard interpretation” i adopted slavshly. This ‘comment is particularly relevant to the interpretation of “order of crystallization ‘OF minerals in-a rock, We have found thai both students and teacher can benefit froma two-hour discussion ofthe subject the student who is unencumbered by pre- ‘conceptions can be remarkably inventive and provide his teacher with copious new ideas for consideration. Tn studying rocks in thin section we must not forget that only « 1wW0-dimensional vicw is present and hence the true threedimensional texture has to be deduced from {Examination ofthe dispositions of many crystals inthe section, In rocks witha strong preferred orientation of erystals, two or more sections of different atitude may be Fequited to reveal the texture adequately Crystallinity Crystallinity TIsneous rocks range in crystallinity from entirely crystals to entirely glass, Adjectives used to describe these slates are shown on the following scale: 100% erystals 100% glass hotocrystatine Aypocrystalline! ‘oF Aypohyaline holohyaline The adiectives glassy, vitreous and hyaline all indicate that a rock is more or less completely gla, ‘ypoery crystal to plas rocks can be described more precisely by staring the relative proportion of 1 Holocrystalline anortho: gabbro Elongate crystals of plagioclase feldspar, some wrapped round olivine erystals, form a framework inthis rock, the interstices of which are filled with smaller plagioclase olivine and augite crystals. The purplish-blue area at the top right of this photograph is an augiteerystal which includes number of small plagioclase and olivine crystals Perpendicular Feldspar gabbro from Middle Border Group of the Skaergaard intrusion, East Greenland; magnification 7, XPL 2 Holocrystalline granite Crystals of biotite, quartz, ‘perhitc' potassium-rich feld spar (large erystal bottom right) and zoned sodiumrich feldspar makes up this granite. The speckled! appearance in the cores of the plagioclase feldspar is eaused by fine inclusions of mica Granite from Ross of Mull, Scotland; magnification 14 XPL. Crystallinity 3 Hypocrystalline pitchstone with perlitic cracks Crystals of plagioclase, biotite and magnetite in this rock re sein glass (black in XPL) which has spherical frac tures kaown as racks: these appear as cirles in Dacite from Chemnitz, East Germany; magnification {i ‘ 20, PPL and XPL 4 Hypocrystalline basalt Smllolvine phenocrysts (colourless in PPL) and colum: rt, skeletal titanaugite crystals (pinkish-beige colour i PPL} are enclosed by murky brown glass, No plagioclase has crystallized in this rock, The deeper pink colour ‘ound the margin of some of the titanaugives is a narrow rnanle of Tiich amphibole Bult fiom Quarsut, West Greenland, max PPL and XPL Hypocrystalline basalt (continued) 5 Glassy rock The photograph shows abundam, very. small crystals {probably quartz or feldspar) enclosed by glass. Note the ‘banding caused by (a) differences in abundance of erystal lites, ()eryatalltes in the lighter bands having a Sight referred alignment and (¢)diflerences in colour of the i brown, isolated round objects are known (see Sphorulticrexeure,p. 4). (Seealso 14) Prtchstone fram Aran, Scotland: magnification 12, PPL 6 Glassy basalt threads — Pel These filaments of basalt glass form when particles in a by native Hawaiians to reside within the voleano Kilauea. (Contrast 7) Shecinen from Ena Alé volcano, Ethiopia: magnification <8, PPL Crystallinity 7 Glassy particles of mare basalt in lunar soi Piece of ls, many ofthe pei ae orange brown (vk hr clour Some of te ote oes me pay ciple. Thew parks vere formed by rapid cootey Ml of droplets of tsa mei has been sugested sha tropes oomel eer ie re fosntteng av eruption or by meteors ipa too ike og 2 or id er fow” (Contr! 6) The save wre Taped rapments ae pyronne ale row) and ldo (coburies) Lamar basalt 74220 from Taurus Litirve Valley collected by Apollo 17 astronauts; magnification 43. PPL Globules of one glas in another are found in some rocks and these are attributed to immiscibility of the Iso liquids, In this vock they can only be seen at very high power in thin films oFglass between kths of plagioclase Specimen from basalt fava, Lava beds National Monument California, U.S.A. magnification 600, PPL ‘Glass, or devitified glass, i often an important constituent ofthe pyroclastic rocks known as ash-fallruffs and ash-low auf (or ignimbrites) Such toeks typically have Jragnental textures, ie. they comprise mixtures of fragments of rocks, crystals and tas, predominantly less than a millimetre in size 9). In an ash-flow deposit the lass fragments may initially be plastic enough to be partly or wholly wekled to gcther as the weight of overlying material causes compaction of the constit Fragments; such a rock is known as a welded raf (Bb). I sufficient heat is available sassy fragments devitrity Crystallinity 8a Glassy unwelded rhyolite tuff The glassy fragments in this rock, some of which are banded and slightly fattened, are not welded to or another. They and the erystals of quartz and feldspar a ‘embedded in fine glassy particles (ash). Recent ignimbrite, from Whakatane, North Island, Neve Zealand: magnification 46, PPL. 8b Glasey welded crystal tuff “The glassy matrix in this rock has an apparent discon: tinuous lamination caused by extreme compaction and welding of original pumice fragments. The regular align ment of the flattened fragments is known as eutaxitie Welded taf from Tibchi granite ving-complex, Nigeria: smagnificatton x36, PPL 9 Tutt “This fragmental rock consists of crystals of quartz alkali feldspar and plagioclase of various sizes and shapes, pieces of glassy thyolite (eg. centre) and pieces of fine-grained tuff, all enclosed in a fine-grained) banded ash matrix which originally may have been glassy. (See also 13) Tuff from Llaneliwedd, Wales: magnification 10, PPL and XPL. *Pepmaiticteaune fa variety of phanereey saline tn which te pals are saringly large, bugger than J 2 andl rare Toe tr apse ie wonnetames ase for aphamtic rocks whic tos ponerse 60,63 107), Fenlclexture Te sometimes applied to silos rocks with ‘ind, vot eryprorystatie rey-poarzing urea compas ff moe or less equgranutar aggregates of quar and abl fl ipa Th nara estes often applied o such rocks. aloe this vont eld erm organ acid aera of ws 10 Phanerocrystalline granites ‘The crystals in the (wo granites, illustrated here in hand specimen, are clearly visible to the naked eye. Although the rocks contain the same minerals (alkali feldspar, plagioclase feldspar, quartz and biotite) the proportions ofthe minerals are not the same, and this influences the rock textures. Thus the Shap granite contains two distinet Sizes of potassium feldspar erystals (pink), whereas the Fagle Red Granite has only one. Granite from Shap, England (opposite) and “Eagle Red sranite, South Africa (next page): both magnifications » 1 A hin section view of the Shap granite is shown in 144 Granularity This property embraces three different concepts: (I) what the aided and unaided eye can or cannot see; (2) absolute erystal sizes (p. 12); and (3) relative crystal sizes (-14). ‘Terms refeering to what the aided and unaided eye ean oF cannot see Phanerocrystallne (phunerticsexture of American petrolosists) principal minerals can be distinguished by the naked eye (soe 10), ‘Aphantic~ all crystals, other than any phenoerysts present (se p. Aistinguished by the naked eye.* Two sub-types exist all erystals ofthe (@) Microorystatne~ crystals ean be identified in thin sgetion with a petrographic microscope (11). Crystals only just large enough to show polarization colours {less than 0.0lmm) are called microlves (b) Crvpioerystattine™ ~ crystals are too small 10 be identified even with the micro. scope (12 and 13). Globular, rod-like and hai-like crystals which are too small to show polarization colours are known as crystal Granutarity Phaneroerystallin granites (continued) 11 Microcrystalline olivine basalt This rock consists mainly of plagioclase feldspar, augite and olivine but, without the aid of the microscope, individual erystals would not have been distinguishable In parts of the photograph the randomly arranged rectangular plagioclases are enclosed by areas showing uniform yellowish interference colours, these are augite crystals Otivine basal from North-west Skye, Scovland; magnifica tion « 13, PPL, rock 12 Cryptocrystalli Comparison of these te photographs shows that the brown material in the PPL view is birftingent but that the individual erystals are of submicroscopie size. The clear areas in the PPL view are slightly more coarsely crystalline, as can be seen in the XPL view Rhyolte from Island of Pantelleria, Hal: magnification «72, PPL and XPL Granalaity Ceyptocrystaline rock (continued) 13 Cryptocrystalline matrix in a tuff Cryptocrystalline texture is common in tulls (ie, e0n: solidated ash), as in the matrix of this rock, Here the matrix encloses fragments of shale and quartz erystals (S00 also 8 and 9. Tuff from snknown locality: mag XPL sation 16, PPL a Terms indicating absolute ranges of grain size Coarse-grained ~ crystal diameters > Smm Mediuon-grained ~ crystal diameters 1-Smmm Fine-grained ~ crystal diameters

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