TIU CHUN QUC GIA

TCVN 7506-2 : 2011

ISO 3834-2 : 2005

YU CU CHT LNG I VI HN NNG CHY KIM LOI - PHN 2: YU CU

CHT LNG TON DIN

Quality requirements for fusion welding of metallic materials - Part 2: Comprehensive quality
requirements

Li ni u

TCVN 7506-2 : 2011 thay th cho TCVN 7506-2 : 2005 (ISO 3834-2 : 1994)

TCVN 7506-2 : 2011 hon ton tng ng vi ISO 3834-2 : 2005.

TCVN 7506-2 : 2011 do Ban k thut tiu chun quc gia TCVN/TC 44 Qu trnh hn bin
son, Tng cc Tiu chun o lng Cht lng ngh, B Khoa hc v Cng ngh cng b.

B tiu chun TCVN 7506 : 2011 (ISO 3834 : 2005) Yu cu cht lng i vi hn nng chy
kim loi bao gm cc phn nh sau:

- Phn 1: Tiu ch la chn mc yu cu cht lng thch hp;

- Phn 2: Yu cu cht lng ton din;

- Phn 3: Yu cu cht lng tiu chun;

- Phn 4: Yu cu cht lng c bn;

- Phn 5: Cc ti liu cn thit phi tun theo ph hp vi cc yu cu cht lng ca TCVN

7506-2 (ISO 3834-2), TCVN 7506-3 (ISO 3834-3) hoc TCVN 7506-4 (ISO 3834-4).

YU CU CHT LNG I VI HN NNG CHY KIM LOI - PHN 2: YU

CU CHT LNG TON DIN

Quality requirements for fusion welding of metallic materials - Part 2: Comprehensive quality
requirements

1. Phm vi p dng
Tiu chun ny quy nh cc yu cu cht lng ton din i vi hn nng chy kim loi trong
phn xng v ti a im lp t ti hin trng.

2. Ti liu vin dn

Cc ti liu vin dn sau l cn thit cho vic p dng tiu chun ny. i vi cc ti liu vin
dn ghi nm cng b th p dng bn c nu. i vi cc ti liu vin dn khng ghi nm
cng b th p dng phin bn mi nht, bao gm c cc sa i (nu c).

TCVN 7506-1 (ISO 3834-1), Yu cu cht lng i vi hn nng chy kim loi - Phn 1: Tiu
ch la chn mc yu cu cht lng thch hp.

TCVN 7506-5 : 2011 (ISO 3834-5 : 2005), Yu cu cht lng i vi hn nng chy kim loi -
Phn 5: Cc ti liu cn thit phi tun theo ph hp vi cc yu cu cht lng ca TCVN
7506-2 (ISO 3834-2), TCVN 7506-3 (ISO 3834-3) hoc TCVN 7506-4 (ISO 3834-4).

3. Thut ng v nh ngha

Tiu chun ny p dng cc thut ng v nh ngha cho trong TCVN 7506-1 (ISO 3834-1).

4. S dng tiu chun ny

i vi thng tin chung v s dng tiu chun ny phi theo TCVN 7506-1 (ISO 3834-1).

p ng cc yu cu cht lng c cho trong tiu chun ny, phi kim tra s ph hp vi
cc ti liu c lin quan c cho trong TCVN 7506-5 (ISO 3834-5).

Trong mt s trng hp, v d khi sn xut thch hp hn vi TCVN 7506-3 (ISO 3834-3) hoc
TCVN 7506-4 (ISO 3834-4) hoc khi cc nguyn cng c bit nh x l nhit khng c thc
hin th cc yu cu chi tit trong tiu chun ny c th c sa cha c chn lc hoc loi b.

Nu khng, cc yu cu c trong tiu chun ny phi c chp nhn y .

5. Xem xt li cc yu cu v k thut

5.1. Yu cu chung

Nh sn xut phi xem xt li cc yu cu ca hp ng v bt c cc yu cu no khc cng vi

cc d liu k thut do khch hng cung cp hoc cc d liu ni b khi kt cu do nh sn xut
thit k. Nh sn xut phi bo m rng tt c cc thng tin cn thit cho thc hin cc nguyn
cng ch to lun y v cn c trc khi bt u cng vic. Nh sn xut phi khng nh
kh nng ca mnh p ng tt c cc yu cu v hn v bo m lp k hoch thch hp cho tt
c cc hot ng lin quan n cht lng.

Nh sn xut cn xem xt li hp ng xc minh rng ni dung cng vic nm trong kh nng

thc hin ca mnh, c ngun lc p ng thi hn giao hng, ti liu r rng, khng c
iu g m h. Nh sn xut phi m bo rng bt c s thay i no gia hp ng v gi c
nim yt trc y phi c nhn bit v khch hng c thng bo v bt c s thay i
no v chng trnh, gi c hoc k thut c th xy ra.

Cc iu khon trong 5.2 c xem l c tnh nng c trng trc hoc ti thi im xem xt
li cc yu cu. Cc iu khon trong 5.3 thng l mt phn ca vic xem xt li v k thut v
cn c tnh n trong giai on lp k hoch ban u.

Khi khng c hp ng, v nh cc sn phm c sn xut d tr th nh sn xut cn quan

tm n cc yu cu trong 5.2 khi thc hin vic xem xt li v k thut (xem 5.3).

5.2. Xem xt li cc yu cu

Phi xem xt cc yu cu sau:

a) Tiu chun sn phm c s dng cng vi bt c cc yu cu b sung no;

b) Cc yu cu theo lut nh v cc yu cu iu chnh;

c) Bt c yu cu b sung no do nh sn xut xc nh;

d) Kh nng ca nh sn xut p ng cc yu cu quy nh.

5.3. Xem xt li v k thut

Phi xem xt cc yu cu k thut sau:

a) c tnh k thut ca vt liu c bn v cc tnh cht ca mi ni hn;

b) Cht lng v cc yu cu chp nhn i vi cc mi hn;

c) V tr, kh nng tip cn v trnh t ca cc mi hn, bao gm c kh nng tip cn kim tra
v th khng ph hy;

d) c tnh k thut ca quy trnh hn, quy trnh th khng ph hy v quy trnh x l nhit;

e) Phng php c s dng cho chp nhn cc quy trnh hn;

f) Kim tra chp nhn nhn vin;

g) La chn, nhn bit v/hoc kh nng truy tm ngun gc (v d, i vi vt liu, cc mi

hn);

h) B tr kim tra cht lng, bao gm c bt c i hi no v mt c quan kim tra c lp;

i) Kim tra v th nghim;

j) Thu ph;

k) X l nhit sau hn;

l) Cc yu cu v hn khc, v d kim tra m vt liu hn, hm lng ferit ca kim loi mi hn,
s ha gi, hm lng hydro, m lt c nh, s dng cng ngh rn bng ba, gia cng hon
thin b mt, profin ca mi hn;

m) S dng cc phng php c bit (v d t c thu hon ton m khng dng m

lt khi ch hn mt pha);

n) Cc kch thc v chi tit v chun b mi ni v mi hn c hon thnh;

o) Cc mi hn c ch to trong phn xng hoc ni khc;

p) Cc iu kin mi trng c lin quan n ng dng qu trnh hn (v d, iu kin mi

trng c nhit rt thp hoc s cn thit phi c bo v chng cc iu kin bt li v thi
tit);

q) X l cc vn khng ph hp.

6. Thu ph

Khi nh sn xut d nh s dng cc dch v hoc hot ng thu ph (v d, hn, kim tra, th
khng ph hy, x l nhit) th nh sn xut phi cung cp cho nh thu ph thng tin cn thit
p ng cc yu cu p dng. Nh thu ph phi cung cp h s v ti liu v cng vic ca
mnh theo quy nh ca nh sn xut.

Nh thu ph phi lm vic theo s y quyn v trch nhim ca nh sn xut v phi tun theo
hon ton cc yu cu c lin quan ca tiu chun ny. Nh sn xut phi m bo rng nh thu
ph c th tun th theo cc yu cu v cht lng nh quy nh. Thng tin m nh sn xut
cung cp cho nh thu ph phi bao gm tt c cc d liu c lin quan t vic xem xt li cc
yu cu (xem 5.2) v xem xt li v k thut (xem 5.3). C th quy nh cc yu cu b sung khi
cn thit m bo nh thu ph tun theo cc yu cu k thut.

7. Nhn s hn

7.1. Quy nh chung

Nh sn xut phi c nhn s c nng lc lp k hoch, thc hin v gim st sn xut hn

theo cc yu cu quy nh.

7.2. Th hn tay v th hn my

Cc th hn tay v th hn my phi c chp nhn bng kim tra thch hp.

Cc ti liu cn phi tun theo p ng cc yu cu v cht lng c quy nh trong TCVN
7506-5 : 2011 (ISO 3834-5 : 2005), Bng 1 i vi hn h quang, hn chm tia in t, hn
chm tia lazer v hn kh v trong TCVN 7506-5 : 2011 (ISO 3834-5 : 2005), Bng 10 i vi
cc qu trnh hn nng chy khc.

7.3. iu phi vin hn

Nh sn xut phi c cc iu phi vin hn thch hp. Nhng ngi c trch nhim i vi cc
hot ng cht lng ny phi c quyn hn c th c bt c hnh ng cn thit no.
Nhim v v trch nhim ca cc iu phi vin hn phi c quy nh r rng.

Cc ti liu tiu chun cn phi tun theo p ng cc yu cu v cht lng c quy nh

trong TCVN 7506-5 : 2011 (ISO 3834-5 : 2005), Bng 2 i vi hn h quang, hn chm tia in
t, hn chm tia lazer v hn kh (hi), v trong 7506-5 : 2011 (ISO 3834-5 : 2005), Bng 10 i
vi cc qu trnh hn nng chy khc.

8. Nhn vin kim tra v th nghim

8.1. Quy nh chung

Nh sn xut phi c nhn s c nng lc lp k hoch, thc hin v gim st vic kim tra
v th nghim trong sn xut hn theo cc yu cu quy nh.

8.2. Nhn vin th khng ph hy

Nhn vin th khng ph hy phi c kim tra chp nhn. i vi kim tra bng mt, c th
khng yu cu phi kim tra chp nhn. Khi khng yu cu phi kim tra chp nhn, nng lc
ca nhn vin th khng ph hy phi c nh sn xut kim tra.

Cc ti liu cn phi tun theo p ng cc yu cu v cht lng c quy nh trong TCVN

7506-5 : 2011 (ISO 3834-5 : 2005), Bng 3 i vi hn h quang, hn chm tia in t, hn
chm tia laser v hn kh v trong TCVN 7506-5 : 2011 (ISO 3834-5 : 2005), Bng 10 i vi
cc qu trnh hn nng chy khc.

9. Thit b

9.1. Thit b sn xut v kim tra

Phi sn c cc thit b sau khi cn thit:

- Cc ngun in v cc my khc;

- Thit b chun b mi hn v ct, bao gm c ct bng nhit;

- Thit b nung nng trc v x l nhit sau hn k c dng c o nhit ;

- g nh v v kp cht;

- Thit b nng v cc thit b thao tc khc c dng cho sn xut hn;

- Trang b bo h lao ng c nhn v cc thit b an ton khc c lin quan trc tip ti qu trnh
sn xut hn;

- L nung, t sy v.v.. dng x l cc vt liu hn;

- Cc thit b lm sch b mt;

- Cc thit b th ph hy v khng ph hy.

9.2. M t thit b

Nh sn xut phi duy tr mt danh mc cc thit b ch yu c s dng trong sn xut hn.

Danh mc ny c cc d liu v cc thit b quan trng nh gi cng sut v nng lc ca
xng hn. Danh mc ny bao gm, v d:

- Cng sut ca cn trc ln nht;

- Kch thc ca b phn c th thao tc c trong xng;

- Kh nng ca cc thit b hn c kh ha hoc t ng;

- Kch thc v nhit ln nht ca cc l nung cho x l nhit sau hn;

- Cng sut ca cc thit b cn, un v ct kim loi.

Cc thit b khc ch cn nu tng s lng gn ng cho mi loi (v d, tng s lng cc

ngun in cho cc qu trnh hn khc nhau.

9.3. S ph hp ca thit b

Thit b phi thch hp vi ng dng c la chn.

CH THCH: Thng khng yu cu phi chp nhn thit b hn v thit b gia nhit tr khi c
quy nh khc.

9.4. Thit b mi

Sau khi lp t thit b mi (hoc thit b c phc hi) phi thc hin cc kim tra thch hp.
Cc php kim tra phi xc minh c chc nng vn hnh ng ca thit b. Phi tin hnh cc
kim tra ny v lp ti liu theo cc tiu chun thch hp c lin quan.

9.5. Bo dng thit b

Nh sn xut phi c k hoch bng vn bn cho bo dng thit b. K hoch phi bo m duy
tr cc kim tra i vi cc b phn trong thit b kim sot cc thng s cng ngh c lit k
trong c tnh k thut ca quy trnh hn c lin quan. Cc k hoch ny cng c th c gii
hn cho cc b phn ch yu bo m cht lng ca sn phm. Sau y l mt s v d v
cc b phn ca thit b ny.

- Trng thi ca cc ng dn hng ca thit b ct bng nhit, ca cc g c kh ha v.v;

- Trng thi ca ampe k v vn k, lu lng k v.v c s dng cho vn hnh thit b hn;

- Trng thi ca cp dn din, ng mm, u ni v.v;

- Trng thi ca h thng iu khin trong thit b hn c kh ha v/hoc t ng;

- Trng thi ca cc dng c o nhit ;

- Trng thi ca cc thit b cp dy hn v cc ng dn dy hn.

Khng s dng cc thit b c khuyt tt.

10. Hn v cc hot ng c lin quan

10.1. Lp k hoch sn xut

Nh sn xut phi lp k hoch sn xut thch hp.

Cc ni dung c xem xt ca k hoch ti thiu phi bao gm:

- c im ca trnh t ch to kt cu (v d nh cc chi tit ring bit hoc cm chi tit v th

t lp rp cui cng);

- Nhn bit cc qu trnh hn ring cn cho ch to kt cu;

- Tham chiu cc c tnh k thut ca quy trnh hn thch hp v cc qu trnh c lin quan;

- Trnh t ch to cc mi hn;

- Th t v thi gian thc hin cc qu trnh hn ring;

- iu kin k thut cho kim tra v th nghim, bao gm c i hi bt c mt c quan kim tra
c lp no;

- Cc iu kin mi trng (v d bo v trnh gi v ma);

- Nhn bit bng l, cc b phn hoc chi tit, khi thch hp;
- B tr nhn s c chp nhn;

- B tr kim tra trong sn xut.

10.2. c tnh k thut ca quy trnh hn

Nh sn xut phi chun b cc c tnh k thut ca quy trnh hn v bo m rng quy trnh
ny c s dng ng trong sn xut.

Cc ti liu cn phi tun theo p ng cc yu cu v cht lng c quy nh trong TCVN

7506-5 : 2011 (ISO 3834-5 : 2005), Bng 4 i vi hn h quang, hn chm tia in t, hn
chm tia laser v hn kh v trong TCVN 7506-5 : 2011 (ISO 3834-5 : 2005), Bng 10 i vi
cc qu trnh hn nng chy khc.

10.3. Chp nhn quy trnh hn

Quy trnh hn phi c chp nhn trc sn xut. Phng php chp nhn phi ph hp vi cc
tiu chun sn phm c lin quan hoc theo quy nh trong c tnh k thut.

Cc ti liu cn phi tun theo p ng cc yu cu v cht lng c quy nh trong TCVN

7506-5 : 2011 (ISO 3834-5 : 2005), Bng 5 i vi hn h quang, hn chm tia in t, hn
chm tia laser v hn kh v trong TCVN 7506-5 : 2011 (ISO 3834-5 : 2005), Bng 10 i vi
cc qu trnh hn nng chy khc.

CH THCH: C th cn phi chp nhn cc quy trnh hn khc trong cc tiu chun sn phm
c lin quan v/hoc cc c tnh k thut.

10.4. Hng dn cng vic

Nh sn xut c th trc tip s dng c tnh k thut ca quy trnh hn cho hng dn cng
vic. Theo cch khc c th s dng cc hng dn cng vic chuyn dng. Cc hng dn cng
vic chuyn dng ny phi c son tho t c tnh k thut ca quy trnh hn c chp
nhn v khng yu cu c s chp nhn ring bit.

10.5. Cc quy trnh chun b v kim tra ti liu

Nh sn xut phi xc lp v duy tr cc quy trnh chun b v kim tra cc ti liu cht lng
c lin quan (v d, c tnh k thut ca quy trnh hn. H s chp nhn quy trnh hn, cc
chng ch chp nhn th hn tay v th hn my).

11. Vt liu hn

11.1. Quy nh chung

Phi quy nh trch nhim v cc quy trnh kim tra cc vt liu hn.
11.2. Kim tra l

Kim tra l vt liu hn ch i hi nu c quy nh.

11.3. Bo qun v x l

Nh sn xut phi son tho v thc hin cc quy trnh v bo qun, x l, nhn bit v s dng
cc vt liu hn trnh c m t, oxy ha v h hng v.v Cc quy trnh ny phi ph hp
vi khuyn ngh ca nh cung cp.

12. Bo qun vt liu c bn

Phi bo qun vt liu, bao gm c vt liu do khch hng cung cp sao cho khng b nh hng
bt li. Phi duy tr s nhn bit trong sut thi gian bo qun.

13. X l nhit sau hn

Nh sn xut phi chu trch nhim hon ton v c tnh k thut v s thc hin bt c x l
nhit no sau hn. Quy trnh phi thch hp vi vt liu c bn, mi ni hn, kt cu v.v v
phi ph hp vi tiu chun sn phm v/hoc cc yu cu quy nh. Trong qu trnh thc hin
phi lp bin bn x l nhit sau hn. Trong bin bn phi th hin c rng c tnh k thut
c tun theo v phi truy tm c ngun gc cho sn phm c th.

Cc ti liu cn phi tun theo p ng cc yu cu v cht lng c quy nh trong TCVN

7506-5 : 2011 (ISO 3834-5 : 2005), Bng 6 i vi hn h quang, hn chm tia in t, hn
chm tia laser v hn kh v trong TCVN 7506-5 : 2011 (ISO 3834-5 : 2005), Bng 10 i vi
cc qu trnh hn nng chy khc.

14. Kim tra v th nghim

14.1. Quy nh chung

Phi thc hin cc kim tra v thc hin p dng c ti cc im thch hp trong qu trnh sn
xut bo m s ph hp vi cc yu cu ca hp ng. V tr v tn sut ca cc kim tra
v/hoc tiu chun sn phm, qu trnh hn v kiu kt cu (xem 5.2 v 5.3).

CH THCH: Nh sn xut c th thc hin cc kim tra b sung khng hn ch. Khng yu cu
phi bo co v cc kim tra ny.

14.2. Kim tra v th nghim trc khi hn

Trc khi bt u hn, phi thc hin cc kim tra sau:

- S thch hp v hiu lc ca cc chng ch chp nhn th hn tay v th hn my;

- S thch hp ca c tnh k thut ca quy trnh hn;

- Nhn bit vt liu c bn;

- Nhn bit cc vt liu hn;

- Chun b mi ni (v d, hnh dng, kch thc);

- Lp ghp, g t v hn nh;

- Bt c cc yu cu c bit no trong c tnh k thut ca quy trnh hn (v d ngn nga s

cong vnh, bin dng);

- S ph hp ca cc iu kin lm vic i vi hn, bao gm c cc iu kin v mi trng.

14.3. Kim tra v th nghim trong qu trnh hn

Trong qu trnh hn phi kim tra cc ni dung sau cc khong thi gian thch hp hoc bng
gim st lin tc:

- Cc thng s hn ch yu (v d, dng in hn, in p h quang v tc di chuyn khi hn);

- Nhit nung nng trc/nhit gia cc lp hn;

- Lm sch v hnh dng ca cc ng hn v lp hn ca kim loi mi hn;

- Di mt sau mi hn;

- Trnh t hn;

- S dng v x l ng cc vt liu hn;

- Kim tra s cong vnh, bin dng;

- Bt c kim tra trung gian no (v d, kim tra kch thc).

Cc ti liu cn phi tun theo p ng cc yu cu v cht lng c quy nh trong TCVN

7506-5 : 2011 (ISO 3834-5 : 2005), Bng 7 i vi hn h quang, hn chm tia in t, hn
chm tia laser v hn kh, v trong TCVN 7506-5 : 2011 (ISO 3834-5 : 2005), Bng 10 i vi
cc qu trnh hn nng chy khc.

14.4. Kim tra v th nghim sau hn

Sau khi hn, phi kim tra s tun th cc tiu ch chp nhn c lin quan:

- Bng kim tra bng mt;

- Bng th khng ph hy;

- Bng th ph hy;

- Hnh dng v kch thc ca kt cu;

- Cc kt qu v h s ca cc nguyn cng sau hn (v d, x l nhit sau hn, ha gi).

Cc ti liu cn phi tun theo p ng cc yu cu v cht lng c quy nh trong TCVN

7506-5 : 2011 (ISO 3834-5 : 2005), Bng 8 i vi hn h quang, hn chm tia in t, hn
chm tia laser, hn kh (hi), v trong TCVN 7506-5 : 2011 (ISO 3834-5 : 2005), Bng 10 i
vi cc qu trnh hn nng chy khc.

14.5. Trng thi kim tra v th nghim

Phi c bin php thch hp ch bo trng thi kim tra v th nghim, kt cu hn, v d nh
bng ghi du trn tng chi tit hoc th tm kim.

15. S khng ph hp v hnh ng khc phc

Phi c bin php kim sot cc ni dung hoc hot ng khng ph hp vi cc yu cu quy
nh ngn nga s chp nhn thiu thn trng. Khi vic sa cha v/hoc phc hi do nh sn
xut thc hin th phi c cc bn m t cc qu trnh thch hp ti tt c cc v tr thc hin cng
vic sa cha hoc phc hi. Khi thc hin vic sa cha, phi kim tra xem xt li v th li
cc ni dung ph hp vi cc yu cu ban u. Cng phi c cc bin php trnh s lp li
cc vn khng ph hp.

16. Hiu chun v hiu lc ca cc thit b o lng, kim tra v th nghim

Nh sn xut phi chu trch nhim v hiu chun thch hp hoc hiu lc ca cc thit b o
lng, kim tra v th nghim. Tt c cc thit b c s dng nh gi cht lng ca kt
cu hn phi c kim tra thch hp v phi c hiu chun hoc c hiu lc trong cc khong
thi gian quy nh.

Cc ti liu cn phi tun theo p ng cc yu cu v cht lng c quy nh trong TCVN

7506-5 : 2011 (ISO 3834-5 : 2005), Bng 9 i vi hn h quang, hn chm tia in t, hn
chm tia laser v hn kh, v trong TCVN 7506-5 : 2011 (ISO 3834-5 : 2005), Bng 10 i vi
cc qu trnh hn nng chy khc.

17. Nhn bit v kh nng truy tm ngun gc

Nhn bit v kh nng truy tm ngun gc phi c duy tr trong sut qu trnh sn xut, nu c
yu cu:

- Nhn bit k hoch sn xut;

- Nhn bit cc th tm kim;

- Nhn bit v tr cc mi hn trong kt cu;

- Nhn bit cc qu trnh v nhn vin th khng ph hy;

- Nhn bit cc vt liu hn (v d, k hiu, tn thng mi, nh sn xut cc vt liu hn v s l

hoc s hiu vt c);

- Nhn bit v/hoc kh nng truy tm ngun gc vt liu c bn (v d loi, s hiu vt c);

- Nhn bit v tr sa cha;

- Nhn bit v tr lin kt tm thi;

- Kh nng truy tm ngun gc i vi cc thit b hn c kh ha v t ng ha hon ton cho

cc mi hn ring;

- Kh nng truy tm ngun gc th hn tay v th hn my cho cc mi hn ring;

- Kh nng truy tm ngun gc c tnh k thut ca quy trnh hn cho cc mi hn ring.

18. H s cht lng

H s cht lng, khi p dng phi bao gm:

- Bin bn xem xt li cc yu cu/k thut;

- Ti liu kim tra vt liu;

- Ti liu kim tra vt liu hn;

- Cc c tnh k thut ca quy trnh hn;

- Cc bin bn bo dng thit b;

- H s chp nhn quy trnh hn (WPQR);

- Cc chng ch chp nhn th hn tay hoc th hn my;

- K hoch sn xut;

- Cc chng ch ca nhn vin th khng ph hy;

- c tnh k thut ca quy trnh x l nhit v cc bin bn;

- Cc quy trnh th khng ph hy v th ph hy v cc bin bn;

- Cc bo co v kch thc;

- Cc bin bn v sa cha v bo co v s khng ph hp;

- Cc ti liu khc, nu c yu cu.

H s cht lng phi c lu gi trong thi gian ti thiu l nm nm nu khng c bt c cc

yu cu quy nh no khc.