BASIC VOCABULARY (15) : MORE PREPOSITIONS

RELATED
FORMS EXAMPLES TRANSLATION
WORDS
Then the students were split into five groups ~ accordingly
according to
their abilities. (adv)
Well, ~ his long nose he is rather good-looking,
apart from fall apart
isn't he?
among She was ~ the few lucky people who managed to be ~ friends /
escape from the kidnappers. strangers
among other At the meeting they discussed, ~, recent He was among
things developments in Eastern Europe. the last to leave.
All schools had to be closed temporarily ~ = because of /
on account of
heavy snowfall. due to
~, he has always acted like a real professional. as mentioned
above all above
Last month's unemployment rate was once again above
average
significantly ~. below average
(a piece of)
advise sb I strongly ~ you ~ giving any further information to
advice
against the press.
(n)
You have done really well in your exams, ~ the
considering = in view of
difficult circumstances.
concerned He has never been particularly ~ what other a matter of
about people think of him. concern
Police are trying to obtain information ~ his (n)
concerning whereabouts. = regarding (prep)
~, W. Shakespeare was the greatest writer of the
= undoubtedly
beyond any sixteenth century.
doubt beyond He was amazed to see that the town centre had
= one can hardly
recognition changed
recognise it
~.
say bye-bye to
We went to London ~ bike / bus / car / rail / train / sb
by plane / sea / boat / air.
His wife had been knocked down ~ a bus. PASSIVE (D:
"von")
means of
by means of The heavy load was lifted ~ of a large crane
transport
Her primary school teacher assumed that she
in fact was a slow learner, whereas ~ she was partially = actually (adv)
deaf.
in spite of They went for a walk ~ the pouring rain. = despite
He didn't reply. ~, he turned on his heel and left
instead instead
the room. With his driving license gone, he had to
of
walk to work ~ going by car.
I am not absolutely sure about when the project
to the best of
starts, but = as far as I know
my knowledge
~ it will be on June 16.
unlike Her latest novel is quite ~ her earlier works. = different from
The company lost $7 million this quarter, ~ a contrast A with
in contrast to
profit of $6 million in the previous year. B (v)
Like most Americans, he can't ~ a daily hot
do without
shower.
Time and again she ~ed ~ her husband, until = have an
quarrel with sb
they both decided that it would be best to split up. argument with sb
 BASIC VOCABULARY (15) : MORE PREPOSITIONS

criticize sb for He was severely ~ed ~ taking a day off right in criticism (n)
sth the middle of the company's financial crisis. a critic (n)
She was sure that the frog would ~ a beautiful
turn into = change into
prince if she kissed it.
Bolognaise sauce ~s ~ minced beef, onion,
consist of = it is made up of
tomatoes, garlic and seasoning.
My sister is always embarrassed when other
comment on = a comment (n)
people ~ her looks (= her outer appearance).
He loved pets, but it was obvious that he ~red a preference
prefer sth to sth
dogs ~ cats. (n)
I would really like to help you, but I'm afraid I'm
familiar with familiarity (n)
not ~ this type of machine.
~ these emergency measures, extra ambulances additionally
in addition to
will be on duty until midnight. (adv) add sth (v)
with reference ~ your recent article entitled "The ultimate
refer to sth (v)
to woggle", I feel obliged to write to you.
 BASIC VOCABULARY (16) : IDIOMS WITH PREPOSITIONS
FORMS EXAMPLES TRANSLATION RELATED
WORDS
take advantage Don't lend them the car - they're taking ~ of = treat someone
of you! unfairly in order to
get what you want
above Surely you don't suspect Mr Rogers of suspect sb of
suspicion stealing the money? He's been working for sth (v)
us for years and is ~. a suspect (n)
against all odds He knew that in trying to save his company odd (adj)
from ruin he was fighting a losing battle, but the odds (n)
he still carried on ~.
at least The economy will take ~ three years to at last
recover from the recession.
by courtesy of This film is shown ~ the National Film
Archive.
at sb's expense Just imagine, he does all his travelling at expensive (adj)
his company's
~, even when his wife accompanies him.
at face value You can't take what Rob says ~. There is = as things
always a catch somewhere, with some appear to be on
advantage in it for him. the surface
at first sight ~ it seems to be a straightforward case of = when
suicide, but the police suspect foul play. considered for the
first time
behind the There was endless activity ~ before the visit = without public
scenes of the royal couple. knowledge
behind The manager is getting nervous because ahead of ~
schedule production for this quarter is already three on schedule
weeks ~.
below the belt Unfortunately, some politicians often hit ~ to = to fight unfairly
discredit their opponents. above
by degrees Max's health has been improving since he = gradually / step
came out of hospital, if only ~. by step
for a change The Parsons always go to Brighton for their
holiday. I'm surprised they don't go abroad ~.
change for the Recently, with exports and sales decreasing, = deteriorate (v)
worse ( their economic outlook has noticeably ~d ~. improve (v)
better)
beside the Whether you had insurance is ~, the accident
point is still your fault.
for the record Just ~, it was Ken's idea to come to this = so that it can
awful party, not mine. be recorded /
noted
off the record This is strictly ~, but you are to be put in = confidential
charge of manufacture in Scotland. information
from scratch If you had been working on our project ~, you = from the
would realize how much these results mean beginning
to us.
leave sb in the When his company sent him to the States, inform sb about
dark they left his family ~ as to whether it would sth
be temporarily.
for instance ~, in the US we still do not have the = for example
 BASIC VOCABULARY (16) : IDIOMS WITH PREPOSITIONS
guarantee of basic medical care for
everybody.
in a nutshell I don't need to know the content of your = reduced to the
speech in detail, just put the main message essential facts
~ for me, please.
under oath If a witness makes an untrue statement ~, he swear / take an
or she commits a crime. oath
under age Most children who drink ~ will do so when an adult
there is little or no adult supervision.
to a certain I agree, ~, that these regulations are = partly
extent outdated.
off limits Stop! This part of the building is ~ for = you are not
unauthorised personnel. allowed to enter
on the air This radio series has been ~ for years, and = broadcast (V)
it's still very popular.
on call Doctor Murphy is always ~, even at night and = on duty
at the weekend.
on the dole Millions of unemployed workers have been ~ = receiving
for years. unemploy- ment
benefits
for good When I finally told Mary that he had left ~ = forever
and that I needed money, she said she
would talk to her boss
 ADVANCED VOCABULARY (17) : SOCIETY
FORMS EXAMPLES TRANSLATION RELATED
EXPRESSIONS
mankind (n) A nuclear war would be a threat to all ~. a human being
society (n) ~ has a right to punish law-breakers. a danger to ~
socialisation (n: ~ is the process by which a person learns social sciences
US: z) to behave in a way that is acceptable in (n)
their society.
population (n) an More than half of the British ~ lives in the densely
inhabitant (n) south. populated
The region is not densely populated as
many ~s have moved to the city.
a majority (n) The ~ was in favour of the proposal, a minority (n)
therefore they could pass this law. ethnic
minorities
a survey (n) A ~ of population trends has shown = a poll (n)
surveillance (n) a population decrease in rural areas.
Video ~ has been commonplace in the UK
since the 1980s.
the upper class He has always been proud of being a the lower
(n) the middle member of the ~. The ~ has often been classes (n)
class (n) the called the backbone of society. The
working class (n) government promised to spend more
money on families from the ~.
exploitation (n) K. Marx claimed that the ~ of the working exploit sb / sth
class would lead to revolution. (v)
a peer group (n) A ~ comprises people of the same = your
peer pressure (n) background, class, social status, or friends
occupation. or
A study has shown that teenage shoplifters colleagues
often act under ~, i.e. they are influenced
by their friends.
a grade (n: US) Children start school in first ~. = form /class (n:
UK)
superior (adj) Most human beings consider themselves ~ an inferiority
inferior (adj) to animals. A lieutenant is an ~ officer complex (n)
compared to a captain.
ancestors (n) He always claims that his ~ came to
America on the Mayflower, but I really
a descendant(n) doubt it. descend from
You are a direct ~ of your parents, (v)
grandparents, great- grandparents, and
earlier ancestors.
the generation The ~ refers to the differences in attitude or the older /
gap (n) behaviour between young and older younger
people. generation
the gender gap (n) The government has announced further a member of the
steps to reduce the ~, i.e. inequalities opposite sex
between men and women.
a prejudice (n) a Many people have ~s against foreigners. be prejudiced
stereotype (n) According to a widespread ~, scientists (adj)
occupy an ivory tower, isolated from other
parts of society.
 ADVANCED VOCABULARY (17) : SOCIETY
equal pay (n) The company's Mexican workers equal rights /
demonstrated for ~ as they earned less equal
than their American colleagues. opportunities
benefits (n) The government supports its people by
paying child, housing or unemployment ~s.
mother tongue (n) Your ~ is your native language, as opposed You need your
to second languages studied at school or tongue for tasting
a native speaker work. and talking.
(n) Even many ~s find English spelling very
challenging.
domestic (adj) Unlike other teenagers, she has many ~ chores (n)
duties, e.g. hoovering the floor and going
shopping.
divorced (adj) Statistics show that most ~ men remarry. get a divorce (n)
obesity (n) ~ can be defined as an excess of body fat obese (adj)
that frequently results in serious health
problems.
abortion (n) ~ means deliberately ending a pregnancy at become
an early stage. pregnant
contraception (n) ~ refers to the use of any method, drug, or conceive a baby
a contraceptive device to prevent pregnancy.
(n) The anti-baby pill is an oral ~ widely used in
Western countries.
an addict (n) Drug ~s find it almost impossible to stop addiction (n)
(be) addicted (to taking drugs.
sth) ~ gamblers often lose huge sums of money.
suicide (n) The police think his death wasn't murder commit ~
but ~.
 ADVANCED VOCABULARY (18) : EDUCATION
FORMS EXAMPLES TRANSLATION RELATED
EXPRESSIONS
uneducated (adj) ~ refers to a person that lacks formal educate sb(v)
illiterate (adj) education. An ~ person is unable to read or computer ~
write. (adj)
arithmetic (n, adj) The three Rs, i.e. reading, writing and ~ are Arithmetic comprises adding,
the most important parts of primary subtracting, multiplying and
education. dividing numbers.
a curriculum (n) A ~ comprises all the courses offered by an = a syllabus
educational institution. (AmE)
a CV
job training (n) Nowadays people without any ~ face great a skilled worker
difficulties in finding well-paid work.
teach sb sth You can't ~ an old dog new tricks. (proverb) a teacher (n)
(v: taught / ~) Experience ~es us our limitations.
a headteacher (n: When his behaviour didn't improve, he = the principal
BrE) had to go and see the ~. (US)
an instructor (n) In order to get your driving license, you instruction (n)
have to take lessons with an experienced instruct sb (v)
driving ~.
learning difficulties Usually, students with ~ are taught general have ~ in doing
(n) skills in separate classes. sth
study (v: studied / He ~ied for his exams every afternoon. learn sth (v)
~) His father advised him to ~ law, but he study at college
decided to try his luck as an entertainer / university
instead.
revise sth (v) It has always been a good idea to ~ your do revision (n)
English tenses once in a while.
attend (school) (v) All children over five have to ~ school until be absent
they reach the age of sixteen. (from school)
play truant (v) He was expelled from school for playing ~. truancy (n)
drop out (of He ~ped out of school during his exams on a drop-out (n)
school :v) account of personal and financial problems.
a nursery (school) A ~ is a place where children are a kindergarten
(n) temporarily cared for in their parents' (AmE)
absence.
a primary school The reading ability of the pupils depends on elementary
(n) the quality of the ~ they attended. school
secondary
school
a boarding school ~s are institutions where, on top of tuition, half-board
(n) meals and lodging are provided. accommodation
a comprehensive The majority of secondary schools in Britain
(school) are ~ s where children of all abilities are
taught together.
a gym(nasium) (n) We have PE in the ~ twice a week. physical
education
core subjects (n) Maths and English are ~s, whereas biology,
subsidiary history, computer studies, art, and physical = minor subjects
subjects (n) education are ~.
compulsory (adj) In secondary education, English and optional /
mathematics are ~ subjects, i.e. all students elective subjects
 ADVANCED VOCABULARY (18) : EDUCATION
have to take them.
graduate (from) She ~d from university after studying for graduation (n)
(v) four years.
(get a) a degree He left university with a ~ in law. 20 degrees
(n) Celsius
fees (n) All students attending private schools have = they charge a
to pay annual ~. fee
a scholarship (n) He can't afford university, but he hopes to = a grant (n)
win a ~ in order to study medicine.
a dormitory (n) He doesn't have an apartment of his own, = a hall of
he lives on campus in a ~. residence (n)
take (an exam) (v) Every student has to ~ four written exams. = sit an exam
fail (an exam) (v) He passed his oral exams, but he ~ed the pass an exam
written ones. (v)
assess papers ~ing papers is one of the main obligations = mark papers
of a teacher.
meet the Unfortunately, he failed to meet the school's sth that is
requirements ~ for graduation required
cheat (v) He was expelled from school when he Don't trust him.
confessed to having ~ed in his exams. He's a cheat!
qualifications (n) Unfortunately, he left school without any ~s. to qualify (v)
equality of The government's aim has been to a missed
opportunity (n) provide ~ for students of both sexes opportunity
and of all nationalities.
 ADVANCED VOCABULARY (19) : MULTICULTURAL SOCIETY
FORMS EXAMPLES TRANSLATION RELATED
EXPRESSIONS
immigration (n) a During the nineteenth century, America emigration (n)
migrant (n) an encouraged ~ on a large scale.
emigrant The Industrial Revolution gave ~s a vital migrate to
role in the nation's economic development. another Country
The number of emigrants from Germany immigrant
reached a peak in the 19th century.
flee (v: fled / ~) In the twentieth century, many immigrants ~ = tried to escape
(PAST) from persecution and poverty.
assimilate sb (v) They were not as quickly ~d as previous = integrate sb
generations had been. (into society)
restrict sth (v) ban Chinese immigrants were treated worst,
sth (v) and Chinese immigration was first ~ed, = forbid sth (v)
and then entirely ~ned.
refuse sb entry Other so-called "undesirables" were also ~d enter a country
~, e.g. convicts, revolutionaries and
orphans.
require sb (v) In 1917, a new law ~d immigrants to prove a requirement
(to do sth) that they could read and write. (n)
a quota (n) In 1921, a ~ was imposed, limiting the = a limited
number of migrants from Europe for the number of people
first time.
a refugee (n) After World War II, large numbers of war a ~ camp
brides, displaced persons and ~s were
admitted.
illegal immigrants Nowadays ~s from Mexico play a
major role in swelling the number of Hispanics (n:Pl)
Latinos in the US.
settle (in a Highly skilled and wealthy people are also settlement (n)
country) encouraged to ~ in the US as they
contribute to economic growth.
native (adj) Entry is also not limited for relatives of ~- Native Americans
born citizens.
Native Americans ~ make up only 0.4% of the population, but = American
(n) they are still the poorest ethnic group in Indians
America.
citizenship (n) The legal right to belong to a country is = nationality (n)
called ~.
naturalisation (n) The legal process by which a person naturalise sb (v)
acquires citizenship is called ~.
(be) a resident (of) Once a person has been a ~ of the US for a residential
(n) at least five years, he or she can apply for area
naturalisation.
foreign nationals ~s have to demonstrate their knowledge of undocumented
(n) US history and take an oath pledging aliens
loyalty to the US.
asylum seekers ~, i.e. people fleeing from political or the right to
(n) religious persecution, are also entitled to asylum
submit an application.
slavery (n) From the beginning, ~ and the second- abolish ~ a
class treatment of Blacks have raised slave (n)
 ADVANCED VOCABULARY (19) : MULTICULTURAL SOCIETY
serious moral questions.
discriminate Although slavery was abolished in 1865, discrimination
against sb (v) Black Americans were still ~d against in (n)
the following years.
civil rights In the 1960s, the ~, which was led by non-violent
movement Martin Luther King, eventually achieved a protest
breakthrough.
equality (n) The Civil Rights Act, passed in 1964, equal
forbade all forms of discrimination and was opportunities
an important step towards ~.
segregation (n) Although ~ in public places was outlawed in segregated
the Sixties, Afro-Americans remain a schools
disadvantaged section of society.
homogeneous "Hispanics" or "Latinos" do not constitute a heterogeneous
(adj) ~ minority, as they come from many (adj)
different countries.
of (...) descent The largest group among Hispanics are = of (...) origin
people of Mexican ~.
a descendant of Many ~s of Hispanic immigrants criticise sb's ancestors
sb (n) that they are still discriminated against.
ethnic (adj) These and other measures were aimed at an ~ minority
preventing any major change in the ~
make-up of America's population.
ethnic minorities Many ~ try to maintain their own culture, majority (n)
(n) language and identity.
 ADVANCED VOCABULARY (20) : MASS MEDIA
FORMS EXAMPLES TRANSLATION RELATED
EXPRESSIONS
mass media (n) Many people believe that the influence of ~ a mass of
in our society is too great. people
the press (n) The main job of the ~ is to inform people = newspapers or
about the latest news. magazines (daily,
weekly or
monthly)
subscribe to sth If you ~ to a newspaper or magazine, it is a subscription
(v) delivered to your doorstep regularly. (n)
a viewer (n) a ~s are all the people that watch television at watch TV
listener (n) a given time, whereas ~s, as the word listen to the radio
says, listen to the radio.
viewing habits (n) Studies have shown that ~, especially of do sth out of
young viewers, have changed over the last habit
decades, with children spending more and
more time watching TV.
broadcast sth (v) BBC World Service ~s radio and publish sth
television programmes for learners and
teachers of English.
unbiased (adj) In a dictatorship, journalists are not allowed = objective (adj)
to broadcast report the facts
~ news since any open criticism of the biased (adj)
leadership will be punished.
a TV set (n) a In order to watch television, you need a ~.
channel (n) Nowadays, television offers dozens of switch channels
a programme (n) different ~s with a wide range of ~s, such = zap (v)
as news programmes or soap operas.
switch (sth) on (v) Most people find that ~ing on your TV is = turn it on
much easier than turning it off again. turn / switch it
off
a screen (n) It is only a year since this talented young a star of stage
actor has made her ~ debut. and screen
public television ~ , like the first three channels in Germany, regulated by
(n) license fees is mainly financed by monthly ~ that all the state
(n) viewers have to pay.
advertise (v) Companies ~ on TV or in magazines advertising (n)
in order to persuade consumers to buy
their products.
an advertisement If you want to sell your old furniture, why = an ad(vert) (n)
(n) don't you place an ~ in the local
newspaper?
a commercial (n) Private television, on the other hand, is a commercial
financed by advertising, i.e. by break
broadcasting ~s at regular intervals.
market research All private TV channels do extensive ~ in a survey (n)
(n) order to make sure that they produce
programmes that appeal to the target
groups of their commercials.
(the) ratings (of a If a programme has high ~, it is popular high / low
programme) (n) with audiences, ratings (n)
i.e. a lot of people are watching it or
 ADVANCED VOCABULARY (20) : MASS MEDIA
listening to it.
cancel (v) In the US, TV stations often ~ a programme cancel an order
(a programme) after only one or two weeks if the ratings
are not satisfactory.
interactive (adj) There are plans to introduce ~ TV where interact with sb
viewers are able to select programmes at (v)
their own convenience. = communicate
a satellite dish (n) By using a receiver and a ~, one wash the dishes
can receive TV channels from several
different countries.
a remote control If you press the ~, you can switch channels a remote area
(n) on a TV set or adjust the volume.
a weather forecast According to the latest ~ there will be heavy forecast sth (v)
(n) showers in Scotland and the north of = predict sth
England.
a documentary (n) Yesterday we watched an interesting ~ a ~ is based on
about the wildlife in South Africa. facts
a manual (n) If you buy a new product, e.g. a DVD Please follow
player, the producer includes a ~ to explain the instructions in
to customers how this product works. the ~ carefully!
store sth (v) Today personal computers are able to ~ storage (n)
more data than the older industrial models.
retrieve sth (v) Using specialised software, it is often = find and restore
possible to ~ data on a damaged computer deleted
disk. information
ADVANCED VOCABULARY (21) : MASS MEDIA (2ND PART)

FORMS EXAMPLES TRANSLATION RELATED

EXPRESSIONS
freedom of the In 1791, the American Bill of Rights freedom of
press (n) guaranteed American citizens the ~. speech
regional In the US, there are few national local
newspapers publications, with the exception of USA newspapers
Today and the Wall Street Journal. The
market is dominated by ~.
quality ~, such as the Times, the Guardian or the = broadsheets (n)
newspapers (n) Independent, ensure a high standard of
reporting.
tabloids (n) ~ like the Sun or the News of the World, on = popular papers
the other hand, are directed towards a the gutter press
mass readership. / the yellow press
eye-catching They rely on ~, sensational headlines and try to catch sb's
layout articles that can be easily read by eye
(n) everybody.
sensationalist But there have always been controversies
(adj) over whether individuals should be
protected against ~ reporting.
celebrities (n) ~ like Madonna or Cher often complain = well-known
about being persecuted by photographers. persons
a VIP
influential (adj) The Sun is considered by many as influence sb (v)
the most ~ newspaper in the UK today.
appear (v) In England, the first daily newspaper = was published
~ed in the eighteenth century.
circulation (n) a Today, the Times, the most famous British = number of
copy (n) newspaper, has a ~ of about 300,000 ~ies printed copies
per day.
source (n) Television has become the most the ~ of a river
important ~ of information and
entertainment for most people.
a network (n) Nation-wide television ~s like ABC, NBC
and CBS provide local stations with a wide
range of programmes, which also means
that their influence is immense.
tune in to (v) In the USA most people can ~ over
100 different television channels via cable
TV.
"pay-per-view" TV In ~, a subscriber pays a fee in order to "pay TV"
watch a single programme or film.
audience ratings Since commercial stations rely heavily on ~
(n) revenues (n) to increase their advertising ~, = income (n)
entertainment plays an important role in
American television.
prime time This is particularly true during ~, i.e.
the period between 6 and 10 p.m.
interrupt sth (v) Even news programmes are presented as an interruption
shows and ~ed regularly by commercials. (n) uninterrupted
(adj)
non-commercial In the US, only about one fourth of all TV commercial (adj)
(adj) stations are
~, i.e. not financed by advertising.
educational (adj) PBS, the single non-commercial TV educate sb (v)
network in the US, broadcasts primarily ~
and cultural programmes.
funded by (v) It is ~ mainly ~ the US government = financed by
and various foundations.
a presenter (n) A ~ is the person who introduces different = an announcer
sections of radio or television programmes. (AmE)
coverage (n) Several channels provided complete report / cover
~ of all competitions at the events
Olympic Games.
news agencies (n) TV and radio stations as well as e.g. AP or Reuters
newspapers rely to a large extent on ~
which gather news worldwide and provide
the media with information.
be addicted to sth If you are ~ to watching television, you a TV addict (n)
(adj) cannot live without it. a drug addict
suitable for (adj) Some parents complain that most = appropriate
Hollywood films are not ~ for children, e.g.
because they are too violent.
censorship (n) edit But producers emphasise that the heavily
sth out (v) constitution bans any censored
~ of the media.
They have ~ed out all references to her = remove words,
father in the interview. phrases or scenes
ADVANCED VOCABULARY (22) : LAW AND ORDER

FORMS EXAMPLES TRANSLATION RELATED

EXPRESSIONS
commit (a crime) You do not have to be a law graduate to ~ murder
see that a crime has been ~ted here.
an offence (n) A new law has made it an ~ to carry
weapons.
report (v) A neighbour ~ed him to the police for a ~ (n)
(sb / sth to the speeding in a domestic area.
police)
an investigation The ~ of the FBI into the causes of the air investigate sth
(n) crash has not been finished yet. (v)
insult sb (v) an She had to pay a fine for ~ing a police insulting (adj)
insult (n) officer. His remarks were taken as a
personal ~.
threaten (sb with The man ~ed to kill her if she didn't tell him threatening (adj)
sth) (v) where the money was.
a threat (n) The couple who reported the drug dealers
to the police received several ~s to their
lives.
frighten sb (v) She has always been ~ed of travelling by frightening (adj)
plane.
violent (adj) A quarter of all prison inmates have non-~ protest
violence (n) committed ~ crimes.
There has been an increase in use ~
domestic ~ between husbands and
wives.
a murderer (n) She was shocked when she learned that he to commit
was a convicted ~. murder
a thief (n ; pl: Expensive cars have become a favourite a theft (n)
thieves) a burglary target for ~s. a burglar (n) a ~
(n) ~ is the crime of entering a building illegally alarm (n)
in order to steal the property of the owner.
overpower sb (v) Two customers managed to ~ the bank = overwhelm (v)
robber.
suspicious (adj) a The police officers asked if we had noticed (have) a
suspect (n) anything ~ during the previous night. suspicion
An immediate search of the surrounding (n)
area led to the arrest of three ~s. suspect sb (v)
(of having done
sth)
observe sth (v) Professor Stern studies and ~s the an observer (n)
behaviour of juvenile delinquents.
a clue (n) Police divers searched the bed of the river He really doesn't
for ~s to his death. have a ~.
an interrogation During his second ~ the arrested man question sb (v)
(n) confessed to another murder. a cross-
examination
arrest (sb for sth) He was ~ed for illegal possession of be under ~
(v) weapons.
solitary He was kept in ~ after he had been = in isolation
confinement threatened by other prisoners. confine sth (v)
a guard (n) He was allowed out of prison for an hour a prison ~ (n)
VOCABULARY - FIRSCHING 2010
 with two ~s in order to get married. a body~ (n)
escape from (v) There is hardly any possibility of ~ing from an ~ (n)
a high- security jail. an attempted ~
(n)
bribe sb (v) When they tried to ~ one of the guards with bribery and
cigarettes they were punished. corruption
an informer (n) They received a tip from an anonymous ~. inform sb (v)
a reward (n) They are offering a $ 50,000 ~ for any reward (sb for
information leading to the man's arrest. sth) (v)
check sth (v) a - ~ cars / drivers' licences / the identity of a control sth (v)
check (n) person - double-~ (v)
A French woman was stopped at an identity
~ and arrested.
a fine (n) He will either have to pay a ~ of $30,000 or a parking ticket
go to prison. (n)
a raid (n) The police have carried out several drug ~s raid sth (v)
at night- clubs in Central London.
execute sb (v) The government of Iran has repeatedly the death
demanded that S. Rushdie is handed over penalty (n)
to be ~ed.
arson (n) ~ refers to the crime of deliberately setting an arsonist (n)
fire to a building or property.
extort By threatening shopkeepers the gang was extortion (n)
(money from sb : able to ~ money from 30 local businesses.
v)

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ADVANCED VOCABULARY (23) : MORE LAW AND ORDER

FORMS EXAMPLES TRANSLATION RELATED

EXPRESSIONS
an obligation (n) It is clear that the company has a legal and = a duty (n)
moral ~ towards the victims of this accident. be obliged to do
sth
justice (n) He fought all his life for freedom, ~ and (un)just (adj)
equality.
illegal (adj) In the US it is ~ to sell alcohol to people an ~ immigrant
under age. (n)
declare sth ~
legal advice (n) When one of his customers refused to pay give sb some
his bills, he asked his lawyer for ~. advice advise sb
(v)
a lawyer (n) A ~ is qualified to advise people on legal an attorney (US)
matters and to represent them in court.
evidence (n : U) Her statement to the police was used as ~ = proof (n)
against him.
lack of evidence - clear / convincing / written ~. = proven (US)
(n) prove sth. (v) All charges against him were dropped for ~.
Everybody is innocent until ~d guilty.
a court (of law) (n) His case will be heard in ~ next month. the Supreme
sue sb. (v) She decided to ~ the doctor who had not Court
treated her child properly. = take sb to court
innocent (adj) All prisons are full of people claiming to be guilty (adj) innocence (n)
~.
a judge (n) The ~ sentenced John to ten years in a jury (n)
prison.
a trial (n) A ~ is a formal meeting at a court of law, at the right to a fair
which a judge or jury listens to the evidence ~
and decides whether a person is guilty of a
crime.
deny sth (v) When he was questioned by the police he admit sth (v)
~ied having stolen the jewellery. a denial (n)
a confession (n) The judge explained to him that he could a forced ~
avoid prison in exchange for a full ~. confess sth (v)
a verdict (n) After lengthy deliberations the jury returned reach ~
a ~ of not guilty.
accuse sb (of) (v) He was falsely ~d of being involved in an accusation
terrorism. (n)
- ~ sb of murder / theft / robbery / burglary/
rape -
a witness (n) The five ~es of the accident will be asked to give evidence
give evidence in court. for / against sb
(take) an oath (n) Before giving evidence in court, witnesses be on / under
have to take an ~ in which they swear to oath
tell the truth.
defence (n) In a court of law, an accused person's defense (AmE)
~ presents evidence in his favour defend sb (v)
self-defence (n) and usually pleads not guilty.
The judge decided that he was not guilty of
a crime as he had acted in ~.
prosecution (n) a Mr Black, speaking for the ~, said that the prosecute sb (v)
VOCABULARY - FIRSCHING 2010
defendant (n) crimes had been committed over a period a prosecutor
of six months. (n) a district
A prosecutor is a public official who attorney
charges a ~ officially with a crime in a (US)
court of law.
an accomplice (n) An ~ is a person that helps another person be involved in
to commit a crime. sth
acquit (sb of sth : Eventually both defendants were ~ted of convict sb (v)
v) murder.
punishment (n) The ~ should fit the crime. punish sb (v)
- a light / heavy / cruel ~ - capital ~
a sentence (n) He is serving his ~ in a low-security prison. prison / life ~
sentence sb (v) The murderer was ~d to twenty years in
prison.
capital All member states of the European Union = the death
punishment (n) have abolished ~. penalty / a death
sentence
appeal (against The lawyers of the convicted man a court of appeal
sth) announced that they would ~ against the (n)
court's decision.
murder (n) ~ is the crime of killing another person = a homicide (US)
manslaughter (n) deliberately. slaughter a pig
In a case of ~, on the other hand, there is
no proof of an intention to take another
person's life.
release sb (v) The judge decided that he can't be ~d from an early release
prison since it would be an unacceptable (n)
risk to the public.
deterrence (n) Hopefully his punishment will act as a ~ to deter sb
others. (v: from doing sth)

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 ADVANCED VOCABULARY (24) : THE ECONOMY (I)
FORMS EXAMPLES TRANSLATION RELATED
EXPRESSIONS
a possession (n) Unfortunately, they lost all their ~s in a fire. = property (n) /
the owner (n) - the original / present / former ~ - belongings (n)
property (n) When she died she left all her ~ to her private / public /
nephew in Bavaria. stolen ~
affordable (adj) Auctions occasionally offer high-quality be able to afford
products at ~ prices. sth
the poverty line According to recent statistics, more than poverty (n) poor
(n) 20% of American families live below the ~. (adj)
wealth (n) The discovery of oil brought great ~ to the wealthy (adj)
formerly poor area. = rich
a currency (n) A lot of the food produced in Mexico is a single
exported in order to earn hard ~. European ~
exchange rate (n) What is the current ~ rate between the
dollar and the euro?
a stockbroker (n) A ~ is a person whose job it is to buy and NYSE (New
sell stocks or shares to investors. York Stock
Exchange)
a shareholder (n) The ~s of a company are all the people or a share index
outsourcing (n) organisations owning some of its shares. (e.g. Dow-Jones
Many shareholders support ~ to low-cost Index)
countries in order to increase profits.
supply and One of the basic assumptions in economics a supplier (n)
demand (n) is that free markets will produce a balance
between ~.
a trade deficit (n) With imports steadily increasing, a trade surplus
America's ~ has increased for several (n)
years.
a current account We regret to inform you that your ~ a bank account
(n) has been overdrawn by $2,000. (n) a savings
account
withdraw sth (v) I would like to ~ $200 from my be in the red
savings account, please.
a loan (n) The government wants to make it easier for a ~ shark (n)
small businesses to receive bank ~s (= a borrow money
credit)
interest (n) If you pay your money into a savings lower / raise ~
account, you'll just get 3% ~ on it. rates
owe (sb money) If you ~ somebody money, you are under She still ~s me
(v) an obligation to repay for something you $ 5.
have received.
debt (n) She borrowed a considerable sum of be in ~
money several years ago and she is still
paying off her ~.
broke (adj) Could you do me a favour and lend me = penniless (adj)
some money, please? - I'm afraid I can't.
I'm ~ myself.
a pay increase (n) The staff of the company have received an sb's salary /
annual ~ of income
$200 over the last few years.
a tax (n) ~ is the percentage of your income you income ~ (n)
VOCABULARY - FIRSCHING 2010
 ADVANCED VOCABULARY (24) : THE ECONOMY (I)
have to pay to the government in return for value added ~ (n)
public services.
a bill (n) It's high time for us to pay our heating and a $20 bill (n) (=
electricity ~. banknote)
a tip (n) Service wasn't included in the bill so we left the ~ of your
a generous tongue
~ for the waitress.
a coin (n) He gave me my change in 10 and 50 pence
~s.
a wallet (n) You should always carry your ~ in an inside = a purse (n)
pocket of your jacket.
acquire sth (v) Our company has ~d new office space in an acquisition
the City, London's financial centre. (n)
a bargain (n) The latest edition of a monolingual a ~ hunter (n)
dictionary for just
$ 5 that's a real ~.
the rental (of sth) The successful company has become rent / hire a car
(n) Britain's leading car ~ chain. live rent-free
an estate agent An ~ works for a company buying and = a realtor (US)
(n) selling real estate, i.e. houses and land.
the standard of The last fifty years have seen an = sb's living
living (n) unprecedented increase in the ~ in standard
Western Europe.

VOCABULARY - FIRSCHING 2010

 ADVANCED VOCABULARY (25) : THE ECONOMY (II)
FORMS EXAMPLES TRANSLATION RELATED
EXPRESSIONS
a competitor (n) Unfortunately, their main ~s have competition (n)
developed products that are superior to compete with (v)
their own models.
a merger (n) The ~ between Daimler and Chrysler gave merge (v: with
rise to the largest company in Germany. sb)
hire sb (v) They ~d a dozen workers in order to = employ sb (v)
renovate their house.
an employer (n) ~s have stressed their unwillingness to = boss / manager
an employee (n) raise wages. = the staff (n)
As the ~s in this shop are very helpful, I
always do my shopping there.
dismiss sb (v) He was ~ed for stealing money from a co- = fire sb = sack sb
(make sb) worker. (v)
redundant The management of the company is
(adj) planning to make further staff ~. redundancies
(n)
resign (v) When she won in the lottery, she ~ed from = give notice
her job immediately.
the terms of a Make sure you have read and completely sign a contract
contract (n) understood all the terms of the ~ prior to
signing it.
unemployment (n) National ~ figures have fallen for the sixth rate of ~ (n)
consecutive month.
unemployment The number of people on the dole, i.e. unemployed
benefits (n) receiving ~, has declined. (adj)
a vacancy Due to increased orders, our company has = a job or position
(n; pl: vacancies) several ~s for qualified staff with word- that is available
processing experience.
a job centre (n) / The government has created a network of a careers
employment regional ~s where experts give advice on adviser (n)
agency vacancies and career opportunities.
a trade union (n) A ~ is an organisation that tries to protect the labour
the rights of the labour force. movement
wage negotiations Representatives of trade unions and = salary = income
(n) employers met in Cardiff yesterday for a (n)
first round of ~. negotiate (v)
a labour dispute The car industry is facing a lengthy ~ over go on strike (n)
(n) higher wages and shorter working hours.
(work) overtime Demand for the company's products was so ~ earnings (n)
(adv) high that all employees had to work ~.
skilled (labour) Technological innovation has led to an unskilled
(adj) increasing demand for ~ labour. workers
indispensable In today's economy, computer specialists = one cannot do
(adj) have become without them
~ for almost every company.
promotion (n) Although he has applied for ~ four times be promoted
already, he has still got his old job.
retirement (n) She only works half-time since she is the age of ~ (n)
already approaching ~. retire from (v)
an incentive (n) The government has promised to introduce receive
VOCABULARY - FIRSCHING 2010
 ADVANCED VOCABULARY (25) : THE ECONOMY (II)
further ~s, subsidies
e.g. tax breaks, for setting up one's own
business.
economic growth Wall Street and other global financial = economic
(n) markets have reacted nervously as ~ in the expansion
US has slowed down for the first time in
four years. economic
recovery
a recession (n) A ~ in the US would be bad news, = an economic
especially for the export-oriented German decline
industry.
a consumer In today's ~, almost everybody can afford to consume sth (v)
society (n) go on a holiday abroad. consumption (of:
n)
(make) a fortune Like many other clever investors, he made = become wealthy
(n) a ~ on the stock exchange two years ago.
turnover (n) Many e-commerce companies are still = total amount of
struggling with low ~s and a lack of goods or services
profitability. sold
evaluate sth (v) His bank will ~ the current worth an evaluation (n)
of his company before extending its line of
credit.
nationalisation (n) ~, i.e. state ownership and control of major nationalise (a
industries, has proved to be a fatal mistake company)
for many countries in Eastern Europe. privatise sth (v)

VOCABULARY - FIRSCHING 2010

 ADVANCED VOCABULARY (26) : POLITICS
FORMS EXAMPLES TRANSLATION RELATED
EXPRESSIONS
politics (n) policy He failed in ~ because he was such a poor a politician (n)
(n) speaker.
- foreign / economic / social / defence /
immigration ~ -
parliament (n) The prime minister is unlikely to get this law a MP (n)
government (n) through ~. When parliament voted against a minister (n)
the prime minister, the whole ~ decided to
step down.
cabinet (n) The Prime Minister and his ministers, e.g. Minister of the
the Foreign Secretary and the Home Interior
Secretary, form the so-called
~.
a department (n) A government consists of several ~s, e.g. a ~ store (n)
the ~s of education, the environment,
trade, defence and the interior.
head of state (n) The chief representative of a country is to head (v)
called ~. In the US, the ~ is also the head ~ a meeting etc.
of government.
constitution (n) Unlike most European countries, the UK an
has no written unconstitutional
~. law violates the ~.
civil rights (n) ~ comprise basic freedoms such as the = civil liberties (n)
freedom of speech, the freedom of the
press and the freedom of assembly, to
name just a few.
equal (adj) The government's central aim was to equality (n)
promote ~ opportunities for women. inequality (n)
an election (n) the The next parliamentary ~ will be held in a general ~ (n)
electorate (n) 2013. elect sb (v)
~ means all the citizens that are entitled to
vote in a general election.
an election Both candidates for the presidency are campaign for /
campaign (n) preparing for a lengthy and expensive ~. against sth (v)
polling station (n) A ~ is a building where people go to cast The country is
polling booth (n) their vote in an election. In a secret going to the polls
election, voters are entitled to make use of this week.
a ~ so that nobody will know about their
decision.
constituency (n) The whole country is divided into ~ies, = an electoral
each of which is represented by its own district (US)
MP.
proportional ~ is a system that gives each party in an be in proportion
representation (n) election a number of seats relative to the to
number of votes its candidates have
first-past-the-post received.
In a ~ system, the candidate receiving the = the winner takes
largest number of votes in a constituency all
wins a seat in parliament, even if he has a majority
not been able to win an absolute majority. system of voting
a mayor (n) She became the first female ~ of Boston (= local
VOCABULARY - FIRSCHING 2010
 ADVANCED VOCABULARY (26) : POLITICS
head of a city or town). government
abstain (v) More and more citizens choose to ~ from abstention (n)
(from voting) voting (= not participate in a general
election).
a referendum (n) When a ~ is held, all the people of a direct
country have the possibility to vote on an democracy
important issue.
opposition (n) When the conservative government lost its oppose sth (v)
majority, it became the new ~. an opponent (of:
n)
pass (a bill) (v) Parliament has just ~ed the latest bill on tax = approve of a
reform by a majority of 219 to 213 votes. pro- posal,
balance of power The three branches of government, i.e. the a system of
(n) executive, legislature and the judiciary, checks and
ensure a ~. balances
impartial (adj) An ~ judge does not favour one person or = unbiased (adj)
party in relation to another. biased /one-sided
rule (n) India used to be under British ~ (a British the ~ of law (n)
colony) until it gained independence from ~ a country (v)
Britain in 1947.
a (political) party The ruling ~ is most likely to win the a one-party rule
(n) next regional election. /
state
abolish (v) The struggle to ~ slavery in the US has abolition (n)
lasted for more than a century.

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 ADVANCED VOCABULARY (27) : MORE POLITICS
FORMS EXAMPLES TRANSLATION RELATED
EXPRESSIONS
reunification (n) In the year 2000 our country is celebrating unify sth (v)
the tenth anniversary of German ~
a predecessor (n) The Prime Minister has repeatedly claimed a successor (n)
that he has inherited the country's
economic problems from his ~.
a dictatorship (n) ~s are countries ruled by one or few totalitarian
leaders with unlimited power. states (n)
a refugee (n) ~s are people trying to escape from a refugee camp
political, religious, or military persecution. (n)
persecute sb (v) They were ~d because of their political a persecution
persecution (n) beliefs. complex (n)
- to experience / suffer from / escape ~ -
oppression (n) Many refugees have left the country in oppress sb (v)
order to escape
~.
a riot (n) A ~ broke out when police tried = violent protest
to stop the demonstrators from marching a rioter (n)
clash (with sb) (v) on. a clash (n)
Demonstrators ~ed with the police when
they weren't allowed to march on.
a curfew (n) The military leadership has imposed a = everybody has
dusk-to dawn ~. to stay indoors.
a civil war (n) More Americans died in the American ~ a civilian (n)
than in any other war before or since.
assassinate sb (v) If famous or wealthy persons are ~d, they an assassination
are murdered for money or for political attempt (n)
reasons.
revenge (n) ~ means deliberate punishment or injury in an act of ~ (n)
return for what one has suffered.
retaliate The boy slapped his sister, who ~d by = take revenge on
(v: by doing sth) kicking him under the table. sb
capital Several human rights organisations have = death penalty
punishment called upon the US to abolish ~ (= stop (n) execution (n)
executing people).
corporal Some people have demanded that ~ should = beat / whip sb.
punishment be reintroduced for criminals.
impose (v: sth on The United Nations have ~d sanctions = place on sb as a
sb) sanctions (n) against North Korea because of severe punishment
human rights violations.
~ are economic or military measures to
enforce inter- national law.
defuse (a crisis) The UN has held talks with Israeli and = reduce tension
(v) Palestinian leaders in order to ~ the crisis or danger
in the Middle east.
peaceful (adj) The UN tried to find a ~ solution to the violent (adj)
conflict.
negotiate (with sb) Their employer has refused to ~ with them = peace
(v) about a further pay increase. negotiations
(n)
a treaty (n) A ~ is a written agreement between two or a peace ~
VOCABULARY - FIRSCHING 2010
 ADVANCED VOCABULARY (27) : MORE POLITICS
more states. contract
an enemy (n) The two countries decided to combine an opponent (n)
forces against their common ~. friendly / allied
hostile (adj) ~ troops have occupied one of the border troops
towns.
conquer sth (v) The Normans ~ed England in 1066. William the
Conqueror
ambush (n) The thieves were lying in ~ for their victims. = a surprise attack
from a hidden
position
withdraw (from) The general has refused to ~ his troops ~ money from
(v) from the town in spite of heavy attacks. the bank
a cease-fire (n) The warring factions arranged a ~ so that = military order to
details of a peace treaty could be stop fighting
discussed.
surrender (v) On 8th May 1945, the Third Reich ~ed admit defeat
to the allied
forces.
military service (n) The United States and Germany have a conscientious
introduced a professional army, whereas objector
other countries still have ~.
torture (n) The human-rights organisation Amnesty torture sb (v)
International investigates the use of ~ on
prisoners.

VOCABULARY - FIRSCHING 2010

 ADVANCED VOCABULARY (28) : SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
FORMS EXAMPLES TRANSLATION RELATED
EXPRESSIONS
science (n) ~ deals with observed facts and the a scientist (n)
scientific (adj) relationships among those facts.
The twentieth century has witnessed a the ~ community
dramatic increase in ~ progress. (n)
a scientist (n) ~s study a wide variety of subjects, such as
a researcher (n) clues to the origin of the universe. Other ~s do research
examine the structure of cells in living
organisms.
investigate (v) Still others ~ why we act the way we do, or = examine sth (v)
try to solve complicated mathematical
problems.
absorb sth (v) They concluded that further research is Plants ~ oxygen.
needed to investigate how plants ~
different nutrients.
an engineer (n) Science attempts to explain how and why mechanical/aeros
things happen. pace/ civil etc.
~ are concerned with making things engineers
happen.
discover sth (v) About 10,000 years ago, people first ~ed a discovery (n)
how to raise animals and crops.
powered by In the early 1900's, farmers began using powerful (adj)
machines ~ by gasoline or electricity.
a power plant (n) ~s, often called power stations, use coal, a ~ produces
nuclear fuel, or oil to produce electricity. electric power
an invention (n) Computers, lasers, plastics, refrigerators, an inventor (n)
and television are only a few of the ~s that inventive (adj)
have transformed human life in our century. a discovery (n)
an antibiotic (n) ~s and other new drugs have helped a drug /
control most infectious diseases. medicine (AE)
(BE)
an advance in (n) As a result of ~s in agricultural technology, progress (n)
one U.S. farmer today produces enough
food for 101 people.
an assembly line ~s depend on division of labour, in which a conveyor belt
(n) small portions of a job are divided among (n)
different workers.
manufacturing (n) Similar developments have occurred in ~, manufacture sth
mining, and other industries. (v)
productivity (n) Technological developments have made it productive (adj)
possible to produce the same amount of
goods and services with less labour and
have thus greatly increased ~.
benefit sb (v) The advance of technology has ~ted people = profit from sth
in numerous ways. (v)
life expectancy (n) Above all, technology has raised ~ in the average ~
infant mortality (n) industrial countries to about 75 years,
mainly by reducing ~ through sanitation and
immunisation and better health care and
nutrition.
repetitive (adj) ~, low-skill jobs can be boring for people to monotonous
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 ADVANCED VOCABULARY (28) : SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
do for long periods of time. (adj)
automated (adj) ~ machinery is well suited to these routine be on autopilot
tasks, such as assembling and packaging
manufactured products.
a robot Nowadays automobiles are painted by ~s a robotics firm
using spray paint that would be harmful to
people.
anticipate sth (v) On the other hand, many of the problems expect sth (v)
caused by technology have not been ~d.
a side-effect (n) Once a new technology has been
introduced on a wide scale, people often
find that it has some unexpected ~s.
pollution (n) a Most industrial countries face problems of pollute sth (v)
pollutant (n) air, water, soil, and noise ~.
E.g., power plants that burn oil or other
fuels to generate electricity add millions of
tons of ~s to the air annually.
natural resources Also, car production uses up iron and other
(n) ~.
a breakthrough (n) ~s in nuclear research, for instance, have a major ~
led to the development of powerful
weapons of mass destruction.
a challenge (n) One of the greatest ~s today is to spread challenge sb (v)
technology's benefits to the people of
developing countries.

VOCABULARY - FIRSCHING 2010

 ADVANCED VOCABULARY (29) : ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS
FORMS EXAMPLES TRANSLATION RELATED
EXPRESSIONS
climate (n) Scientists are trying to provide data in order a ~ of hostility /
to predict future ~ changes. distrust / suspicion
the environment Are we doing enough to protect the ~ or do
(n) we need stricter laws?
Every consumer can protect the
environmentally environment, e.g. by buying ~ products =a
friendly (adj) such as returnable containers. conservationist (n)
an ~s are concerned about the rate at which
environmentalist people are depleting non-renewable
(n resources, e.g. crude oil, and about the
pollution caused by their extensive use.
protect sth (v) Conservationists try to ~ tropical rainforests protective (adj)
from further destruction.
protection (against The best ~ against skin cancer is offer / provide ~
sth) (n) still to avoid excessive sunbathing.
ecology (n) ~ is the study of the relationships between ecological (adj)
organisms and their environment.
interdependent Nations have become increasingly ~ as = they depend on
(adj) such problems as pollution and the each other
reduction of natural resources have grown
too big for any government to handle alone.
(become) extinct There are several theories about why = die out (v)
(adj) dinosaurs became extinction (n)
~, including the inability of dinosaurs to
compete successfully with mammals for
food
an endangered ~ are animals or plants that are likely to = is in danger of
species (pl. become extinct in the near future, e.g. the dying out
species) giant panda bear. /becoming extinct
acid rain (n) ~ is a term for rain, snow or sleet that has an acid (n)
been polluted by acids.
greenhouse effect ~ is a warming of the atmosphere and greenhouse
(n) surface of our planet caused by a complex tomatoes
process involving sunlight and gases, and
tropical rain the rapid reduction of ~. the tropics (n)
forests
fossil fuels (n) Most of the increase in greenhouse gases = coal, oil, and
has been due to the burning of ~ natural gas
global warming (n) Scientists assume that an increase in all around the
carbon dioxide has raised the surface globe
temperature, thus leading to ~. (n)
contaminated Drinking water becomes ~ if sewage leaks = polluted (adj)
(adj) into the water supply.
radiation (n) However, nuclear ~ can be extremely radioactivity (n)
dangerous. Exposure to radioactive X-rays
materials can result in a condition called ~
sickness.
waste sth (v) We should stop ~ing energy and = squander sth (v)
other valuable resources.
waste (n) - nuclear / chemical / toxic / household ~ - = refuse / litter /
VOCABULARY - FIRSCHING 2010
 ADVANCED VOCABULARY (29) : ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS
junk
dump sth (v) Environmental protesters call attention to She has ~ed her
risks such as the ~ing of radioactive and boy-friend again.
hazardous waste at sea.
genetic ~ is the term applied to techniques that alter a gene (n)
engineering the hereditary material in an organism.
genetically GM food, i.e. ~ food such as tomatoes with = genetically
modified increased flavour and shelf life are manipulated
becoming more widespread.
cloning (n) In 1996, a group of Scottish scientists a clone of (a
achieved the first successful ~ of a sheep, sheep)
which they named Dolly.
a famine (n) Many of the developing nations suffer starve (v) /
regularly from food shortages and ~s. die of starvation
malnutrition (n) Roughly half a billion people on the earth nutrition (n)
suffer from ~, either from having too little nourish sb (v)
food or from eating the wrong food.
fertile (adj) ~ soil yields good crops, whereas deserts fertility (n)
are unsuitable for agriculture.
a donation (n) The world's least developed countries donate money
depend on support from wealthy nations, (for a good cause)
e.g. disaster relief and private ~s.

VOCABULARY - FIRSCHING 2010

 ADVANCED VOCABULARY (30) : INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
FORMS EXAMPLES TRANSLATION RELATED
EXPRESSIONS
IT (information ~ makes it possible for ideas to be shared an ~ company
technology) by people around the globe.
a mobile phone A ~ is a handy little tool you can use for =cell(ular) phone
(n) making calls or receiving text messages. (US) NOT: a
handy
transmit (v) With SMS (Short Message Service), you ~ a disease
are able to ~ up to 160 characters.
data transmission However, data ~ via mobile phones is still a transmitter (n)
(n) rather slow.
virtual Interactive computer terminals allow visitors ~ reality (n)
to take a ~ walk through 19th-century
London.
a cursor (n) click A computer mouse controls the movements highlight sth
sth (v) of the ~ on the computer screen, e.g. by click the left
~ing the left mouse button twice you can mouse button
highlight a word.
scroll (v) You can ~ up and down a text by clicking
on the ~ bar at the right-hand side of your
screen.
hard disc /disk You can save your files onto your ~ and DVD =
(US) / hard drive back them up on an external hard drive. digital versatile
(n) disc
an operating The new ~ should be compatible e.g. Windows /
system (n) with existing hardware. Linux
reboot If your system crashes, usually all you can boot your
(v: your computer) do is to ~ your computer. computer
(have) access (to An increasing number of students have ~ to = the opportunity
sth) the Internet at home. to use the WWW
invalid (adj) The message read: "Error - your name valid (adj)
contains an ~ character."
a search engine ~s are tools helping users to browse "surf the net"
(n) through millions of websites.
subscribe (v: to If you ~ to an online provider, you have a subscription
sth) to pay a monthly or annual fee in return for (n)
Internet access.
download (files) Most providers ask customers to ~ the
software needed to run their applications.
word processing ~ means using a computer to create, store ~ software
(n) and print texts, usually typed on a
keyboard.
cut and paste (v) This function allows you to ~ text, i.e. copy mix flour and
and move text between several documents. water to a smooth
paste.
a spreadsheet (n) A ~ is a computer programme used for a sheet of paper
financial planning: you enter data in rows
and columns and the programme calculates
costs etc. from it.
sensitive (adj) With hand-held computers, you use a pen sensible (adj)
to navigate around a touch- ~ screen.
wireless (adj) An increasing number of keyboards use = cordless (adj)
VOCABULARY - FIRSCHING 2010
 ADVANCED VOCABULARY (30) : INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
infrared ~ technology. a telephone wire
converge (v: with Several companies are working on ~ing TV convergence (n)
sth) sets with PCs.
(an e-mail) The first thing she does every morning is to contact sb via /
account (n) log into her e-mail ~ and check her mail. by e-mail
an attachment (n) Many e-mails include ~s containing please find
text files or pictures, for example attached
ban sth (v) Several interest groups have called for = declare it illegal
~ning online pornography or other content
unsuitable for children.
censorship (n) Opponents of such a move, however, claim censor / edit sth
that it would constitute ~. (v)
unsolicited (adj) Many people are sick and tired of getting = material that
tons of ~ junk mail, which is also called you have not
spam. asked for
bid (at auctions) Many people use the Internet to check submit a ~ for
stock-market prices or ~ at auctions. sth
a teleworker (n) Studies predict that the number of ~s, teleworking (n)
i.e. people working at home via the
Internet, will steadily increase.
speech Speech ~ software gives you the possibility recognise sth (v)
recognition (n) to enter spoken text via a microphone.

VOCABULARY - FIRSCHING 2010