Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chapter 5 Installation Practices PDF
Chapter 5 Installation Practices PDF
Chapter 5
Installation Practices
Once the route and length of a transmission or distribu An overhead conductor suspended between insulator
tion line has been decided upon and the correct conductor supports aSsumes the shape of a catenary Curve provided
size and type selected to carry the system load safely and the conductor is of uniform weight per ft. Usually it is
economically, there are still several mechanical considera convenient, without significant error, to regard the curve as
tions which will have an effect on installation practices a parabola. * A family of such curves exists for a given
and may influence the final choice of conductor. conductor and span, Fig. 5-1. The mid-point sag depends
on tension in the conductor; the greater the tension the
Line Design Factors less the sag. To distinguish between span length and con
The line designer must consider such factors as tower ductor length. the latter is usually designated arc length.
and pole locations and heights, span lengths, conductor Anything that increases arc length after initial stringing
tension and sags, ground clearances, etc. Technically, this increases the sag. Factors that may bring this about are
means that he must have detailed knowledge of conductor ( J) thermal expansion of the conductor because of in
sag-tension characteristics as a function of span length, crease of temperature above that during stringing, (2) in
temperature, and weight loading. Much of this informa crease of conductor apparent weight because of wind and!
tion is supplied by wire and cable manufacturers in the or ice load, (3) creep gradually lengthening the conductor
form of tables and graphs that are to be used by the line wires as a result of tension being applied over a period
designer.' Supplementing these, the line designer prepares of many years, (4) stressing of wires beyond their elastic
other graphs, tables, templates, etc., that are related to a limits.
specific installation.
Thus, there are two distinct types of study: (1) That
which is ordinarily performed by the engineers of the wire
and cable manufacturers, and (2) that which is performed k-------S-SPAN - - - - -..........1
by the line-design engineer to utilize the manufacturer
supplied information to best advantage. Users of this SAG=D
handbook probably are more likely to work with manu
facturer-supplied graphs and data for application to a ~
specific installation than to work on the analysis of
physical properties of conductors. Hence the first section
of this chapter endeavors to show how the line designer
uses manufacturer-supplied data. This will be followed by L=~ length
a brief outline of the work ordinarily done under manu of conductor
f...-~
facturer's auspices. First. a few general statements that CLEARANCE
apply to both kinds of analysis are made.
The "tcnsion limits" used as the basis fot calculations in thi~
chapter are s(a:ed a" nOt exceeding a speciried percentage or the
rated s.rrenglh of the cOnduCiQr. and these strengths are calculated
in accordance with current AST~ standards.
t
Fig. 5-1. Diagram showing family of sag curves. The sag
is less wi:h increase of conductor tension.
5-1
bore aluminum wire and coble
Though it might appear that sag-tension problems re the rated strength because, for spans shorter than this,
lating to these subjects could be solved in a simple man the final tension limit of 25 percent of rated strength
ner, there are interrelated factors that must be taken into at OOF is ruling. This can be noted from curve 15 of the
account. For example, ACSR has components that have final chart (Fig. 53) where the tension levels out at
differing stress strain characteristics, differing coefficients 7,100 lb for these shorter spans and does not exceed
of thermal expansion, and they normally undergo differing 25 percent of rated strength. [n addition, the allowable
unit tensile stresses. initial tension on the unloaded or bare conductor, when
Thus, it is evident that proper selection of span length installed, is 33.3 percent or 9400 lbs. Since curve 15 on
and sags for a given profile and conductor in order to the initial chart does not exceed 9000 Ibs, this requirement
minimize installation and operational costs requires a high is met.
order of engineering skill. However, for many applica. Since the probable average span for an overhead con
tions, the required sagtension analysis has been made ductor of this size is about 1000 ft, the strength margin
by others. and the results are available in tables and graphs for the conductor is even more favorable as seen by the
supplied by wire and cable manufacturers for all com reduced tensions above 720 ft.
mercially offered conductors. Only a moderate amount
of additional work is necessary to utilize them for
specific applications.
TABLE 5-1
Inilial and Final Sag Tension Charts
Jor VariableLength Spans
National Electric Safety Code (1987 Edition) for Overhead
Two typical sag-tension charts are shown in Figs. 52 Conductor-Mechanical Load Classifications
and 53. These charts apply to a 795 kcmi! 5417 ACSR
Condor with standard class A steel core wire and include
both bare and heavy loading as defined by the National Loading Description and Method of Obtaining Loaded
Electric Safety Code (NESC) and listed in Table 51. The District Weight per foot
curves of these graphs show sags and tensions for various
temperatures for spans from 400 to 1600 ft. Fig. 5-2 shows Light Cond., plus 9 Ib sq ft horz. wind on projected
initial sags and tensions based on one-hour creep. Fig. area. To the resultant add K = 0.05 lb per ft.
53 shows final sag and tension values. In this example, Appl ied at 30'F.
the sag after 10 year creep exceeds the final sag after
heavy loading. Thus. creep is the governing condition Medium Cond., plus 'I.in. ice, plus 4 Ib/sq ft horz. wind
in determining the final sag and tensions. on projected area. To the resultant add K =
Referring to the explanatory table accompanying Fig. 0.20 Ib per ft. Applied at 15'F.
52. the sag tension values are shown for bare conductor
(no ice or wind) at six different temperatures, 112 in. Heavy Cond., plus 'hin. ice, plus 4 Ib/sq ft horz. wind
ice at 320 F and heavy loading of 112 in. ice plus 4 on projected area. To the resultant add K =
Ib/sq ft wind plus a constant. The resultant of the 0.30 Ib per ft. Applied at OF.
conductor weight plus ice and side wind load (which is
Overhead conductor loadings of the three above classes .r.
at rigbt-angle to the line) is increased by a constant
usually applicable to sections of the United States, according
K = 0.30 Ib per ft. [n the example, the cable weight
alone is 1.024 lb per ft. The resultant NESC Heavy to the map below though heavier loadings are used if local
loading on the conductor is 2.432 Ib per ft. conditions appear to require them.
The upper set of curves of Fig. 5-2 shows conductor
tension in Ib vs span in ft; the lower set shows sag in ft
vs span in ft. The rated strengtb of this conductor is
28,200 lb. With full ice and wind load, the allowable
tension as shown below the explanatory table is 40"70 of
28,200 or 11,280 lb. This value bas been selected as the
maximum allowable tension and the No. I sag curve is
drawn correspondingly. However, it should be noted that
for spans below 721) ft, tbe tension as shown by cUrve 9
on the initial chart (Fig. 5-2) is less than 40 percent of
5-2
installation practices
15
SPAN-FEET
Fig. 5-2. Sags and Tensions, Initial. 795 kcmil, 54/7 Condor ACSR.
TENSION LIMITS:
Sag Tension Ice Wind Temperature NESt
a. With ~" ice+4 Ib wind+constant at OaF not to exceed
40% of Rated Strength.
b. Initial (when installed) with no ice Or wind at OaF not to
Curve eliI'Ve
._---_.....__ ._---_.
inches
__.Ib/sq/ft of Constant
<- Final (after maximum load or ten year creep) with no ice 2 10 y, 0 32
3 11 0 0 120
-------
or wind at Q'F not to exceed 25% of the Rated Strength.
4 12 0 0 90
5 13 0 0 60
6 14 0 0 30
7 15 0 0 0
8 16 0 Q -20
Obvious relationships are shown by the curves. Thus, Fig. 5-3 showing the final sags and tensions can be
for a span of 1000 ft, the tension drops from 6800 lb" to interpreted in the same manner as Fig. 5-2. It shows the
4950 lb when temperature increases from OOF to I200F effect of long time elongation from JO-year creep or heavy
(curves 15 and 11), and sag increases from 19 ft to 26 ft loading if it happens to permanently stretch the conductor
(curves 7 and 3) as shown in Fig. 5-2. Some charts also
include sag and tension curves for estimated maximum .. Because of unceI1ainties of reading values from a chart, such
temperatures greater than I200F. Where higher operating values in this book may differ slightly from computed valUes
temperatures are anticipated, the user should consult his from which the graph was made.
conductor manufacturer.
5-3
bare aluminum wire and cable
SPAN FEET
Fig. 5-3. Sags and tensions, final. 795 kcmil, 5417 Condor ACSR.
to a greater degree than that resulting from creep. Thus, the amount of sag for a span of any length that will result
in this case, an initial sag of 22.4 ft at 600F (Fig. 5-2 from a cOnstant tension in all spans of the Ime. This
curve 5) increases to 25.5 ft. (Fig. 5-3 curve 5) and the tension will require adjustment so as to allow for the
tension (curve 13 in both figures) drops from 5700 Ib to conductor temperature at the time of stringing. This
5loolb. adjustment is obtained from the temperature-tension line
(curve 1) On Fig. 54. Thus, the initial stringing chan,
Initial Stringing Chart as shown here, is for a new 795 kcmil 54/7 ACSR based
Curves such as Figs. 5-2 and 5-3 provide basic informa on a ruling span of 1000 ft and 11,280 Ibs maximum
tion for use in the preliminary design of overhead lines ten,ion with NESC heavy loading. Curve 1 for tension
and can be used directly for individual spans dead-ended and temperature is obtained by taking the tension values
at each end, but they cannot be used for a series of spans from Fig. 52 for a 1000 ft span at the various temperatures
of different lengths because the tensions, if taken directly and plotting them as shown in Fig. 5-4. From Fig. 5-2,
off Figs. 5-2 and 5-3, will be different for each span it can be noted that tbe tension at OOF is 6800 Ibs, at
and in such a series. of spans the line tensions must be 600 F is 5700 Ib and at 1200 F is 4950 lb. These and
equal so there will be no significant unbalanced longi intermediate values are used to determine curve 1 of
tudinal loads on structures, and so insulator strings will Fig. 5-4. Thus, this curve gives the value of the stringing
hang vertically. tension to be used for the particular temperature at which
new conductor is installed in a section of line having this
The procedure for finding the initial sag and tension particular ruling span.
in a line, or section of line between dead-ends, baving
spans of differing lengths is based on taking the values
off the initial sag-tension grapb Fig. 5-2 for the ruling The Ruling Span
span as herein defined, and preparing an initial stringing Tbe first slep in the preparation of a stringing chart
sag chan such a, is shown in Fig. 5-4. This chart shows Fig. 5-4, from the sag-tension chart Fig. 5-2, (or Fig.
54
installation practices
50
2 Sag (DI120F
(j) CURVE 1
7000 Cl
Z 9QoF
::>
o
" a9 (D) 60F
6000 I. 40
Z:
O
in ag (D) 30 F
5000 ~
f- OaF
10
1200 1400
o
Fig. 5-4. Initial Stringing Chart. Stringing sags and tensions for constant tension at a given temperature for a 795 kcmil
5417 Condor ACSR. For Ruling Span of I,OOOft and 11,280 Ib maximum initial tension with heavy loading. There is no
loading during initial stringing, hence tension is per curve 1.
5-3 for pre-stressed conductor) is to find the Ruling Span, hence the use of Eq. 5-1 is preferred.
which in effect is a weighted average taken from the Example: A line having ten spans of 1000 ft, three spans of 800 ft,
various span lengths that oCCUr in the line between dead and tWO spans of 1200 ft, the Ruling Span by applying Eq. S~l is 1006
ends. The formula for Ruling Span is ft. and by applying the approximate rule it i$ 1129 ft. for this example
a 1000 or 1006 ft ruling span should be used. If the ruling: span
calculated by the approximate rule were to be used. the actual final
S...::_+_S.:,;_7_S..:.:..:.+_._ _...:.s:.::,.:
Ruling Span :;;;:;;:~,
[
s" + s" T S, T. . .. S.
J';
t
(Eq. 51)
sags would be greater than the design final sags.
5-5
bare aluminum wire and cable
TABLE 5-2
Stringing Sags for Various Spans of Bare Unloaded 795 kernil ACSR 54/7 Wt 1.024 Iblft, for
the span, thus the sag at 60 0 F for a 5OD- ft span is 1/4 that in which
of a looo-ft span (i.e. 5.6 ftl. This value is on curve 4 D = Sag, ft
of Fig. 5-4 at 50D ft.
W = Weight of conductor, Ib per ft
The Initial Stringing Chart Fig. 5-4 is based on values S = Span length, ft
obtained from the Initial Sag-Tension Chart, Fig. 5-2,
because, as stated, the stringing of new conductor is H :: Horizontal Tension, lb (a constant for each
assumed. However, conduCtor that has been removed temperature)
from an old line or has been pre-stressed to final con The above sag value should be corrected if the sag ex
ditions should not be restrung to initial conditions. An ceeds about 5% of span length (see Eg. 5-4. below).
approximate rule of thumb is to string old conductor
half-way between initial and final sags because when From the above formula the following ratio is derived
conductor is removed from a line and rereeled it relaxes. as a simple means of obtaining the required sags. Since
If strung to supposedly final sags, the actual final sags the horizontal tensions in
each span of the section of
will be greater than planned. line between deadends are to be equal, HI = H2 and
therefore
Completion of Stringing Graph
by Use of Parabola Formula =
As previously noted, the sag values for the l,ooo-foot
ruling span for the stringing chart Fig. 5-4 have beell'
transferred from Fig. 5-2 as points on the vertical line Since Wand the constant 8 are common to both sides
for the I,ooo-foot span on Fig. 5-4. Note that these values we have
are also listed in Table 5-2 on the horizontal line for the
l,ooo-foot span. It is now necessa.ry to find the other
mid-point sag values to complete Table 5-2 and Fig. 5-4 (Eq.5-3)
under a constant tension for all spans at a given tempera
ture.
Using this formula Table 5-2 and Fig. 5-4 can be
completed. Thus. to complete the column for 600F in
For this purpose. the parabola formula is satisfactory Table 5-2 USe sag for a tension of 5,7OD lb. at 22.4 ft.
for calculating the sags; thus, and applying it to the ratio of the spans for the 400 ft.
span the result is and so on up to spans for 1,400 ft. In
WS'
D::-- (22.4) (400)2
8H (Eq.5-2) = 3.6 ft
(1,000)2
5-6
installation practices
a similar manner Table 5-2 is completed for the other tension charts from which Stringing-Sag charts, such as
temperatures. These sag values are then transferred to 5-4, are made. Such stringing charts are used principally
the Initial Stringing Graph (Fig. 5-4) and the curves drawn as an aid in line design of transmission and distribution
for each temperature. lines where there is not much repetition. WIth the advent
of computer programs it is much more common to use
Stringing-Sag Tables instead of charts. These tables,
Sag Correction for Long Spans for various ruling spans, are generally compiled by
If the sag exceeds about 5 % of span length. an amount utilities for their own use. They avoid the need of reading
should be added to the sag read from Fig. 5-4, computed from curves or interpolating from large-interval tables.
as follows: An extract from such a stringing sag table. Table 5-3
W is from a book that contains 69 such tables for various
Correction (ft) =
D2 X ruling spans and for A WG sizes of ACSR in 6/1 and
6H (Eq. 5-4)
7/1 strandings-with spans as short or as long as prac
ticable for the specified ruling spans. Tables for NESC
in which D Sag in feet obtained from Eq. 5-2. as pre
light, medium, and heavy loadings are included.
viously described. Other values are as stated for Eq. 5-2.
This correction rarely is necessary (see footnote on
page 5-1).
The Sag-Span Parabola and Templale
Use of Stringing Charls For determining minimum clearance under a line over
A stringing chart such as Fig. 5-4, should be prepared an irregular profile it is necessary to know the final sag
and used for each line or section having different at all points of the span. Only the mid-span initial sag
ruling spans and tensions between dead-ends. is known from charts such as Fig. 5-4. These intermediate
Stringing charts are used to obtain the values used sag values are obtained graphically by plotting a parabolic
for the control of the tension and sag of the conductor. curve between the point of maximum sag and the point
During the stringing operation, the conductor should be of elevation of the suppon. The same parabola is used
run through Stringing sheaves which rurn freely and are in for inclined spans, as is described later in this chapter.
good condition. As the conductor is brought up to initial Depicted in Fig. 5-5 is the sag-span parabola for the
sag it should be checked against the values taken from conductor and conditions described in the legend. The
the chan, at different intervals. depending on the length values are based oPo a constant tension of 4400 Ib and
of the section being sagged. Preferably this should be mid-point sag of 29.2 ft for ruling span of 1000 ft, as
near each dead-end, in the middle. and in spans as close noted from Fig. 5-3 for 1200 F. A similar parabola for
as possible to the ruling span. The sags should be checked emergency-overload temperature is also advisable. The
even if the conductor is pulled, by means of a dynamo mid-point sags for other spans are obtained from the
meter, to the required tension. Normal sheave friction parabola (also listed in the right hand column of Table
can result in uneven sag bet ween spans. Sometimes the 5-2). The mid-point sag for the ruling span of 1000 ft
conductor will become caught in a stringing sheave, or most probably was obtained from a catenary curve, but
the sheave does not move freely. In such cases some spans the use of the parabola for intermediate values introduces
may be up to the required tension while others may nor. no significant error. The mid-point sags shown by Fig.
The normal differences caused by Sloping or offset S-5 for spans that differ from the 1000 ft ruling span
COntours are discussed on page 5-8. vary from those for the same spans as shown on Fig.
When the conductor has mid-point sags according to 5-3 because the latter figure is drawn to cover a range
the Initial Stringing Chan, in our example, the final of "ruling spans" whereas Fig. 5-5 is based on only the
maximum sag at 1200 F (or estimated maximum conductor I ,OOO-foot ruling span.
temperature jf greater than 1200 F) will not exceed the The 1200F mid-point sag for the lOOO-ft ruling span
ten-year creep design sag. This sag is shown by curve from Fig. 5-3 is used as the basis for Fig. 5-5, because
3 of Fig. 5-3 which indicates the unloaded condition from Fig. 5-3 it is seen that the sag of a bare conductor
at 1200 F. Strung on this basis, the conductor ground at 1200 F is greater than that of a conductor carrying full
clearance will not be less than that specified in the line ice load. The maximum possible sag for clearance in
design criteria. vestigations usually occurs when the conductor is at high
For a more detailed treatment of stringing methods, temperature because of an emergency-load, depending on
equipment etc., reference should be made to the IEEE user's standard for emergency temperature of bare con
publication P-524 entitled "A Guide to the Installation duetors.
of Overhead Transmission Line Conductors".
Stringing-Sag Tables
Figs. 5-2 and S-3 are typical of manufacturer supplied "' Such parabolas are easily prepared. See Page 51 L
5-7
bare aluminum wire and cable
TABLE 5-3
Stringing-Sag Values for 1/0 ACSR (6/1), for RUling Span of 550 ft for NESC Heavy Loading for
Various Temperatures, and Maximum Tension 60% of Rated Strength
700 106 115 126 I 138 151 165 179 193 205
5-8
installation practices
1400 FT.
55.0
SO.O
45.0
1200 FT. .
40.0
35.0
>
.w
RULING SPAN 1000 FT. ..W
"
25.0
20.0
--:
15.0
,
,700FT.
600 FT, 10.0
500FT.
400FT. 5.0
,
700 600500 400 00 200 100 o 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Fig. 5-5. Template parabolajor jinal sags (ajter 10 years) oj bare unloaded 795 kcmi! ACSR 5417, wt. 1.024 Ibljt, jor
120'F at 4400 Ib tension. Compiled jrom the 1000-jt Values oj Fig. 5-3. Also see right-hand column oj Table 5-2.
angle (usuaUy 45 0 per !'lESe). of 18.8 feet and a tension of 7,300 lbs. (from curve 16
In order to predict and evaluate the possibility of such of Fig. 5-2). The resulting parabola, Fig. 5-8, is "flatter"
an occurance, a parabola template similar to Fig. 5-5 is than that of Fig. 5-5 because both the aluminum and
prepared based on the ruling span, but done for the the steel are carrying their full share of the load. When
lowest temperature likely to be encountered in the un this curve is applied to a line layout similar to that shown
loaded condition. In some areas this temperature may be in Fig. 5-7, it will indicate a condition of uplift at
well below OOF. The template is based on Fig. 5-2 for support C. This condition is usually corrected by altering
initial stringing because this represents the period of the tower spacing, by increasing the height of the towers
minimum sag before load offsets Or appreciable creep where this occurs, or by installing dead-ends where the
occurs. Thus, a template might be prepared for a slope from the tower is large. Usually both the maximum
I,OOO-foot ruling span for -20 0 F, with a mid-point sag sag and uplift curves are drawn on the same template.
59
510
installation practices
40.0
MIN. SAG - INITIAL AT _20 0 F
______________________~1~4~00~F~T.~
I r 35.0
A
30.0
1200 FT.
i--____~~..!:,I'--,L-+--i---i115.0 ;:c;
Fig. 5-7. Condition that causes uplift force which would
collapse suspension insulators and damage ties on cap~ -.f+---t---i----ilO.O
and-pins.
5.0
5 -11
bare aluminum wire and cable
TABLE 5-4
TW
Span
~WH. w
P
D = Midpoint Sag, ft P =- Average Tension
(T + H)!2, Ib
(~-11 100 (~ 100 Vi I
W = Weight of conductor,
Ib per ft ---''--.0-1-0-~=--.6-1-24~ 20419 ' 20413 I 20416
Thou9h the T/W, H!W, and P!W values are for a 1000ft .015 .7500 16675 16667 16671
span, they are suitable also for other spans; thUS, for 100 ft .020 .8661 14443 14434 14439
span, divide table values by 10; for a 2000ft span, multiply .025 .9683 12920 12910 12915
table values by 2. .030 1.0608 11796 11786 11791
.040 1.2249 10219 10217 10213
5-12
installation practices
- 20.000 I
I
:r:
u
~
IJJ
~
f-'"
i
I
Sl , ,;"
'"c..
IJJ
1
o - 10.000
/
-
,
,;" I /
Z I 2 I" i
::::>
o 3 I- -r i
c..
>- ,....
""
- 8
V)
I , .4
V) ,/'
IJJ
'"t
V) V .... . 5
I j I
0.0 .... V 0.1 0.2 O.J 0.4
120F 90?F 60F 30F IsoF OF -20F ELONGATION PER CENT
Fig. 5-10. Stress-strain curves.
Conductor: ....... 397.5 kernil AAC Canna.
3. Final stress-strain curve after holding load I hour
Stranding: 19 X .1447 4. Creep for 10 years
Temperature: 73F ....... . 5. Final stress-strain curve after holding load at 4000 psi
2. Initial stress-strain curve after holding load I hour for 10 years at 60'F
is held for One hour, followed by reduction as before. A 5 represents the condition when stress is reduced after 10
final slow load application is made until 70% of rating at years of 60 c F creep at 4000 psi. An increase of load
which point the final reading is not taken until after shortly thereafter will likewise show elongation percents
one hour. The values for curve 2 reflect the delay at 30%, indicated by line 5.
50"1., and 70% of rated strength. By this process It is customary to place temperature indexes on the
abscissa of such graphs as Fig. 5-10 to adapt the graph
the conductor attains a high degree of compactness and
for use when the conductor is at various temperatures. The
stabilized length. use of these temperature indexes is explained in the de
Line 3 shows the stress-elongation relationship while scription of the application of the graph. Index-points for
stress is decreased from the 70% point, or is subsequently temperatures above 120F are not normally shown on
increased again to that point. Line 3 is practically straight. the stress-strain graph, though they may be added if re
Subsequent increase or decrease of stress causes elonga quired.
The stress-strain graphs for composite conductors, Fig.
tions that are represented by this line or one paralJel to it.
5-16 show a sharp knee toward the bottom of curve 3 be
The distance between the bottom of curve 2 and that of cause the permanent elongation of the 1350-H19 part of
line 3 represents the permanent increase of elongation, the conductor is greater than that of the reinforcing
caused by the settling of the cable strands and reduction of component due to their different elastic limits. At stresses
spaces between them, and also perhaps by a slight perma below the knee, the reinforcing wires carry the full load.
nent set of the aluminum. The slope of the part of curve 3 below the knee is less
than what is above the knee because the cross-sectional
Line 4 represents conditions after lO-year creep at aver area of the reinforcing wires is small.
age temperature of 60 c F, but no single application of an Because the 1350-H19 wires of steel-reinforced com
increasing stress produces such a line. The line is the locus posite conductors creep more at a given temperature
of points each of which is a point on curve 2 from which than do the reinforcing wires, the stress at which the
a horizontal line extends to represent the elongation percent curve 3 changes in slope increases during the IO-year creep
after 10-year 60'F creep at the indicated stress. Also line period.
513
D
15
10000 '"
a::
r 1i ,000 psi a] H o
<J)
7,330 psi bl L
M
'S:SSOP;i C] B
Initial and Final Sag and Tension of a defined when describing Fig. 5-Il. Essentially, the process
Designated Conductor, Span and NESC is one of graphic comparison.
Loading for Various Temperatures
The temperature selected for the first comparison is the
Given the applicable preliminary sag-tension graph, Fig. lowest likely to be encountered for the specified loading
5-11 and the stress-strain graph, Fig. 5-10, we can (in this case the Heavy loading). For average conditions,
determine the sag-tension values at which the arc O'F ordinarily may be taken. An infrequent below-zero
elongation in percent of the conductor under sag, as temperature rarely occurs with full ice-and-wind load, and
;hown in Fig. 5-11, equals the percent of elongation if it should, the margin of safety is ample; also, after long
of the tested conductor under the same tension and time creep, the stress is likely to be below what it is initial
temperature. Another requirement is that the stresses ly. If the temperature, however, will be below OOF for
under the various conditions will not exceed the values long periods, this lower value should be assumed for the
indexed on Fig. 5-11 as ii, bj, and C], as previously first comparison.
5-14
installation practices
20
,
D -S09
B Conductor without ice
, , , or wind
H -Conductor plus heovy
loading
Sag under heavy loading 14.5' 15
2 -Initial stress-strain
curve after holding
load 1 hour
Final sag.
after heavy loading 1L 5 ' 3 - Final stress-strain
:t: curve ofter holding
U 'Initial sag 10.3' load 1 hour
30000 ~ 4 -Creep for 10 years :f:H:+:110
LLJ to 60 F ....
LLJ
'"
.:::>
O'l-Maximum tension
(11,000 psi)
LLJ
"
I
:0
V) bl-Initiol tension limit
17,330 psi) ~
Vl
20000 'LLJ
Q.
'" 'l-Finol tension limit 5
(/) (5,500 psi)
l 3 c -Finol $tress~stroin
Z curVe after loading to
.:::> Final tension after ,maximum tensIon
0Q.
10000
,
(/)
heavy loading, 3.190 psi at 60 F
o
II)
LLJ
'"t;; 7,330 psi bl
5.500 psi c
o
0.0 OJ 0.2: . : 0.3 0.4 0.5
: ; ARC elONGATION IN PER CENT OF SPAN
'iOF gOF SO" 30F QOf -20F
The comparison is made graphically by superposing a out ice and wind (3,630 psi) is found at the intersection
transparent-paper stress-strain graph, Fig. 5-10, (with its of curve 2 with curve B, and the corresponding sag (10.3
grid, ordinate, and abscissa values removed) over the ft) is on curve D.
preliminary sag-tension graph, Fig. 5-11, so their abscissas The final stress-strain curve 3a after heavy loading and
coincide and so the initial line 2 of Pig. 5- J 0 intersects the
11 ,00 psi index mark on line H. It is then apparent that
holding for one hour is drawn from point arparallel to
curve 3, and the final tension after heavy loading (3,140
neither tension limit bl or Cl will be exceeded. Therefore, psi) is found where it intersects curve B. The correspond
tension al is the governing condition. The superposed ing sag (11.5 ft) is found On curve D.
graphs then appear as Fig. 5-12.
The next operation is to determine whether the final sag
The sag under heavy loading (14.5 ft) is found verti after la-year creep at 60F will exceed the final sag after
eallyabove'"iil on curve D. The initial tension at oop with heavy loading. Before moving the stress-strain graph from
515
20
D - Sag
B - Conductor without ice
or wind
H -Condl,ldor plus heavy
,loading
Iw
ot600F
i<l
OJ- Maximum iens,on limit
.. (ll,OOO)psi
(5.500) psi
:~ 3 0 -Finol stress~ strain
at OOF
I
3 b
Finol stress-strain
f-"':330 PSi
, '.500 r~i iO yeors at 60 F
" "
dOl
its present position, the location of O'F on its temperatuTe conductor after creep for 10 years, intersects curve B at
scale is marked on the first-trial check of tension limits 2,570 psi. The corresponding sag (14.45 ft) is found on
(Fig, 512) as reference point R, curve D, Since this sag exceeds the final sag after heavy
The stress-strain graph is then moved to the right until loading at oaF creep is the governipg condition,
60'F on the temperature scale coincides with reference A new final stress-strain curve 3, is now drawn parallel
point R, Fig. 5-13. The initial tension at 60F (2,910 psi) to Cutve 3 through the point on curve 4 where it intersects
is found at the intersection of curve 2 with curve B, and curve B, The final sag and tension at oaF must now be
the corresponding sag (12,85 ft) is on curve D, corrected~ using the revised stress-strain curve.
The final tension at 60?F after heavy loading is found For this purpose the stress-strain graph is moved to its
at the intersection of curve 3, with curve B. It will be ob former position so that OaF on the temperature scale coin
served that Curve 4, which shows the elongation of the cides with reference point R, Fig, 5-14, The corrected final
516
installation practices
20
p Sag
B Conductor without ice
or wind
., H Conductor plus heovy
loading
0 2 - Initioi stress-strain
curve after holding
final sag after creep
load 1 hour
, for 10 years at 60f no' 3 Finol stress-strain
J:
U
I I: !
::j::j: curve after holding
Z' lood l hour
30000 10
w j 1
4 Creep for 10 yeors at
60F
.:.w
""
01 Maximum tension limit ....w
~P {11.000)psi I
b1 Initial tension limit ~
R$=
,(/) i
20000
""w
Q.. C1
(7,330) psi
Finol tension limit
'? 5
(j)'
Cl
Z
::>
-to
'Q..
I
m
Final tension after creep
for 10 years at 60F 3100 psi
~
11,000 psi'ii]i
,
3b
(5,500) psi
Fino! stress strain
curve under maximum
tension ofter creep for
10 years ot 60 F
I~'
(j)
H o
,,
10000
(j) 3
w
o
"" 7,330 psi bl
1-;;-
't- 1-'+,
<.fl'
b
,5,500psi Cl
i ,
0.0
~3b
m
4
R
B I
Fig. 5-14. Final trial for O'F after adjustment for lO-year creep correction, Values for O'F unloaded, and OF with heavy load
are entered from this graph on Table 55.
tension (3,100 psi) i, found where curve 3" intersects OOp, both unloaded and for Heavy loading. Sags and ten
curve B. The corresponding sag (12.0 ft) is on curve D. sions for other temperatures are similarly found and en
The final sag after iO-years at 60 0 P after Heavy loading is shifted until the l20 0 P point is moved to reference
(14.7 ft) is found where the ordinate at intersection of mark R to produce Fig. 5-15, from which the initial ten
curve 3. and curve H intersects curve D; the correspond sion (2,470 psi) is found at the intersection of curve 2
ing tension is 10,840 psi. These value, ere not indexed on with curve B, and the corresponding sag (15.15 It) is on
the curves. curve D. Pinal tension (2,270 psij is found at the inter
The sag and tension values thus far found are entered section of curve 3, with curve B and the corresponding
in Table 5-5 as the initial and final sags and tensions 'for sag (16,5 ft) is on curve D,
517
20
0- Sog
, , o
B Conductor without ice
Final sag after creep for 10 years at 60F 16.5'
or wind
Initial sag 15.15' H Conductor plus heavy
loading IS
2 Initiol stress-strain
curve after holding
lood i hour
:; t
3 - finol stress-strain
J: curve ofter holding
V lood 1 hour
30000 Z 10
CiJ
_
Maximum tension limit .....
w (11.000) psi w
':::>"
bl Initial tension limit
17,330jp.i
a
VI Cl finol tension limit
, (5,500) psi
UJ'"
.0000 .0... - 3 b finol stress-strain S
VI curve under maximum
0
Z tension after creep far
::;) 10 yea~s at ~~o F ,
0
t>..
I
,
10000 VI 11,000 psi 1i1 o
VI
w 'final tension after ~ H
'"~ 7,330 psi bI
5~?~ ~~i ,~
creep for 10 years
at 60F 2,270 psi 3
2 3
Fig. 5-15. Similar to Fig. 5-14, but for 120F without load. Values for this temperature are emered in Table 5-5.
In a similar manner, the values for other temperatures ter. The manufacturers also supply a wide variety of
are obtained to complete Table 5-5. The load values in graphs, such as Figs. 5-10, 5-11, 516 and data for
pounds P are obtained by multiplying the tensile stress templates for various sizes of conductors and conditions.
values in psi by the conductor area (0.3122 sq in). The Sag-Tension Graphs for
values from Table 5-5 are then transferred to Initial and Composite Conductors
Final Sag- and Tension Graphs (similar to Figs. 5-2 and
5-3) at the 500-ft span ordinate. Completion of a similar The graphic method used for the preceding work simi
series of values for other spans and for Light, Medium larly can be employed for obtaining sag-tension graphs
and Heavy loading provides everything necessary to com for ACSR and ACAR, but with considerable difference in
details because the reinforcing wires have different physi
plete the sag-tension graphs that customarily wire and
cal properties from those of the 13S0-H19 wires (Fig.
cable manufacturers supply to customers as a basis for 5-16). Thus, for ACSR the components differ as to elastic
their work as described in the early portion of this chap modulus, temperature coefficient of expansion, elastic
5-18
installation practices
ACSR
SLIGHTLY DEPENDING 2
ON TEMPERATURE 4
- 20000
(/) 3
Q..
(/)
(/) 5
w
0::
!i:i 10000
0.5
2
(/)
Q..
(/)
(/) 10000 ACAR-6201
w
0:: 3 THESE CURVES ARE SUITABLE
!i:i FOR ANY OF THE USUAL
CONDUCTOR TEMPERATURES
Fig. 5-16. Typical stress-strain curves for various kinds suit cable manufacturer for accurate curves depending on
of composite conductors. The designation numbers of the reinforcement ratio. The location of the break in curves
curves have the same meaning as those of Fig. 5-l0. Con- 3 and 5 depends on this ratio.
limit, rate of long-time creep. and allowable unit stress. of wire also differs.
In ACAR the creep rates and temperature coefficients For example, finding sag-tension data for ACSR at a
are not significantly different. but because of differences specified temperature requires the use of three stress-strain
of elastic limit the elastic moduli differ greatly in the upper graphs, one for the entire conductor, and one for each of
range of stress. The allowable unit stress in the two kinds the components (aluminum and steel). The graph for
519
bare aluminum wire and cable
TABLE 5-5
AFTER 10 YEARS
i FINAL INITIAL
Temp.
of Loading Sag
II T.
!
P I Sag T. P
i ft psi Ib ft psi Ib
!
0 Heavy 14.7 10,840 3,385 i 14.5 11,000 3,440
-20 0 10.8 3,460 1.080 9.1 4,100 1,280
0
!
0 12.0 i
I
3,100 979
i
10.3 3,630 1,132
30 0 13.05 2,860 895 11.45 3,260 1,018
60 0 I 14.45 I 2,570 803 12.78 2,910 907
L~
90 15.4 2,430 759 14.0 2,670 834
120 16.5 2,270 709 15.15 2,470 772
~-.
I i
the complete conductor (Fig. 5-16) is made by test in the the entire conductor, and also for the reinforcing alloy
usual manner. A similar graph for the steel core is made wires. The grapb for the 1350-H19 wires is obtained by
by test The stress-strain graph for the aluminum is then difference.
obtained by subtracting the values for tbe steel from the The preliminary sag-tension graph (such as Fig. 5-11)
values for the entire conductor. All three graphs, however, is used unchanged for composite-conductor analysis; it is
are plotted on the same sheet (Fig. 5-17). The effect of only the superposed stress-strain curves that differ.
ratio of steel area to aluminum area is taken into account Because of the necessary space required for an ade
when preparing the graphs. The process is tbus mOre quate explanation of the details of preparing sag-tension
complicated than what is used for AAC and AAAC. but graphs for composite conductors, a description of the
the basic principle is the same. method is not included herein, but readily available ref
Similarly for ACAR, stress-strain graphs are made for erences provide full information.
5-20
installation practices
Overhead Conductor Accessories and Fittings nated use. Thus, a jumper connector may refer to a short
Wire and cable accessories for aluminum overhead lines length of cable to which connectors are attached at each
are similar to those used for copper lines, but it is essential end, used to "jump" across the insulation-support struc
that they be designed for aluminum because of differences ture where adjacent conductor spans are dead-ends, or the
of physical properties of aluminum and copper. Fittings term may refer to a connector fitting used in such an as
used at terminals, or where overhead lines connect to insu sembly (see Fig. 519A).
lated cables, underground lines, or bus structures often
are of combination types that embody design features de Dead-Ends: hold the mechanical tension and provide an
scribed in Chapter 11 for insulated cables and Chapter 13 chorage to a strain insulator at end of a span.
for bus conductors, to which reference should be made
for details. Suspension Clamps: support the conductor at tangent or
Customarily, the fittings and accessories for overhead light angle structures usually through suspension in
lines are classified as follows: sulators.
Joints and Connectors Armor Rods: surround and reinforce cable near points of
Joints carry full current and withstand at least 95 per support.
cent of the rated strength of the conductors. Connectors
carry full current, and limited tension. Joints for line con Flat Armor Wire: used for wrapping around conductors
ductors are made by compression of the conductor ends to protect them from chafing, and sometimes is used
instead of armor rods in short spans.
within a long sleeve or tube. Connectors also may be of the
compression type, or may be bolted or welded. Connectors Tie Wires: attach the cable mechanically to the top of pin
also are designated according to use, such as for terminal, type insulators.
tee, parallel or tee tap, etc. See Figs. 5-18 and 5-19.
Sometimes the term connector also is applied to a small Vibration Dampers: reduce resonant vibration. These are
assembly of connectors, cables and terminals for a desig- described in Chapter 6.
c
Fig. 518. Tubular Aluminum Compression Joints.
A joint is sufficiently strong to develop a tensile strength compound injected, and filler plug driven in place,
equal to at least 95 percent of the strength of the con ajter which the aluminum sleeve is compressed.
ductors it joins. Sometimes filler plugs are omitted in
joints used in distribution circuits; in such cases the filler E-For ACSR with extra large core. lns/allalion is simi
compound must be injected into the ends of each sleeve lar to A except that the filler sleeve is Inserted in one
before inserting the conductor. end before injecting compound.
A-For ACSR. The aluminum sleeve is placed over one C-For al/-aluminum conductors. Compression sleeves
cable and run back. The aluminum wires are then jar high-strength-alloy conductors should be suf
cut away to provide room jar the steel sleeve which ficiently large to matcn the increased tensile strength
is then inserted, cables joined, and steel sleeve com oj the conductors, as compared with those of EC
pressed. The aluminum sleeve is then positioned, filler grade.
5-21
bare aluminum wire and cable
~'~
'-Y'- ,--~ '':=:;:;::; ,~
I
ill!
.ll:I: , ,
B OPEN RUN
~"V.,
j , IJ
'dd
lli8
~
~
~
- - - - - -
~( \F=
:;r ""'-7 :
~
i
E -f.;'l-I
- - - - - ;4S
Conneclors are used for joining comparatively short placed sideways over an aIready-installed run conductor.
lengths where full conductivity is required, but where the
C-For Flat-Pad End Terminals. The compression sleeve
cable tension is comparatively low. The same connector is
is welded or forged to a flat-bar pad drilled according to
used for ACSR as for all-a/uminum conductors because
the added strength of the steel core is not required. NEMA standard. The direction of take-off may be straight
or at an angle.
A-For Jumpers. Used on short lengths of aU-aluminum D-For Flat-Pad Side Terminals-The compression
conductors that join adjacent dead-ended conductors. sleeve is usually of the open-run type, so the tap may be
made from an installed conductor.
B-For Tee Taps. In the closed-run type, the long sleeve
is placed on the conductor from irs end, Or it may serve E-For Cable Repair (Repair Sleeve)--The repair sleeve
os a joint between conductors of the run. In the open-run is applied to strengthen a cable where strands have broken
type the long sleeve is split longitudinally so it may be or local damage is suspected. It is of the split type.
5-22
installation practices
523
~A-1
8-3
A-2
~A-6
~~
~ ~
.:. . "
1
,,
j!
,,
:[ 1i
~
~':J
Clamp-bolt connections are widely used, particularly for nector is necessary; the line conductor is merely looped
distribution circuits Or where there is likelihood of future down through the clamp filting, run across to the adjacent
clOnges. Though single clamp connections usually are dead-end and run upward and continued in the adjacent
suitable for full conductivity, special construction is re span.
quired if the fuli tensile strength of the cable is to be with
stood. The use of multiple connections as well as employ Types A3, A4. and AS are straight-line dead-end clamps
for limited tensions. Type A6 is an aluminum thimble
ing the snubbing principle enables bolted connectiOns to
much used for connecting a looped-around cable to a
aluminum stranded cable to meet all usual requirements
as to strength. clevis pin. Applying bolted clamps to the two cable ends
completes the dead-end connection.
A--Snubbing-Type Dead-End (AI and A2). The clevis B-Miscellaneous Clamp-Bolt Connections. B-1 and B-2
is attached to the strain insulator. The line cable is looped are parallel-line clamps for making taps. B-3 is a typical
around the fitting and clamped below by the double-U tee tap in which the branch connection is bolted. B-4 is
bolt pressure joint. The hump between the bolts also aids similar. except the branch is a compression fitling. B-S is
holding power. In many cases, no separate jumper con a terminal-pad bolted connection.
524
installation pradices
01
I
RelIEVE EPGE J rangement as shown in Figure 11-11 must be used. If
aluminum bolts and nuts are used only the heavy washer,
DET/H bearing on the aluminum lug, is necessary,
'0'
END CUT
STEEL
"8ANO-IT"-+
I
Fig, 5-22. Welded connection between stranded alumi
num cable and terminal pad for transmission-line jumper
cables,
St661 or Bronze
Coppe, Stud
Flat St....1
Washer
Aluminum COI,d,.ct,.,/
Fig. 5-23. Method for connecting large aluminum conductors 10 equipment studs or terminal pads made of copper. If
bolts are made of aluminum it is not necessary to provide the Belleville spring washer.
5-25
bare aluminum wire and cable
NONMETALLIC
SEAL
~
"
-, , .
.
~~~
\
c
FILLER SLEEVE SLEEVE STEEl EYE DEAD END
A-For ACSR. The assembly comprises an inner steel B-For all-aluminum conductors. The steel eye or clevis
dead end body and an outer aluminum dead end body. dead end has a comparatively short shank which is ribbed
The conductor is run through the aluminum body, and to iransfer the tensile stress from the aluminum compres
the aluminum wires are Cut away to expose steel strands sion sleeve to which is welded the flange and terminal pad
jor insertion in the sleeve of the steel body. After com jar the jumper.
pression of the steel sleeve, the aluminum body is posi
tioned so that ofter compression the aluminum body is
clamped to the aluminum wires and also to the ridges C-For Alumoweld conductors. The steel body includes
around the steel body. The flange of the aluminum body steel sleeve which is first compressed on the entire con
extends outward jar bolting the terminal pad of a jumper ductor. after which the aluminum body is compressed
connector. The attachment to the strain insulator may be over the ridges of the steel body and the conductor. An
of eye or clevis type, and the tongue extension to the aluminum filler sleeve is placed between the conductor and
jumper may be single- or two-way. the aluminum body.
5-26
installation practices
Fig. 5-26. Arrangement oj tie wires for aI/aching a cable 10 pin-type insulator.
The looping arrangements are shown schematically, and sembly starts at points marked B and continues outwardly.
the plan views show actual configurations for single and Make ties as snug and tight as possible, twisting by hand
double insulators, both jar side tie and across-top tie. except for the final two turns which should be made with
The conductor is shown protected by armor rods. Though pliers. For side lies be sure that the insulator has a large
the sketches show the conductor as ACSR, the same ar enough groove to hold three turns of the tie wire selected
rangement is used for all-aluminum conductors. Field as- for use.
5-27