CCH C TN LATINH

Trong qua trinh trao i, hi thoai v nhng thng tin sinh hoc du bng bt ky ting nc nao trn th gii, lm luc phai
oc tn cac taxon thc vt, ng vt bng ting Latin. Phat m khng chun xac cung d gy hiu lm, co khi t mt loai
cn quan tm lai khin ngi nghe hiu n mt loai khac, thm chi co khi ho khng th nhn ra c la loai gi mc du
loai mun nu la rt quen thuc. Do vy, vic phat m chun xac ting Latin la mt yu cu thit thc i vi nhng ai
quan tm n lnh vc phn loai hoc sinh vt. Nhm gop phn giup cac ban thc hin mc ich va nu, ti xin gii thiu
cach phat m ting Latin nh sau

I. Cac nguyn m

Hinh thai Tn Phat m V d

ch gi
Vit Vit
hoa thng
A a a a anatomia, aqua, camphora,
tabella
E e cera, arteria, cerebrum,
ceratus, cicade
I i i i iecur, labium. liber, digitalis,
meninx
J i ita i jodum, injectio, jus, jocur
O o collum, ovum, dosis, mono,
hetero
U u u u anus, nervus, maximum,
caecum
Y y ipxilon u (m oxygenium, larynx, hybridus
Phap)

II. Cac nguyn m kep

Trong ting Latinh co 4 nguyn m kep co cach phat m ring, nhng nhiu trng hp do thoi quen ngi ta a phat
m theo m ting Phap, iu nay khin ngi nghe hiu nhm qua mt nguyn m khac, t o co th hiu sai ngha
thut ng hoc nhn inh nhm mt taxon sinh vt.
1. Nguyn m kep ae: phat m nh m [e] trong ting Vit
Vi d:
saepe (nhiu khi), aeger (m au), aether (ete), aetheroleum (tinh du), aequalis (bng), aequivalens (tng ng) ...
2. Nguyn m kep oe: phat m nh m [] trong ting Vit
Vi d:
foetus (thai), oedema (bnh phu), oenanthe (cy rau cn), ...
3. Nguyn m kep au: do thoi quen theo m Phap, nhiu ngi phat m m nay nh m [] ting Vit, khin ngi nghe
nhm vi nguyn m o. Bi vy phai chu y phat m chun va cach phat m ung cho m nay la nh m [au] trong ting
Vit.
Vi d:
aurum (vang kim), aureus (nh vang kim), auris (tai), auricula (tai nho), aurantium (qua cam) ...
4. Nguyn m kep eu: phai c phat m nh m [u] trong ting Vit, nhng do thoi quen theo m Phap, nhiu ngi
a phat m thanh m [] khin ngi nghe nhm vi nguyn m kep oe
Vi d:
euglena (Trung mt), eucalyptus (cy Bach an), leucaena (cy Keo du), Melaleuca leucadendra (cy
Tram), leucaemia (bnh bach cu), seu(hoc)...

Lu y: a, o khng phai la nguyn m kep, khi phat m phai tach thanh 2 m:

a: phat thanh a - o: phat thanh -

III. Cac phu m

Hinh thai ch Tn Phat V d

Vit Vit gi m
hoa thng
B b b b bonus, borax, botanica, bufo
C c x C camphora, collum, corolla
x caecum, cera, coena,
cerebrum
D d dosis, deformis, divisio,
duodenum
F F epph ph facies, fel, finis, flos, folium,
functio
G g gh g ganglion, gaster, gemma,
giganteus
H h hat h herba, homo, hora, hybridus
K k ca c kaolinum, keratoma, kola
L l enl l labium, larynx, levis, liber,
locus
M m emm m maximum, meninx, minimum,
mutatio
N n enn n nasus, nervus, nomen, numero
P p p p pancreas, penicillinum, pestis,
porcus
Q q cu q(u): quadruplex, quercus, quinque
qu
R r err r radix, recipe, rosa, ruber
S s etx x, saccharum, semen, solutio
d sinensis, plasma, dosis, mensa
T t t t taenia, terra, tinctura,
x toxinum, tuber
solutio, natio, scientia
V v v v vaccinia, variolla, vesper,
virus
X x ichx kx simplex, thorax, xanthomonas
kd exemplum, maxima
Z z dta d zanthoxylum, zea, protozoa
IV. Cac phu m kep
1. Nhng phu m kep phat ra mt m
1.1. Phu m kep ch: la ph m kep co ngun gc Hilap (X, x: khi), nn phat m theo m Hilap, nh [kh] trong ting Vit.
Vi d:
charta (giy), character (tinh cht), chemia (hoa hoc), chlorophyllum (dip lc t), cholera (bnh ta), chromosoma (nhim
sc th), arachis (cy lac, u phng)...
1.2. Phu m kep ph: cung co ngun gc Hilap (,: phi), nn phat m nh m [ph] trong ting Vit.
Vi d:
pharmacia (tim thuc), pharmacologia (dc ly hoc), pharmacopola (ngi ban thuc), pharynx (hong), phoenix (cy
cha la), philosophia (trit hoc), calophyllum (cy mu u)...
1.3. Phu m kep rh: phat m nh m [r] co rung li.
Vi d:
rheum (cy ai hoang), rheumatismus (t thp), rhizoma (thn r), diarrhoea (bnh tiu chay), rhodomyrtus (cy sim)...
1.4. Phu m kep th: la ph m kep co ngun gc Hilap (, : thta), nn phat m theo m Hilap, nh m [th] cua ting
Vit. Tuy nhin, do thoi quen phat m ting Phap nn nhiu ngi a phat thanh m [t].
Vi d:
thea (cy Che), theatrum (nha hat), theophylinum (theophylin), anthera (bao phn), thermometrum (nhit k), thorax (lng
ngc, c), thymus (tuyn c)...
2. Phu m kep va phat ra 1 m va phat ra 2 m: o la ph m kep sc, tuy thuc nguyn m theo sau ma co cach
phat m nh sau:
Phat thanh 1 m nh m [s] trong ting Vit khi ng trc cac nguyn m e, i, y, ae, eu, oe.
Vi du:
scelus (ti ac), scientia (kin thc, khoa hoc), scyphus (cc ung ru).
Phat thanh 2 m [xk] khi ng trc cac nguyn m o, u, au, ai, oi. Cn nh rng khi phat m trong trng hp th hai
nay, m s phat yu va lt nhanh cho m c thanh m chinh.
Vi d:
sclera (cung mac), scrotum (biu), sculptura (ngh thut iu khc)...
3. Nhng phu m kep phat ra 2 m, nhng phu m sau manh va dai hn.
Vi d:
agricultura (nng nghip), atrophia (s teo), fabriqua (cu truc), chlorophylla (dip lc t), chromosoma (nhim sc
th), pluvialis (thuc nc ma), pneumonia (bnh vim phi), primus (th nht), classis (lp), crystallus (tinh
th), fractura (s gay xng), spora (bao t), tabletta (thuc phin)...
ps la ph m kep co ngun gc Hilap (, : pxi), c phat m la [px], vi d nh Pseudopoda (chn gia), Pseudoryx
nghetinhensis (loai Sao la)...
4. Phu m ghep c bit
Cac phu m n "n" va "g" khi i lin nhau cn c lu y rng:
a. Khi chung ghep thanh "ng": tng nh ph m kep, nhng tht ra y khng phai la ph m kep, khi phat m phai
tach ra tng m mt, n cho m tit trc va g cho m tit sau.
Vi d:
lingua (ngn ng) phat m thanh lin-gua
fungus (nm) phat m thanh fun-gus
mangifera (cy xoai) phat m thanh man-gifera
unguentum (thuc bi deo) phat m thanh un-guentum...
b. Khi chung ghep thanh "gn": co hai trng hp:
ng u t: la mt ph m kep
Vi d:
Gnetum (cy Dy gm)
ng gia t: phat m tach ri 2 ph m ra, ph m g cho m tit trc va ph m n cho m tit sau. Do thoi quen phat
m ting Phap nn nhiu ngi phat m 2 ph m nay nh ph m kep nh trong ting Vit.
Vi d:
lignum (g), lignosus (cng nh g), magnesium (manh)...
V. Nhng nguyn m va phu m co cach phat m cn lu y
Co mt s nguyn m va ph m co cach phat m c bit cn c lu y, thng thng do thoi quen phat m ting Vit
va ting Phap khin mt s ngi hay nhm ln.
1. Nguyn m i va j: tuy co cach vit khac nhau nhng ca hai u cung mt cach phat m la [i]. Do vy co th vit cach
nay hay cach khac nhng vn ng nht cach oc.
Vi d:
iod co th vit iodum hay jodum
Tng t nh th, ch j trong cac t sau y u c phat m la [i]:
jecur (gan), jecuroleum (du gan), jecuroleum jecuris aselli (du gan ca thu), jus (nc ep), injectio (thuc tim)...
2. Nguyn m y: la mt nguyn m gc Hilap (Y, u: ipxilon) c Latinh hoa, phai phat m nh nguyn m u trong ting
Phap, nhng co le do thoi quen va cung co th do d phat m hn ma ngi ta a phat m trai thanh [i[.
Vi d:
Tt ca cac nguyn m y trong cac t sau y u phai c phat m chun nh m [u] cua ting Phap: larynx (thc
quan), hybridus (lai tao),glycogenum (glycogen), hydroxidum (hidroxit), hydragyrum (thuy ngn)...
3. Phu m c: co hai cach phat m khac nhau:
a. Phat m nh m [k] ting Vit khi no ng trc cac nguyn m a, o, u
Vi d:
calyx (ai hoa), camphora (long nao), collum (c), cor (tim), cubitus (khuyu tay), collenchyma (m day)...
b.Phat m nh m [x] ting Vit khi no ng trc cac nguyn m i, e, y, ae, oe
Vi d:
centum (mt trm), cerebrum (nao), ceratus (co sap), citratus (mui chanh), cicade (ve su), cyathium (cai
chen), cyathiformis (dang chen), caecum(manh trang), coena (ba n chiu)...
4. Phu m g: phat m nh m [gh] ting Vit trong moi trng hp. Tuy nhin cung co ngi quen phat m nh m [j]
cua ting Phap vi 1 s trng hp.
Vi d:
ganglion (hach), geminatus (sinh i), gemma (chi, bup), glycogenium (glycogen), digitalis (cy Dng ia hoang)...
5. Phu m q: khng i mt minh, mun phat m c no phai i kem vi nguyn m u tao thanh ph m c bit va
c phat m nh m [qu] trong ting Vit.
Vi d:
aqua (nc), quercus (cy si), quisqualis (cy s qun t)...
6. Phu m r: khi phat m phai rung li.
Vi d:
ren (thn), resina (nha), rosa (hoa hng), ruber (mau o), spora (bao t)...
7. Phu m s: co hai cach phat m:
a. Phat m nh [d] ting Vit khi no bi kep gia hai nguyn m hoc gia mt nguyn m va ph m m hay n
Vi d:
plasma (huyt tng), gargarisma (thuc suc ming), sinensis ( Trung quc), tonkinensis ( Bc b), dosis (liu
lng), resina (nha)...
b. Phat m nh m [x] ting Vit i vi nhng trng hp con lai.
Vi d:
saepe (nhiu khi), saccharum (mia), simplex (gian n), spora (bao t), stigma (num nhy), suber (cht bn,
sube), syrupus (xiro), semen (hat),sucrosum (ng)...
8. Phu m t: co hai cach phat m:
a. Phat m nh m [x] ting Vit khi no ng trc nguyn m i ma sau nguyn m i lai co thm mt nguyn m khac
na.
Vi d:
natio (quc gia), copulatio (s giao hp), dehiscentia (s nt ne), factitius (nhn tao), aurantium (qua cam)...
b. Phat m nh m [t] cua ting Vit khi kt cu nh trn nhng co thm mt trong 3 ph m s, t, x i lin trc ph m t
Vi d:
ustio (s t chay), mixtio (s trn ln), poinsettia (cy Trang nguyn)...
c. Nhng trng hp con lai u c phat m nh m [t] ting Vit.
Vi du:
asteria (ng mach), costa (xng sn), stomata (khi khng), taenia (san dy), tunica (ao)...
9. Phu m x: co hai cach phat m:
a. Phat m [kz]khi no bi kep gia hai nguyn m.
Vi d:
exemplar (ban), exemplum (vi d), maximum (cc ai), maxilla (ham trn)...
b. Phat m [kx] nhng trng hp con lai.
Vi d:
radix (r), meninx (mang nao), extractum (cao)...
10. Phu m z: la mt ph m co ngun gc Hilap (Z, : zta), ngoai ra trong ting Latinh nhiu luc cung tn tai mt s
thut ng co ngun gc ting c.
Trong mi trng hp u co cach phat m ring.
a. Nu ngun gc ting Hilap thi c phat m [z]
Vi d:
zea (cy ng), rhizoma (thn r), rhizobium (nm r)...
b. Nu ngun gc ting c thi phat m [tx]
Vi d:
zincum (kem)
11. Phu m w: Trong b mu ch cai ting Latinh khng co ph m w, nhng do yu cu xy dng nhng thut ng
khoa hoc ngi ta a a thm no vao. Cach phat m tuy thuc ngun gc thut ng co cha ph m w.
a. Nu ngun gc ting c thi phat m nh m [v] ting Vit.
b. Nu ngun gc ting Anh, My thi phat m nh m [w] cua ting Anh
CCH VIT TN LATINH

Trong qua trinh hoc tp va nghin cu cac dc liu co ngun gc thc vt, sinh vin nganh Dc va can b nghin cu
lin quan thng xuyn tip cn tn khoa hoc cua cac dc liu va cy dc liu.
Tn khoa hoc cua ca hai thanh phn va noi thuc pham tru danh phap, nn lun tun thu nguyn tc quc t. Nguyn
tc o bao gm ca nguyn tc v t tn thuc va nguyn tc t tn cy. Mt khac, do danh phap s dng ting Latin,
nn ng thi cung phai tun thu nguyn tc ng phap cua ting Latin. Chinh vi nhng yu cu nghim ngt o khin
cho nhng ngi it nghin cu hoc it quan tm cac nguyn tc noi trn d nhm ln khi s dng tai liu. Thc t cho
thy, cung co mt s tai liu a co nhng nhm ln trong cach vit tn dc liu va tn cy dc liu, co le phn ln do
li in n.
Nh vy, tt hn ht, trc khi thm nhp nghin cu tn dc liu va tn cy dc liu, ngi hoc nn bit:
I. Nguyn tc vit tn Latin cac dc liu co ngun gc tho dc
Trong thc t, tn Latin mt dc liu co th c vit theo mt trong bn dang sau:
1. Dang th nht: Danh t ch dang thuc vit th chu cach (nominativus) + tn chi cy dc liu vit th s hu
cach (genitivus).
Vi d: Herba ocimi (Hng nhu)
Trong o:
- herba: thn thao, c hiu la toan thn cy thao;
- ocimi: s hu cach cua Ocimum, tn khoa hoc cua chi Hng nhu.
Dang nay khng c th, vi co trng hp nhiu loai cy dc liu cung chi thc vt co th dung thay nhau vi co tinh cht
tng ng, co tac dng dc hoc gn ging nhau; nhng cung rt nhiu trng hp cac loai cung chi co tac dng dc
hoc khac nhau hoc cha c nghin cu, rt d gy nhm ln.
Vi d:
Nu ch vit Radix angelicae thi ngi s dng khng r o la Bach ch hay ng qui. Hai vi thuc nay co ngun gc
t hai loai khac nhau trong chi Angelica. Trng hp nay phai vit theo dang th hai di y.
2. Dang th hai: Danh t ch dang thuc vit th chu cach + tn loai cy dc liu vit th s hu cach.
Vi d 1: Radix stemonae tuberosae (Bach b)
Trong o:
- radix: r cy
- stemonae tuberosae: s hu cach cua Stemona tuberosa, tn khoa hoc cua cy Bach b.
Vi d 2: Radix angelicae dahuricae (Bach ch)
Trong o:
- angelicae dahuricae: s hu cach cua Angelica dahurica, tn khoa hoc cua cy Bach ch.
Vi d 3: Radix angelicae sinensis (ng qui)
Trong o:
- angelicae sinensis: s hu cach cua Angelica sinensis, tn khoa hoc cua cy ng qui
3. Dang th ba: Danh t ch dang thuc vit th chu cach + tn chi cy dc liu vit th s hu cach + tinh ng ch
tinh cht cua dang thuc.
Vi d 1: Lignum aquilariae resinatum (G co nha cua cy Do trm)
Trong o:
- lignum: g
- resinatum: co nha (tinh t ging trung, b ngha cho lignum)
- aquilariae: s hu cach cua Aquilaria, tn khoa hoc cua chi Do (Do trm).
Vi d 2: Semen vignae praeparatum (Hat cua cy u en ch)
Trong o:
- semen: hat
- praeparatum: c ch (tinh t ging trung, b ngha cho semen)
- vignae: s hu cach cua Vigna, tn khoa hoc cua chi u en.
4. Dang th t: Danh t ch dang thuc vit th chu cach + tn loai cy dc liu vit th s hu cach + tinh ng
ch tinh cht cua dang thuc.
Vi d:
Radix rehmanniae glutinosae praeparata (R cy ia hoang ch)
Trong o:
- radix: r cy
- praeparata: c ch (tinh t ging cai, b ngha cho radix)
- rehmanniae glutinosae: s hu cach cua Rehmannia glutinosa, tn khoa hoc cua cy ia hoang
Danh t ch dang thuc thng ch mt b phn, c quan cua cy dc liu. Nhng cung co nhiu trng hp nhiu c
quan, b phn khac nhau cua cung mt loai cy c dung lam thuc, luc o trong tn dc liu se xut hin cung luc
nhiu danh t ch dang thuc. Cac danh t o co th c lit k theo dang dung du phy, hoc lin t Latin "et", tt ca
u c vit th chu cach, vi d: Gemma et cortex psidii: bup va vo cy i. Cac danh t o cung co th c ni
nhau bi mt gii t Latin, luc o danh t i sau gii t phai c vit th tao cach (ablativus), vi
d: Flos cum folio daturae: Hoa cung vi la cy Ca c dc (luc nay khng th vit cum folium c).
Cung co khi phai dung danh t kep ch dang thuc thi danh t chinh vit th chu cach, danh t b ngha vit th
s hu cach, vi d: Cortexlicii radicis hoc Cortex radicis licii:ia ct bi, vo r cy Cu k.
Trong tn dc liu, tn khoa hoc cua cy dc liu a chuyn sang th s hu cach, v mt ng phap no ong vai
tr mt tnh ng, khng cn la danh phap loai, theo ti khng nn vit hoa.
(Nhiu tai liu vn vit hoa, nh vy la khng ung lut ng phap Latin. Co le do thoi quen vit hoa nhn manh cac
thanh t trong tng cm t, mt s tai liu ting Anh a vit hoa ca tinh ng. Tuy nhin, chung ta cn phn inh r vn
phong ting Anh vi vn phong ting Latin).
Khi chung ta chuyn ng tn dc liu thi tn cy lai tr v th chu cach, luc y mi vit hoa.
Vi d: Radix stemonae tuberosae R cy Bach b Stemona tuberosa The root of Stemona tuberosa species
II. Nguyn tc vit tn Latin cy dc liu:
Tn khoa hoc cac cy dc liu phai c vit theo nguyn tc quc t v t tn thc vt. Nguyn tc o la:
1. Tn chi: la mt danh t lun c vit hoa th chu cach.
2. Tn loai: La mt tp hp hai t, trong o t th nht la tn chi, t th hai la tinh ng khoa hoc ch c im cua loai,
khng vit hoa. T th hai co th la danh t hoc tinh t.
Nu la danh t th co hai kh nng:
- Danh t ng vi (cung ngha hoc co ngha gn) vi danh t ch tn chi: c vit th chu cach.
Vi d:

Cinnamomum cassia (Qu)

Areca catechu (Cau)
Danh t khng ng vi vi danh t ch tn chi: phai vit th s hu cach. Luc nay du no bt ngun t tn ngi hoc
tn quc gia cung khng vit hoa (vi khng con la danh t ring).
Vi d:

Pueraria thomsonii (Sn dy)

Nu la tnh t (co th tnh t nguyn cp hay tnh t so sanh) th phi vit hp ging vi danh t ch tn chi.
Vi d:

Taraxacum officinalis (B cng anh Trung Quc)

Zingiber officinale (Gng)
3. Nguyn tc trch dn tn tac gi:
am bao tinh chinh xac, sau tn khoa hoc cua chi hay loai con yu cu vit kem tn tac gia cng b. Co th o la tn
mt ngi hoc cung luc tn cua nhiu ngi. Cac tn nay thng c vit tt.
tranh nhm ln, lut quc t v t tn thc vt qui inh: Trong vn ban vit tay hoc anh may ch, tn loai phai
c gach chn, tn tac gia khng gach. Trong vn ban anh may vi tinh hoc in offset, tn loai phai c in nghing,
con tn tac gia in ng.