Longman Academic Writing Series SENTENCES TO PARAGRAPHS 8 Linda ButlerSEaS Writers need certain skills, {In this chapter, you will learn to: * Put sentences into paragraph form * Identity subjects and verbs In sentences * Use capital letters and end Punctuation in sentences "Write sentences with the ver be Write, revise, and edit a Paragraph to introduce yourself It'S nice to meet you!Before you write something, it helps to look at models. Models are cxamples. Model sentences will help you write your own sentences. Model paragraphs will help you write your own paragraphs. In this book, you will see many model paragraphs. LOOKING AT THE MODELS ee In the writing models, three students introduce themselves to their teachers and classmates. Work with a partner. Read the models. Then check () the information you find | in each model. # Writing Model 1 like to introduce myself, My ____name is Shaukat Matin, My nickname is |___Salim. | am from Pakistan. | speak Bengali. | am married. | live with my wife _and ur son. | want to study computers, My name is Marta Moreno. My ful name Is Marta Lucia Moreno Martinez. | am from Colombia. Jam 19 years old. Ive on campus. _ 2 CHAPTER T & name © home country O languages © where he lives Dage O name 1 home country Gi languages © where she lives Gage O family 0 work O classes at school O free-time fun O plans for the future C1 family 0 work O classes at school 0 free-time fun 0 plans for the future# Writing Model is name O family Dhome country — g work G languages G classes at schoo! Owherehelives 1 free-time fun age O plans for the future 1 work part-time in his rant. | want to have my o business # Looking at Vocabulary: Words for Names Learning about words for names will help you introduce yourself. It will also help you learn other people's navuy Look at the words for the name in the name tag. My name is aenge Edward nckson first name middle name last name ‘The words last name and family name have the same meaning, : Eur Names in Introductions ® Look at the writing models, Find an example for each word in the list. Write the number of the model, 1. A first name: Marta in Writing Mode! _2 ——Merta 2. Anickname: in Writing Model___ 3. Afullname; = in Writing Model___ 4. A family name: in Writing Model _ ane nanan RESO Introducing Yourselt 3© Read the questions. Complete the answers. 1. What is your full name? My full name is 2. What name do you want to use in this class? Please call me ORGANIZATION FROM WORDS TO SENTENCES TO PARAGRAPHS ‘We use words to form sentences. wis Tm © student) —janasuient 2 what Ss 2 ns Ly Thisismy book S: you : this a What's your name? b O ok n ame Where are you from? We use sentences to form paragraphs. A paragraph is a group of sentences. All the sentences are about the same person or thing. That person or thing is the topic of the paragraph. The topic of the following paragraph is Yelena Politova. All the sentences in the paragraph are about Yelena. My classmate Yelena Politova is an interesting person. She is from Ukraine. She speaks Ukrainian and Russian. She lives with her family. She is married. She has one son and one daughter. She works part-time at an animal hospital. I hope to learn more about her.| PARAGRAPH FORMAT Took at two things in the paragraph about Yelena, | Tt does not go on a new line. | moe EW eee, Se Un | >> My classmate Yelena Politova is an interesting person® She is | ffom Ukraine. She speaks Ukrainian and Reese She lives with |_ her family. She is married. She has one son ann one daughter. She works part-time at an animal hospitel, Thope to learn more | about her : |. about her Using Paragraph Format These sentences are not in the form of a Paragraph. Take a sheet of paper and copy the sentences in paragraph form. on-campus. He has a roommate, 0 play soccer and video games. ssaes Asentence is a group has a subject and a verb, “He 1568 music. The subject of a sentence can be a noun, like Hiro, classroom, or students, or Hanbe4 Subject pronoun (I, you, we, he, she, i, or they). The verb follows the ject. A verb often describes an action, like the wont lay or eat. Introducing Yoursett 5Subjects and Verbs Work alone or with a partner. Circle the verb in each sentence. Write V above it. Then underline the subject of the verb. Write S above it. Ss ov 1, My class(has)18 students. 2. We come from seven different countries. 3. The class starts every day at 9:00 a.m. 4. We meet in Building C, Room 301. 5. Our teacher is Mr. Robinson. | 6, He is young and friendly. 7. He speaks slowly. | 8, [understand him most of the time but not always. | 9. Lama beginner. 10. In this class, all the students are beginners. STATEMENTS AND QUESTIONS NR ‘There are different kinds of sentences. Some sentences are statements, and some sentences are questions. Look at the example sentences in the chart. © How are statements and questions the same? * How are they different? “My name i Mumina. ‘your name? 1 fait a new student. AP you a new student? Somali. [Do you speak Spanish? 6 CHAPTER1Word Order in Statements Work alone or with a partner, Put the words in order. Write statements, Add periods. 1. is / My class / big ee . 24 classmates / have / a am ee 3. from many countries / come / We Se 4. friendly / My classmates / are en eeeenana anor Sree SPAPEPIREET 5. Ms. Green / is / The teacher's name ee 6. WE Maroc UGimest 7 Mom fT Chinaiframs 1S cece 8. language / first / is / My / Chinese eee eee er eee Word Order in Questions Work alone or with a partner. Put the words in order. Write questions. Add question marks. 1. your name / What is hatisyeurname? 2 How /yourname/doyouspell a Eee ate yoy Mite 4. What / your first language / is eee eee 5. live / do you / Where 6. are there in your family / people / How many What are the students in this picture saying? Write a question from Part A, Write an answer, Introducing Yourself 7SENTENCE Sentences need capital letters and punctuation capital letter and has a Punctuation mark at the end. uy Ey 8 CHAPTER1 1 1558 pital eter for the fist word in : a sentence, 2, Puta period () after a statement, 3. Put a question mark (2) after a question, Do you have any questions ? MECHANICS A sentence begins with 4 the class is in room 349, This sentence js Statement. Capital Letters and End Punctuation | Add a capital letter to each saitence, Put a period after each statement, Put a question mark after ach question, 1. are you married? | | 2. my friend speaks English 3. are you from China 4. he is from Mexico 5. do you drink coffee 6 our class starts at eight o’clock 7. where do you live 8 } how do you spell your name © she works part time 10. we like to go dancing Editing for Errors with Capital Letters Find four more missing capital letters. Make corrections. *Y name is Mayra, 1am from the Dominican Republic. my fist language is Spanish, now Hive in Hartford. today is my first day in this school. I want to Jearn English. it is very Important fox my future.ESTEEM eciting tor Errors with Capital Letters and Periods “and fashion her clothes are beaut Complete the information about your class. Then take a sheet of Paper and write your six sentences as a paragraph. Exametes 1. Lam taking English 10 {course name number) 2, My class meets on Monday, Wednesday, and friday (ay or days) 4 8. It meets from. 49:30 A.m. to 1:5 Am. . tae timey {ond time) ii : alee (course name / number) 2 ets, mm coemecis ot (day or days) It 0. 3. Itmeets from a aa 4. We meet in. “Tbullding name 7room number) 5. Ourteacher’snameig——— ame) 6. The work is "(easy Thard interesting) Introducing Yourself 9GRAMMAR VERBS On page 5, you learned about sentences. A sentence needs a verb. Some verbs are words for actions. This kind of verb describes movement or } change. The verbs in these two sentences about Miki are action verbs. They tell what Miki does. You can see Miki in action. Miki drives a convertible. She sings. Verbs do not always describe actions. The verbs in these two sentences i about Miki do not describe any movement or change. They are non-action verbs. In the pictures, Miki is not doing anything. Miki is a student. She has friends at school. 40 CHAPTER 1MEE Recognizing verbs Circle the verb in each ‘Sentence. 1. Ihavd)a cell phone. | 2. Imake calls to my friends every day. 3. My friends call me, too, 4. We talk a lot. 5. Sometimes my friends leave me a voicemail, 6. Tlisten tomy Messages. 7. Sometimes my friends send me text messages. 8. My phone has a camera, 9. Ltake a lot of pictures with it, 10. My phone is very important to me. HEXEN butting sentences Work alone or with a partner: Write six Statements. Use words from the box, Use alll six verbs, EXAMPLE My roommate has a new computer. Se seer eee Introducing Yourselt 11THE SIMPLE PRESENT OF THE VERB BE The words am, are, and is are verbs. They are the simple present forms of the the ve verb be. The verb be is tb that people use most often in English. Be is the base form of the verb. The chart shows statements with arn, are, and is. It shows affirmative statements and negative statements. To make statement negative, use no ‘Statements with the Verb Be See Appendix C3, page 199, for contractions with the verb be. MEXXSISEEM the verb 60 in attirmative Statements Underline the subject of each statement. Write the correct form of the verb be. 1, This exercise is easy. 21 anew student. 3. You____ my partner. 4. We on page 12. 5. My classmates all here today. 6. The class in Room C250, 7. My classes all in one building. 8. You and I in the same group. 9. The teacher in the classroom.” 10. Her first language English, 12° CHAPTEREEIEREN the vorb 20 in Negative Statements Write negative statements, Use the correct form of the verb be + not. 1. You / late _Yeu are not late. * teen a— 3. It/ cold today EHH HEP EEE Ene ence 4. My itends (he 5. The teacher / in sg IEEE eee eee 6. You and Olga / in as Ee EE eee Ge aac tT 7. L/ hungry ee BASIC SENTENCE PATTERNS WITH THE VERB BE Tie Ye eas many uses. Here are these ways o we Win antencs Introducing Yourself 13The we 1, ‘partner. What follows the verb be in each of these vente Tee , ‘atement, underline the form of be and the words base Siegel " 1, place, or adjective or age. These be + noun / place /@djective or age) a be + noun / place / adjective or age ~ My favorite sportis soccer. be + noun / place / adjective or age y _G 9. This work is easy. be + noun | place / adjective or age 10. We are on page 14. be + noun / place / adjective or age Statements with the Verb Be © Marco is writing about himself and his school. Complete Marco's statements with a subject from the box + am, is, or are. I My classes My first language My school SX af ee } a0 years old. ‘as with the Verb Be be + noun / place / adjective or age be + noun / place / adjective or age eachers, be + noun / place / adjective or age small town. be + noun / place / adjective or age ees are brown. be + noun / place / adjective or age -My-lassmates == My name My name is Marco, from Panama. See Spanien, ——___________ a student. ——__________ in Los Angeles. ——_—__________ from many different places, interesting.© Write true statements. Use the subjects from the box in Part. A Use am, are, or is, SSS —— eee | KEES witing names @ Read the paragraph, Then complete the sentences. Write first ‘name, middle ‘name, last name, nickname, or full name Twould like to introduce myself, My name is Giancarlo Roberto Vitale. Please call no Johnny. Tam from Rome, Italy. a Fie alto Giancarlo Roberto Vitale, 2. Giancarlo is his Eee eee eee ree 3. Roberto is his eet A Witeleiaie fie Johnny. Introducing Yourself 45© Review these sente: Use ti them as models to write Moet sentences 7 ces from the writing models on pages 2 and 3 four sentences about yourself. My name is Shaukat Matin, My nickname is Salim, My name is Zhang Minxiong, but please call me Calvin, Zhang is my family name Minxiong means smart and heroic, Your You are going to write a SENTENCES Paragraph, you will follow a process. ‘A Process isa series of steps or actions. Many things we do in our everyday 278.2 process. For example, we follow a process when we do Jaundry or when we follow a recipe to cook something. Writers also foll help you write clea THE STEPS IN THE WRITING PROCESS SE low a process. Followin, Paragraph to introduce yourself. To write the ig the steps in the writing process can wr and correct paragraphs. STEP 1: Prewrite to get ideas, You begin the process by getting ideas for your Paragraph. There are many Ways to get ideas. You can look at models, with a partner. You ‘STEP 2: Write the The first time that you make lists, or get ideas from talking will learn about other prewriting activities, too, first draft, write a paragraph, you produce your first draft. Your work is not finished! Writing the first draft is only one step in the process. Writers rk. usually need to write more than one dra 16 CHAPTER ft to produce good work.STEP 3: Revise and edit the draft. STEP 4: Write a new draft. Sometimes a writer's first draft needs no changes. This does not happen = often! Most of the time, a writer needs te write two drafts—or more. Give your new draft to your teacher, -| Etc Discussing the Writing Process Look at the pictur with your class, I * What is happening in these pictures? * Where does the writing process begin? * What is the next step? * What happens next? * What happens after the teacher looks at a student's paragraph? re of the writing process, Talk about these questions Introducing Yourseit 17You are going to write a paragraph to introduce yourself. Follow the steps in the writing process. (BUFR STEP 1: Prewite to get ideas. a. Think about what information you want to give in your paragraph. Check (V) five or more boxes in this list. o& my name O my family O my home country © my classes at school O the language(s) I speak 0 my job Oi my age 1 what Ilike to do in my free time © where I live 1 my plans for the future O other information: b. Look at the three writing models on pages 2 and 3. Underline any words or sentences you want to use in your paragraph. EXAMPLE {would like to introduce myself My | name fs Shaukat Matin. My nickrcme i | Salim. | am from Pakistan. | speak Bengali. Lam maccied. | lve with my wife and our son. ! want to study computers. {We > —sTEP 2: write the first draft. a. Take a sheet of paper. Begin to write your paragraph. Indent the first sentence. Write: would like to introduce myself. b, Write sentences about yourself. Use your ideas from Step 1. Write your sentences in the form of a paragraph. This is your first draft.° Is anything unclear? Tell your partner, “Idon’t understand.” * Do you want more information? Say, “Tell me more about - b. Do you need to make any of these changes to your paragraph? * Adding more information © Changing words © Adding capital letters or periods * Indenting © Mark any changes on your paper. (BARD step 4: write anew draft. a Takea new sheet of paper. Write your paragraph again, ». When your new draft is ready, hand itin to your teacher, In this chapter, you learned Put sentences into paragraph form O Identify subjects and verbs in sentences :O Use capital letters and end punctuation in sentences O White sentences with the verb be O Write, revise, and edit a paragraph to introduce yourselt Which ones can you do well? Mark them @ Which ones do you need to practice more? Mark them @ Introducing Yourself 19YOUR JOURNAL j write about your life and your ideas. You can write in a notebook, or you can keep a journal online. An online journal is sometimes called a blog. Each time you write in your journal, you make a journal entry, Your teacher will read your journal entries and write back to you about them. Your journal willbe like a conversation between you and your teacher. In your journal, you can ask your teacher questions. Your teacher can ask you questions, too. Write the answers or talk to your teacher. Your journal writing will be different from the other writing you do for this class. You will not need to correct any mistakes in your journal entries. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) about Journals 1. What should I write about? You can write about things that happen in your life or things you are | thinking about. You will also find ideas for journal entries in this book. j 2. Who decides on the topic for a journal entry? | Sometimes your tencher will give you a topic. Sometimes you can choose your own topic. 3. Who will read my journal? Your teacher will. You can share it with friends and classmates, too, if you want to. 4, How long should my journal entries be? How often should I write journal entries? How often will the teacher read them? i 4 Keeping a journal can help you become a better writer. 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. In good weather, they go outside; in bad weather, they go shopping. 4: What adverbs of frequency did the writer use? Fill in the blanks, a Inthe moming,she_______ sleeps in b. she does not get up until noon. Thenshe______ meets her friends in the dining hall. da. Sheandiher friends __ eat out se a movie, or go to party. AGood Day 74# Looking at Vocabulary: Phrasal Verbs A phrasal verb has two parts: a verb (such as go or get) and a particle (such as up, on, or out). The meaning of a phrasal verb is often very different from the meaning of the verb alone. He gets a lot of email. gets = receives He gets up early. gets up = leaves his bed His plane gets in at 1:00. gets in = arrives GENS Phrasal Verbs @ Find these phrasal verbs in the writing models and underline them. dressup sleepin eatout goout stay up © Match the phrasal verbs from the box with their meanings. Fill in the blanks. 1, —__________= puton nice clothes = not go to bed until late 3,_______= leave home, often to do something for fun have a meal in a restaurant instead of at home stay in bed and sleep later than usual in the morning ORGANIZATION TIME ORDER When you write a paragraph, you must think about organization. You must plan how to present information in a clear order. Writers need to organize information to make it easy for people to read. There are many ways to do this. One way to organize information is to put it in time order (also called chronological order). This means writing about events in the order in which they happen. Start with the first or earliest event, and then tell what happens after that. ‘Time-order words help make information clear to the reader. They go at the beginning of sentences. A comma follows each one except Then. Do not put a comma after Then. 72 CHAPTERSGea Time Order | @ Work alone or with a partner. Read the sentences. Then number them from 7 to 9 in time order. He turns the pancakes so they cook on both sides, Be Finallly, he calls the children, 1 Martin likes to make pancakes for his children on Sunday mornings. Next, he gets out the eggs, milk, flour, and other ingredients. He mixes the ingredients in a large bowl. —— First, he puts the griddle on the stove to heat up Then he pours spoonfuls of Pancakes on the griddle pancake batter onto the hot griddle, —1 Later, everyone will help clean up. ——— They al sit down and enjoy a delicious breakfast. © Write tho sentences from Part A as a paragraph. Martin likes to make pe AGood Day 73Using Time-Order Words Work alone or with a pariner. Complete the paragraph with words from the box. For some sentences, there may be more than one possible choice. After that Finally First. © Later Next’ = Then. Simone has a regular routine on Saturday mornings. She always gets up around 8:00 a.m she stretches and does some yoga. she puts on her running shoes and goes for a run. 7 she cools down by walking to a coffee shop. She orders coffee and drinks it on her way home. At home, she takes a shower and gets dressed. ___shesits down and makes a list of things she needs to do that day, she feels ready to start the day. ___, she will calla friend and make plans for the evening, SENTENCE STRUCTURE AND GRAMMAR SIMPLE SENTENCE PATTERNS, PART 1 ‘There are several kinds of sentences in English. Understanding sentence patterns will help you write correct sentences. First, there are simple sentences. A simple sentence has one subject-verb combination. Look at these two patterns for simple sentences: 4 subject +1 Verb 1 TiK6 watermelon. is my favorite fruit. yjects + 1 Verb ‘Alfredo and | like strawberries. itermelon and strawberries are both delicious. One or more subjects with the same verb means one subject-verb combination. 28 74 CHAPTER 4Gree the verbs and write V above them. Underline the subjects and write $ above them. Ey 1. In North America, Satuicay and Sunciy(Copiveckan days. Tm some other places, Friday and Saturday are the weekend days, Saturday gets its name from the Roman god Saturn. Monday means “moon day.” In the United States, elections are always on Tuesdays. In Thailand, a color goes with each day of the week. Green and orange are the colors for Wednesday and Thursday in Thailand, In England, Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday are lucky days for weddings. PN FS 2 eB wp OF FREQUENCY most with always or never to change the meaning to “nearly 100% of “nearly 0% of the time.” St never eat breakfast in a restaurant. I do that about once a year, AGood Day 75Knowing the parts of speech can help a writer use words correctly. Dictionaries tell what part of speech a word is. They usually use abbreviations. For example, the abbreviation v. means verb, n. means noun, adj. means adjective, and ieans adverb, Placement in Affirmative Statements ‘The rules in the chart tell where to put an adverb of frequency in an affirmative statement. 2, =“ = ‘statements: Put the adverb peketie vere usually arrive iti i ri never comes seater, Bett with be: Put the adverb after the verb be. i onen earl Jeremy ee sometimes ue The adverb of frequency sometimes can also come at the beginning or end of an affirmative statement. ‘Sometimes Jeremy is early. Jeremy is early sometimes. GAGS Adverbs of Frequency Rewrite each affirmative statement. Add the adverb in parentheses. 1. (always) Valentine's Day is on February 14. Valentine’s Day is always on February 1. 2. (usually) People think of Valentine's Day as a holiday for people in love. 3. (always) The dates of some holidays change, depending on the moon. SS ee eerie eee eeo Siete teers eeeeee ea 4, (never) Some people celebrate the new year on January 1. 76 CHAPTER 45. (usually) Mother’s Day is a popular holiday. 6. (often) Schools are closed on holidays. 7. (often) Workers have a holiday in their honor. , 8. (never) Some women work on International Women’s Day. Using Sometimes Rewrite each statement three times. Add sometimes in three different places. 1. My family has a special holiday meal. 2. Stores are closed on holidays. ‘The rules in this chart tell where to put an adverb of frequency in a itive statement.PEELS cverbs of Frosuency Rewrite each negative statement. Add the adverb in parentheses. 41, Tam not at home on New Year's Eve (never) jer at home on New Year's Eve. _ 2. People in different countries do not have the same holidays. (always) olidays. _ people in different countries de not always have the san 3, Halloween is not an important holiday outside the United States. (usually) 4, Father’s Day isnot on a weekday in the United States. (never) 5, Some businesses do not close on holidays. (never) 6. For example, airports do not close on holidays. (often) 17. People do not celebrate every holiday in the same way. (usually) 4, Insome countries, birthdays are not special days. (usually) Happy New Year! ¥ il ze omeren4no Look at the activities in the list. How often do you do these things? Take a sheet of paper, and write a true statement with an adverb of frequency about each activity. watch the evening news on TV —_ write letters drink milk go shopping on weekends “ get hungry in class be ina bad mood be tired in class Talmost never watch the evening news on TV. iG PREPOSITIONS TO SHOW TIME A preposition, such as in, a, by, or with, goes in front of a noun. The preposition and noun form a prepositional phrase. Prepositional phrases have - many uses. For example, they can identify a place (at home, in South America) or ~] direction (to school, up the stairs), Prepositional phrases can also be time expressions. Time expressions tell when something happens. ‘A time expression can go at the beginning or at the end of a sentence. Puta ~ comma after a time expression at the beginning of a sentence. ‘On Saturdays, | like to sleep late. nerosion + nou | sometimes get up in the afternoon. Here are five rules you need to know for using prepositions to show time. Do ‘They see each other on weekends. Call me in the morning, He gets home late at night. He starts work at 8:30 a.M. ‘Lunch is at noon. ‘From 7:00 to 10:00 r.m., he studies. The course runs from January to May. They will be on vacation for a week. 79i fares cass 80 CHAPTER 4 Prepositions in Time Expressions Underline six more time expressions with prepositions. ‘The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in C leveland, Ohio, welcomes music fans 363 days a year: The hall is closed only thanksgiving and Christmas. Itis usually ope from 10:00 A.M t0 5:30 Fam. On Wednesdays, itis also open 1" the evening. In the summer (from Memorial Day to Labor Day), it stays open late on Saturdays, too. There are exhibits, films, concerts, and a museum store. ch year, half a million people visit the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. It is great fun for rock-and-roll fans. Prepositions in Time Expressions Complete the time expressions in the sentences. Use the prepositions at, for, from, in, on, and to. 4. Gary's rock-and-roll bandl always plays af club — ___ Saturdays = “Trasoacti ace the evening, 3, ‘The band wsually plays ——————— 9:00 _______—— midnight] 4, Inthe middle of the show, they take a break 10 mina 5. After the show, Gary stays at the club ————— awhile 6 Wegosstorme —-—__—_—— early morning. 7, He usually goes to sleep —————— about 4:00 Am ee << noon. eeSome words in Engl USING CAPITAL LETTERS ch must begin with a capital letter. Here are five rules for capital letters that writers need to know. 1, Capitalize the subject pronoun I. Rosa and I are in the same class. 2. Capitalize the first letter of ‘His first name is David. | asentence. | 3. Capitalize people's names My dentist’s name is Dr. Parker and titles. ‘4. Capitalize words for nationalities Nationalities Languages paenc.lenguagee ‘Australian English ‘Colombian ‘Spanish i Kuwaiti Arabic 5, Capitalize place names. She lives in the Dominican Republic. Correcting Capitalization Errors Find one or more capitalization errors in each sentence. Make corrections. 1. the name of the song is “afichelle.” Thave an appointment with doctor Patel. Our teacher speaks spanish. . carlo is from new york. . susan’s first language is english. 2 3. 4, 5. my roommate drives a korean cat. 6. 7. People speak tagalog in the philippines. 8 | the man’s nickname is red because of his red hair. Good Day 81nm Work alone or with a partner: Look at the five rules for capitalization in the chart CAPITAL LETTERS FOR TITLES Follow these rules for using capital letters in the titles of your paragraphs: around 82 CHAPTER 4 1. Capitalize the frst letter of the first word of a ttle “The Best Day of My Life 2. Capitalize any we wee ‘A Day at the Races pronoun, adj ive, and xb ina Pe penot capitalize n, the, oF ‘Take Me Out to the Ball Game 3, Do not put aperiod () after the Getting Ready for the Day- title of a paragraph. 4, Do not put quotation marks wy “tae Yoon's Favorite Day” ‘on page 81. Write two ‘sample sentences for each rule. rule 4: _Maveicio speaks Portuguese and English 4, Rule ‘My Life Fhe title of a paragraph.os Capital Letters in Titles Rewrite each title with the capital letters needed. 1. the adventures of Tom Sawyer The Adventures of Tom Sawyer 2, Harry Potter and the chamber of secrets 3, a tale of two cities ‘Mark Teuain, author of The Adventures of Tom Sawyer 4, around the world in eighty days 5. the good, the bad, and the ugly 6 ajoumey to the center of the earth A bpplying Vocabulary: Using Phrasal Verbs You saw some common phrasal verbs used in the writing models on pages 70 and 71: dressup getup _ sleepin eat out, goout stay up ‘You may want to use some of those phrasal verbs when you do the Writing ‘Assignment on page 84, writing about one day in a classmate’s week. Using Phrasal Verbs Complete the sentences with phrasal veriss from the box above. 4. When my alarm clock rings in the morning, itis time for me to 2. 1do not set an alarm when I want to ——_—— 3, [like to_____— with my friends for a movie or a concert. (continued on next page) AGood Day 83 eee4, [like to eat at home, but I like t —————~ , too. Tjust like to eat! ____when T go to a wedding or any formal event 5.1 6. OnNew Year's Eve, 1 —————— late. Take a sheet of paper. Write six or more true sentences about what you Take 2 Saturdays. In each sentence, use a phrasal verb from the box on page 83 and an adverb of frequency. On Saturdays, | never sleep in. 1 do not usually éat out on Saturdays. You are going to interview a classmate about what he or she usually does on yhich day to tell you about. one day of the week. Your classmate will choose W) Then you will use the information to write a paragraph like the writing models on pages 70 and 71 [BUPRNE> —STEP 1: Prewrito to get ideas. she wants to talk a. Work with a partner. Ask your partner which day he or sl About. Then ask, “What do you usually do on that day?” Take notes in the chart. Do not write complete sentences. eee Ree Nn Paisano huis Bre tner’s day? Talk with your partner this information to write a good of these adjectives in your b. What adjective best describes your par about this question so that you can use topic sentence. You may want to use one topic sentence: ce Write the topic sentence for your paragraph. Look at the writing models for ideas. 84 CHAPTER 4STEP 2: Write the first Graft. a. Begin your paragraph with your topic sentence from Step 1 b. Continue writing your first draft, using your notes from Step 1. c. Use time-order words, time expressions with prepositions, and adverbs of frequency, as needed. 4. Give your paragraph title. STEP 3: Revise and edit the draft. a. Read your paragraph again. It may help you to read it out loud. Make changes if needed. b. Do peer review. Sit with the person you Wo about and exchange papers. Cope cach other feedback. Follow the steps on the Peer Review Worksheet. Peer Review WorksHEET ‘Your partner's name: Sige coe ee Content 1, Read all of your partner's paragraph. 2, Underline any part of the paragraph you do not understand. Ask your partner to explain it. 4, Tell your partner if any information is not correct 44, Circle the topic sentence. If there is no topic sentence write TS? on the paper. Format and Language +. Use this list to check your partner's paper: Mark any problems on the paper in pencil. Check (/) each item in the list as you finish. Dithe title Ca subject in every sentence Gite use of words to chow Hime Ca verb for avery subject 6. Puta question mark (2) if you are not sure about something. see Henry Lin's first draft. on page 39 for]an example of how to mark a paper. c. Return your partner’s paper: Can you say something nice about it? 44. Look at your paper. Ifyou do not agree with a comment on it, then ask another student or your teacher. AGood Day 85[PRR STEP 4: Write anew draft. a. Onyour first draft, mark any changes you want to make. b. Take a new sheet of paper and wri Before you give your new draft to the teacher, make ite a new draft. ¢. Bait your paragraph carefully. Then hand it in to your teacher. ‘sure that your paper is petra! formatted correctly. A careless paper makes @ ‘bad impression on the reader. Eni In this chapter, you learned to: © Use time order and time-order words in paragraphs © Recognize two types of simple ‘© Use prepositional phrases to show © Apply rules for using capital letters O Write, revise, and edit a paragraph typical day sentences O Use adverbs of frequency in sentences time about a classmate’s Which ones can you do well? Mark them S Which ones do you need to practice more? Mark them @ @ on your ow paper and making your notes by time page 84. Use your notes favorite holiday. After you write your Aska friend or 86 CHAPTERS IN Write a paragraph about your favorite holiday. Begin by taking a sheet of Pre about the things you usually do on this day: Organize order. If you want, you can m ake a chart like the one on to write a paragraph. Begin your paragraph with a topic sentence, such as Independence Day is always 0 Tot of fun ox New Year's Eve is ™y first draft, give your paragraph a title. a classmate to review your first draft. Use the Peer Review Worksheet on page 85. Preparea new draft, and give it to your teacher@ vour sourRNAL Continue making entries in your journal. Do not worry about making mistakes. Your journal is a good place to experiment with new words. If you cannot think of a topic for a journal entry, try one of these ideas: © What is your favorite color? Do you have more than one favorite? What colors do you usually wear? Are there any colors you never wear? © What are the seasons of the year where you live? Which season do you like most? What are some of your favorite activities during that season? Why? ‘¢ What languages do you know? Why are you learning English? Tell how you feel about learning English. For more ideas for journal entries, see Appendix A on page 193.CHAPTER fe onsen uss Writers need certain skills. In this chapter, you will learn to: ‘¢ Identify and write supporting sentences: «© Use the articles a, an, and the with nouns | @ Write sentences with there Is and there are # Use prepositional phrases t | describe locations « Write, revise, and edit a paragraph about your hometown “Here is my hometown.”INTRODUCTION ‘Your hometown is the place you think of as home. Maybe it is the place where you grew up. The word fown usually means a smal! Cty, but a hometown ven be of any size. In this chapter, you will write a paragraph about Your LOOKING AT THE MODELS In the writing models, two students describe their hometowns. Work with a partner or in a small group. Read the models. Then answer the questions. # Writing Model 1 My Hometown am from Canévanas, in the northeastern part of Puerto Fico, east of San Juan. My hometown is a small city with a big heart. There are about 30,000 people in Canévanas. “They are not rich, and their houses are small. There are many good people in my hometown. When there is a problem, they are always ready to help. My neighbors are like my family. That is the best thing about my hometown. | miss the friendly, helpful people of Canévanas. Questions about the Model 4, a. What is the topic of the paragraph? b. What is the writer’s controlling idea about the topic? 2. How many people live in Canévanas? ‘There are about _____— people. +3, What sentences explain why the writer says that Canovanas has “a big heart”? Copy one of them on the line. (continued on next page) Your Hometown 894. Where does the writer use the words there and their? Fill in the blanks. a. They are not xich, and ——————~ houses are small. pb. _____—-ate many good people in my hometown. c. When 5, What is the difference between their and there? Circle the correct word to complete each rule. _ is a problem, they are always ready to help. a. Use (their / there) +a noun to show possession. b. Use (their / there) + is or are to introduce new information. | 2 Writing Model 2 a eet aed eae A Special City Almaty, my hometown, s a special city Almaty isin Kazakhstan. Kazakhstan is in the western part of Asia, south of russia. My hometown is in the southeastern part of Kazakhstan, near China. The name Almaty means “the apple place.” The first apples in the world grew in hat area. MY hometown was the capital of Kazakhstan for a few years: ‘and it is still the cultural center of Kazakhstan. Ithhas wonderful theaters and museums. ‘Also, Almaty has the world’s largest speed-skating rink. Its in the beautiful mountains outside the city. {do not live in Almaty 'spoed skater inte anymore, but itis stil a special place for me. skating rink Questions about the Model 1. a. Whatis the topic of the paragraph? i tb. What is the writer’s controlling idea about the topic? 2. Where is Almaty? 90 CHAPTERS4, What prepositions does the writer use to show location? Fill in the blanks. 7 a. My hometown is the southeastern part of Kazakhstan, —____—China. b. Itis the beautiful mountains the city. A Looking at Vocabulary: Words for Directions ‘The words north, south, east, and west are used to describe locations and give directions. These words can be combined, as in northwest, for example. Add com to any of these direction words to form an adjective, such as wester OF northeastern. WEEEGERM Words for Directions o ® Find five words for directions in the writing models. Circle the words. Label the points on the compass with words from the box. north Your Hometown 91 |‘ATION In Chapter 3, you leamed about introducing a paragraph with a topic sentence. A topic sentence needs support Teneeds information that shows WhY the topic sentence is true. SUPPORTING SENTENCES, PART 1 ‘The sentences that follow a topic sentenes are called supporting sentences. ‘They support the topic sentence “eesame way that the legs of a table support the tabletop. ‘The supporting sentences show us ‘ty Jack is lucky. Some paragraphs end with a concluding sentence. You will learn move abogteonctuding sentences in Chapter 8 | Look at the three parts of this paragraph: 2s place in is a popular time of the year for visit to {his wonderful city ‘The paragraph has seven support sentences. They support the topic \ces. sentence "New Orleans isa great place f° visit.” They tell why the topic sentence is true. 92 CHAPTERSoO [EELS supporting Sentences Read the paragraphs and follow the directions. ‘Paracrara 1 ‘The Weather in My Hometown Hong Kong, my hometown, is a wonderful place for many reasons, but the weather is not one of them. Our best weather is in the fall, but we have a lot of air pollution. For this reason, we do hot gee clear blue skies very often. The winters are short but cool and damp. Ifeel cold all the time in the winter. In the spring, there is too much rain. In the summer, it is too hot and humid. Summer is also the season for typhoons. Typhoons are the worst part of Hong Kong's weather. [love my hometown, but I do not love the weather there. a. Underline the topic sentence and the concluding sentence. b. How many supporting sentences are there? ¢. Complete this statement: The supporting sentences in this paragraph tell why, } ‘PARAGRAPH 2 ‘The Job of a Firefighter | Firefighters do a very important job. First of all, they put out fires in people's homes and workplaces. They also respond to emergency calls. The calls may be about dangerous situations, such as car accidents or heart attacks. Many firefighters are EMTs (Emergency Medical Technicians). They can help people with many Kinds of medical emergencies. Every community needs firefighters. a. Underline the topic sentence and the concluding sentence. b. How many supporting sentences are there? ¢. Complete this statement: The supporting sentences in this paragraph tell why Your Hometown 93GRAMMAR A,AN, AND THE ‘The words a, an, and the are articles. Articles go with nouns. Using A and An See Appendix 94 CHAPTERS Think about the fi the first letter—of the noun. 2, Do not use a or ani with plural or My hometown has a parks. ‘jnoncount nouns. . PARAGRAPH 3 How to Annoy a Roommate It is easy to annoy a roommate. One way is 1° make a lot of noise. Do this especially when your roommate is sleeping or studying, Another way is to leave a mes 0% the floor. Drop your clothes and shoes everywhere. Finally, eat smelly food in the room. When you finish, put the dirty dishes on the floor, too. If you follow this advice, you will surely drive your roommate crazy: a. Underline the topic sentence and the concluding sentence. ‘p. How many supporting sentences are there? __— ¢. Complete this statement: The supporting sentences in this paragraph show several ways to (es [aaah ‘a bridge, a house, a university ‘an apple, an hour, an umbrella [need an information. Ineed a pen. (Any pen—I do not care which pen.) ‘There is a huge park in my hometown. can come a interesting museum aS a new, high-speed train system 2, pages 197-198, for information about singular, plural, and noncount nounsHEE Using 4, An, or No Article @ Complete the definitions. Write a or an, or put a dash (—), meaning “no article.” i 1, _A_ capital is__2— city where a state or country has its main government offices. 2, _—— museums are = cultural attractions. 3, hotel is building where people pay to stay fora short time. 4. inn is small hotel. 5. skyscrapers are very tall buildings. theater is place to see a movie or a play. 7, amusement park is place with ‘Ona roller coaster rides, games, and other kinds of entertainment. 8 ____-roller coaster is ride at amusement park. © Work alone or with a partner. Write sentences that describe the places and things in parentheses. Use the words from the box. Use a or an as needed. ‘Add more information if you wish. building city country island language (Barcelona) Barcelona it a city. OR Barcelona isa famous city on the coast of Spain. (Rio de Janeiro) ——————— ——$—$— i 2 eh) —— $e 4. (English) ae 8. 6. (Aruba) —————~ (the Eiffel Tower) ge qiliepenese) ee ee (Montreal) yo 9, (the Maldives) —$£@$£#—@————— 40. Egyp) ——— Your Hometown 95 ————ti‘(CdPree mon Using A, An, or The Complete the sentences. Write a, an, or the. 1. smny hometown, here 8 gmail college and oo event ———_e college has about 1,200 students. ee jnas about 35,000. ieee nae SEE EE Seat where people “ be can see fish and other sea animals. My hometown has ——— — new aquarium, _ aquarium in my hometown § pases oe = interesting place to visit. % 3, They are building —— airport near my city. There i$ already = eee a dere, butit is small. ———z new airport will be big. 4, Lam from. Jakarta. It is capital of Indonesia. It is on Hee ee eee =e northwest coast of Java. Java is ————— isla 96 CHAPTERSTHERE IS AND THERE ARE ne — Sentences with there is and there are often. jntroduce new information. _ ew mirormarion ‘There is no school on Friday! In addition, sentences with there is and there are often: « tell the time of something ‘There is a train at 7:30 AM. « tell where someone or something is ‘There are good restaurants in my hometown. caus inmy four people family. hometown. There are to see many things and do. on the radio. See Appendix C2, pages 197-198, for information about singular, plural, and moncount nouns 4. Use there is/are + no + noun to ‘There is no stadium in my city. form a negative statement. no tall buildings in my hometown. ‘There is no snow in the winter 2. Do not confuse there are with they are. ew wroRWATION © Use there are to introduce ‘There are two rivers in my city. new information. They + Use tiey instead of repeating Phe tworrivers are the Danube and anoun. the Sava. 3, Do not confuse there with their. © Use there + is or are. ‘There are two girls in the group. » Use their + a noun. Their shows ‘Their names are Isabel and Pilar. possession. YourHometown 97Eee anal 98 CHAPTERS There Is or There Are Complete the sentences. Write there is or there are. ‘many shopping malls in North America, but 2k Eee Zz more than 800 stores in the mall. A visitor to the mall can shop for the West Edmonton Mall in Canada is the biggest: aera eee es siisaasses) ee se pease hte eee i es ee days. z many other things to do, too. For example, : a skating rink, x many amusement park rides, and = a theater with eight movie ce for hungry shoppers, and ven a hot, a rn = everyone at the West Edmonton Mall. 3 Correcting Errors with: There, Their, and They Find nine more errors with there, their, and they. Make corrections. 1. They are two students from Korea in my class. There names are Jun Seong and Min Sup. They usually sit in the first row, but their absent today: 2. The teachers often meet on Wednesdays. There meetings take place in the conference room. Their isa large round table in the room: There usually have there hunch during the meetings. 3, ‘They are about 100 students in this program. ‘There are from several different countries. Their learning English. ‘Take a sheet of paper. Write your answers to the questions. Use There is or There are. “There are three floors in my building. 4. How many floors are there in the building where you live? 2. How many pictures are there on the walls of your room? 3, How many people are there in your family? 4, How many movie theaters are there in your hometown? 5. How many doors aze there to your classroom? 6. How many students are there in your class?USING PREPOSITIONS TO DESCRIBE LOCATION In Chapter 4, you learned about using prepositions in time expressions. Prepositions are also used to describe location where someone OF something is. ‘These prepositions inclucle between, next t, in from of, in back of, near, tm orm and at. Costa Rica is next to Nicaragua. Costa Rica is between Nicaragua and Panama. Caribbean Sea PACIFIC OCEAN Study the rules for using in, on, and at to describe location. et Canada is in North America. There are ten provinces in Canada. ‘The beautiful city of Vancouver is in British Columbia. 1. Use in + a continent, country, state, province, or city. My cousins live in Vancouver. 2, Use on +a street (without a specific Their office building is on King Street. address) or a floor of a building, We are meeting, on the tenth floor 3. Use at + a specific address or The Kelleys live at 132 Maple Street. building. He works at the hospital. Your Hometown 99EG". 0», and At for Location @ Complete the sentences with in, on, OF at. 1. Nina lives California. 2. California is ——— the United States. 3. She lives ——— Water Street __—— San Francisco. 4. Her building is ——— 94 Water Street. 5. Her apartment is _— the second floor. 6. She works the Orchard Hotel. 7. The hotel is Bush Street. 8, The entrance to the hotel is 665 Bush Street © Complete the sentences. Write about yourself. 4. Vive in ___—' 2. My hometown is in 3, [live on . Vives PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES IN SENTENCES OO ———————— In Chapter 4, you learned that a preposition and a noun form a prepositional phrase. A writer can puta prepositional phrase in several places in a sentence. 1, A prepositional phrase can come: * after the verb be Dakar is in Senegal. + after other verbs Miguel comes from Mexico City © after a noun ‘The weather in India is usually hot. 2. A prepositional phrase can also “There are beautiful forests in my country come at the beginning or end of amy country, there are beautiful forests. a sentence. Put a comma after ‘a prepositional phrase at the beginning of a sentence. 400 CHAPTERSPrepositional Phrases in Sentences Underline the prepositional phrases in the examples on the right. Then match the pattems and examples. Write the letters. PArreRNs Examines dicta paspaaidonalpianee « Haine futine Thopetn visit the 2 aateuah + i Galapagos Islands. i prepositional phrase -b. The Galapagos Islands are _____ 3, noun + prepositional inthe Pacific Ocean. phrase c. Many visitors travel to the ____ 4, prepositional phrase Galapagos to see the animals at the beginning of a there. ; sentence d. The animals in the Galapagos _____ 5. prepositional phrase at are very unusual. the orid af a eentence e. The animals are protected and safe on these islands. REMADE Work alone or with a partner. Combine each group of sentences into one sentence with prepositional phrases. There is more than one way to form each sentence. 1. There are beaches. They are near my hometown. They are beautiful. Near my hometown, there are beautiful beaches. 2, Igo to the beach. I go there with my friends. I go there on weekends. 3, There are many hotels. They are for tourists. The hotels are in my hometown. 4, Tourists come to relax. They are from other countries. They come to my hometown. 5. There are good restaurants. They are on the main street. The street is in my neighborhood. 6, There are free concerts. They are in the park. They are in the summer. Your Hometown 101cere sing Words for Directions write about your hometown d on page 91. Then read Ppplying Vocabulary: Us use direction words when you the direction words you learne rords in sentences. You will need to on page 103. Review about how to use direction w Costa Rica is south of Nicaragua. Belize is northeast of Guatemala. ‘My hometown is in southern Japan. an adjective. j Tcome from the northwestern part of Morocco. 4, Use a capital letter for a direction The stale of South Carolina is in the the United States. word only when the word is aname southeastern part of or part of a name. The state of Oregon is in the Northwest. Using Direction Words map. Write one or more sentences Work alone or with a partner. Look at the about the location of each place in parentheses. Use direction words. PRENAATT interview two oF more of your cl ut where they are from. Ona ‘Sheet of paper, write sentences about these ‘classmates. Use direction words. Gustave is from Recife. Itis in the eastern north of Rio de Janeiro. jassmates. Find 01 part of Brazil. Iris about 1100 miles(BFEM> STEP 1: Prewrite to get ideas. a. Get ready to write by brainstorming about your hometown. Quickly make a list of all the ideas that come to mind, + Do not write complete sentences. Just take notes, * Donot worry about whether an idea is good or bad. You will decide later which ideas you do and do not want to use. * Donot worry about the order of your ideas. You will put them in order later. Here are the notes from one student's brainstorming: in Kazakhstan, in the southeast near China (how far?) big city—population?? noisy (but I like) public transportation good some beautiful buildings culture! mountains, beautiful nature, snow Medeo—high in mountains, rink for speed skating—famous expensive city was capital city (dates?) name = “the apple place” Now brainstorm about your hometown. Take notes, b. Work with a partner. Ask your partner questions about his or her hometown, questions such as: © Where are you from? © Where is it? ¢ Whatis it like? © Whatis special about it? Answer your partner's questions about your hometown. As you get more ideas, 4d them to your notes Youtometown 103| c. Look again at the brainstorming notes from page 103. The writer has mad: changes. She has decided ona title. She has written a topic sentence. She has crossed out information she does not plan to use. Almaty topic sentence: Almaty, my hometown, is a special city. & a (row-far2) some beavtiful ings__culture! (theaters, museums) _ | mountains, beautiful nature, snow i | | ___ Medeo—high in mountains, rink for speed skating—famous,world' largest 1 _____-expensive-city- was capital cityfdates?) 1] “name = “the apple place” __ Kazakhstan famous for apples, first app! the we I | ST STEP 2: Write the first draft. a. Review your notes to prepare for writing your first draft. Decide what information you do and do not want to use. b. Write your first draft. Begin your paragraph with a topic sentence. See the writing models on pages 89 and 90 for examples. Remember that your supporting sentences must relate to your topic sentence. ritng ips a writer decide on a topic sentence. However, some ‘writers like to write their first draft of a paragraph without a topic sentence. Then they add it afterwards. Remember that you can ‘change your topic sentence when you revise and edit. 104 CHAPTERS@ cat STEP 3: Revise and edit the draft. a. Read your paragraph again. It may help you to read it out loud, Make changes if needed. b. Do peer review. Sit with a partner and exchange papers. Give each other feedback. Follow the steps on the Peer Review Worksheet. Peer Review WorksHeeT Your parthestawnemer aetna Se Content 1, Read all of your partner’s paragraph. 2, Underline any part of the paragraph you do not understand, Ask your partner to explain it 3, Circle the topic sentence. If there is no topic sentence, write 75? on the paper: 4, Read the supporting sentences again. Ask questions if you want more information. Format and Language 5. Use this list to check your partner’s paper. Mark any problems on the paper in pencil. Check (/) each item in the list as you finish. 1 the format of the paper—heading, title, margins, spacing, Cla subject in every sentence Da verb for every subject ithe use of there is and there are D the use of prepositions 6. Put a question mark (?) if you are not sure about something, ¢. Return your partner’s paper. Can you say something nice about it? 4. Look at your own paper If you do not agree with the feedback, then ask another student or your teacher. Mark any changes you want to make ens) Help yourself do a better job of re\ ing and editing by aiving yourself time. Tako a break before you start on a new draft. Work on something else for & ihe, or better yet, get a good night's sleep. Then go back to your paragraph with fresh eyes. YourHometown 105\ i (EWA — sTEP 4: write anew draft. a. Take anew sheet of paper and write a new draft. b. Edit your new draft carefully. Then hand it in to your teacher. In this chapter, you learned to: O Identify and write supporting sentences O Use the articles a, an, and the with nouns (O Write sentences with there is and there are (O. Use prepositional phrases to describe locations O Write, revise, and edit a paragraph about your hometown Which ones can you do well? Mark them & Which ones do you need to practice more? Mark them ® ss @ onvour own Se Write a paragraph about a favorite place. For example, you coulé describe your favorite room at home or a place where you go on vacation. Before you begin, brainstorm about the place and take notes. Use your notes to write your first draft. Your paragraph must have a topic sentence. All the supporting sentences should zelate to your main idea. “Ask a friend or a classmate to review your first draft. Use the Peer Review Worksheet on page 105, Then prepare a new draft and give it to your teacher. @ your souRNAL Continue making entries in your journal. If you cannot think of a topic for a journal entry, try one of these ideas: Do you ever watch the sun come up or ‘watch it set? Describe a place where you like to watch the sunrise oF sunset. # Do you carry a wallet, a purse, or a backpack? Describe what is in it right now. « Write about using English outside of class. Who do you talk to in English? When do you listen to English or read it? For more ideas for journal entries, see Appendix A on page 193. 106 CHAPTERSCHAPTER ) CE =eues Writers need certain skills. In this chapter, you will learn to: * Make sure that supporting sentences are relevant * Use present progressive verbs in sentences ‘* Recognize and use non-action verbs. # Use have as an action verb and as a non-action verb # Choose between the simple present and present progressive ‘* Write simple sentences with different sentence patterns © Write, revise, and edit a paragraph about someone at work Ona construction siteal INTRO! In this chapter, you will see many photos of people at their jobs. You will choose a photo of someone at work, and you will write a paragraph about what the person is doing in the photo and what his or her usual job responsibilities are—the things that he or she has to do at work. LOOKING AT THE MODELS Ineach writing model, the writer describes someone in a photo. The photo shows the person at work. The writer tells both what the person is doing in the photo and what the person usually does on the job Work with a partner or in a small group. Look at the photos. Read the models. Then answer the questions. # Writing Model 1 good job, but itis hard work. He starts work at 200 A.n. He works long hours and never sits, “down. He makes many kinds of bread and In this photo, the baker past in the standing rchen of the bakery. He is wearing @ white jacket and a White apron. Behind him, there are many trays of baked goods. He is holding two pieces of bread and smiling. He feels proud of his work. Questions about the Model 1. a. Whats the topic of the paragraph? ee b. What is the writer's controlling idea about the topic? Hila ot ig 108 CHAPTER 62. What details does the writer give in the paragraph? Check (7) your answers. 1 what the man’s job is 1 his feelings about his work 0 where he is 0 how much money he earns i things that you can see in the photo 1 what he is doing at this moment 0 the man’s clothing 1 what he does every day 3. Would you like to have this man’s job? Circle your answer: (Yes / No) Explain your answer to your partner or group. 4. What simple present verbs does the writer use? Fill in the blanks. a. He __ work at 4:00 a.m. b. He long hours and never________ down ¢. He____ proud of his work, 5, What present progressive verbs does the writer use? Fill in the blanks. a. In this photo, the baker ____in the kitchen of the bakery. b. He____ a white jacket and a white apron. c. He______ two pieces of bread and ___ # Writing Model 2 The Job of a Pharmacist harmacist at work. is standing at a counter in the pharmacy. jing a bottle of medicine and looking at her computer screen. She is listening to __ someone on the phone. She looks serious. _Maybe a customer is having a problem with a _ prescription. Every day, the pharma: _to customers about their prescriptions. She answers their questions on the phone and at the counter. She has to give them the right jht information. She sometimes needs to talk to A pharmacist has a lot of responsil (continued on next page) Onthe Job 109Questions about the Model 1. a. What is the topic of the paragraph? b. What is the writer's controlling idea about the topic? 2. What details does the writer give in the paragraph? Check (/) your answers. what the woman's job is © her feelings about her work (where she is 1 how much money she earns Cithings that you can seein what she is doing at the photo this moment 1 the woman’s clothing 1D what she does every day 3. Would you like to have this woman's job? Circle your answer: (Yes / No) Explain your answer to your partner or group. ‘What does the verb look mean in these two sentences from the model? Write the number of the meaning, 1 or 2. (1) seem, appear (2) turn your eyes to see someone or something S a. She is holding a bottle of medicine and looking at her computer screen. _—____b. She looks serious. # Looking at Vocabulary: Words for Jobs ‘Many words for jobs end in -er or -or, such as teacher (a person who teaches) or machine operator (a person who operates a machine in a factory). Another ‘common ending is -ist, as in scientist (a person who works in science). There are also many words for jobs that do not use any of these endings, such as salesperson and musician. Words for Jobs @ Find four words for jobs in the writing models. Fill in the blanks. 1. Aword that ends in -er: 2. Aword that ends in -or: 3. Aword that ends in -i 4, Aword without a special endin;© Complete the chart with the job words from the box. Then check (/) the words you know. Learn the meanings of the other words by using a dictionary or asking someone. actor firefighter —_pilet reporter author hairstylist professor veterinarian i dentist mechanic receptionist _waiter if eae ORGANIZATION SUPPORTING SENTENCES, PART 2 Support for the Topic Sentence In Chapter 3, you learned about topic sentences. In Chapter 5, you learned about supporting sentences. They form the body of a paragraph—the middle of the paragraph and its largest part. Supporting sentences must show why the topic sentence is true. They must present evidence—information that helps to prove the writer’s point about the topic. ‘Supporting Sentences Work alone or with a partner. Read each topic sentence. Circle the topic and underline the controlling idea. Write two supporting sentences. 1. Qoctor3 need good communication skills. a, They need to be good listeners. b. They need to give clear explanations to their patients. 2. Hawaii isa great place for a vacation. a. (continued on next page) OntheJob 1113. There are several reasons I go to the gym. <2 b. 4. Movies are more fun in a movie theater. ie ee b. 5. A good education is valuable for many reasons. fare Pree ee Ce Hseeeecee eee b. eee ee eee 6. Apilot has a lot of responsibility. agp eee b. PARAGRAPH UNITY ‘A good paragraph must have unity. That means that all the supporting sentences in a paragraph must be relevant—they must relate to the controlling idea in the topic sentence. The opposite of relevant is irrelevant. A sentence that goes off-topic or does not support the controlling idea is irrelevant, and it does not belong in the paragraph. In this paragraph, two irrelevant sentences are crossed out. [ Being a Professional Baseball Player A professional baseball player has a high-pressure job. When he is at work, thousands of people are watching him. He knows they will see any mistakes he makes. Baseball ¥-to0: When it is the player’s turn at bat, he knows that his team is depending on him to geta hit. That means more pressure. He also knows that he has to play well, or the team manager will take him out of the game. A professional baseball player must be able to play well under pressure. 112 CHAPTERGee ‘The topic of the paragraph is the job of a Professional baseball player, The controlling idea is that he has a high-pressure job. The two crossect-out Sentences do not explain why his job is high Pressure. * The sentence about the fans is about their feelings, not the player's. It does not support the controlling idea, so it is itrelevant in this paragraph. * The sentence about good players making a lot of money is true, but it, too, is irrelevant in this Paragraph because it does not support the controlling ides The Job of a Chef Chefs need to be very organized, They are responsible for often Sans the kitchens of busy restaurants and heels They often direct the work of many other People. Some chefs are really bad bosses. They want their kitchens toy well-organized, with Conditions in Antarctica Antarctica is a difficult and dangerous Place for people. Penguins live thes. It is very cold, with the average temperature about 40 degrees below zero. The air is very dry, and there are strong winds, In the winter, the sun never comes up, Twould never go there in the winter. In the summer, the strong rays of the stun are bad for people's skin and eyes, They need Protection from both the cold and the sun, Some people stay in Antarctica for a few days, weeks, or months, but no one calls Antarctica home. HP (continued on next page) Onthe Job 113.Paracrara 3 My Favorite Holiday Talways loved the traditions of New Year's Eve in my country. First, we all cleaned our homes so they looked nice for the new year. We also put up colored lights and other decorations. Then everyone dressed up in nice new clothes. My brother never a wanted to help with the cleaning or get dressed up. The best : tradition was a special dinner with all our relatives, Then at midnight, everyone went outside, and there were fireworks in the streets. Sometimes we had fireworks on other holidays, too. Talways loved celebrating the new year in my country. THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE In Chapters 2 and 3, you learned about verbs in the simple present tense Now you will learn about verbs in the present progressive (also called the present continuous). A present progressive verb has two parts: (1) the verb be: am, is, or are (2) a main verb that ends in -ing. m @) Excuse me, my phone is Present Progressive Verb Forms ESIC) See Appendix C3, page 199, for contractions with am, is, and are. See Appendix C5, page 205, for spelling rules for verbs ending in -ing, 114° CHAPTER 6MEXSIEEWY Describing Actions @ Match the verbs with the pictures. Write as the present Progressive form of the verb, a.drive — ¢, listen fentence for each picture using efx g. stand Druse odin £ hold h carry OntheJob 116CO —— ® Whatare you doing right now? Write two or more sentences. Use the resent progressive. MRE take a shoot of Paper. Write four or more statements about the people in each picture. Use the present progressive to tell what ig happening. Write both affirmative and negative statements. Picture A: The people are waiting for a bus. The twe men are not talking Picture B Picture A PRESENT PROGRESSIVE vs. SIMPLE PRESENT ee - : Verb Functions Compare the uses of the present progressive and the simple present, Present progressive ‘The present progressive is used to describe actions happening at this moment. For example: You are reading this sentence, ‘The present progressive is also used to describe actions happening over a longer time period. The period continues in the Present. For example: Habiba is taking a math course ‘this semester. The scientists are working in Antarctica for a few weeks,Simple present The simple present is used to state facts and to describe routines and habits—actions that happen again and again, For example: The sun rises in the east, leat breakfast at home, Because the present progressive and the simple present have different Treanings, they are used with different time expressions. Shidy the roles ancl examples in the chart. * now, right now, and at this moment You are reading right now, * this week, this month, this year She is studying English this year. 2. Do not use the present progressive e : 92 with adverbs of frequency. Use the Sometimes | am-going-to the movies simple present. on weekends, HESIESEM Present Progressive vs. ‘Simple Present Fill in the blanks. Use the present progressive or simple present form of the verb in parentheses. Be (0b) he ee year now Every day, he —_,————__ as ‘with many different kinds of problems, 2. (write) Sometimes my doctor Prescriptions. At this moment, she eee prescription for me. 3. (work) Veterinarians often with different kinas of animals, but Dr. Garcia always —— with horses 4. (teach) Lindsay is an English professor. At the moment, she ——— 2 dass in the writing lab. This semester, she Seite See three courses. 5. (talk) My cousin is a receptionist in a doctor's office. She —— —— to everyone who comes into the office. She ——— 1 patients all day every day. (continued on next page) OntheJob 1176. (learn) Edward is going to school to become a hair stylist. He to cut people’s hair. This week, he and his classmates how to cut short hair on men. 7. (travel) Jack _________m_ this week. He every week for his job. He is a sales rep for a * toy company. Non-Action Verbs Some verbs do not express action or movement. These verbs are called non-action verbs (or stative verbs). Do not use the present progressive with non-action verbs. Use the simple present. ae. _ ir The verbs in the chart are also non-action verbs like prefer and like. Remember to use only simple present forms of these verbs. [ Ses | ‘look = seem or appear to be: She looks sad. Look is an action verb when it means “turn your eyes to see.” | | Action vs. Non-Action Verbs Circle the correct verb. . This pizza tastes great. I (arn liking / lke) it! . Please be quiet. You (are making / make ) too much noise. . Ido not understand this homework. I (am needing / need) some help. |. The students always (are looking / jook) sleepy on Monday mornings. Beatriz is at the mall. She (is looking for / looks for) anew dress. Nanami has her radio on. She (is listening / listens) to the news at the moment. . Listen! Do you hear music?—No, I (am not hearing / do not hear) anything. PN Oe Be B ‘Tom is at the pharmacy. He ('s wanting / wants) some cold medicine.The Verb Have jhe verb have can be an action verb or a non-action verb. It depends on the meaning of have in the sentence. 1. Have is an action verb when it means: * eating or drinking He lunch now. He always lunch at noon. * doing or experiencing They a party. It’s noisy! something They often loud parties, ‘You can use either the Present Progressive or the simple Present. 2. Have is a non-action verb when it Tefers to: * possession She has a new car, * relationship —stEP 1: Prewrite to get ideas. a. Choose one of the four photos to 4 ems write about. . . . ‘When you are planning to write b. Work with a partner who has chosen a a paragraph, it is natural to think di i different photo. Tell your partner about —_| about the topic in your first the person in your photo. Talk about: language. But you also need to foe ask yourself, ‘What can | say * what the person’s job is about this topic in English?” Be © what you think about this job sure to choose a topic that is ‘good match for your English * what the person usually does at work | Sees mae! * where the person is at this moment © what the person is doing now + what the person is wearing how the person feels and why ¢. Take notes about your photo on a sheet of paper. 124 CHAPTERGPhoto 3 Wite> STEP 2: Write the first dratt. a. Use your notes to write the first draft of a paragraph. At the beginning of your paragraph: * Identify which photo you are writing about, © Write a topic sentence. Look at the writing models on pages 108 and 109 for examples (continued on next page) OntheJob 125— You can use an adjective to express the controlling idea about your topic. He has an interesting job. Her job is sometimes difficult. Here are some other adjectives that can describe jobs: boring, ensy, exciting great, important, satisfying, and stressful. b. Continue writing your first draft. Make sure that your supporting sentences about the person’s job show why your controlling idea is true. ©. Give your paragraph a title, ‘STEP 3: Revise and edit the first draft. a. Read your paragraph again. It may help you to read it out loud. Make changes if needed. Check for mistakes. Cross out any irrelevant sentences b. Do peer review. Sit with a partner and exchange papers, Give each other feedback. Follow the steps on the Peer Review Worksheet. ; Peer Review Worksheet NOU ease Ley eee tee we nema a Content. 1. Read all of your partners paragraph. 2, Underline any part of the paragraph you do not understand. Ask your partner to explain it. 3. Circle the writer’s controlling idea about the topic. 4. Ask about any sentences in the paragraph that do not seem relevant, 5. Ask questions if you want more information about the person in the photo. Format and Language 6. Use this list to check your partner's paper. Mark any problems on the paper in pencil. Check (7) each item in the list as you finish. Ga subject inevery sentence _ the use of simple present verbs Ga verb for every subject Gi the use of present progressive verbs 7. Puta question mark (?) if you are not sure about something. ¢. Return your partner’s paper. Can you say something nice about it? 4. Look at your own paper: If you do not agree with the feedback on it, ask another student or your teacher. Mark any changes you want to make.(BRD step 4 witea new draft. a. Take a new sheet of paper, and write a new draft b. Check your paragraph carefully. Then hand it in to your teacher. In this chapter, you learned to: O Make sure Supporting sentences are relevant Use present progressive verbs in sentences Recognize and use non-action verbs O Use have as both an action verb and a non-action verb © Choose between the simple Present and present progressive O Wiite simple sentences with diferent sentence patterns © Write, revise, and edit a paragraph about someone at work Which ones can you do well? Mark them & Which ones do you need to practice more? Mark them & Guickly to succeed in academic writing, For example, thon nies students need to do a writing assignment in class or on a test, and they have only a short time to do it. 1 Read the writing prompt on page 128 (or the Prompt that your teacher gives you). Make sure that you understand the Prompt. If you have questions, ask sentence for your paragraph. (6 minutes) 3. Write your paragraph. Be sure to include a topic sentence and supporting sentences. (10 minutes) (continued on next page) OntheJob 127eer 4, Check your paragraph. Correct any mistakes. (2 minutes) 5. Give your paper to your teacher. Prompt: Write a paragraph about a person who has a good job. You can write about someone you know (“My uncle has a good job.”) or about anyone who does a certain kind of job (“A news photographer has a good job.”). Write what makes the job a * good one. @ Your sourNaL Continue making entries in your journal. If you cannot think of a topic for a journal entry, try one of these ideas. © Where are you at this moment? Describe what you are | doing and what you are wearing. Are there any other people around you? Tell what they are doing. + Name a job that interests you, one that you might like to do in the future. Why are you interested in this job? © These days, you are going to classes and you are using this book. What else are you doing—in and outside of school— to learn English? What helps you the most? For more ideas for journal entries, see Appendix A on page 193,REMEMBERING AN IMPORTANT EVENT ones Writers need certain skills. In this chapter, you will learn to: * Organize your ideas during rewriting * Write compound sentences with and, but, and so * Apply rules for using commas in sentences * Use simple past verbs * Write, revise, and edit a Paragraph about an important event in your life A big daychapter, you will be reading about people's memories of important events in their lives. An event is something that happens, especially something important, interesting, or unusual. You will write a paragraph to share your memories of an important event or a special day in your own life. LOOKING AT THE MODELS In the writing models, two students describe special events in their lives. Work with a partner or in a small group. Read the models. Then answer the questions. # Writing Model 1 An Important Day in My Life ‘The day of my high school graduation was a good day for me. It was a Saturday. In the morning, | got dressed. | had a new suit and tie for that day. Then | went to a friend’s house. Six of my friends were there. Later, we rode to the school together in my friend's Car. At 2:00 p.m., all the students in my class entered the school gymnasium. My parents and grandparents were already in their seats, and they took a lot of pictures. The principal called the names of the honor students first. | was in that group, and I won a prize because | was the best math student. | was very happy about that, and my family was proud of me that day. Questions about the Model 1. What is the topic sentence? Circle the topic and underline the controlling idea. 2. Why was it a good day for the writer? Give one reason. 3. What details does the writer include in his description of the day? O the weather O places he went D other people 0 things he did 0 his clothing D his feelings 130 CHAPTER 7‘4 What are some words and phrases that show the writer is using time order? 5. What simple past forms of the verb be did the writer use? Fill in the blanks. a. It a Saturday. b. Six of my friends there. 6. What simple past forms of regular verbs did the writer use? a. At2:00 pa, the students in my class —— the gymnasium. b. The principal the names of the honor students first. 7. What simple past forms of irregular verbs did the writer use? a, In the morning, I dressed. b. T___a new suit and tie for that day. ©. Then I toa friend’s house. # Writing Model 2 My Wedding Day | have many wonderful memories of my wedding day. | would like to tell you about three of them. First ofall, remember the beautiful weather. The week before was cold and cloudy, but my wedding day was sunny and warm. | felt lucky. | also remember seeing smiles all around me that day, Almost 100 of my relatives and friends were there. They liked my future husband, so they were happy for me. Most of al, | remember walking up the aisle with him after the ceremony. I carried a bouquet of yellow flowers, and | held his arm tightly. My heart was very full. This unforgettable day began a new life for me. Questions about the Model 1. Whatis the topic of the paragraph? 2. What is the controlling idea about the topic? (continued on next page) Remembering an Important Event 1343. What three memories of her wedding day does the writer focus on? Check (V) your answers. O the weather Othe place she got married O the music 1 how she looked the people at her wedding how she felt. 4. What adjective means “impossible to forget”? 5. What coordinating conjunctions did the writer use? Fill in the blanks, a. The week before was cloudy, my wedding day was sunny and warm. b. They liked my husband, they were happy for me. ©. Icarried a bouquet of yellow flowers, Theld his arm tightly. # Looking at Vocabulary: Adjectives + Prepositions Sometimes an adjective is followed by a prepositional phrase, asin. they ‘were happy for me (from Writing Model 2). Some adjectives always take the same Preposition. Other adjectives can take more than one preposition. Use happy + for + a person: | was happy for my friend when he won fist prize, Use happy + about + a thing, idea, or event: | was happy about my grade. | MENGE Aciectives « prepositions j @ Find the adjectives happy and proud in Writing Model 1 and happy in | Writing Model 2. Circle the prepositions that follow them. / © Fillin the blanks. Use the adjective + preposition combinations from the box. There is more than one way to complete each statement. 1. Iwas getting married. ] 2. Iwas always sports. j 3. My parents were me. 4. Iwas getting lost. 5. Iwas the changes in my life. 6. Iwas making decisions.ORGANIZING YOUR IDEAS —ee The information in a paragraph needs to be organized. The writer must put the information in some kind of order. This makec ane Paragraph easier to read and understand. Getting Organized: Time Order Fora prewriting activity, the author of Writing Model 1 made a list of notes about the day. He wrote the list in time order getup had breakfast made phone calls _ got dressed—new clothes _Tshouse—6 cess town, then to school Walking into the gym with my class _ Parents, grandparents, pictures _henor students first, my prize . dinner at restaurant parties ‘The writer needed to limit his paragraph. He had to decide what information from his list to keep and what information te lane on WEEE choosing ideas from Prewriting Work alone or with a partner. Reread Writing Model 1 on page 130, In the list of notes above, underline the details that the writer chose to use in his Paragraph. Cross out the notes the writer did not use. Remembering an Important Event 133Getting Organized: Listing Order Asa prewriting activity, the author of Writing Model 2 tried freewriting. Freewriting means writing about a topic for five or ten minutes without stopping, The author of Writing Model 2 wrote quickly, keeping her fingers moving on the keyboard. She did not worry about mistakes in spelling or grammar. She did not worry about writing incomplete sentences or repeating ideas. She thought only about getting her ideas out as fast as possible. That is the goal of freewriting. my wedding day, one of most important days of my life, | have many things to say. exciting, wonderful day. the day beautiful, warm sun, surprise, not like before. it was october, a saturday. in the early morning, | woke up before the ring of my alarm clock. | was excited, | start to get ready, doing my hair, my dress, what will | say about my dress? my sisters and my friends in my room helping me. at the church, | remember flowers and music, singing, piano. feeling love around me. many friends, relatives, almost 100, | see their faces, everybody smiling and smiling, so happy for me. my mother and father’s faces, tears, what can | say, the (name?) talking, he gave much good advice to us. ‘smiling. | see my future husband, our eyes meeting. about the wedding, | | | walked (how to say?) with my husband, | remember walking slowly, | holding his arm, so happy. beginning of our new life together.‘fhe writer needed to limit her paragraph. She could not use al the ideas in her freewriting, She had to decide what to keep and what to leave one After looking at her freewriting, the writer decided to use listing order for her paragraph. She decided on three important memories of kes wedding day: the lovely weather, the smiles of her friends and relatives, and the walk up the aisle with her husband after the ceremony. Then she chose detains in support each point, to explain why each of these memories was important to her. You will see that in the final Paragraph, she also added some details that were not in her freewriting, MEISE choosing ideas from Prewriting Work alone or with a partner. Reread Writing Model 2 on page 131. Then look at the it ir BERGIELM isting order and Supporting Sentences Sentence that introduces a key memory of the writer's wedding day. Underline the six sentences that give details. © Compare Writing Model 2 with the writer's freewriting on page 134. Look for details in the writing model that were not in the freewriting. Double underline those new details in the writing model. SENTENCE STRU: UTI P MTEC ENTS SIMPLE VS. COMPOUND SENTENCES Lennar Review of Simple Sentences In Chapters 4 and 6, you studied four patterns for simple sentences. Each pattern has one subject-verb combination. 4 suoscor + 4 vero | Watetied the World Cup. 2evostors + 4 vens (My fends and 1 WateHd| the World Cup. 4 suosecr +2 venos We |Watehed the game and (cheered for our team. 2evoveote +2 vers ‘My friends and | Wh to a café and WATEHEM the game on their big TV, Remembering an Important Event 135REELS ee ao NE LI eer ‘Simple Sentence Patterns Match each sentence with a sentence pattern. Write the letter. AL 1 sussect +1 vers DB. 2evascers +4 vero C. 1 sussect + 2 venes ‘ . 2 svascers + 2venas 1. My friends and I play soccer and watch it on TY, too. 2. My friends get excited and yell at the TV. 3. Well have our favorite players. —— 4. Soccer and basketball are my favorite sports. ‘Compound Sentences Acompound sentence has two subject-verb combinations. To make a compound sentence, connect two simple sentences. Put a comma after the first simple sentence, and then use a coordinating conjunction, such as and, but, or so. pacts 2 ‘My fiends and | |RaV6 TVs at home, but we like watching games at a café with other fans. Recognizing Compound Sentences Find four compound sentences in the paragraph. Mark the subjects $ and the verbs V. Circle the comma and the coordinating conjunction. Once in my life, I spent a whole day shopping. It was in Bangkok at the Chatuchak Weekend Market, the best market in Thailand. ee huge aetandl ivegalittagiotie: about getting Jost. That day, my friends and I shopped for things for ourselves and our families. I bought some jeans and sandals for myself, and 1 got silk ties, scarves, and bags as gifts. The prices were good, but still spent a lot of money. The market also has many places to eat, so we took a lot of breaks for delicious Thai food and cold drinks. We also spent time looking at the exotic birds and fish. It was tiring to spend a whole day shopping, but the time went by fast.‘And, But, and So in Compound Sentences ‘The coordinating conjunctions and, but, and so have different meanings ivi sent and I bought tion, Iwent shopping, : on Souvenirs of my trip. 2. Use but when the second idea is Thought a lot of things, but I did different or surprising. Not spend a lot of ‘money. 3. Use so to show a result, My family liked their gifts, so T ‘was happy about that. See Appendix D, page 212, for more information about coordinating conjunctions, WEEEISSAE crosting compound sentences Combine each pair of simple sentences into a compound sentence. Use the Coordinating conjunction in parentheses. 1, In April of last year, my son was six years old, My daughter was four. (and) In April of last year, my son was six years old, and my daughter was four. _ 2 One day, my children were at home. My friend's little boy was there, too. (and) BREE EEEEEE err Pre eer recree rere eee eee? 3. The children were in the kitchen. I was not with them. (but) BEG ere eee (continued on next page) Remembering an important Event 137ESTE SE 4. My friend's son picked up the phone. He called 911. (ee 5. He did not talk to the operator. She saw our address on her computer screen, (but) 1 6. She believed that we had an emergency. She sent the police to our house. , (Go) a ee 7. There was no emergency. The police officers were angry about the call. (90) ie CL 8. I was upset with the children. I had a serious talk with them. Me 9. It was just a child's mistake. [had to pay a $50 fine. (bit) 10. Ilearned a lesson. The children did, too. ene) a Coordinating Conjunctions Circle the correct coordinating conjunction. 1. It was a beautiful place, (2nd / but) Twas happy there. 2. Hee Eun did not study for the test, (but / so) she got a good grade. 3. liked the movie, (and / bu') I did not understand all of it. 4. First, I cleaned the kitchen, (and / so) then I cleaned the bathroom. 5. Itrained all day, (but / so) they did not play baseball. 6. The music was great, (ard / but) there was free food. 7. Their apartment building is nice, (but / so) that part of the city is not. 8. The shoes did not fit right, (bu! / so) I did not buy them.Using Commas On page 136, you learned about using commas in compound sentences, Here are four more rules for using commas 1. Use a comma between the date Twas born on March 1, 1991. and the year 2. Use a comma after a time Last year, we took a family vacation, Wee og Fea | First) we decided where ty go. ! (Exception: Do not useacomma Then I did some research online. | after Then.) $. Use a comma between items in a Lucia, Rosa, and I went to the beach, Mn’, Of Words or phrases, We went swimming, read (Make sure that the items in magazines, and took long walks a series are the same part of one speech.) 4: Do not use a comma when you My parents and friends came to see connect only two words or me in the hospital. phrases, Ido not remember the accident or the ambulance ride. Correcting Comma Errors Find the places where 12 commas are missing. Make corrections. One sentence needs no o E 1. In August of 2012 we celebrated my parents’ 25th wedding anniversary. 2. They were married on August 7 1987. 3. My parents invited all our relatives and everyone came to our house for the day, My grandparents aunts uncles and cousins brought many kinds of food. » We ate together at a table in our backyard. a a op There were many delicious main dishes salads and desserts, EI After that the children played games and the adults sat and talked. 8. In the evening we said our goodbyes and everyone went home, Fomembering an important Event 139| ERTS REMC 8 OO UO ae eRe Take a sheet of paper. Write answers to the questions. Use the words in Parentheses. You will need one or more commas in each sentence. What are three things you do not own? (or) Ido not own a motorcycle, a horse, or a boat. 1. What are three foods you like? (and) Ea 2. What are three subjects you are interested in studying? (and) 3. What are three subjects you are not interested in? (or) 4. What are three things you do in the morning? (In the morning) 5. What are two things you often do on weekends? (On weekends) 6. What is today’s date? (Give the month, the day, and the year) Leis y NVI THE SIMPLE PAST ‘Verbs in the simple past describe events that began and ended in the past. JIN THE PRESENT IN THE Past I watch the news on TV every day. | watched the news on TV yesterday. Mr. Leo is a grandfather now. Mr. Lee was a child in the 1950s. The Simple Past of the Verb Be In Chapter 1, you learned that the verb be has three present forms: am, are, and is. In the simple past, the verb be has only two forms: was and were Somes a uate /aens (net a1. The past of there is/are is. ‘There was a meeting yesterday, there washuere, ‘There were no cars 200 years ago. 2A past time expression can go Twas at home yesterday moming. atthe beginning or so Tn 1999, Jack was in Singapore, See Appendix C3, page 200, for contractions with not. See page 159 for more information about past time expressions, MSE wesswere in Statements @ Change the sentences to the past. Use was or were, 1. Iam here, Last Friday, tweshere too. 2. The train is on time. Yesterday, , too. eer Eee ere 3. You are my partner. three days ago, too. oer ree 4. There are six people in the car. in the car last night, too. Se ee eeee Tne 5. My family is on vacation © Change the sentences to the Past. Use was or were + not, (Do not use never.) 1. Lam never late for class. Iwas not late for class this morning. 2. You are never late for class, yesterday. eee eee ee 3. You and Lare never partners, Last semester, 7 ee (continued on next page) Remembering an important Event 1444, There is never much rain here. ———____________ bast year. 5. My family is not here. In 1998, BEERS Take a sheet of Paper. Answer the questions in complete sentences. Use was or were. 1. When you were a child, what were your favorite TV shows? . How was the weather yesterday? . Where were you at 6:00 pat. yesterday? . Where were you five years ago? . What color was your first (bicycle/car/pet)? . How many students were there in your high school? Peer The Simple Past: Regular Verbs All regular verbs end in_-ed in simple past affirmative statements, The verb is the same for all subjects. Recutar Venss IN THE SivpLe Past: AFrinmative STaTEMENTS in Kiev for 17 years. ‘studied engineering at the university. working at age 68, in this country six months ago. See Appendix Cé, page 207, for spelling rules for regular verbs in the simple past. 142 CHAPTER7REGULAR VerBs IN THe SimPLe P, MEIER spating rocice Write the simple past form of each verb. Check Appendix C6 on page 207 for spelling rules. 1 listen listened. pian tte eOMOYs 3meed decide 4 stay og worry ep MERGER Regutar verbs in Negative Statements Complete the sentences. Repeat the same verb, but make it negative. Use the past time expression in parentheses. 1. (last night) I often watch TV at night, but I did not watch TV last night. 2 (last year) They often visit us, but they 3. (Yesterday) She often calls me, butshe— 4 lastnight) Itoften rains butit——— 5. (lastmonth) We often travel, butwe 6. (last weekend) He often washes his car on weekends, but Weg Flemembering an important Event 143Take a sheet of paper. Write ten true statements using the simple past. Use the verbs from the box. Include both affirmative and negative statements. Include time expressions such as yesterday, last week/month/year, or in 2012. Examptes listened to music and studied last night: It did not rain last weekend. The Simple Past: Irregular Verbs Irregular verbs do not end in -ed in the simple past. Compare two verbs. f with the same meaning, the irregular verb begin and the regular verb start: Means cee Varna and make (made). You will need to use irregular verbs, so you will need to memorize their simple past forms. You can find a list of common irregular verbs on page 208. In negative statements, there is no difference between regular and irregular verbs in the simple past. For both types of verbs, use did not + the base form of , Many common verbs are irregular, such as go (went), have (had), get (got), i i the verb. SES Nghe nua ENcrs Irregular Verbs in Statements ® Complete the affirmative statements with the words given, Use the simple past, 1. I/ take / a trip with my family In 1998, I took a trip with my family att he / go / to his grandparents’ house Last summer, BIE CEg EE SrreT Cerrar eee ] my cousins / come / to visit me etme ET Cane treeeee } 4. she / make / an important decision Pw Wears apy, ee a x % 5. they / leave / early SEECEIPEEE Perper pp eee eee eee yesterday morning. 6. the children / have / fun last weekend. 7. 1/ get / home at 8:00 px. eer eee Eee Pee EE 8. I/ buy / anew phone Last year, Seer ae epee EEE EEE © Change each statement from affirmative to negative, 1. Itooka trip, Se 2. hurt myself. a 3. [forgot my passport. ECE eee 4. Iknew his name. SITES Ecr reece 5. Isaid goodbye. eer eee ee ESE eee 6. I did the right thing. Serre eae eee yesterday evening. Remembering an Important Event 145Editing for Verb Errors 146 CHAPTER 7 Find 11 more errors in verbs in this Paragraph. Make corrections. Last Monday, Harry washavea terrible day. The day begun badly. He did no remember to set his alarm, so he got up late. He did not has time for breakfast. He boughts coffee on the way to work and spilled it on his clothes. At work, he wrote reports all morning. At noon, his boss came in, and she was angry. “You did not a good job on this report,” she say to Harry. Harry felt bad about his boss's feedback. He no went out to lunch with his friends. Instead, he was stayed in his office and work. Finally, he finished. On the way home, he has a car accident. Poor Harry! At. « home, he goed back to bed. He wanted to forget the whole day. Statements with the Simple Past Write six sentences about Amanda's life using information from the timeline, Use verbs in the simple past tense. i: RY ELLE x Se FEES ot SS SS S e Oe SF eeeHE Take a sheet of Paper. Write six or more true statements about your life, Use the ‘simple past tense. Try to include both affirmative and negative statements, Twas born in Osaka. Toved animals, but I did not have a pet A Applying Vocabulary: Using Adjectives + Prepositions In this chapter, you have seen many adjectives followed by prepositions Review the ones you learned about on page 132. A preposition needs an object. That object is usually a noun or an object Pronoun (rae, you, him, her, it, us, them). ‘They were happy for Maria. We were happy for her, too. He was nervous about final exams. | was nervous about them, too. The object of a preposition can also be a gerund. A gerund looks like the -ing form of a verb, but a gerund is used as a noun, HEGIESEN Aciectives + prepositions Complete the sentences with the correct preposition, | Twashappy______._ the result of the game . My friends were happy me when I got the job. . Many people are afraid 1 2. 3. Iwas proud_______ my brother when he became a pilot. 4. public speaking. 5. . We were excited our plans for the weekend. 6. Iwasalways good sports. 7. Lwas never interested history. 8. Everyone was nervous the test. Remembering an Important Event 147MEXSIGSEM Aciectives and Prepositions + Gerunds Take a sheet of Paper. Write five or more true ‘statements, affirmative or Negative. Include an adjective + preposition + gerund combination in each 4 statement. Use the verb phrases from the box. Examrte [GHR®> step 1: Prewrite to get ideas. 2 Get ready to write by prewriting. Choose one of these activities: * Make notes in time order about what happened on the day of the event. (See page 133 for an example of notes in time order.) * Freewrite about the event for at least five minutes. (ee page 134 for an explanation of freewriting and an example.) ‘Some writers like to do freewriting this Way: First, they freewrite for five ‘minutes, Next, they read what they wrote and choose one idea from their wilting. Then they freewrite about that idea for five minutes more, ©: Look at your notes or freewriting. Decide what information is most important to your description of the event. Circle or underline it Decide how you want to organize your paragraph. Use time order or listing order, like the writing models on pages 130 and 131. 148° cHaPTER 7STEP 2: Write the first draft. Write your first draft. Begin with a topic sentence. Make sure your Supporting sentences show why your topic sentence is tras Adda title. STEP 3: Revise and edit the draft. 2 Read your paragraph again. It may help you to read it out loud. Make changes if needed. b. Do peer review. Sit with a partner and exchange papers. Give each other feedback. Follow the steps on the Peer Reviews Worksheet. Peer Review WorksHeer ‘Your partner’s name: en ee Content 1. Read all of your partner's paragraph, 2. Underline any part of the paragraph you do not understand. Ask your partner to explain it. . Gitele the topic sentence, If there is no topic sentence, write TS? on the paper. ‘4 Reread the supporting sentences, Ask questions if you want ‘more information. 5. How did your partner organize the paragraph? On the Paper, write Time order oF Listing order. Ifthe organization is not cleat, write Onder Format and Language & Use this list to check your partner’s paper: Check (/) each item as you finish, 1 the format of the paper T the use of simple past verbs Fassubject in every sentence the use of commas a verb for every subject 7. Puta question mark (2) if you are not sure about something. & Return your partner’s paper. Can you say something nice about it? 4. Look at your own paper. If you do not agree with a comment, ask another student or your teacher. ©. On your paper, mark any changes you want to make to your paragraph. Remembering an Important Event 149.(BAR step «: writes new draft. 3 Take a new sheet of paper and write a new draft b. Edit your new draft carefully, and hand itin to your teacher Kontractions ate fine for informal wring, but they are not user in academic reriner Witen you edit a piece of academic wnting, such ag your paragraph for this assignment, change ‘any contractions to their full forms. For. ‘example, | { change wasn't and didn’t to was not and did noe In this chapter, you learned t O Organize your ideas during prewriting O Write compound sentences with and, but, and so O Apply rules for using commas in sentences O Use simple past verbs O Wite, revise, and edit a paragraph about an important event in your life Which ones can you do well? Mark them os Which ones do you need to practice more? Mark them 0 14 © ted wamne Students need to write quickly to succeed in academic writing. For example, they manes Students need to do a writing assignment in clace ay ona test, and they have only a short time to do it. 1. Read the writing prompt on page 151 (or the Prompt that your teacher gives 4 you). Make sure that you understand the Prompt. If you have questions, ask about organizing your ideas. Mark up your notes woah circles, arrows, and ‘umbers to show the order of information in your Paragraph. Write a topic sentence for your paragraph. (6 minutes) 150 CHAPTER 73. Write your paragraph. Be sure to include a topic sentence and supporting sentences, (10 minutes) 4. Check your paragraph. Correct any mistakes. (2 minutes) 5. Give your paper to your teacher. Prompt: Write about last weekend or some other weekend that you remember well. Choose an adjective to describe the weekend such as busy, interesting, relaxing, typical, unforgettable, or unusual Uae that adjective in your topic sentence. Describe the events of the Weekend so that you support your topic sentence @ Your sournat Continue making entries in your journal. If you cannot think of a topic for a journal entry, try one of these ideas: * Write about your education. How old were you when you slanted school? What schools did you go to? How did you feel about school when you were growing up? * Think of a time when you had some good luck. What happened? Why did you think you were lucky? * When did you start leaming English? Did you choose to study English, or did you have to learn it? Describe your first experiences with learning English For more idens for journal entries, see Appendix A on page 193 Remembering an important Event 154