Computer Networks IInew

17/4/2014
I
/
krantos@teikav.edu.gr
1
TCP/IP
IP .
IP

( IP),
.
TCP/UDP
(IPv4, IPv6)
TCP/IP (ICMP, ARP, RARP)
1
17/4/2014
TCP/IP
Internet

.

ARPANET
ARPA (Advanced
Research Projects Agency)
DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency).
ARPA:

.
4
2
17/4/2014
Internet

Internet.

.
TCP/IP .
2
( 6,8 )
2000 361.000.
2000-2010: 444%
5 .
11 .
: The opte
Project
3
17/4/2014
Internet

.
Internet
;

;
7
Internet

Internet Internet Architecture
Board (IAB).

(task forces)
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF).
IETF

,

Internet.
4
17/4/2014
Internet

.
http://www.ietf.org/rfc.html
RFC 5000

Internet
RFCs

:
Hubs
Switches
Bridges
Routers
Gateways
10
5
17/4/2014
Hub ():

.

( hub ).

11
Switch ():

(
switches hubs) .

MAC
12
6
17/4/2014
Bridge ():

.
13
Router ():

.

.
14
7
17/4/2014
Gateway ():

().

.. Residential gateway
15
16
8
17/4/2014
TCP/IP

Internet
de facto
.
:
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol):
TCP/IP
IP (Internet Protocol): Internet
TCP/IP.
OSI
. TCP/IP
OSI .
17
TCP/IP
4 :
(Application):
Bytes, Message Stream
(Transport):
(Internet):
(Network Access
Layer):
18
9
17/4/2014
OSI
OSI:
(Application):
.
(Presentation):
.
(Session):

.
(Transport): ,
, , .
(Network): , ,
.
(Data Link):
, .
(Physical):
19
OSI TCP/IP
20
10
17/4/2014
TCP/IP OSI

:
.

.
.
:

(..
Bluetooth).
.
21
TCP/IP
22
11
17/4/2014
TCP/IP:

:
(HTTP)
(Telnet)
(FTP)
(SMTP, IMAP, POP)
(NNTP)
(LDAP)
23
TCP/IP:

.

.

.
24
12
17/4/2014
.
.
()

.

.

,

.
25
:
TCP (Transmission
Control Protocol):
:

.
TCP
.

.
,
(
)
.
26
13
17/4/2014
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol):

:
.

.

. .. Email,
FTP.
27
TCP :

(16bit)

(16bit)

(

)

28
14
17/4/2014
UDP (User Datagram Protocol):

,
.
TCP,

.
datagram
64kbytes
1500bytes.
29
UDP (User Datagram Protocol):

, .. Streaming Video
( ), .
: (16bits),
(16bits), (16bits),
(16bits),
30
15
17/4/2014

.

.

.
31
32
16
17/4/2014
33
34
17
17/4/2014
35
36
18
17/4/2014

.
Application Application
Transport Transport
RFC1122 Stallings
Tanenbaum Comer
Internet Internet
Network Access
Link
Physical
37
IP
38
19
17/4/2014
IP

.
MAC
,
.
TCP/IP IP
.
IP
32bits IPv4 (128bits
IPv6).
39
IPv4
3 : IP ,
3 bits.
x.x.x.x (x=byte)
:
Class A: bit : 0
(1.0.0.0 127.255.255.255)
Class B: bits : 10
(128.0.0.0 191.255.255.255)
Class C: bits : 110
(192.0.0.0 223.255.255.255)
Class D: multicasting (1110)
Class E: (1111)
40
20
17/4/2014
IPv4

(host)
.
0 7 15 23 31
Class 0 Net -id Host-id
Class B 10 Net -id Host-id
Class C 110 Net -id Host-id
Class D 1110 Multicast Address
Class E 1111 Reserved
41
IPv4
Class A: 27 , 216(65,536) hosts

7 bits netid 24bits hostid.
0 7 15 23 31
Class B: 214 , 28(256) 216(65,536) hosts

0 7 15 23 31
Class C: 221 , 28(256) hosts

0 7 15 23 31
42
21
17/4/2014
IPv4
0 7 15 23 31
Class D 1110 Multicast Address
Class E 1111 Reserved
43

IP .
:
0: host .
Netid 0: host .
Hostid 0: host .
1: (broadcasting)
Hostid 1: .
Netid.
Netid 127: (loopback).
,
1 ,
0 .
44
22
17/4/2014

.
host
.

.

.
.. C
78
20 .
45

.

.

.
IP
.
46
23
17/4/2014
128.10.1.0
128.10.1.1 128.10.1.2
1 2
Internet G

128.10.0.0
128.10.2.0
128.10.2.1 128.10.2.2
3 4
47
G
128.10.0.0
byte .

:
32bit
host
host.

48
24
17/4/2014

.
IP :
Host
Host
49

:
.

.
() host
.
50
25
17/4/2014
:
broadcast domains

. domain
.

51

:

hosts .

bits, host
,
bits
hosts .
TCP/IP .
52
26
17/4/2014
:
1.

WAN
2. hosts
host
interface router
3.

hosts

53

host
:

32-bit 1 0,
1

0
host

54
27
17/4/2014
..: 32-bit
11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000
bytes
host.
BOOLEAN AND

host
.
:
Class : 255.0.0.0
Class B: 255.255.0.0
Class C: 255.255.255.0
55
bits
8.

255.255.255.128 /25
255.255.255.192 /26
255.255.255.224 /27
255.255.255.240 /28
255.255.255.248 /29
255.255.255.252 /30
56
28
17/4/2014
= 2x , x 1

hosts = 2y-2 , y 0
Broadcast address: subnet 1
hosts: subnets
0 1
57
Class C: 1
192.168.10.0
255.255.255.192
: 22 = 4
hosts : 26-2 = 62
: 0, 64, 128, 192
Broadcast address : 63, 127, 191, 255
host : 1-62, 65-126, 129-
190, 193-254
58
29
17/4/2014
Class C: 2
192.168.10.0
255.255.255.224
:;
hosts : ;
: ;
Broadcast address : ;
host : ;
59
Class C: 2
192.168.10.0
255.255.255.224
: 23 = 8
hosts : 25-2 = 30
: 192.168.10.0, 192.168.10.32, .64, .96, .128, .160,
.192, .224
Broadcast address : 31, 63, 95, 127,
159, 191, 223, 255
host : 1-30, 33-62, 65-94,
97-126, 129-158, 161-190, 193-222, 225-254
60
30
17/4/2014
Class C: 3
: 192.168.10.41,
192.168.10.131 192.168.10.154

255.255.255.128;
255.255.255.224;
192.168.10.32 192.168.15.42

255.255.255.18;
61
bits
16.

255.255.128.0 /17 255.255.255.0 /24
255.255.192.0 /18 255.255.255.128 /25
255.255.224.0 /19 255.255.255.192 /26
255.255.240.0 /20 255.255.255.224 /27
255.255.248.0 /21 255.255.255.240 /28
255.255.252.0 /22 255.255.255.248 /29
255.255.254.0 /23 255.255.255.252 /30
62
31
17/4/2014
Class B: 1
154.12.0.0
255.255.192.0
: ;
hosts : ;
: ;
host : ;
63
Class B: 1
154.12.0.0
255.255.192.0
: 22 = 4
hosts : 214-2 = 16382
: 0.0, 64.0, 128.0, 192.0
Broadcast address : 63.255, 127.255,
191.255, 255.255
host :
0.1-63.254,
64.1-127.254,
128.1-191.254,
192.1-255.254
64
32
17/4/2014
Class B: 2
154.12.0.0
255.255.240.0
: ;
hosts : ;
: ;
host : ;
65
Class B: 2
154.12.0.0
255.255.240.0
: 24 = 16
hosts : 212-2 = 4094
: 0.0, 16.0, 32.0, 48.0, 64.0, , 240.0
Broadcast address : 15.255, 31.255,
47.255, 63.255,
host :
0.1-15.254,
16.1-31.254,
32.1-47.254,
48.1-63.254,

66
33
17/4/2014
Class B: 3
154.12.0.0
255.255.255.192
: ;
hosts : ;
: ;
host : ;
67
Class B: 3
154.12.0.0
255.255.255.192
: 210 = 1024
hosts : 26-2 = 62
: 0.0, 0.64, 0.128, 0.192, 1.0, 1.64, 1.128, 1.192
Broadcast address : 0.63, 0.127, 0.191,
0.255, 1.63, 1.127, 1.191, 1.255
host :
0.1-0.62,
0.65-0.126,
0.129-0.190,
0.193-0.254,
1.1-1.62

68
34
17/4/2014
bits
24.

255.128.0.0 (/9) 255.255.240.0 (/20)
255.192.0.0 (/10) 255.255.248.0 (/21)
255.224.0.0 (/11) 255.255.252.0 (/22)
255.240.0.0 (/12) 255.255.254.0 (/23)
255.248.0.0 (/13) 255.255.255.0 (/24)
255.252.0.0 (/14) 255.255.255.128 (/25)
255.254.0.0 (/15) 255.255.255.192 (/26)
255.255.0.0 (/16) 255.255.255.224 (/27)
255.255.128.0 (/17) 255.255.255.240 (/28)
255.255.192.0 (/18) 255.255.255.248 (/29)
255.255.224.0 (/19) 255.255.255.252 (/30)
69
:
Network address: 192.168.15.35

Subnet mask: 255.255.255.248
;
host ;
host ;
broadcast ;
;
70
35
17/4/2014
1. byte :
35 = 00100011
2. byte :
248 = 11111000
3. bits
00100011
11111000
4. bits
: 00100000
host : 00100001
host : 00100110
broadcast: 00100111
: 00101000
71

:

;

host ;

host ;
broadcast
;
;
DNS
;
72
36
17/4/2014
1. :
212.92.233 = 11010100.01011100.11101001
2. :
255.255.0 = 11111111.11111111.00000000
3. bits
11010100.01011100.11101001
11111111.11111111.00000000
4. bits
: 11010100.01011100.00000000
host : 11010100.01011100.00000001
host : 11010100.01011100.11111110
broadcast: 11010100.01011100.11111111
: 11010100.01011101.00000000
73
hosts
:
195.12.32.192/26
195.12.32.192/27
195.12.32.192/28
192.15.36.160/27
192.15.36.160/28
83.17.128.0/18
74
37
17/4/2014

178.46.0.0. 19

2046 hosts.
.

B
176 . hosts
;
75

192.168.10.0
:
: 20 hosts
B: 2 hosts
D: 30 hosts
E: 12 hosts
F: 30 hosts
76
38
17/4/2014

Net A 15 hosts

192.168.10.0
Net C 22 hosts
Net B 20 hosts
77
Net E 2 hosts
192.168.10.160
255.255.255.224
Net A 15 hosts
192.168.10.128
255.255.255.224
Net D 2 hosts
192.168.10.96
255.255.255.224
Net F 2 hosts
192.168.10.192
255.255.255.224
Net C 22 hosts
192.168.10.64
Net B 20 hosts 255.255.255.224
192.168.10.0
255.255.255.224
78
39
17/4/2014
Variable Length Subnet Mask

subnet masks
.

.

.
79

200.17.5.0

hosts:
82 hosts
55 hosts
C 30 hosts
D 10 hosts
E 8 hosts

hosts
80
40
17/4/2014
: bits
63
hosts .
2
255.255.255.128 ( bit) (
) ,
bits
3
.
35 hosts
2 ( 1 bit),
C D 1 bit
2 , C D.
81
192.168.10.0.
,
.
Net
30 hosts
Net A
14 hosts
Net D
Net C
6 hosts
20 hosts
82
41
17/4/2014
Net 30 hosts
192.168.10.32/27
Net A 14 hosts Net 2 hosts
192.168.10.16/28 192.168.10.0/30
Net F 2 hosts
192.168.10.4/30 Net H 2 hosts
192.168.10.12/30
Net G 2 hosts
192.168.10.8/30 Net D 6 hosts
Net C 20 hosts
192.168.10.96/29
192.168.10.64/27
83
192.168.10.0/24.
,
.
Net B Net C
10 hosts 12 hosts
Net A Net G
30 hosts Net D 12 hosts
Net E Net F
Net K
8 hosts
Net H Net J
Net I
60 hosts 60 hosts
14 hosts
84
42
17/4/2014
IP
85
IP
(Internet Protocol)

.

,
(best effort delivery)

86
43
17/4/2014
IP

().

.
.
( 20 bytes
+ )
.
87
IPv4
0 15 31
Version Header Priority and Type of
Total length (16)
(4) length (4) Service (8)
Flags
Identification (16) Fragment offset (13)
(3)
20
Time to Live (8) Protocol (8) Header Checksum (16) bytes
Source IP Address (32)
Destination IP Address (32)
Options (0 or 32 if any)
Data (varies if any)
88
44
17/4/2014
IPv4
0 15 31
Total length (16)
Flags
(3)
(Version) (4 bits):
Time to Live (8)
Protocol (8) Header Checksum (16)
.
4 6.
(Header Length
Field) (4 bits):
32-bits.
89
IPv4
0 15 31
Total length (16)
Flags Type) (8bits):

(Service
(3)
.

Time to Live (8) (8)
Protocol (16)
Header Checksum
. :
Bits 0-2: Precedence.
Bit 3: 0 = Normal Delay, 1 = Low Delay.
Bits 4: 0 = Destination
NormalIP Throughput,
Address (32) 1 = High
Throughput.
Bits Options (0 orReliability,
5: 0 = Normal 32 if any) 1 = High
Reliability.
Bit 6-7: Reserved for Future Use.
90
45
17/4/2014
IPv4
0 15 31
Total length (16)
Flags
(3)

Time to Live (8)
(Total Length)
Protocol (8)
(16bits):
Header Checksum (16)

Source
IP Address (32)
.

Destination
IP Address (32)
(65,535 bytes).
91
(MTU)
(Maximum Transfer
Unit, MTU):

. .. Ethernet (1500bytes), FDDI (
4470bytes). MTU
(.. 127bytes IEEE802.15.4 WPAN).
(
MTU
)
MTU.

.
92
46
17/4/2014
(MTU)
: TCP/IP

(,
fragments)
MTU.
fragmentation.

.

.

.
93
IPv4
0 15 31
Total length (16)
Flags
(3)
Time to Live (8) Protocol (8) Header Checksum (16)
:
(Identification) (16bits):
16-bit
.
fragmentation

.
94
47
17/4/2014
IPv4
0 15 31
Total length (16)
Flags
(3)

:
Flags : Source IP Address (32)
Bit 0: 0
Bit 1: 0=May fragment, 1=Dont fragment
Bit 2: 0=Last Fragment, 1=More Fragments
95
IPv4
0 15 31
Total length (16)
Flags
(3)

:
Source IP
Address (32) Offset) (13bits):
(Fragment

.
Destination
IP Address (32) 8bytes. To
offset 0.
96
48
17/4/2014
IPv4
0 15 31
Version Header
Priority
and Type of Total(Time
length (16)to live)
(8 bits):
Flags
Identification (16) .
Fragment offset (13)
(3)

Time to Live (8)
Protocol (8)
Header Checksum (16)
.
Source
(32)
IP Address 1
0

Destination IP Address (32) .
97
IPv4
0 15 31
Total length (16)
Flags
(3)

(Protocol) (16bits):
(..Destination
TCP, UDP) (32)
IP Address
.
. Options (0 or 32 if any)
98
49
17/4/2014
IPv4
0 15 31

Version
Header Priority and Type of
Total length (16)

(4) length (4)(Header Service (8)
Checksum) (16 bits): Flags
(3)

Time to Live (8)
. Protocol (8) Header Checksum (16)

Source16-
IP Address (32)
bit ,
,
(0 or 32 if any)
Options
.
0.
99
IPv4
0 15 31

Version Header Priority
and Type of
Total
length (16)
(Source Address and Destination Address) (32bits
Flags

):Identification (16)
(3)
Fragment offset (13)
.
100
50
17/4/2014
Frame 1 (1506 bytes on wire, 1506 bytes captured)

Ethernet II, Src: Intracom_26:ac:be (00:05:59:26:ac:be), Dst: IntelCor_35:6f:69 (00:1f:3c:35:6f:69)
Internet Protocol, Src: 94.75.220.129 (94.75.220.129), Dst: 192.168.2.3 (192.168.2.3)
Version: 4
Header length: 20 bytes
Differentiated Services Field: 0x00 (DSCP 0x00: Default; ECN: 0x00)
0000 00.. = Differentiated Services Codepoint: Default (0x00)
.... ..0. = ECN-Capable Transport (ECT): 0 ECN: Explicit Congestion Notification
.... ...0 = ECN-CE: 0
Total Length: 1492
Identification: 0x708f (28815)
Flags: 0x02 (Don't Fragment)
0.. = Reserved bit: Not Set
.1. = Don't fragment: Set
..0 = More fragments: Not Set
IP captured packet
Fragment offset: 0
Time to live: 114
Protocol: TCP (0x06)
Header checksum: 0x951c [correct]
[Good: True]
[Bad : False]
Source: 94.75.220.129 (94.75.220.129)
Destination: 192.168.2.3 (192.168.2.3)
Transmission Control Protocol, Src Port: http (80), Dst Port: 50513 (50513), Seq: 1, Ack: 1, Len: 1452
Hypertext Transfer Protocol
101

IPv6
102
51
17/4/2014
NAT protocol
NAT (Network Address Translation)

v4:

Internet

.

,
( ..
).
103
NAT protocol

.

,
,

.

,
.
104
52
17/4/2014
NAT protocol

.

.
.
10.0.0.0 10.255.255.255 (10.0.0.0/8)
172.16.0.0 172.31.255.255 (172.16.0.0/12)
192.168.0.0 192.168.255.255 (192.168.0.0/16)
105
NAT protocol
.. ( )
IP
IP
(172.17.1.5)
(165.69.210.246).
165.69.210.246

.
106
53
17/4/2014
NAT protocol

IP

.

. ,

IP.
107
IPv6
2011,
ICANN (Internet
Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers)

,
,
IPv4.
IPv4
ICAN

(RIR).
108
54
17/4/2014
IPv6
IPv6 (RFC 2460):

.

(
IPv4).
.
,
(real-time
services).
109
IPv6
IPv6:

IP (

).

.
110
55
17/4/2014
IPv6
128 bits.
~3,4x1038

340.282.366.920.938.463.463.374.607.431.768.211.456
IPv4.

8 16-bit .
..
2001:0ba0:01e0:d001:0000:0000:d0f0:0010
111
IPv6
:
.. 2001 : 0db8 : 3c4d : 0015 : 0000 : 0000 : abcd : ef12
global prefix subnet Interface ID
To global prefix ISP Regional

Internet Registry. Subnet Interface ID
.
IPv6 blocks 0
( ) :
.. 2001 : 0db8 : 3c4d : 0015 : 0 : 0 : abcd : ef12
2001 : 0db8 : 3c4d : 0015 : : abcd : ef12
Localhost: ::1
112
56
17/4/2014
IPv6 IPv4
IPv4 unicast, broadcast multicast

.
IPv6 unicast, multicast anycast
.
broadcast multicast.
113
IPv6 Unicast
Global unicast addresses:

IPv4.
Link-local addresses:
IPv4. (
),
(.. Conference).
Unique local addresses: link-local

.
Special addresses: Loopback addresses
IPv4
IPv6.
114
57
17/4/2014
Link IPv6
Link IPv6 (RFC 4862):

.
Ethernet; PPP links; X.25, Frame
Relay, ATM ; (tunnels)
( ).
115
IPv6 Unicast
unicast
:
bits >=48 <=16 64
routing prefix subnet id interface identifier
64-bit interface identifier

MAC
interface EUI-64 format
DHCPv6 server
(),

116
58
17/4/2014
Modified EUI-64
MAC link local IPv6

EUI-64:
FF:FE MAC
,
bit Universal/Local ( 7
bit) 1

:
MAC
00:1C:BF:2F:C8:19
02:1C:BF:FF:FE:2F:C8:19
117
Multicast
multicast
.
broadcasting
.

(
broadcasting IPv4).
118
59
17/4/2014
Anycast

.
anycast

.
load balancing
failover.
119
IPv6
IPv4 IPv6:
(dual stack):

.
(tunneling):
IPv6
IPv4 IPv4 IPv6.
120
60
17/4/2014
IPv6 over IPv4 Tunneling
IPv4 Header IPv6 Header IPv6 Data
Dual Stack Dual Stack

Router
IPv4 Network
IPv6 over IPv4 tunnel Router
IPv6 IPv6
Net Net
121
IPv6
0 15 31
Version
Traffic Class (8) Flow Label (20)
(4)
Payload Length (16) Next Header (8) Hop Limit (8)
122
61
17/4/2014
IPv6
0 15 31
Version
(4)
Payload
(Version) 4bits:
Length (16) Next Hop Limit(6).
Header (8) (8)
(Traffic Class) 8bits:

Source IP
Address
(128)

. 0 7

. 8 15
Destination
IP
Address (128)
(.. ,
). Type of Service IPv4.
123
IPv6
0 15 31
Version
(4)
(Flow Label) (20 bits):

-
.

o.
124
62
17/4/2014
IPv6
0 15 31
Version
(4)

Source IP Address (128) (Payload
Length) (16-bit):
( bytes)
( IPv4
Total Length
).
125
IPv6
0 15 31
Version
(4)
(Next Header) (8
bits): IPv6
(
IPv4)
.
fragmentation,
, IP.
Destination Address (128)
.
126
63
17/4/2014
IPv6
0 15 31
Version
(4)
(Hop Limit) (8bits):

Time-To-Live
Source IP Address (128) IPv4.
IPv4 time-
to-live
, IPv6
Destination

IP Address (128)
.
127
IPv6
0 15 31
Version

Traffic Class (8) (Source Address)
Flow Label (20)
(4)
(Destination Address)
(128bits
PayloadLength
):
(16) (8) .
Next Header Hop Limit (8)
128
64
17/4/2014
Fragment extension
(Fragment
Extension Header) (8 bytes):
.
IPv6
(
IPv4

MTU )

MTU (MTU Path
Discovery) MTU
.
IPv6
.
129
Fragment extension
(Fragment
Extension Header) (8 bytes):
IPv4
, more fragments,
.
(MTU Path
Discovery):
+

.
Internet

. MTU
. IPv6
130
65
17/4/2014
MTU Path Discovery

MTU Path
Discovery: IPv6

(tunnelling) IPv6
IPv6.

,
.
131
IPv6 Tunneling

(encapsulation).

.
132
66
17/4/2014
IPv6 over IPv6 Tunneling
IPv6 Header IPv6 Header IPv6 Data
IPv6 Network
IPv6 over IPv6 tunnel
IPv6 IPv6
Net Net
133

195.152.8.0/24.
. VLSM.
Router A PC C1
Net A PC A1
42 Net C 24
Router C
hosts hosts
PC A2
PC C2
Router B
Router D
PC B1
PC D1 Net D
Net B 8 hosts
30 PC E1
hosts PC B2
Net E PC D2
PC E2 31
hosts 134
67
17/4/2014
&

135

.
.
;

.
.
136
68
17/4/2014

.
:
(.. )
.
:

( )
.
137
,
,
.
hosts
:

hosts

.
138
69
17/4/2014
:
(host)
.
139
:
.

( )
:
.
: .
140
70
17/4/2014
:
(Non-adaptive)

(Adaptive)

141
Non-adaptive

(.. ,
..).

.
142
71
17/4/2014
Adaptive

(,
). :
(
,
)
( x sec,
, )
(,
, ).
143
:
+
+ .
(

)
:
+ .
+ .
.
144
72
17/4/2014
;
;
;
;

.
: J

,
J
.
145

(shortest path)

.
.
Dijkstra.
.
:
.
.
.
.
146
73
17/4/2014
Dijkstra
,
,

.
,
.

.
147

(flow based routing)
,

,

.

.
:
.
148
74
17/4/2014
(selective flooding)

.
.

(
).

.
149

(Distance Vector Routing)
()
,
,
.

.

.

.
150
75
17/4/2014


. .

1 A
2 C
C 1 C
D 3 C
,
( )
(
).
151


,
,
,

152
76
17/4/2014

.. :

1
D 1 D
C 8 D
H 2 A
E 7 D
F 3 D
:

1
C 3
H 7
E 7
G 4
153

O :

1
D 1 D
C 4 A
H 8
7 D
F 3 D
G 5
154
77
17/4/2014

:
? :

.
155

:
C D E

4 .
156
78
17/4/2014

:
B, C, D
1, 2, 3 4

.
;
C D E

157
Count to infinity
.
C
2
.
3
C.
C B
3
4.

(
).
158
79
17/4/2014

:

.
.. ,

C .

C.
.
159
;

1
C 8
D 2 C
E 7 F
F 3 D
160
80
17/4/2014

.

.
.
1.
C
D

E

F

o .
161

D ;
162
81
17/4/2014
163

.

.

(link state routing)
164
82
17/4/2014

(Link State Routing)
:

,

,

,
,

(
Dijkstra).
165
:
HELLO

.
:
ECHO

.
,
.
166
83
17/4/2014

;
167
:

:
,
,
,

.

.
168
84
17/4/2014
169
:
.

.
.
170
85
17/4/2014
.

:

.

.

.
171
:

Dijkstra

.

.
172
86
17/4/2014

Distance Vector Routing:

(
)
Link
State Routing ( Shortest Path
First):
,

173

111.2.24.0/23. Net 63 hosts

, hosts Net A Router A
PC B
routers 45 hosts
Router B
.
PC A
Net D
. 49 hosts
Router C
hosts PC C
Router D
Net C PC D
62 hosts
. Net E
PC E
17 hosts
174
87
17/4/2014
TCP/IP
175
TCP/IP
:
:

INTERNET
.

.

.
176
88
17/4/2014
TCP/IP

,
.
IGPs: RIP,
EIGRP, OSPF
EGPs: BGP
177
TCP/IP
Interior Gateway Protocols:

Routing Information Protocol (RIPv1, RIPv2)
Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)
Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)
Exterior Gateway Protocols:

Border Gateway Protocol (BGPv4)

IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers
Authority www.iana.org)
178
89
17/4/2014

(Border Gateway Protocol BGP)

(path vector routing).
.

.
179
BGP
:
(stub networks):
(
).

.
(multiconnected
networks):
.
(transit networks):

, .
180
90
17/4/2014
BGP

.

.

.
BGP
TCP
.
181
BGP

AS.

.
182
91
17/4/2014
BGP
BGP Internet;
BGP
,
.

()
.
.

ASs ASs
AS
AS.
183
Interior Gateway Protocol OSPF
:

, , .

184
92
17/4/2014
AS
(areas).
.
AS

(backbone) ( 0)

.

backbone.

backbone.
185

.

.

.
186
93
17/4/2014

.

.

(designated router)

.

.
187
OSPF

:
.

.
.

.

:

AS.
188
94
17/4/2014
:

.

(
). .

.

.

.
189
Interior Gateway Protocol RIP
Routing Information Protocol RIP:

:

.

190
95
17/4/2014
Classless Routing
191
Classless Interdomain Routing

:

Internet (
).
IPv4.

(
A, C). , 2
C.
.
192
96
17/4/2014
CIDR
C 255 hosts

C .
C

.
.., 16 C

16 .

16x255 = 4080 65,536
host.
193
CIDR
To Classless InterDomain Routing CIDR (

supernetting)

.

.

.

bits .
194
97
17/4/2014
Classful, Classless Routing Protocols
Classful Routing:
RIPv1 IGRP subnetting (.. VLSM)
supernetting CIDR.
Classless Routing:
RIPv2, IGRP OSPF, BGP-4 subnetting (..
VLSM) supernetting CIDR.
195
CIDR
16
C. 16
, 16
C.
192.4.16.0 192.4.31.0.
20 bits .

C.
,
C

.
196
98
17/4/2014
CIDR

C
.

C 2.

.
197
CIDR
CIDR

.

,

.
..
171.69.0.0/16 171.69.10.0/24.

171.69.10.5 .
198
99
17/4/2014
CIDR

(longest prefix).
171.69.10.5
171.69.10.0/24.
171.69.20.5 171.69.0.0/16

.
199

classless routing
.

:
136.79.55.65

136.79.55.137
136.79.55.0/25 R0
176.79.45.40
136.79.55.128/26 R1
176.79.45.194
176.79.45.128/26 R2
193.5.12.130
193.5.12.192/27 R3
193.5.12.225
Default R4
200
100
17/4/2014

400 hosts.
hosts

?

207.21.51.0
207.21.60.0.
.
201

1400 hosts
192.12.7.0-192.12.23.255.

.
1400 hosts
400 ?

16 .
202
101
17/4/2014

1300 hosts
192.12.160.0/20.

.
CIDR

180.128.0.0/12
180.131.0.0 180.136.255.255
180.142.0.0 180.146.255.255
.

;
203

154.12.0.0/24.
Net E Router B (
interface router A) ,
, hosts,
routers.
. hosts

204
102
17/4/2014
205
CIDR

145.224.0.0/12
145.220.0.0 145.226.255.255
145.230.0.0 145.242.255.255
.

;
206
103
17/4/2014

User Datagram Protocol
Transmission Control Protocol
207
User Datagram Protocol UDP

TCP
.
.
(ports)
.

16-bit ( )
0-1023:
1024-49151:
49152-65535:
208
104
17/4/2014
Ports
7: echo
21: FTP
22: SSH
23: Telnet
25: SMTP
80: WWW Http
110: POP3
143: IMAP
119: Network News Transfer Protocol
443: https
http://www.iana.org/assignments/port-numbers
209
UDP
IP
.
:
.

.

.
:
.
.

.
210
105
17/4/2014
UDP
:
(4 16bits
) .
:
: .
0 ( ).

: 8 bytes

. IPv4,
IPv6. 0.
211
UDP
0 15 31
Source Port Destination Port
Length Checksum
65535
bytes
Data
212
106
17/4/2014
Transmission Control Protocol TCP

.
;

.

,
, .

,
, .
213
TCP
:
Stream Orientation:

.
Virtual Circuit Connection:

.

(Buffered Transfer):

.
214
107
17/4/2014
TCP
:

.

.

215
TCP
:
:

.

.

.
.

.
216
108
17/4/2014
TCP

.

.

.

.
217
TCP

.

:
: (, )
TCP
. ..,

(109.1.2.3, 1112), (224.1.2.3, 26)
(115.3.2.1, 2112), (224.1.2.3, 26)
218
109
17/4/2014
TCP

.

segment ().
IP .
219
TCP
0 15 31
Sequence Number
Acknowledgement Number
Data C E U A P R S F
Reserved W C R C S S Y I Window Size
offset R E G K H T N N
Checksum Urgent Pointer
Options (optional)
Data (optional)
220
110
17/4/2014
TCP
0 15 31
Sequence Number
Acknowledgement Number
Data C E U A P R S F
Reserved
W C R C S S Y I
Window Size
offset
R E
G K
H T N N
(32 bits):
byte
.
Options (optional)
(32 bits):
byte .
Data (optional)
.
221
TCP
0 15 31
Data offset: 32-bit words
Code Bits (6 bits):
.
Sequence Number
:
CWR, ECE:
Acknowledgement
Number

C E U A P R S F
Data
URG:Checksum
Urgent Pointer
ACK: .
PSH (PUSH): Options

(optional)
.
RST:
SYN: Data (optional)
.
FIN: .
222
111
17/4/2014
TCP
0 15 31
Window Size:

Source Port bytes
Destination Port
.
Checksum:
Sequence
Number
Urgent Pointer: (offset)

Acknowledgement
segment Number
urgent data (
URG 1)
C E U A P R S F
Data
Options (optional)
Data (optional)
223
TCP
0 15 31
Sequence Number
Options:
Acknowledgement
Number
,
Data UMaximum
C E A P R S FSegment Size Window Scale
Options (optional)
Data (optional)
224
112
17/4/2014
Maximum Segment Size

.
,
.
OPTIONS
(maximum segment size MSS)
.
225
TCP MSS
MSS

.

MSS IP
MTU .
MSS = MTU - sizeof(TCPHDR) - sizeof(IPHDR)

MTU
MSS 536 (
default IP ).

;
226
113
17/4/2014
TCP MSS

MSS
.
MSS

bytes .
MSS
IP .
(fragmentation).
(IP fragment)
.
IP
.
227
TCP MSS
, MSS
IP

.
MSS :
TCP
.

.
228
114
17/4/2014
TCP
(handshake) .
segment
(synchronisation): SYN bit 1.

.
SYN ACK bits 1.
SYN
.

.
229
TCP
Host A Host B
Send SYN seq=x
Receive SYN
Send SYN seq=y,

ACK = x+1
Receive SYN, ACK
Send ACK = y+1
Receive ACK
230
115
17/4/2014
TCP
:

bytes.
Host A Host B

Send SYN seq=x

Receive SYN

Send SYN seq=y,
ACK = x+1
Receive SYN, ACK
Send ACK = y+1
Receive ACK
231
232
116
17/4/2014
233
234
117
17/4/2014
TCP
:
.
.
:
TCP segment bit FIN
1.

.

.

.
235
TCP
Host A Host B
Send FIN seq=x
Receive FIN
Send ACK = x+1
Receive ACK Send FIN seq=y,

ACK = x+1
Receive FIN+ACK
Send ACK = y+1
Receive ACK
236
118
17/4/2014
TCP

FIN .

.

.
237
TCP
.
.

.
.
.
1 2
.
2
1 .
2 1
.
1
.
238
119
17/4/2014
TCP

:

, .
o TCP
:
FIN

. ,

.
239
TCP
TCP:

.
TCP bytes
segments.
TCP
WINDOW
bytes
.
.

.
0
.
240
120
17/4/2014

(silly window syndrome)
:

.

( 0).
bytes ( )

bytes.
TCP
bytes .

TCP .

.
241

(silly window syndrome)
:
:

.
TCP

bytes
.
:
.
242
121
17/4/2014
TCP UDP
TCP UDP

, (ACKs)
(ACKs)
. .
: .

.
243
TCP UDP
TCP UDP

.

.

email video streaming
DNS.

. TCP.
244
122
17/4/2014

( TCP).
C=100bps.
P=50ms
T=60seconds.
bits Window
Sequence Number ;
245
TCP
65,535 byte 1Gbps
10msec.
;
?
246
123
17/4/2014
TCP

;

(
);
247

;
248
124
17/4/2014

;
249
TCP
.
.

,
;
250
125
17/4/2014

2 n
;
;
251

;
252
126
17/4/2014
DNS
ARP
RARP
ICMP
DHCP
FTP
253
DNS
Domain Name System:

IP (
).

.

( )
ftp, email,
http
.
254
127
17/4/2014
x.y.z:

:
(
site)
(
site)

.com .mil sites

.edu .org

.gov sites
.net
255

:
.gr site

.fr
.uk
...

.
.edu .ac , ..
www.teikav.edu.gr
www.rhul.ac.uk
sites ... ..
www.sony.co.uk
www.ypes.gov.gr
256
128
17/4/2014
DNS Servers
DNS

IP .

.

(
)
257
DNS

DNS

.

(Reverse DNS).
258
129
17/4/2014
DNS

nslookup ( UDP 53).
..
$ nslookup www.ieee.org
Server: philippos.teikav.edu.gr
Address: 195.130.92.35
Non-authoritative answer:
Name: e1630.c.akamaiedge.net
Address: 95.100.182.198
Aliases: www.ieee.org
www.ieee.org.edgekey.net
259
Authoritative and non-authoritative answers

authoritative
response ( )

non-
authoritative response ( ).

.

.
260
130
17/4/2014
DNS:
261
Address Resolution Protocol
IP

.
.

( ). .. ethernet.
IP
.
IP

.
262
131
17/4/2014
Address Resolution Protocol
IP

.
ARP

Ethernet Token
Ring.
263
264
132
17/4/2014
Address Resolution Protocol -
IP
,
ARP cache .

ARP .
IP
.
,

.
IP

.
265
Reverse Address Resolution Protocol
IP
.

IP .
(dummy
terminal) IP
RARP .
ROM

.
266
133
17/4/2014
Internet Control Message Protocol

IP , ..
IP
(host unreachable),
,
TTL 0,
IP .

.
267
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol DHCP

(
)

.

.
server
.

server
.
268
134
17/4/2014
File Transfer Protocol

:

.

(binary ascii)
:

( password)

.
269

server
.

.

(
) 21 .

.
;
270
135
17/4/2014

. :

20
.
271
Email
272
136
17/4/2014
Email

RFC 822 and MIME
,
emails?
MUAs, MTAs
SMTP, POP3, IMAP
273
RFC 822
e-mail
ASCII
RFC 822.

:
: sender, recipient, date, subject, delivery
path,
(body)
ASCII
-ASCII , ..
.
274
137
17/4/2014
RFC 822
From: krantos@teikav.edu.gr
To: noc@teikav.edu.gr
Cc: library@teikav.edu.gr
Subject: RFC 822 example
Date: Tue, 16 Nov 2010 12:15:32
This is an RFC 822 email example.
275
Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions MIME
RFC 822
e-mail
ASCII
, .

RFC 822
(extensions).
.
RFCs 2045-2049.
276
138
17/4/2014
MIME
5 :
MIME-Version
Content-Type
Content-Disposition
Content-Transfer-Encoding
Content-ID -
Content-Description -
277
Content-Type

.
text/plain
Multipart/mixed, email
.
MIME

MIME .

(boundary string)
Content-Type.
278
139
17/4/2014
Content-Disposition

.
Inline:

Attachment:
(
)

.
279
Content-Transfer-Encoding
RFC 822 e-mails ASCII

.
MIME .
Content-Transfer-Encoding field
(raw
data) ASCII.
base64 :
24 bits (3 bytes) 4 ASCII .
.
280
140
17/4/2014
Message-ID: <4CDCFD3E.2000903@teikav.edu.gr>
Date: Fri, 12 Nov 2010 10:39:26 +0200
From: Konstantinos Rantos <krantos@teikav.edu.gr>
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 6.1; en-US; rv:1.9.2.12)
Gecko/20101027 Lightning/1.0b2 Thunderbird/3.1.6
MIME-Version: 1.0
To: ioannis papadopoulos <papadopoulos@gmail.com>
Subject: Re: test
Content-Type: multipart/mixed;
boundary="------------080009000908090002030108"
This is a multi-part message in MIME format.
281
--------------080009000908090002030108
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-7;
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit
...
--------------080009000908090002030108
Content-Type: application/msword;
name="test.doc"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Disposition: attachment;
filename="test.doc"
0M8R4KGxGuEAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAPgADAP7/CQAGAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABAAAAXgAAAAAA
...
--------------080009000908090002030108--
282
141
17/4/2014
emails
Mail Server: Mail Transfer Agent MTA

Mail Client: Mail User Agent MUA
283
Mail client:
.. Microsoft Outlook Thunderbird.
email RFC 822
Mail Server.
Mail Server SMTP
(Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)
RFC 822 .
SMTP: RFC 821, MUA-
MTA MTA-MTA . 25
TCP. email
587.
284
142
17/4/2014
O Mail Server
Mail Server SMTP
RFC 822 .

Mail Servers.
O Mail Server
Mail Client

.
285
e-mail
mail server
mail client:
POP=Post Office Protocol (RFC 1939, v3).
IMAP=Internet Message Access Protocol (RFC 2060,
v4rev1).
...
Web
mail client
286
143

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17/4/2014

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol):

UDP (User Datagram Protocol):

UDP (User Datagram Protocol):

Class 0 Net -id Host-id

Class B 10 Net -id Host-id

Class C 110 Net -id Host-id

Class D 1110 Multicast Address

Class E 1111 Reserved

Class A: 27 , 216(65,536) hosts

Class B: 214 , 28(256) 216(65,536) hosts

Class C: 221 , 28(256) hosts

Class 0 Net -id Host-id

Class B 10 Net -id Host-id

Class C 110 Net -id Host-id

Class D 1110 Multicast Address

Class E 1111 Reserved

Network address: 192.168.15.35

Variable Length Subnet Mask

Variable Length Subnet Mask

Variable Length Subnet Mask

Variable Length Subnet Mask

Source IP Address (32)

Destination IP Address (32)

Data (varies if any)

Data (varies if any)

Flags Type) (8bits):

Data (varies if any)

Time to Live (8) Protocol (8) Header Checksum (16)

Time to Live (8) Protocol (8) Header Checksum (16)

Data (varies if any)

Time to Live (8) Protocol (8) Header Checksum (16)

Data (varies if any)

Data (varies if any)

Time to Live (8) Protocol (8) Header Checksum (16)

Source IP Address (32)

Data (varies if any)

Source IP Address (32)

Destination IP Address (32)

Data (varies if any)

Frame 1 (1506 bytes on wire, 1506 bytes captured)

NAT (Network Address Translation)

IPv6 (RFC 2460):

To global prefix ISP Regional

IPv4 unicast, broadcast multicast

Global unicast addresses:

Link IPv6 (RFC 4862):

routing prefix subnet id interface identifier

64-bit interface identifier

MAC link local IPv6

IPv6 over IPv4 Tunneling

IPv4 Header IPv6 Header IPv6 Data

Dual Stack Dual Stack

Payload Length (16) Next Header (8) Hop Limit (8)

Source IP Address (128)

Destination IP Address (128)

(Traffic Class) 8bits:

Payload Length (16) Next Header (8) Hop Limit (8)

(Flow Label) (20 bits):

Payload Length (16) Next Header (8) Hop Limit (8)

Payload Length (16) Next Header (8) Hop Limit (8)

Payload Length (16) Next Header (8) Hop Limit (8)

(Hop Limit) (8bits):

Source IP Address (128)