THE NEMETH BRAILLE CODE FOR MATHEMATICS AND SCIENCE NOTATION 1972 REVISION Compiled Under the Authority of the AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF WORKERS FOR THE BLIND ASSOCIATION FOR EDUCATION OF THE VISUALLY HANDICAPPED and the NATIONAL BRAILLE ASSOCIATION Adopted January 20, 1972 by the AAWB-AEVH-NBA ADVISORY COUNCIL TO THE BRAILLE AUTHORITY AMERICAN PRINTING HOUSE FOR THE BLIND P.O. Box 6085 Louisville, Kentucky 40206-0085 1997CONTENTS. Page FOREWORD TO 1972 REVISION ~ v ORIENTATION (§1-64) 7 Se se 1 RULES RULE [BRAILLE INDICATORS (§5-86).2.0-0ssensomee - ‘RULE NUMERIC SIGNS AND SYMBOLS (§7-619) RULE I1I—CAPITALIZATION (§20-§22) - . : . 2) [RULE IV—ALPHABETS (§28-§90) ~ EN RULE V—TYPE FORMS (§31-§85) : = RULE VI—PUNCTUATION SIGNS AND SYMBOLS (36-85) a a RULE VII-REFERENCE SIGNS AND SYMBOLS (§46-$48) 52 [RULE VIII—ABBREVIATIONS (§49-554) oo pan enee a 0 RULE IX—CONTRACTIONS AND SHORT-FORM WORDS (855-556) = 7 RULE X—OMISSIONS (857-859) - _ RULE XI-CANCELLATION (60) - a Ts RULE XII—FRACTIONS (§61-§70) . : - 6 RULE XUNI_SUPERSCRIPTS AND SUBSCRIPTS (§71-584) 2 RULE XIV—MODIFIERS ($85.5102) —— = sence RULE XV—RADICALS (108-5105) 7 108 RULE XVI_SHAPES (106-9115) nC) RULE XVIL-FUNCTION NAMES AND THEIR ABBREVIATIONS (1165119) a a8 RULE XVII--SIGNS AND SYMBOLS OF GROUPING (120.5128) 122 RULE XIX—SIGNS AND SYMBOLS OF OPERATION (129-8188) ~ —— 128 RULE XX_SIGNS AND SYMBOLS OF COMPARISON (139-8151) 154 RULE XXI-ARROWS §162-$158) - lA RULE XXII—MISCELLANEOUS SIGNS AND SYMBOLS (6158-5176) = 182 RULE XXIN—MULTIPURPOSE INDICATOR (8177) 188 RULE XXIV-SPATIAL ARRANGEMENTS (5178-5184) 60 RULE XXV-—-FORMAT (5185-8195) . 14 APPENDICES. APPENDIX A~COMBINATIONS OF TYPE-FORM, ALPHABETIC, AND CAPITALIZATION INDICATORS 208 APPENDIX B—INDEX OF BRAILLE SYMBOLS = 209 INDEX son vv ABFOREWORD TO 1972 REVISION ‘THE NEMETH CODE OF BRAILLE MATHEMATICS AND SCIENTIFIC NOTATION, 1965 initiated sound principles and Drooedures for the presentation of braille equivalents for the complex signs and configurations of ink-print mathematical and scientific notation. ‘The effectiveness of the Code has been amply demonstrated through its application by transcribers in producing « wealth of techaleal material to meet the requirements of students at all levels of educational pursuits. ‘At the time of publication, it was apparent thet the Code would require further updating and refinement in order to assure the ‘faithful transference from ink print to braille as new modes of aclentifc notation were introduced. As was anticipated, problems in inter- pretation and clarity were encountered when the Code was put into actual use. The comments, criticisms and suggestions from students, teachers and transeribers were taken under conalderation in the revisin of the Code. Under the able tutelage of Dr. Abraham Nemeth, the members of the AAWB-AEVH Braille Authority and its Advisory Commit- tee on Mathematical and Scientife Notation entered upon a joint effort in bringing forth a Revised Code which could withstand the test of use and time. As work progressed, however, it became increasingly evident that, beeause of the complexity of the subject matter and ‘because of the many techniques employed by authors and publishers, substantial research would be required in expanding the Code to its {allet effectivencss. In recognition of this fact, the national Advisory Council to the Braille Authority applied for a planning grant from ‘Social and Rehabilitation Services of the Department of Heaith, Education, and Welfare. ‘The American Printing House for the Blind ‘was designated as the recipient of the grant, known as the “Braille Codes Pilot Project", which is geared to bring into focus the need for fuller research in all braille codes. Upon the basis of this study, application for a research grant will be made and, if approved, all braille codes willbe considered in detail in the endeavor to bring them to maximum completeness and efficiency. ‘The 1972 revision of THE NEMETH BRAILLE CODE FOR MATHEMATICS AND SCIENCE NOTATION provides students and transcribers with a welldrawa, logical system of braille notation which insures a faithful presentation of signs and usages employed in ‘technical texts. ‘The changes which have been incorporated will convey to the reader a realistic pleture of the ink-print text and will ‘equip the transcriber with the necessary signs and rules of procedure for a more exact bralle transcription. Grateful acknowledgement is accorded the following persons for their major contribution inthe joint effort in developing and rein- ing the revised Code. Advisory Committee on Mathematical and Scientific Notation Ralph E, MeCracken Dr. Abraham Nemeth ‘Mare. Helen Roberts AAWE-AEVH Braille Authority Mrs Maxine B. Dorf (1958-) Marjorie S. Hooper (1969-) Freda Henderson (1967-1971) ‘Bernard M. Krebs (1959- ) Mrs. Alice M. Mann (1967- ) AAW-AEVH Advisory Counell to Braille Authority M. Robert Bamett Profetsor Robert W. Mann Dr. Natalie C. Barrage Lorraine P. Murin Robert §. Bray Dr. Abraham Nemeth Dr. Charles B. Hallenbeck Dr. Carson Y, Nolan Dr. Berthold Lowenfeld ‘Dr. Geraldine Scholl De. Douglas ©. MacFarland osephine L. TaylorTHE NEMETH BRAILLE CODE FOR MATHEMATICS AND SCIENCE NOTATION 1972 REVISION ORIENTATION $1. Description: ‘4. This Braille Code for Mathematics and Science Notation has been prepared to provide a system of symbols which will allow technical Iiterature to be presented and readin braille. ‘The Code ix intended to convey as accurate an impression as is possible to the braille reader of the corresponding printed text, and this is one ofits prinelpal features. When the braille reader has a clear conception of the corresponding printed text, the area of communication between himself and his teacher, his colleagues, his associates, and the ‘world at large ie greatly broadened. A test of the aceuracy with which the Code conveys information from the print to the braille text is {ta effect. atranacription inthe reveree direction. ‘The amount of agreement between the original printed text and one transcribed from the braile is a measure of the Code’ accuracy, A careful distinction iy maintained between the mesning which a printed sign has and the sign iteet. Sometimes the name of a sign derives from the mathematical meaning which it has. Simple examples are the plus sign, the decimal point, and the percent sign. Other signs have names which are descriptive of the signs themselves, such as arrow, vertical bar, and diagonal ine, Still others have names in accordance with the way in which they are read aloud, such as is leas thon, de contained in, or is an element of. Some signs have no name at all. Of course, the majority of signs, particulary at the lower levels of mathematics, are signs about which there is universal agreement as to their meaning, and these constitute the core about which has grown the modern system of mathematical notation, However, at the more advanced levels, technical writers have, with inreasing frequency, been assigning new and unusual mean- ings to many of the signs which have long been "standard." €. Although the Code is intended to be as compete as possible, inality can never be achieved by sny code. In the course of the rapid development in the fields of science and technology, new signs are constantly being devised and old ones modified. At appropriate paces, rules and suggestions are presented for transcribing slgns for which no specifi provision exists at present. $2. Organization: ‘In presenting this Code, the needs of both the transcriber and of the reader have been considered. While the rules of the (Code have been formulated primarily for the benefit of the bralle reader, they are nevertheless presented in a manner designed to ease ‘the transcriber's task of following these rules. ‘The problem of transcription is intrinsically more difficult than the problem of reading; the transcriber must actually recall to mind the apecifie aymbols which must be used and the rules which govern their use, whereas the ‘braille reader must only recognize the symbols which he encounters and be only slightly aware of the underlying rues. ‘This prosentation is organized into rules. Where appropriate, each rule begins with e lst of signs and thelr corresponding symbols for quick reference. ‘The body of the presentation is organized into sections which are consecutively numbered and captioned. ‘The sections contain rules, explanations, and examples of the use of the Code. It is intended that the examples be sufficiently definitive so that they may be imitated with confidence in parallel situations. ‘The parenthetical descriptions below the examples are intended to supplement the actual signs shown inthe ink print copy. The examples in this presentation are drawn principally from the central core of, ‘Pare mathematics. ‘Other scientists will ind few examples from their fields. Nevertheless, the symbol, rules, and constructions of the basic Code apply with equal force to thote fields. Following the rules, there ie an INDEX oF BRAILLE SvMpoLa the entries of which have been categorized in accordance with the standard arrangement ofthe sixty-three bralle symbols. ‘Throughout this presentation, the word sign is consistently used in referring to a character or sequence of characters in ‘nk print, wheress the word symbot is used in referring to a character or sequence of characters in braille. 4, In this text, mathematical or literary material which often appears in italics or other type in ink-print textbooks has been Printed in regular type. Italie and other type forms have been used only where auch type is required to ilustrate a rule.2 ORIENTATION—fe-f4d Although 41 calls may be used in transcri space available onthe ink-print lines, 1 technical works, example in this text have been shortened to conform-to the §8. Interpretation: It is important that thie presentation be accepted quite literally and that no meaning be imputed to the rue and principles which isnot expresly stated or directly implied. It may aometimes appear quite arbitrary that a particular sion has ‘een classified in a section which the reader's past experience or training indicates ie inappropriate. Ror the purposes of this Code, how- ver, the transcriber or teacher must accept the classifcation as well a the rules herewith presented, past experience or technical train- ing notwithetanding In certain situations it may be felt that some constructions are excossively ong and there may be a temptation to shorten the construction by the use of a symbol of one’s own invention. However, the transcriber ie enjoined against yielding to this temptation ‘The Code has been formulated in such a way that the same construction gives the eame information to the braille reader from elemen- tary through the most advanced mathematics. ‘Therefore, tampering with the eonstructions presented herein would have the effect of Aestroying this uniformity. Signs which for many decades have been exclusively associated with collage and graduate mathematics ‘have in recent years been ftering down to high schoo! and grade schoo! levels. Thus, the set operations such as union, intersection, and {nclusion, which were traditionally encountered for the first time by a mathematics major in his junior year in eollege, have now become {fairly commonplace at the fourth or fifth grade level, and are first met even earlier. In addition, grade school and high schoo! mathe- ‘matics are now being presented with considerably more igor than heretofore, and shades in meaning are being preserved and even em Dhasized by the use of distinct signs having similar, but not equivalent, meanings. In keeping with this spirit, the Code furnishes {iotinct braille eymbola corresponding to diate? signs in ink print. In particular, at the lower levels of mathematics, this Code maintains 1 distinction between the horizontal and diagonal fraction lines, and between the dot and the crose which signify multiplication. Signs ‘which have separate identities in ink print should be represented by distinct symbols in braile. $4. ‘Technical and Non-Technical Texte: ‘& The designation non-technical implies only the absence of mathematical or scientific notation; a work in law or medicine ‘may be quit technical in those fields, but must be regarded as nor-technical inthe sense just mentioned, b, Partially technical works include science books written forthe layman or textbooks in other fields which use mathematical terminology and notation. Such works are characterized by the use ofan occasional mathematical sign or a small number of such sign. In works of this kind, the matherstical signs may be treated aa in English Braille. ‘This procedure is particularly suitable when there is zo intention that the reader should manipulate such signs for the purpose of solving equations or performing computations. Sometimes, however, the replacement of a sign by a corresponding word is not practical, especialy when an aggregate of such signs sppears in an arrangement which is unusual from the literary point of view. In such cases, the transcriber should use the symbols and the rules of ‘hia Code with a note tothe Braille reader that this is being done. A lit of the mathematical eymbols being used should be included at ‘the bogianing of only the braille valume in which they occur. Technical works are thote in the fields of mathematics, statistles, physls, or chemistry. In such works the symbols and ‘rules of this Code must be used. They must also be used in works in other fields which make strong use of mathematical signs and modes ‘of expreation. In al technieal works the transcriber must indleate at the beginning of each volume by means of a transcriber's note that the work has been transcribed in Nemeth Code, giving the year the code was adopted. Even when the Nemeth Code is used, title pages ‘must be transcribed ae in English Braille without the use of Nemeth Code eymbols, except for items which contain mathematical expres- sions for which it would be inappropriate or impractical to use English Braille 44. Ttis recommended that machines be set fora braille line of 41 cells when transcribing technical works.Rael RULES RULE I—BRAILLE INDICATORS Alphabetic Indleators English-Letter German-Letter Greek-Letter For standard lettera For alternative letters Hebrew-Letter Rasslan-Letter Arrow Direction Indicators rer Arrowhead by 45 Degrees Depresees: levates Nearer Arrowhead by 45 Degrees [Makes Nearer Arrowhead Point Up ‘Makes Nearer Arrowhead Point Down Arrow Types: Boliface Cancellation Indicators Opening Closing CepitalizationIndeators Single Double (Carried Number Indlator for Addition (varying in length)Rule rection Indleators ‘Simple Opening Closing Complex Opening Closing Hiypercomplex Opening Closing Fractional Part of a Mixed Number Opening Closing General Reference Indleator Level Indicators Base Line Superscrit ‘Superscript with Superscrit ‘Sapersrit with Subseript ‘Superscript with Superecript with Superscript ‘Superscript with Superscript with Subscript Superscript with Subscript with Superscript Superscript with Subscript with Subscript Subeeriot ‘Subscript with SuperscriptRule Subserint with Subscript Subscript with Superscript with Superscript Sabecript with Superscript with Subscript ‘Subscript with Subscript with Superscript ‘Subscript with Subscript with Subscript Modification Indeators ‘Multipurpose Direetly Over First order Second order Directly Under First order ‘Second order Superposition ‘Termination ‘Maltipurpose Indicator ‘Numeric Indicator Punetuation Indicator ‘Radical indicators Index-of-Radieal Order-of Radical First inner radical Second inner radical ‘Third inner radical ‘Termination‘ ale $5 Shape Indicators Shape Structoral Shape Modification Interior Shape Modification Filed-In Shape Shaded Shape Termination ‘Termination Indicator ‘Type-Form Indicators for Letters, Numerals, and Compound Expressions Boldface Type alle Type Sanserif Type Script Type ay ‘Type-Form Indicators for Words, Phrases, and Mathematical Statements Opening Bolatace Type Opening Halle Type (Closing Boldface Type (Closing Italie Type 45. Concept of Braille Indicators: Mathematical expressions are represented in ink print by the use of arbitrary signs among ‘which are the digits, the lower-ease and capitalized letters of several alphabets, the script, italic, and boldface forms of these same letters, as well as numerous signs of operation, signs of comparison, signs of grouping, and many other signs serving the miscellaneous require: ‘ments of mathematical and scientific expression. Furthermore, mathematical significance is imparted not only by these signs separately, Dat by thelr collective arrangement on levela above or below a reference line of writing, aa well as by their disposition above or below a fraction line. With only sixty.three distinct bralle characters available, sixty-four if the space is counted, the accomplishment of this Code is to make provision for the representation ofall these signs, as well as to give an indication of their arrangement. It is, of course, impossible to establish a one-to-one correspondence between the sixty-three bralle characters and the hun- reds of signs used in modern mathematics, It is also impractical, as a general procedure, to imitate the arrangement of these signs st ‘various levels relative toa reference lin of writing or toa fraction line. Accordingly, the Code presented in the following pages is char- acterized by the use ofa syatam of bralle indieatora. The braille Indicators inthis Code play the same role as do the composition slensRoles -I—$5-$88 7 of English Braille. In both systems, the braille indicators or the signs of composition correspond to no sigm in ink print; however, they hhave the power of imparting meaning to the braille symbols with which they are associated. While there are only a few signs of compo- sition in English Braile there are many in this Code. By thelr use itis possible to represent the mumerous type forms and alphabets ‘ed in ink print and to convey the “two-dimensional” information contained in ink print through the medium of the braille aystem whose nature is essentially “one-dimensional.” $6. Spacing with Braille Indicators: No space should be left between a braille indicator and the symbol or expression to which it applies. In addition, the punctuation indicator, level indicators, and modification indicators apply both to the material which precedes as ‘well as to the material which follows them. ‘There are special spacing rules for the type-form indicators for words, phrases, and mathe- matical statements (see §82). Examples illustrating this spacing rule are found throughout the Code. RULE II—-NUMERIC SIGNS AND SYMBOLS ‘Numeric Indleator A Arabic Digits (Nemeth Code) Continental, 87. Representation of Arable Numerals: ‘Digits are represented in two ways: as in English Braille, and asin the Nemeth Code. The digits in English Braille are rep- resented by the letters “j" and “a” through “I”. The digits in the Nemeth Code are represented by the symbole whove configurations correspond to these same letters, but which occupy the lower portion of the braille call. Even when a work is transcribed in the Nemeth Code, when stall practical or appropriate, all numerals on title pages must be transcribed as in English Braille. Numerals at the corners of pages and at the ends of page-separation lines must also be transcribed as in English Braile, English Braille numerals must be used when the technique of “keying” (§187) is employed. In all other oases, Including contents pages, forewords, introductions, page references, footnotes, indices, and bibliographies, the numerals of the Nemeth Code mst be ned. $8. Comma, Decimal Point: ‘The transcriber shouldbe alert to the possbility that variant forms of the comma and decimal point are sometimes employed, particularly in books published outside of the United States. Although the ink print signs for the comma and decimal point difer from‘hose used in the United States, this ditferenc isnot reflected in the braille transcription, Role Isaac However, a transcribers note should be i cluded at the beginning of the book to inform the resder of the continental usage in the ink-print edition. o @ o © 4378 3 (American usage of comma) 1378 (Continental usage of comma) 816 * (American usage of decimal) 376 (Continental wage of decimal) b, The comma, American or Continental, which is interior to & numeral, and which is uted to partition the numeral into short regular sogmenta, must be regarded as a numeric symbol. a ® ‘As such, the comma is subject to the rules for transcribing numeral ave (Che comma is « numeric symbol, not « punctuation mark) 100, 200, 200 $ (the commas are punctuation marks, not numeric aymbola) fe. The decimal poixt, American or Continental, should be regarded as a numeric symbol only when it is ansocisted with a mu zeral. An omission symbol must not be regarded aa a numeric symbol. AS jumeric symbol, the decimal point is subject to the rules for transcribing numerals. a @ @ © © 85 (the decimal point Is not a numeric symbol) (the first two decimal points are numeric aymbola) at2=—Role 1180 9 $9, Use of the Numeric Indicator: The numerie indicator must be used to introduce one or more unspaced numeric symbols under the following cireumstances: ‘2. The numeric indicator must be used at the beginning of « braille line or after a space. It must also be used after a minus symbol which accurs at the beginning of a braille line or which follows a space. For exceptions, see §11. @ 2 (2) There were 7 balls @) 14x4ty=0 (1 plus x plus y equals 0) @ y=2einx (y equals 2 sine x) @) aint © (sine squared of 2x) @ 0888... 8 ® o 20) ay (asimple fraction)10 Rule 1990 (a complex fraction) aa) a 4 a-» $ en Za—» (a hrpercomple Srection 0 a (minus 1) - a (minus three tenths)Rule 1—$9b-d u '._ The numeric indicator must be used after a punctuation mark. However, the hyphen requires special attention (see section f below). "Tt must also be used after a minus symbol which folows a punctuation mark 1) 8 dows” (2) Probability —0 @ “5 om The numeric indicator must be used after a left grouping symbol which introduces a determinant or matrix. It must algo be used after a minus symbol which follows such a grouping symbol mpi 2 st ® i ‘| oa 44. ‘The mumeric indicator must be used after a section mark, paragraph mark, crosshatch, or asterisk. Tt must also be used after the general reference indicator or any reference #ymbo a) 384 (B section mark 4) @ 3H4 (8 crosshateh 4) Os tg asterisk 4)2 Role goat (4) See page 15". ( follows the goneral reference indicator; the 1 Is raised in Ink print) © + (Gagger 8) The numeric indieator must be used after any of the type-form indicators, regular type within the same numeral. It must alto be used after the interior shape-miodi as * fter making a transition from non-regular to on indicator. @ o o © © a (enclosed within a aquare) {, The numeric indicator must be used after & hyphen when the hyphen follows a word, an abbreviation, or a mark of punctua- ton, However, alo see §L1d. (1) 1nto-t correspondence 2) hydrogens t © esrr22 BC)Rule 1—$9¢-$10 38 ‘The numeric indicator must be used after the opening transcriber's grouping symbol. (2) In x3, the # ia the exponent, $10. Definition of “Enclosed List” ‘An “enclosed list" for the purposes of this Code, must meet the following requirements: It must begin and end with a sign of grouping. ‘These signs of grouping do not neceasarily have to be of the same kind Tt must contain no word, abbreviation, ordinal ending, or plural ending. 1i A function name, an abbreviated function name, ora sign of shape and the signs which follow them are regarded as « single ter. Jv, Am item of the list may be the elipss or any sign used for omission, ¥. No sign of comparison may appear anywhere within the lst, vi, ‘The list must have at least two items. ‘The items of the lst must be separated only by commas; the list must not eon- tain any other kind of punctuation mark (except the ellipsis or the long dash which is used for omission) and the space cannot be the sele means for separating items a 44 (not an “enclosed list” according toi) @) (ab {an “enclosed list"; moots all requirements) @ Gitntt (an “enclosed (4), 2, and 3) (not an “enclosed list™ according to it) (8) htt, kin) (not an “enclosed list” according to (©) Gast, 2nd, Bray (not an “enclosed list” according tof) OCs ¥s,2'9) (not an “enclosed list” according to)“ Role T-f10-g11a ; meets all requirements) @) (21, sin] } (an “enclosed list”; meet all requirements) 10) &HURHEBAARED (an “enclosed list”; meots all requirements) ay & 22 vo 10) 2) ,b=2e=—4) aa) (not an “enclosed list” according to vi) a) a2a (not an “enclosed list” according to vi) UL. Non-Use of the Numeric Indicator: It must not be ssrumed that because a symbol is numeric that the numeric indieator rust be used with thet aymbol, The numeric indiestar must not be used preceding a numeric symbol under the following circumstances nclosed list” a8 defined in §10 je a numeral in a type form ‘The numeric indicator must not be used st the beginning of an item which is part of an sbove, even if auch an item has been run over to another line. However, f any item in an “enclose lis other than regular type, thet item requires the numeric indicator. @ 11 : @ (4-2-8 @ GFh24ko ® o (the numeric indicator ia required before the 30 and the 60 because these are not the bepinning of thelr respective items)Rule U—fitae 6 © (1,2,8,4,5,6,7,8,9, 10,14, 12) (Che numeric indicator is not required before 10 even though 10 begins « new line) &189 (the 8 in this “enclosed lst” fs fn bolaface type) The numeric indicator must not be used in work arranged in columns and sligned for addition, subtraction, multiplication, Avision, oF alignment of a system of equations © 2 +85 («problem aligned for addition) @ 26 | x (a problem aligned for multiplication) @ wre 2)a82 (a problem aligned for division) © %— y— 4 9=0 y— 4+ 28=0 Sy —112—43 =0 lignment of three equations) The numeric indicator must not be used after a space if the purpose of the space isto partition a numeral into aegments,16 Rule —$tlee (1) = 8.14159 26595 . ‘The numeric indicator must not be used after « hyphen if the hyphen follows # numeral, a letter, or other mathematical a) 66-75 @ 8:80. (three thirty to four forty-five) (8) Read section 4-12. The numeric indicator must not be used in any situation not covered in §§9 and 11 @ @ 8 @) 15 (cemainder of 6 asin a division problem) © at 4 bey toy tay petty 7 © 2x4 (7) 10,900 (jn this numeral, the comma is not « punetuation mark) ® |-3 (the absolute valve of minus 3)4 $12. Long Numerals: Long numerals that cannot be completely accommodated on one braille line may be divided and run over to ‘another line, Such division must be made afters comma, if present, and a hyphen must be supplied. The numeric indicator must be ‘sed as the fret braille symbel ofthe braille line to which the numeral has been Fun over. (1) 100,000,000,000, ‘00 $18. Representation of Numerals to Non-Decimal Bases: ‘4 When a system of numeration is to a base other than 10, a common technique for providing additional digits is to use let- ters, elther lower-case or capitalized, in addition to the ten Arabic digits, When this technique used, the transcriber must use only Jowercase letters. If capitalized letters are used in ink print, the transcriber must indicate this fact in a transeriber's note. a) aster (a bage-12 numeral in which T represents 10 and I represents 11) (@®) SFFEZ (4 base-16 numeral in which B represents 14 and F represents 15) '. Another common technique for providing additional digits isto use standard or arbitrary signs to supplement the ten Ara- bic digits. Authors sometimes give names to these signs. For example, X (dek) represents 10 and & (el) represents 11. In this ca the transcriber must devise one-cell symbols for these signs, preferably chosen from among the letters of the English alphabet, and rust {insert a transcriber's note to specify the meanings which have been assigned to these symbol. The transeriber’s note must include a draw- {ng of any sign for which there ie no equivalent symbol in the Code. a) 1xé7 (a base-12 numeral in which X representa 10 and represents 11, Here the transcriber has assigned Xand +t €) © Another common technique isto use an arbitrary get of signs which do not include Arabic digits, In this ease, the tran. scriber must proceed as in b above. @ ens 2 (a base-3 numeral of three digits; here the transcriber has assigned ¢: to @, 4. The one-cell symbols which the transcriber uses to represent the digits of a non-decimal numeration system must be re- sarded as numeric symbols, As such, these numeric aymbols are subject to the rules for transeribing numerals.18 Role H—§134-§180 a) tee (a base-12 numeral; t and e are lower case in ink print) (« base-12 numeral containing a decimal point between the second and third digit; ¢is lower ease in ink print) @ sus (8) FASBICOA gant : (a base-16 numeral containing comma and a decimal point; F, A, B and C are capitalized in ink print) $14, Ordinal Endings: (Seo 855d.) $15, Plural and Posscesive Endings: (See $29.) $16. Numerals in Diagrams: In diagrams which contain numerie label, the numeric indicator must be used. The space to ac- commodate the numeric indicator may often be gained by a sufficient enlargement of the diagram, $17, Numerals in Table Entries: In tables whote entries conalat entirely of numerals, the numeric indicator must be omitted However, in tables whose entries are a mixture of words, numerals, letters, or other mathematical signs, the numeric indicator must be ‘used. ‘This rule applies only to the body of a table and not to the headings. Determinants and matrices are not to be regarded as tables. ‘The minus symbol ia not numeric xo that, iit occurs in a table, the numeric Indicator must be used throughout the table, $18. Roman Numerals: ‘2, Capitalized Roman numerals must be transcribed using the single capital sign before one letter and the double capital sign before more then one letter. For the use of the English-letter indicator with Roman numerals, see §28e. @) LMM, y. (2) ‘The letters I, V, XL, C, D, Mare the aymbole we use to write Roman numerals ) v4V=xn ® d4+m+m=14 0140pRole T-g18a-b 9 ow ae (prime sign follows the Roman numeral) © F (bar over M) @ V=5L=50, Bott + © ® 0) b, When « Roman numeral consists of one or more lower-case letters it must be treated as though it were a “single letter” and, fs such, the Bnglish-letter indicator must be used or not used in accordance with the rules governing the English-letter indicator (coe 992628). ©) 4H8H i, 9, @) See pages ¥ and vi ©) $5, Gand Gt. : ®) vi4ie2 Roles I-It§186-819 (6) Read pages i-v and xi-xv. ® «When itis questionable that a lettor combination is a Roman numeral treat the combination as if it is not s Roman numeral. @ ou (this combination occurs in a context from which it cannot be ascertained whether CL is « Roman numeral) @) mix (this combination occurs in a context from which it cannot be ascertained whether mix is « Roman numeral) 4. Forpunctuation of Roman numerals, ae §87, $18. Spacing with Numerals: Spaces within numerals must be left when itis necessary to partition @ numeral into short regular segments, or to achieve alignment. (For examples see §11b and e.) RULE ILCAPITALIZATION Capitalization Indleators Single Double : (For combinations of capitalization, alphabetic, and type-form indleatos, see Appendix, page 208)‘Rules IILIV—§20-§22 a 820, Use of the Capitalization Indicator: ‘4. The capitalization indicator must be used to indicate the capitalization ofa letter from any of the alphabets listed in Rule TV, ‘except the Hebrew alphabet whote letters do not possess capitalized form. ‘This indicator must precede the letter concerned. ow (German capitalized ah) @r . (Greek capitalized gamma) 1, Forcapitalized Roman numerals, see §183. For the capitalization of abbreviation, see $50. $21. Non-Use of the Capitalization Indicator: Capitalization must not be used with a letter just because it heging a sentence, if the corresponding letter in ink print is uncapitalized, (1) x in-e number between 2 and 8, $22, Effectiveness of the Capitalization Indicator: ‘a, ‘The effectiveness of the single capitalization indicator extends only to the letter which follows it, so that if each letter in a sequence roquires capitalization, the capitalization indicator must be used with each of these letters individually. a) 6 aBc (triangle ABO) b. The effectiveness of the double capitalisation indicator in Roman numerals and in abbrevi ‘which immediately follow it. However, « symbol other than a letter terminates its effect. fons extends to allof the letters @) Lb. @ m+v RULE IV—ALPHARETS Alphabetic Indicators ‘English (Roman) Letter German-Latter2 Rule 1V—Bnglish (Roman) Alphabet Greek Letter For Standard Letters $ For Alternative Forms of Letters ff Hebrew-Letter 2 tb ‘Russian (Cyrilie) Letter oc (For combinations of capitalization, alphabetic, and typesform Indicators, see Appendix, page 208) Alphabets English (Roman) Alphabet Sores COSHGNSLA Wren capt copied eqeftlet SOTERA sortie capling fpnosa eeltaleat ® A « BH wn ? a N n Now > B 6 Bw # ° ° ° Go wee ee > kp RP Pe a pd @ Q ov « @ ¢ 2 a e E e CG e& % r R ~ Ror tor f GF -¢ oa . oc y G «6 tor 4 FJ 4 » q & HH wk u u « Uiou i 1 é a o v v ° Vo v sor gf fos: ee x Ke 6 HK «x F x Be oe Don 6 Gv kt 7 op 7G & eu om wow ft son gy £ tkRule 1V—German and Greek Alphabets 22 German Alphabet oa zn a = ieee beh 5 S42: on . D« 0 ale ee ee mB OD ao DD Mt m 8 a 7 G a © © we So v“ t RR » @& f & 7 x“ ese s Ss foe a ghch 8 C7 7 teh t = 2g wm 6 6 YL ZoZ ks - » toe ° i sy, it feo » B ~ D vent 3 7 GP et veh » B om WY kan t &£ 4+ A ike t z 6 g a 1 2-4 yosilon 8 r gy on n Rm HM 3 tact. 3 8 c Z Greek Alphabet (Standard) Nameet Ordinary Ordinary, Serint Saint rate Namest Ontinary Ondlery | ivpt—_aigt arte ae SoS, SPREE Aan alla anit Tier SRG, SHRMAZE oben aaa salts ape a @ 6G nota, t 2 be go 7 po] = oo. = w# ¢ « ~ RRyer 4¢ & gamma y ba 7 TF 2 ‘theta 6 . ¢ Ff ee.2 Rule IV-—Greek and Hebrew Alphabets “iti oeecese captalsed lonstttee capled eqeitltt NUR ASCULe cRENONSNA wntten capiited eget wokds XA tm 6 2 6 £3 mu . uw tan t t 2 TF # au y i upsilon ov Y 7 Yor x é x YZ phi 6 * r, Foe omicron 0 ° ° chi x x a x aor now mw oe oe XY rho i; > £2 omepn o we & Hebrew Alphabet Hebrew leters do not posses capitalized form Mamet Brae | Manaot BriteRule IV-—Russian Alphabet Ey Russian Alphabet ‘The Russian alphabet i sometimes refered to as the Cyrillic alphabet. a ‘net Ste, She et. te J e+ Ae fo ~ Pp Pr pe mo o6 BUS Bt » © © 6 6 x mos a & B x oor t om I xs wh or oT 4 J og Oy eo, ach a a 9"? D s eft ® ® ? D moe Blue EO mf) ea heh * K « UW at tach 0 u 4 y * A 3 3 0p 3 % an ou 4 > "oa : » wow U@ ws oo oo om wv Wx mk Ke Hg Sn a a » nm a Ay pe ao on mM w My a 2» 2 9 9 3 a » Ho w How m » J0 is a o 0 ee "0 on x [6 Rake TV—$29-924a $28. Alphabets: ‘a. Specific provision is made in this Code for five alphabets — English, German, Greek, Hebrew, and Russian, The letters of the English alphabet are often called Roman, and those of the Russian alphabet Cyril. b, Some ofthe letters of the ordinary lower-case Greek alphabet possess an alternative form, ‘The more common ones are sat se ie sin « — oa ‘ tat eta : : sm : a wo ° aoe When these alternative forms occur instead of the standard forms throughout a text, the symbols for the standard forms should be used in braille, and the transcriber should call attention to this usage by a transcriber’s ‘note. The alternative forms should be used only ‘when the author has assigned distinct meanings to the standard and alternative forma of the same letter. Some Greek letters used in textbooks are obsolete. ‘The more common ones are: “wer sien uals stigma gf 2 3t van B oph (or eos) GQ sampi a» oe $24. Alphabetic Indicators: ‘a. Except for the English-leter indicator (see §§26-28), the appropriate alphabetic indicator must be used to specify the alpha- Det to which e letter belongs. If the letter is lower case, the corresponding alphabetic indicator must precede the letter direct; if the letter is capitalize, so that the capitalization indicator is alzo required, the alphabetic indicator must precede the capitalization indi- cator. a @ (Greek lower-case alpha) Mx (Greek capitalized sigma)Role 1V—a2a-§258 Fa b short-form combination” oF a lower-case Roman numeral which follows it. When an alphabetic indicator is required, it must be used ® ® (alternative form of Greek lower-case phi) (Ole 1 ee (Greek stigma; obsolete) oa 2 (German lower-case sh) ow (German capitalized ah) @ & . (lebrew alef sub zero) @s fone (Russian lower-case ah) a9 ete (Russian capitalized ah) ‘The effectiveness of an alphabetic indicator extends only to the letter or, in the cate of the Englishetter indicator, to a with each individual letter of « sequence of letters or, in the case of the English-letter indicator, with the “short-form combination” Which follows it. (See §25.) 2. @) ag fees (Greck lower-case alpha followed by Greek lowercase beta) @ Wa + Be ste nes (German capitalized ah followed by Greek lower-case alpha plus German capitalized beh followed by Greek lower-case beta) (8) ais parallel to ea ebooatat se sees @ © “Single Letters” and “Short-Form Letter Combinations” (See §26): &. Asingle letter”, for the purposes of this Code, must meet the following requirements:Rule IV—$25ai-y ‘The letter mast be from the English alphabet, (1) & corresponds to a and D corresponds to A. (a and D ae “single letters! ‘cand Aare not) HL Temmust be in regular type. (1) X ie vector; x ina scalar (Kis not a" ingle letter"; x isa “single letter” iL, Tt must be unmodified @ xx (none of these items is a “single letter”) fv. It must not be an abbrevistion or any of the words “a”, “AN, *T", oF @ 1 1000 ce. (the Lis nota “single letter”) (2) From 11 am. to2 pm, (the letters in am. and pam. are not “single letters") (8) TT take 1 as a variable (the words « " and “a” are not “single letters") ‘¥._Temust be preceded by a space or by one or more punctuation marks in ink print, If this apace is not shown in braille, ‘the letter is no longer a “single letter.” Whether these punctuation marks are preceded by a space or not is irrelevant. A grouping algm isnot a mark of punctuation xe x « (of the above items, the first three are “single letters”; the lat is not)Role IV—$25av-8260 2 @ x+y tt (vie nt a “single letter” since itis not preceded by a space or punctuation) Te must be followed by & space oF by one or more punctuation marks in ink print. If this space is not shown in braille, the letter is no longer & “singe letter.” Whether these punctuation marks are followed by a space or not is irelevant, A grouping sign is not a mark of punctuation. ® (2) -A-cos bor Acos b * (A is nota “tingle letter” since no apace will be left after the Ain braille) @xty stct ingle letter” since It Is not followed by a space or punctuation) (x is not a“ b. A short-form letter combination”, more briefly referred to as a ‘must most the following requirements: short-form combination”, for the purposes of this Code 4 Tt must bea letter combination which corresponds to a short-form word of English Braille All of ite letters must be lower ease, Ul, Tt must meet the requirements of kvl of a above (2) ed is parallel to ef. (cd is a “short-form combination”; of is not) (2) t the nth degree (ath is not a “short-form combination” according to) (8) AB is perpendicular to CD (neither AB nor CD are “short-form combinations” according toi) @) Lyn = 2 me. : (7 is not a “short-form combination” according to iv of a above) §26, Use of the English-Letter Indicator: Each of the following rules applies, ubject to the conditions of §27. ‘&. The English-ettor indicator must be used with English letters, whether lower case or capitalized, if the type form ia other than regular type.30 Re T¥—$260-b @) AB (Gelagace capitalized a followed hy boldface capitalized b) @ & fost: (itaic lower-case @ followed by italie lower-case b) Oy fostect (script lower-case ¢ followed by script lower-case £) ‘The Bnglishdetter indicator must be used with “single letters” or “short-form combinations” unless specifically prohibited by other rues of this Code. ) Z's A and B are acute ® o (here the shape sign for angle is not an omission sign so thatthe Englishetter indicator is required) © ak (Chis i not an “encloaed lat” © @%my=n (his is not an “enclosed list"; therefore, the English-letter indicator is required with the a but is not required with the {¥ or, a8 would be the case if the parentheses were not present) (6) xitarent (ntuple © mip 3 (9) Brercaes AF 40) Bxercise La XY, and axesRule 1V—§260 a 2) a3) ay as) ae) an as) as 20) ey fn, my, mp, are (© Is a postive integer) ( isin direct contact with its left grouping sien; this letter would require the Knglish-letter indicator if the paren- thesis was removed) (@ and g) (p and q are in direct contact with their respective grouping signs; these letters would require the English-letterindi- stor if the parentheses were removed) (m,n are in set R) (isin direct contact with its left grouping sign and Ris in direct contact with its right grouping sign; these letters ‘would require the English-letter indicator if the parentheses were removed) (intercept) (tho x would require the Eng! (ab and ca) (these “short-form combinations” would require Englishleter indicators ifthe parentheses were removed)2 Role 1V—$26e-427¢ For use of the EnglishJetter indicator with abbreviations, see $51. 4, For other situations in which the English-letter indicator may also be used, eee §28. $27, Non-Use of the English-Letter Indicator: It must not be assumed that because a symbol isa “single letter” or a combination” that the English-letter indicator must be used, ‘& The English-letter indicator must not be used with a “single letter” or “short-form combination” that follows function ame or it abbreviation. a) cos a : @ web Fe og et ‘The English4etter indicator must not be used with a “single letter” or “short-form combination” that follows a sign of shape, provided that the sign of shape does not have a plural ora possessive ending. The English-letter indicator must not be used witha “sin- le letter” oF “short-form combination” which procedes a sign of shape when that sign of shape Is also a sign of omission a Ze @ dvr @ xOy (the square isa sign of shape whieh is alao a sign of omission) (4) Find the sum of the n Z's ape sign for angle is not an omission sign so that tho English-leter indicator is required) (hore the ‘e The Bnglish-letter Indicator must not be used before any letter or combination of two or more leters in a determinant or matrix, @ Jade det whi 3 aRule IV—f27e-f 38 @ /4 a w a ay closed lst.” (For definition of “encloned list” see §10.) @) Gab 2 @ (aba) : . * (ab, 04, of) 2 2 © 2%,» The English-etter indicator most not be used with the letter “s” when this “s” is part of the apostrophe-s combination (1) x's, y's and 2's f. The Knglsh-Jetter indicator must not be used with a “single letter” or lowed by # comparison sign (1) Wea =, then ae = be. but ¢ ob. (@) 90% of N = 68 “Py Role IV 9271-5280 © o @ ) aivor ao ay px sas The Englishetter indicator must not be used with any letter or combination of letters which are neither “single letters” ‘or “short-form combinations” in situations not specifically covered (see $26, 27, 28, and 51) Q) x4 y and (par and ABC @) xm 3 ame one oe @mZb : @ o 1. For other situations in which the English-etter indicator isnot required, see §28. $28. Other Considerations Concerning the English-Letter Indicator: The English-lotter indicator must not be used when only one leter or any combination of unspaced letters is m direct con- ‘act with both its opening and closing grouping signs, provided that they are English letters in regular type. When only one letter or anyRole IV—$280 35 combination of unspaced leters isin direct contact with only its opening or only its closing grouping sign, the Englishletter indicator ‘must be used (see §26) or must not be used (see §27) as though the grouping signs were not present. However, ifthe grouping sign has 1 prime, subscript or superscript, the English-leter indicator must not be used. a4. oy @ |x) Gd, itt (8) (ab) + (ea) (4) (pis a positive integer) Oo) © (1) Cetntercepty (8) (ab and ea) @ (because of the such that sign, whichis a comparison sign, the x's do not require the English-leter indleator) 10) x= (11) Solve for x (& > 9). (2) G=3%...9) (3) (ab ay (closing bracket has a subscript and a superscript; therefore, the English-letter indicator is not required with th36 Rakes 1V.V—$280-§30 1b, When only one letter or any combination of ungpaced letters has a plural, possessive or ordinal ending, the English-letter indicator must be used (soe §26) or must not be used (aee §27) as though such endings were not present. a) x @ xs (at (me (without the th ordinal ending the English-etter indicator would not be required before the n) A lower-case Roman numeral must be treated as consisting of one letter even when it consists of more than one letter. The English-letter indiostor must be used or must not be used in aceardance with the rules for any letter (see §§26-28). A capitalized Roman ‘numeral of one letter is subject to these same rules, For capitalized Roman numerals of more than one letter the Englishletter indica- ‘tor must not be used. $28. Letters in Diagrams: When a single Bnglish letter in regular type is used as a label in a diagram, the English-letter indi- ‘ator ia required ifthe letter isin lower ease, but must be omitted if the leter ie captalined $80. Letters in Tables: When letters appear in tables, whether as entries or headings, the Knglishdetter indleator must be used for must not be used in accordance with the rules contained in §§26-28. RULE V—TYPE FORMS ‘Type-Form Indicators for Letters, Numerals, and Compound Expressions Boldtace-Type alie-Type : Sanserif-Type a Sexipt-Type Fa ‘Type-Form Indicators for Words, Phrases, and Mathematical Statements Opening Bolatace-Type A Opening Htale-Type casa (Closing Boldtace-Type Closing Halie-Type a (For combinations of capitalization, alphabetic, and type-form indicators, ee Appendix, page 208)Rule V—$31-f028 a a @ ® Cy o © @ ® o ao) a) 2) ‘4. Subject tothe provisions of §84, the sppropriate type-form indicator must be used to express the type form of a letter ‘type-form indicator fora letter must always be followed by an alphabetic indicator. (talc English lower-case a) 4 * . (italic English expitalized a) (boldface Greek lower-case alpha) (boldface German lower-case ah) a (boldface Russian lower-case ah) (script English lower-case a) a? (seript English capitalized a) (script German lower-case ah) ra . . (script Hebrew slet) $81, ‘Type Forms: Specific provision is made in thie Code for five type forma — boldface, italic, regular, sanserf, and script [Except for regular type, these type forms must be specified by the appropriate type-form indicator, 22. Use of Type-Form Indicators with Letters, Numerals, and Compound Expressions: The8 Role V—gt2ac aah * ‘eanserif English lower-cate h) ay 4 * (15) abed (rogular a, italic b, boldface ¢, sept é) 1b, Subject to the provisions of §84, the appropriate type-form indleator must be used to express the type form of numeral. ‘The typecform indicator for a numeral must always be followed by the numeric indiator. If a numeral to be transcribed by using type- {orm indicators contains more than one digit, and is all of one type form, the type-form indicator and the numerie indicator must be used only before the first digit. If there is transition from one type form to another non-regular type form within the same numeral, the ‘ew type-form indicator followed by the numeric indieator must be used before the frst digit of the new type form. If the transition i ‘to regular type, only the numeric indicator must be used @ 0 (boldface zero) @ 2 (ecript 2) @ ® : (8) 945 $ a (italic 3, bolatace 4, sept 6) © 435 3 (boldface 4, regular 3 and 5) e Subject to the provisions of §84, when a numeral is Joined to a word or an abbreviation by a hyphen and the whole expression is printed in non-regular type, the appropriate type-form indicator must be used before the numeral only, but affects the entire eompound ‘expression. If there is u change in type form after the hyphen to regular type, the hyphen must be preceded hy the literary termination symbol (ots 6,8). If there isa change in type form after the hyphen to non-regular type, only the appropriate type-form in- licator must be used after the hyphen, (1) 6-0hm (te whole expression ia initalie type)Role V—f82e-f880 39 @) 45 (he whole expression is in boldface type) (8) 45-0hm : (45 in italic type, ohm in regular type) () s5-0hm : ’ (45 in italic type, ohm in boldface type) ‘4, When a typesorm indicator is used with letters, ita effectiveness extends only to the letter which folowa it. Thus, except for regular type, 4 type-form indicator must be used with each individual letter of a sequence of letters. “When a type-form indicator is ‘used with numerals only, itis effective until terminated by a space, a numeric indicator, o any non-numeric symbol. When a type-form dicator is used with a compound expression, it is effective for the entire compound expression unless terminated by the literary termina tion symbol (dots 6, 8), or another type-form indicator. 888. Use of Type-Form Indicators with Words, Phrases, and Mathematical Statements: When the ink-print text uses the convention of showing labeled statements such as theorems, definitions, axioms, lemmas, te. in non-regular type form, the body of such an item must be transcribed using the corresponding type-form indleators, but the labels ‘themselves must be transcribed as though they wore entirely capitalizes. If, in the body of the labeled statement, a word or phrase is singled out for special attention by using a non-regular type form for the purpose of definition or other elaboration, such a statement ‘must also be transeribed using the corresponding type-form indicators. When the passage to be transcribed is entirely of the same non- regular type form, it must be preceded by the appropriate opening type-form indieator and followed by the corresponding closing type- form indicator. ‘These type-form indicators must be separated from the enclosed material by one space. If material in non-regular type other than letters or formulas constituting « mathematieal expression is embedded within a larger body of a different non-regular type, the embedded material must be transeribed using the appropriate type-form indicators in accordance with the procedure described above, If it becomes necessary to use two of these type-form indiestors consecutively, they must be unspaced from each other. (1) Theorem 15, A triangle i isosceles if its base angles are equal (in ink print, “Theorem 15” isin boldface type and only the first letter of “Theorem” is capitalized) 2) Definition. x + yi ‘sin boldface type and only its first letter is capitalized) (in ink print, “Definitio0 Rule V—$380-b (8) Definition. We say that ey ie @ zero of order m of the polynomial f¢2) if and only if (Gn ink print, “Definition” is in boldface type and only its first letter is capitalized) (4) Definition. set which can be put into one-to-one correepondence with the natural numbers is called @ countable wet. (Gn ink print, “Definition” ia salicized and only ita first letter ia capitalized) b. Subject to the provisions of §84, when the ink-print text shows a boldface word or phrase within an unlabeled item, or when it shows an italicized phrase which either begins oF ends with a mathematical expression, the sppropriate type-form indicatore must be lused according tothe rules in a above. “When the ink print shows an italicized word or an italicized phrase which both begins and ends ‘with a word, the rules of English Braille concerning italics must be observed, However this does not apply to a compound expression (ree $820). (1) LCD. stands for Least Common Denominator. @Rules V-VI—-6830-885 a © $84, NonUse of Type-Form Indicators: A typesform indicator must not be used when a letter oF # numeral is printed in regular type. When any material, mathematical or literery, is printed in non-regular type that has no mathematical significance, the ‘variant type form must not be represented in the transcription. Frequently, itis the practice to print the letters of all formulas through- ‘outa book in italicized type. This practice must not be carried over to the transcription unless the author has specifically distinguished between two meanings of the same letter, assigning one mesning to the leter in regular type and another to the letter in italic type. In ‘addition, a variant type form is often used, particularly atthe lower grade levels, for the sole purpose of attracting the reader's atten- ‘ion. Such variant type forms must also not be represented in the tranecription, 995. Boldface Type: ‘2. When certain signs of operation or comparison are printed in boldface type, this Code employs the device of placing dots 4.5.6 before the corresponding symbol. The specific signs to which this technique applies are listed in appropriate rections throughout ‘the Code, and the transeriber must not use this technique with any other sign. When used in this way, dots 4-5-6 must not be regarded as the boldface type-form indieator but as an integral part of the symbol to which it belongs. This technique has been used only when ‘the distinction between the regular snd boldface forms of the same sign has mathematical significance. Dots 4-56 are also used ae part of the technique for representing filled-n shapes (eee §108). , Boldface type, used in many texts to identify letters as vectors, must be preserved in the transcription. When both boldface type and arrows of uniform construction are used in conjunetion to represent vectors the arrows themselves must be omitted from the ‘transeription unless the author calla special attention to them as # notational device, but a transeriber’s note must be included indicating their presence in the ink print copy. RULE VI—PUNCTUATION SIGNS AND SYMBOLS Punetuation Indleator Punctuation Marke Apestrophe 7 Calon2 Rule VI—436-5871 Literary es: ‘Mathematical i Dash Blipais ‘Exclamation Point ' Hiyphen : Period (Question Mark U Quotation Marks Lett inner . Lett outer . Right inner , 3 Right outer . Semicalon §96, Modes of Punctuation: Since numerals are represented by symbols in the lower part of the cell, and ince these symbol alto serve as punctuation marks, itis necessary to formulate rules concerning punctuation wo that the meanings of such symbols are unam- Diguous. ‘This Code employs two modes of punctuation —mathematical and literary. $87. Use of the Punctuation Indicator; Subject to the provisions of §88, the punctuation indicator must be used before a pune- ‘uation mark and after any symbol of the type listed below. In all these cireumstancos, the mode of punctuation is considered to be ‘mathematical 1. After any braille indicator, wo a. FRule VI-8STHx “ (2) Watery. a (bar over velocity") After any numeric symbol written as in the Nemeth Code. a) 6. @ “49° fil, After a Roman numeral @) 4 0, mL Iv. After a dash or ellipsis, when these oceur in a mathematical context. When the nature of the context punetuation indicator must be used. ‘After any reference symbol (1) notes. vL_After the general omission symbol. a) bx8=? vill. After a sequence of more than one letter in which each letter has a separate identity, provided that auch a sequence is rot anabbreviaton @) 4 ape. . fx. After ordinal, plural, or possessive endings which are joined to numeral, letters, or other mathematical expressions. (1) at, 2nd, Sra 4th,“ Role VIL§37ix-xiv @ Xs A) Bae A xl Atter any modified expression, a il, After the radical symbol. 2)“ " means “square root."Role Vi_g37av-$33ti a av. After any abbreviated function name or unabbreviated function name, provided that the latter occurs in a mathemat- ical context. (1) “sin” and “eos” are circular functions. 42) 1008. + xvi, After a comma, hyphen, or desh, provided that if these were removed and the space which they occupy were not pres- ‘ent, one of the conditions xvi would apply. a or @ §88. Non-Use of the Punctuation Indicator: It must not be assumed that because a punctuation mark occurs that the punctu tion indicator must be used. ‘The punctuation indicator must not be used under any of the circumstances listed below. In all these cir- cumstances, the mode of punctuation is considered to be literary. 1. At the beginning ofa braille line or after a space, (1) *24 Is « two-digit numeral” @ 4 After any numerie symbol written as in English Braille, (2), Copyright 1970. (item on a ttle page) |i After a dash or ellipsi, when these occur in & literary context (1) The four fundamental operations ere —, —, —, and —. (2) five and three are ...4 Role VI-g3siv-vi Iv. After a word or abbreviation provided that the punctuation is at the same level as that word or abbreviation, 0 ® ® “ co) © o ® ® (10) | a | 2) Aster any unabbreviated function name which occurs ine literary context (1) ‘The principal trigonometric functions are “sine”, “tangent”, and “secant”.Rule VIA g28vi-g39 a ® o © (iter on «title page) (© xy-coordinates. (1) Bxerciees 80-40, (8) 14, 2 and S-dimensional spaces o a0) a (1) Probabitity— 899 Plural and Possessive Endings: The apostrophe-s combination may be joined to numerals, letters, and other mathematical ‘expressions to form their plurals or possessives. When, in ink print, the apostrophe has been omitted, it likewise must be omitted in the transcription. ‘The choice between the singular and plural form of a word is sometimes shown by enelosing an “1” within parentheses, aa Rule VI-g3-f4ta @ ® wo o (the plural of x with a superseribed hortzontal bez) @ 4 tanae () & ABC ana DEF @ me os (the plural of x squared) CO) oe Oc tae (the plural of e sub 1) ao) (the plurals of e sub 1,¢ sub 2, ..., esub n) (1) principle(e) $41. Comma: ‘When a comma ie used as « mark of punetustion ina situation in which the mode of punctuation is mathematical, the comma in referred to as the mathematical comma, Otherwite the literary comma must be used, G) 4,8, 8 and 7 @ sr oRule Vi-g41a-§42 “ (8) 4,5, and 6-ided polygons. (0 space after comma in ink print; in braille, space required after a comma used as a punctuation mark) (8) sided, 5sided, and 6-sided polygons. (6) ie, m ow () (32) (no space after comma in ink print; in braille, space required after a comma used punctuation mark) b, No apace must be left after the comma whichis used as a numeric symbol except forthe purpose of achieving alignment. (2) 3,000,000 $ (947, 11, 592 Dillons ‘Thousands Ones or Units ‘442. Dash (Long): The long dash must be preceded and followed by a space. However, no space may be left between the Jong. ash and any of the items listed below, provided these items apply to the long dash. Symbols of punctuation other than the hyphen, 1 Braille indicators Sil, Symbols of grouping. Iv. "The symbols for decimal, dallas, cents, percent, pounds (sterling), and primes. (2) The opposite of — is multiplication.so Rule VIN-82-6488 ® (the minus isnot one of the listed items) (8) The oppesite of addition is — i C—O © Ow : (cong od sine rosin ini ay to ns rset dase) © weet teeta tt (the dollar sign applies to the dashy me . ” CD) H+ 8¢=—4 ett ae 33 (the cent sign applies to the dash) : : © meee get (pent in apn othe das © eteet tps feos (Em pu sens) en aloe) (20) A Baus and Sounea wght tn be oped by A —osea weet, ay (2 cin ont api othe ay on wo . (eh aes ape t he dat) | ‘$43. Ellipsis: 1. Any dot or series of dots in print which represents an omitted term, entry, or line is an ellisia, It must be represented in braille by a minimum of three dots, @)1,8,5,...,18, * + :Rate VI—$430-§45 5 (2) Mary, Say, a : . @ waar. ot : . o ae we te os Me me @ x4ye (the period applies to the elipis) 2) 4,8,5..2518, $ (the comma applies tothe ellipsis) hot Be sieEEG ptt (te btn netor ape to the epi) O Chon LOPE: : (eh opening and ing rong emba ) mb go EES (the cent sign applies to the ellipsis) §44. Exclamation Point: The exclamation point is represented by the same sign of ink print as the factorial sign. The context is usually sufficiently clear in regard to this diatinetion so that the possiblity of doubt In choosing the proper symbel is small, 45. Hyphen: The hyphen is represented by the same sign of ink print as the minus sign. Since the corresponding braille sym- bole also coincide, a minimum of decision-making in this regard is required of the transcriber. A space must be left between @ hyphen sand an adjacent dashBe Role VII—546-547 RULE VII—REFERENCE SIGNS AND SYMBOLS General Reference Indicator Asterisk : Dageer Single + Double t Paragraph Mark ' Section Mark Single ‘ Double 8 Fa Star # $46. Reference Signs and Symbols: The reference signs of this section must be represented by the aymbols listed above and Eng- lish Braille symbols must not be used. Some ofthese signs are slso used as signs of operation and in that case the rules governing signs of ‘operation apply (see Rule XIX). When it is certain that a aymbel in the above list isto be used for reference purposes, the superscript position, if indicated in Ink print, must be ignored in the transcription. ‘When a reference sign occurs for which no provision exists in this Gode, such as darts, pictures, etc, the transcriber must devise a suitable symbol with an explanatory transcriber’s note, Whether a reference aymbol exists in this Code or has been devised by ‘the transcriber, such aymbols are subject to the rules for signs and symbols of reference. (1) A Cantor* eet is (the asteriak is a reference sign, and its superscript position must not be indicated) @ te (the asterisk isa sign of operation) §47. General Reference Indicator: When reference toa footnote is denoted by a numeral, usually in the superscript position, and no other reference sign is employed, the general reference indicator immediately followed by the numeral of the printed text must be sed in the transcription and the numeral must not be represented as being in the superscript position. (1) Find the index? of the radical (in ink print, «1 appears in the superscript position after “index"; It refers to a footnote)Rule V$480-b 6s 45. Spacing with Symbols of Reference: ‘& When reference sign which calls attention to or introduces a footnote is attached to a word or mathematical expression, the reference symbol must follow that word or expression with a space between. If such a reference sign is unettached its position relative to ite surrounding material must be preserved, and a space must be lft on either side of the reference symbol. However, if there is punc- ‘uation which apples to such a reference, no space should be left between the reference symbol and the punctuation mark which app! toit. (Q) “Irrational numbers (in ink print, the asterisk precedes “irrational” and is unspaced from it) (2) Ierational® numbers . ® a Re (in ink print, the asterisk follows the period but the period does not apply to the asterisk) (6)... ster (in ink print, the asteriak follows “sets” end is unspaced from it; the period applies to the asterisk) . ‘The symbols for the section mark, paragraph mark, general reference indicator, star, asterisk, and dagger, when the aster- {ak or dagger does not call attention to or introduce a footnote, must be unspaced from the letter or numeral which applies to them. All ‘eres erm, winter o ot cher el tention to or intedues¢feotaets, mst be paced amy from the words to which ther spel a) 8, 8 + @) A Cantor! set is (in ink print, a 1 appears in the superscript position after “Cantor”; it refers to a footnote) @ 10 . (asterisk denotes a problem for extra study and is followed by the problem number) @ x. {asterisk denotes a problem for extra study and follows the problem number)o Reales VILVITI—$48b-$49ail ow tecctectt {asterisk denotes a problem for extra study and follows the period; the numeral 1 spplies to the asterisk even though there isan intervening period) (6) * Forextra credit. os (his is 2 footnote) €. The placement and indentation of footnotes are subject tothe rules for footnotes in the “Code of Braille Textbook Formats ‘and Technique.” RULE VITIABBREVIATIONS $49. Abbreviations: A. Abbreviations must be regarded in a broad sense to include the following items Universal literary abbrevi ions of the type commonly listed in a dictionary. a) AM (2) The year 1 AD. @ VawT ®ve. (6) Pho. (8) Oct, Nov, Dee (1) Mon, Tues, Wea. (8) 110 W. 110th St a) ya (2) C. stands for Centigrade . a) 980Role VINIfsoailvi 55 (1000 m (1 teneye (0) 25 00. 100 mph, (©) 60 myo. (6 ft-tbs. ‘Acronyms. (@) FORTRAN @ AscaP fv. Personal or geographic initials. (2) Tanw Mr. Mand Mr. N, @) GB. Shaw (8) Washington, D.C. Initials of agencies, organizations, et. a) RCA @) BvD, 2 (8) The B & O Railroad, vi. Special abbreviations confined to a particular field or even to a particular book. @ kao gees (means “east common denominatar”) @ LB, ‘means “east upper bound”)56 Role VINI—f49av1- (8) SAS oe (means “side-angle-side ®) OPA (means “Closure Property for Addition”) Vil Abbreviations formed by the use of initial or principal letters of a word, phrase, oF name, ww A (wean Vien) () mata 4 Penne atraah) @ mA (means “Program Language I @ vo (means “Input Output”) () ae (means “direct current” When a leter or sequence of letters does not represent a word or phrase, it must not be considered as an abbreviation and ‘must be transeribed according to other rules of this Code. Abbreviated function names, as well as model numbers, serial numbers, et. ‘ust also not be considered abbreviations and must be transcribed according to other rules of this Code. When there is doubt as to ‘whether or not a construction isan abbreviation, it must be treated as if it were not an abbreviation. @) Vitamin a, (2) Blood types are A, B, AB, and 0.Re VINI—850-$51b a $80. Capitalization with Abbreviations: In an abbreviation, whenever letters are capitalized in ink print, a preceded by the single capitalization indicator, and a sequence of more than one letter must be preceded by the double capitalization indi- ator. (PM, @) EST (moans “Bastern Standard Time") $51. Engllah-Letter Indicator with Abbreviations: ‘4. When a period follows an abbreviation, there are four possibilities to consider: ‘The period applies to the abbreviation but does not end a sentence 1, The period ends a sentence but doee not apply to the abbreviation. ‘The period both applies to the abbreviation and ends a sentence. fv. It is doubtful whether the perio applies to the abbreviation. In the case ofl, the Bnglishetter indicator must be used or must not be used as ifthe period were not present, In case fr, the period should be considered as applying to the abbreviation and the appropriate rule must then be spplied. ‘The use or non-use of the English-letter indicator with abbreviations does not depend upon the braile aymbols with which the ‘Abbreviation may happen tobe in contact, such as grouping symbols, bralle indicator, fraction lines, the hyphen, or the slash, b, ‘The English-etter indicator must be used before an abbrevistion which consists of one letter or of » combination of letters corresponding to a short-form word provided the abbreviation is not followed by a period which applies to it 28 @ we+10 (no periods apply to these abbreviations) 2) We know 82°F = 0°0, (the period ends « sentence and does not apply to the abbreviation) @ (v0 period applies to “yr” whose letters correspond to a short-form word) ®t sor20 + (no period applies to the “N”)58 Role VITI_§51be o 1000 ce 7 (no period applies to the 1") ©) (the presence of the parentheses has no effect upon the decision that the English-etter indicator must be used) Ome 100 em oe 7 (no period applies to the “m’; the presence of the superscript indicator has no effect upon the decision that the English-letter indleator must be used) (no period applies to the “1m; the prosence of the fraction indicator and fraction line has no effect upon the decision that the Englishletter indicator must be used) (9) 1/0 means “Input/Output.” (no period applies to either abbreviation; the pretence of the slash has no effect upon the decision that the English- letter indicator must be used) The English-etter indicator must not bo used before an abbreviation which conaists of one Jeter or ofa combination of let- ‘tera corresponding to a short-form word provided the abbreviation is followed by a period which applies to it.The English letter indi- ‘ator must also not be used before an abbreviation whose letters do not correspond to a short-form word. In this cate, whether a period ‘applies to the abbreviation or not has no effect on the rule for the non-use of the English-letter indicator, 2) 100° 6, = 212° F, (the periods apply to the abbreviations) (2) Does 1m. = 1000 m.1 (the period applies to the “m") (8) 1 tight. i | (the presence of the parentheses has no effect upon the decision that the English-letter indicator must not be used) ow (the periods apply to the abbreviations; the presence of the fraction indicators and fraction line has no effect upon the ecision that the English-etter indicator must not be used)Rule VII—$516-853 9 o eee eects: (the abbreviation “km” doos not correspond to a short-form word) @ 100 em? = tm? $ (the periods apply to the abbreviations) 952. Punctuation with Abbreviations: Abbreviations must be punctuated inthe literary mode, provided that the punctuation is at the aame level as that abbreviation. (See $887 and 38.) @ ie, @ (eas) (8) 9 tt (4) Bgl, 2aty 1 pt (8) oe nore (6) 8 gal, 2at, I pt o (abbreviated form for angle = angle) (8) Turn to Chap. IV, (p. 2). o (10) Items in §56a. The abbreviation “i.” or “in” usually meaning “inches” must never be contracted. The “st” contraction may only be used for abbreviating “street "- Ik must not be used for any other abbreviation, such at “st.” for “straight”. | 853, Contractions in Abbreviations: No contractions may be used in an abbreviation which is in direct contact with any of the 4) 35 in© Rule VITI~$58-8540 @ 16in @) 28 min @ an Zs ) (6) (Ariz, Ark, Conn) (1) (Wed, Thurs., Fri) ® xmin (8) 6 min /B60 see. 40) _1b. Gomi, (11) 6 min/360 see (12) _ibe te (18) Spee ne (period at the subscript level) (14) statvoltcm/atatamp-oersted 54. Spacing with Abbreviations: ‘a In transcribing abbreviations, the English Braille techniques of transposition (writing an abbreviation in front of ite num- ber) and condensation (using braille abbreviations shorter than their ink print counterparts) must not be employed, (2) Turn to Chap. IV, (p. 27) @ No space should be left between an abbreviation and its period, if present, and a slash line or any symbol of grouping, indicator, punctuation, or fraction line which applios to the abbreviation. A space must also not be left between two compe.Rule VINI$540 a nents of an abbrevistion when no space appears in ink print, A space must be left on either side of an abbreviation in all other situa- tons a ® ® “ © © o @ @ ao ay a2) as) aa, as as) 60 mph = 88 ft/see yay? VOR i. Bo min Ao re 60 mph. a2 tt bm, St = 1a =U: —pe. 6 yde—2 tt ayaa ttrin Nas Ww a x (2x — 89) mi 25 Sq, Fe@ Role IX—$550iiv RULE IX_CONTRACTIONS AND SHORT-FORM WORDS 855. Non-Use of Contractions and Short-Form Words: ‘Contractions and short-form words must not be used in a word, part ofa word, or abbrevistion when i sin direct contact vith any fem liste below. ‘They mort also not be uaed before or after the apace which immediately precedes or follows a sign of compar ton, In the case where transition to another baile ine bas been made, contractions must not be used if they couldnt hve been used Without the triton. In the cave of an expression containing a hyphen or dash, only that portion between the hyphen oF dash and the ‘Hem with which direst contact a made fs subject to hla rule 1. Any belle ndeator other than capitalization indicators oF the italia of English Braille 2) Bae 2) ampere (8) ay o Acer (Ga nk print, a picture ofa church) © (8) inch-pound* (1) distance oe ie 38 Any numeric eymbol written as in the Nemeth Code, Oy oe[2 ae ae(~ 2 J] il, ‘The general omission symbol (2) ten? four = six iv. Asingl letter. Q) earesinx 4 bare tan ya « a a @ ® w 6 o o Rule 1X—$56ar. Any sequence of more than one leter in which each letter has separate identity ay sine 2 ‘Any modifier symbol heat ‘ ‘The radical eymbal vio ‘Any operation symbol ergs/em* 60 min /hour Any comparison symbol, even though there isa space between it and the word, part word, or abbreviation ‘hour = 60 minutes Let 8x = the larger numbera“ Rule 1X—f55aix-ct (A) Copy and replace CI by = or 74 to make a true sentence. (6) Its a fundamental principe that ='s added to . Contractions must not be used in abbreviated function names in any context, In addition, contractions must not be used in ‘unabbrevisted function names which appear in a athematical context. In particular, the word “are” must not be contracted when imme- diately preceded or followed ly mathematical symbols, whether spaced oF unepaced, @) ain x (2) cosh x (8) sine x + sine y (co (we te x + §) (8) 2 aresin x (®) Are Sine x : (Are ACB is a major are. ©The contractions for to, into, and by must not be used before any of the items listed below. When the contraction for into ray not be used, the contraction for “in” may nevertheless be used in “into” unless otherwise probibited, Before any of the items in a sbove. 2) From a to : (contraction not used according to a(1)) Lip t @) From 1 to 2 © Frm 1 to 2 - (contraction not used according to a(1))Role 1X—$55eh 6 ® ® © © o @ © ao) ay Decompose <2 ABCD into & ABC and DBC. (contraction not used according toa(l)) From a tow. (contraction not used according to ati)) 22 X Bis equal to ? x 21 (contraction not used according to a(ti!)) ‘the imaginary part denoted by i = (0, 1) (contraction not used according to a(te)) [AB is paralel to CD (contraction not used according to a(v)) Divide by VE. (contraction not used according to a(vii)) From — 10 to +10, : (contraction not used according to a(vii)) are divided by ='s, the results are (contraction not used sccording to a(ix))Role 1X—$55ei-viih i, Before any abbreviation which consists of one etter or s combination of lettars corresponding to a short-form word. 2) Tum to p. 27. 3 (@) Convert mm to m. (8) Convert days to yrs. et ot Ail, Before any Roman numeral (2) Chapters Ito VIL ine Iw. Before a dash or elipsis, (1) 20 added to equals 30 ¥% Before any reference symbol 25 to 27. * vi Before a “single letter (1) the imaginary part denoted by i = (0, 1) vil Before a sequence of more than one letter in which each letter has a separate identity. (2) AB is paratel to CDRole IX—§55eviid a (2) the number of people who travel by car + the number of people who go by train “by” cannot be contracted before “car” because the ar contraction in “cer” cannot be used) (8) The ares is divided into int jx, Before any modified expression. 2) ‘The change from X to. efore any abbreviated function name or unsbbreviated function name, provided that the latter occurs in a mathematical context. (1) yi proportional to og x xi, Before any grouping symbol. @) From () to (6). sil, Before any of the miscellaneous symbols of Rule XU (1) Change to ee (2) Change the money into $10 bills, 4. The st and th contractions must not be used for ordinal endings when these are attached to numerals, letters, or other math- ematical expressions. If an ordinal ending is composed of only one leter, follow the nk print, (1) st, 2nd, Bra, sth (2) ih, 3, kth, .., (oath8 Rule X45 (8) ath (4) sat and 22 ©. The onecell whole word alphabet contractions for but, ean, ..., you, ae and the one-cell lower-sign whole-word contrac- tons for be, enough, were, his, én, was, whether capitalized, italleized, or nelther, must not be used when these words are in direct con- tact with sny grouping symbol. The contractions, whole-word or part-word, for and, for, of, the, with, whether capitalize, italicized, oF either, must also not be used when in direct contact with any grouping symbol. If any punctuation intervenes between a grouping sym- bol and any contraction of the types mentioned above, the rule still applies. When this rule precludes the use ofa contraction in one part of a word, no part of the word may be contracted. (2) (and, in addition) (2) (that is) @ (not-p) Cy o o (1) (officially withdrawn) (@) ("Can you find the answer o ao) (23) (Give the command) £. Contractions must not be used when they are likely to be mistaken for mathematical expressions. (2) Use the f to find the volume,Reale 1X—$55-§56 6 ® ® ® © spelled out because in immedistely surrounding text in ink print the Greek letter “theta” (@) also appeared) 856. Use of Contractions and Short-Form Words: Subject to the conditions of §85, the use of contractions ‘of English Braille must be used. (2) 1 tightyear @) notp (8) xintercept (4) unary, binary, ..., mary (6) dott sale (6) S.inch (1) hydrogen 3 (8) 860°-interval (8) ounce (Che omission symbol replaces a question mark in ink print) (20) (tt-pouna) (11) inch-pound? (22) 60 min./hour as)0 Rules TK-X—$56-457 (14) energy = mass x. (speed of light)* a6) a8) an as) as) ey RULE X—oMissions General Omission Symbol $57. Omissions: A large number of signs are employed in ink print to denote omitted mathematica or Iterary material. When & auestion mark, either by tse or in combination with hyphens or dashes, ora blank space is employed in ink print to denote omission, the ‘general omission symbol must be used in the transeription. The number of general omission symbols tobe used must be the same as the ‘omission signs in ink print. When a dash is used to denote omission in ink print, the long dash must be used in the transcription. If an ‘omission sign is used in ink print for which this Code provides no representation, this sign may be represented by drawing it in, or the transeriber may devise a braille symbol to represent It. In all other eases, the omi sgn which appears in ink print. All of these rues apply unless work is spatially arrenged for computation, in which ease seo $58. a) (or =r (question mark oecurs in ink print) (@) in = 1H Tin, A (question mark occurs in ink print) @ Tx2TK @ tet (a dash occurs beneath a question mark in ink print) ©Rule X—§57.858 n o @ 5x3 eg ae (a blank space occurs in ink print) (9) five x — = fifteen (a dash oocure in ink print) 40) 2 4, 6 5 10. (an elipsia occurs in ink print) (21) The quick brown fox . 2) as) (en extended tilde oceurs in ink print) $58 Omissions in Work Arranged Spatially for Computation: In work arranged spatially for computation, only the genersl omis- sion symbol may be vsed in braille regardless of how the omiasion is denoted in ink print. In addition, the number of general omission feymbols to be weed most be the same as the namber of omission signe which occur in ink prin. @ (question marks are shown in ink print)2 Rule X—458 ® (question marks are shown in ink print) @) 300 (2 question mark is shown in ink print) (dots are shown in ink print)Roles X-XI—$58-060 nm (ots are shown in ink print) $58. Spacing with Omi places. Other ons: The general omission symbol should be spaced in the same manner as the material which it re- ion symbols must be spaced in nccordance with the rules governing the spacing of those symbols. RULE XI_CANCELLATION ‘Cancellation Indicators 60. Cancellation Indicators: The cancellation indicators must be used to show the extent of « mathematical expression which has ‘been canceled in ink print. A spatial arrangement must be used when cancellation is represented in braille. Whenever 2 fraction or any ofits parts is canceled, a spatial arrangement must be used for that fraction, Iteme which are individually canceled in ink print must be represented as individually canceled in the transcription.1“ Role XI—$60 a ® © pee FS $ . * SANE & 2 698 5500 ow arRate XI fa RULE XII—FRACTIONS Fracton Indicators ‘Simple Opening Closing Complex Opening Closing Hypercomplex Opening Chosing Fractional Part of « Mixed Number Opening Closing Fraction Lines Used with Simple-Fraction Indicators Diagonal line or slash / Horizontal = * Used with the Fractional Part of Mixed Number Diagonal line or slash / Horizontal = + Used with Complex-Fraction Indicators Diagonal line or slash / Horizontal =% Role XI—$61-$636 Used with Hypercomples-Fraction Indicators Horizontal — . ‘Used with a Spatial Arrangement Horizontal (varying in length) — $61. Simple Fractions: For the purposes of this Code, a simple fraction is one whose numerator and denominator contain no fractions except possibly at the superscript or subscript level, $62, Use of Simple-Fraction Indicators: ‘2. Simplefraction indicators must be used, except in the case of mixed numbers, to enclose a simple fraction whose numerator ‘and denominator are separsted by a horizontal fraction line in ink print. _ 3 @ » stp os 2 (0) rate = ssi time '. Simpletraction indicators must be used to enclowe a simple fraction whose numerator and denominator are separated by a iagonal line in ink print, when the expressions on either aide of the diagonal line appear at different level relative to it, or in different type size than is normal for the purpose for which these expressions are used. Mary, (in ink print, the numerator is written near the top of the diagonal line and the denominator is written near the bottom) @) Buy (in ink print the 8, x, and y are at the same level, bt the x and y are in smaller type then the 8) $68. Non-Use of Simple action Indicators: ‘& Simplersction indicators mast not be used to enclose the fractional part of a mixed number. b._Simple-traction indicators must not be used to enclone a simple fraction whose numerator and denominator are separated by ‘8 diagonal line in ink print when the exprestions on either side of the diagonal line appear at the eame level relative to it, oF are of theRule XII $6ab-964 n same type size as the surrounding mathematical text. Sometimes the expressions on elther aide ofthe diagonal line are not the terms of fraction at all, Even when they are, the transcriber eannot always be certain of where the fraction begins or ends. Accordingly, itis better to avoid the use of indicators altogether in these eases and permit the braille reader to make a judgment based on the same infor- ‘mation that is available to the sighted reader. a) va @ (in ik print, 1 and 2 area he same level; thong the 1 and 2 aren smaler tye, they ar of normal size for print- ine perp) @ wa feted : (in tn pint the xan 2a tthe me level andar f normal size fr printing baseline sgn) @ mn Saeed (im ink ring, 1 and 2 ae a hese level and and 7 are at the etme lvl ach pair of signs i of normal size for printing ati rempectiv eve) © atoere ¢ i (in ink print, all letters are of normal size and at the same level on either aide ofa diagonal line) © @te+a (in ink pint, all letters are of normal size and at the same level on either side of a diagonal lin) ™ ve) 2 (the expressions on either side of the diagonal lin are not the terms ofa fraction) @) yao (the expression represents a date) $64. ‘Mixed Numbers: For the purposes of this Code, a mixed number is an expression which beging with « numeral and ja fol lowed, usually in amaller type, by a simple fraction whose numerator and denominator are both numerals, ‘The fraction line of this sim- ple fraction may be elther horizontal or diagonal in ink print. ‘The mixed-number indiators must be used to enclose the fractional part of ‘mixed number. An expression is not a mixed number if it eontains any letter, even though such an expression is of the same form a8 a rmixed number in evary other respect. a @ ® w (this is not a mixed number; fraction in smaller type than the x)® Role XTI—964-§688 @) sar (Chis i not « mixed number; fraction in smaller type than the 8) 65. Complex Fractions: For the purposes of this Code, s complex fraction it one whose numerator, denominator, oF both, eon- tains at leat one simple fraction, A fraction is not « complex fraction if the only almple fractions It contains are at the superscript or subscript love 966. Use of Comples-Fraction Indicators: Complex-fraction indicators must be used to enclose a complex fraction, o ® ° o a © 34 5 ow : 67. Hypercomplex Fractions: For the purposes of this Code, a hypereomplex fraction is one whose numerator, denominator, or Doth, contain at least one complex fraction. A fraction is not a hypercomplex fraction ifthe only complex fractions it contains are at the superscript or subscript level a (this is nota hypercomplex fraction) 968. Use of Hypercomplex-Fraction Indiato ‘a. Hyporcomplex-traction indicators must be used to enclose a hypercomplex fraction. ‘The use ofa linear arrangement within ‘8 spatial rangement is preferable to an arrangement which is entirely linear or entirely spatial. (preferred method of tranccribing & hypercomplex fraction)Re XU—$680 9 (preferred method of transcribing a hypercomplex fraction) © un gev—ugao rey 1+ (8) (complete spatial arrangement) -80 Rule X11 $680-§700 “ a a a—» § @y—x fa—» (=a) eee + (Ey 1+ (25) (complete linear arrangement) b. Hypercomplex fractions of higher order may be transeribed in the manner suggested by a above. It is only necessary to use ot 6 the proper number of times before the fraction indlators and thelr matching fraction lin. 4868. Continued Fractions: A continued fraction is one in which each denominator, except possibly the last one, is the sum of @ ‘whole number and a fraction. A spatial arrangement must be used for each fraction. In this cate, each fraction line must have propor- tonstely the length shown in print, and fraction indicators of any kind must not be used with a continued fraction. a) o 1+ $70, Spatial Arrangement for Fraction: 8. Whenever s fraction ie transeribed epatially, all fraction indleatora, except for continued fractions, must be shown, and each fraction line must have precisely the length necessary to cover the longest expression to which it applies, and the terms of the fractionRule XII—§700-¢ 81 ‘must be contered on their fraction lines. The runover of an expression which is too long to be centered on the fraction line which applies ‘mit may be effected at suitable places in accordance with the rules for runovers, bt each portion of the divided expression must be cen tered on the fraction line to which the expression, asa whole, applies b, In genera, the linear arrangement for fractions must be used when not expressly forbidden in the case of continued frac- tions, However, when fractional notation is first presented to the reader, asin the lower grades, or when there is any other special need, ‘any fraction may be represented spatially. ® ® distance time (4) s280ft 6Omi 1 he Imi Thr 60min For spatial arrangement of fractions in connection with cancellation see §60.82 ‘Rules XU-XIT—$708-§71 For spatial arrangement of hypercomplex fractions see $68. For apstial arrangement of continued fractions see §68. [RULE XIN—SUPERSCRIPTS AND SUBSCRIPTS Level Indicators ‘Base Line ‘ Superscript Supersrit with Superscript Superscript with Subscript ‘Superscript with Superseript with Superscript ‘Superneript with Superscript with Subscript ‘Superscript with Subscript with Superscript ‘Superscript with Subscript with Subscript Subseript Subseript with Superscript ‘Subseript with Subseript Subseript with Superscript with Superseript * Subscript with Superscript with Subscript ‘Subscript with Subscript with Superseript Subseript with Subseript with Subscript Contraction for Comma and Optional Space at ‘Superseript or Subscript Level $71, Natare of Superscripts and Subscripts: It is characteristic of mathematical expressions to employ signs, usually n smaller type, which are elevated or depressed relative to the base line. A sign whichis elevated relative to the base line is called a superscript: fone which is depressed relative to the base line is called a cubscript. When an entire expression ia at the superscript or subscript level, ft should be written without an indicator in braille, but its position must be explained tothe reader by a transcribers note,Rule XIIL_$71-874a 88 (1) Tnx? a superserint, @ @ $72, Hierarchy of Superscripts and Subscripts: Superscripts or subscripts may carry superscripts or subscripts of their own; the latter are then referred to as superscripts or subscripts of second order, and are thus distinguished from the former, which are called superscripts or subseripts of first order. Second order superscripts or subscripts may, in turn carry superscripts or subscripts of their ‘own, which are then called aupertcripts or subscripts of third order, While itis theoretically poseble for a superscript or subscript 0 be of order higher than the third this situation rarely ariees in practice. G73. Level Indicators: A level indicator other than the baseline indicator identifies the symbols which follow it as representing ‘8 superscript or subseript. The base-line indicator identifies the symbols which follow it as representing signs on the base line. The degree af elevation or depression specified by « level indleator is alwaye with reapect to the base Hine; the aymbol which precedes the ini ‘ator, if it represents a sign at some otber level, plays no role in this regard, S74, Orientation by Level Indicator: 1 The effect of «level indicator with one component is to direct the reade according as that component is the superscript oF the subscript indlestor. ae oos (esquared) ® @ (x carries minus 2 as a superseript)8 Rule XINI—§7a-it (x carries minus 2 asa subscript) b. The effect of «level indicator with two components may be analyzed as follows |. The first component directa the reader's attention upward or downward from the base line according as that component is, in itself, the superscript or subscript indicator. The second component then directa the resder’s attention upward or downward from this new position according as the second component is in itself, the superscript or subscript indicator. ® ® © w subscript) (n carries a subscript x which carries € The effect of a level indicator with three components may be anslyzed as follows: |. The frst two componente direct the reader's attention from the baseline to the postion described in b above. fi, The third component then directs the reader’s attention upward or downward from this new position, according as that component is in itself, the superscript or the subscript indicator. @ o o (x carries 2 superscript y which carries a subscript a which carries a superscript n)Re XUIS74e4i. 675 Ea © ° o © ® ao) (Che elipas indicates the presence of subscripts of increasingly higher order; the dots are printed obliquely) The effect of a level indicator with more than three components may be analyzed in the same manner suggested for level Indicators with two or three components 475. Left Superseripts and Subscripts: A superscript or subscript may occupy a position to the left, as well as to the right, of the sign to which it applies. ‘The words left or right are then used with the words superscript or subseript to make the distinction in position ‘A right or left superscript or subscript is represented as such merely by preserving the relative horizontal positions of the superscript or subscript symbol and the symbol to which it applies. “Each raust be preceded by its approprite level indicator. “Lett superscripts or subscripts of the third or higher order, although rare, are treated in the manner suguested by the ex- samples below. a) on *36 Role XIN_§75-$77i6 o © ” ® ) left subscript to x) ao) a (12) phx (p carries a right superscript band cis a left superscript to x) 76. Direct Superseripts and Subscripts: A superscript or subscript which occupies, respectively, a postion directly over or under ‘the sign to which it applies Is called « modifier (ace Rule XIV), 577. Numeric Subseript lowing conditions hold: "The subscript indicator must not be used to indicate a numeric aubacript provided that all of the fol. 4, The corresponding numeric sign must be a right, and not a left, subscript. 1, The corresponding numeric sign must be a subscript of firat order, and not of higher order. fil, ‘Tho sign with which the numeric subscript is associnted must be an abbreviated function name of a letter which has a ‘separate identity. In the latter case, this letter must not be any letter which represents a numeral in non-decimal base, "Otherwise, the letter may be from any alphabet and in any type form, and may be modified by one or more primes, ora superscript. Inthe ease of @ ‘twovletter abbreviation fora chemical compound, the abbreviation must be treated as if it were a letter. fv. ‘The subscript must consist of numeric symbols only, and must carry no superscripta or subscripts of its own. @ x (x sub 1; subscript indicator not required because all conditions i-lv hold)@ © w © o ” ® @ 20) ay a2) as) aa, as Role XIN—§717 a @ (42 sub 7; subscript indicator is required because condition ili does not hold) (CO): (the carbonate radical taken twice; subscript indicator is required before the 2 because condition il does not hold) Na,C0, tor is required because condition Iv does not (6 sub 2 prime; subscript indicator is required beeause condition W does not hold)88 Role XUI—S7Tiv-678 G8) te ubseript indiator is required because condition iv does not hold) an xe 08) as ‘i (Bisa lett subacrit tox, 1 ia a right subscript to x; subscript indicator is required before the § because condition | oes not hold) 09) An a (A sub x 1; subscript indicator is required because condition iv doesnot hold) 20) x:0000 @) ms (x sub 1.2; subscript indicator not required because all conditions Ly hold) (22) xe eel am re bat aes (the summation from zero ton ofa sub k; subscript indicator isnot required because all conditions Liv hold) eects sh 2) 8) * tx) ax ‘the integral from 0 to the square root of 1 — x% of f of x dx; subscript indicator is required because condition ili oes not hold) $78. Comma at Superscript or Subseript Level: A commonly occurring superscript or subscript notation isthe one in which two ‘consecutive items are separated by a comma with an optional space folowing the comms. In this configuration, the symbol, (dots 2-4-6) must be used to replace the comma and the optional space used in this way. This contracted form must not be used to replace & ‘comma and the optionsl space which follows it in a configuration which ison the base line. Q) xa eat etatt: (cach comma is followed by a space in ink print)Rule XITI-$78-9798 29 ® ° (the comma is followed by a space in ink print) ® P, 0) eer Renken (the comma and space between the items on the base line cannot be contracted) © jy : (the comma and space between the items on the hase line cannot be contracted) 19, Circumstances Determining Changes of Level: ‘The symbols and situations listed below have the following effect in deter. mining changes of level '& A level indicator terminates the effect of a previous level indicator and initiates the level implied by the new indicator. In ‘the case of the base-line level, the previous base-line indiator may only be implied Moen Gg (the superscript indicator terminates the previous implied baseline level and initiates the superscript level, the base- line indicator terminates the previous superscript level and initiates the baseline level) @ x+¥ {the subscript indicator terminates the previous implied base-line level and initiates the subscript level, the base-line Indicator terminates the previous subseript level und Initiates the baseline lovel, the superscript indicator terminates the previous base-line level and initiates the superscript level) fone a 3 (the superscript indicator terminates the previous implied base-line level and initiates the first-order superscript level, the second-order superscript indicator terminates the previous first-order superscript level and initiates the second order superscript level, the base-line indicator terminates the previous second-order superscript level and initiates the base-line level) a qrtetecweea ate (the superscript indicator which follows the m preserves the effect of the preceding superscript indicator; otherwis the punctuation indicator would terminate the effet of the previous level indicator and initiate the base-line level)% Role XIN—$73b-€ 'b. ‘The punctuation indleator terminates the effect of any previous level indleator and initiates the baseline level. In addi- tion, the comma, provided itis not a numeric aymbol, terminates the effect of any previous indicator and initiates the base-line level. However, the comma, when itis a numeric eymbol and the contracted form ;* (dots 2-46), preserves the level that is already in effect. a x (he period is at the baseline level) @ xe (the comma is at the base-ine level) (xm (the comma is a numeric symbol and preserves the superscript level) Wx © », (the contracted form for a comma and optional space preserves the indicated subscript level) ©. A space or the transition to a new braille line which is followed by Mterary text or unrelated mathematical text terminates the effect of any previous level indicator and initiates the base-line evel. However, if space occurs between the parts of an abbrevia- ton or phrase, the appropriate level Indicator must be restated before each part (2) 2p in alway (the space before the literary text terminates the previous superscript level and initiates the base-line level) 2) 8x 108 ergs (8) 6.696 x 10" mph ® wy (these items are entries in a matrix and hence unrelated; the spuce terminates the previous superscript level and Ini- tates the baseline level) ©) Ane sme a (evel indicators are required between each part of this abbreviation to show that they are both at the subscript level) (©) Der nie (evel indicators are required between each part of this phrase to show that they are both atthe subscript level)Role XIN$704+¢ By 44 The space which immodiately follows a symbol of shape, an abbreviated function name, or an unabbreviated function name, provided the latter isin a mathematical context, preserves the level that is already in effect. If these itema carry a superscript or sub- script, the space which follows such a superscript or subscript reinstates the level that was in effect before ©) be axe : : (the space preserves the subscript level at which the triangle appears) (@) sinx (the space preserves the base-line level of sin) @) coe x 29 (the space reinstates the baseline level af cos) o ‘the epace preserves the superscript level st which sin appears) (6) emetims (cach space preserves the superscript level at which the abbreviated funetion names appear) @ ete, os (he apace preserves the superscript level at which In appears) ents (the space reinstates the superscript level at which 6 appears) (8) eee seme (cach epace reinstates the superscript level nt which the abbreviated function names appesr) Om oR : (the space reinstates the superseript level at which log appears) a0, (the space preserves the subscript level at which max appears) ‘& The space which occurs in a numeral for the purpote of dividing it into short regular segments preserves the level already in effect. (1) tien sue The space which precedes an ellipsis or long dash preserves the effect of any previous level indicator. The space which fol- lowa the elipsis or long dash preserves the level that is already in effect. However, if such a space is followed by literary text, unrelated ‘mathematical text ora sign of comparison, this space initiates the baseline levela ® ® o Rule XIM—979f-4 (both spaces preserve the superscript level) (both spaces preserve the implied base-line level) 108+ — fs equal to 10% (the space before the dash preserves the previous superscript level, and the space following the dash terminates the effect of the previous superscript level and initiates the base-tine level) toa (the space before the dash preserves the previous superscript level, and the space following the dash terminates the ctfect of the previous superscript level and initiates the baseline level) The space or transition to a new braile line which is followed by a comparison symbol terminates the effect of a level indi- ‘ator already in effect and initiates the baseline level. "The space after a comparison symbol preserves the level that is already in effect. a @ ® Cy o Soy eeer thot (the space which is followed by the equals symbol terminates the effect of the preceding superscript level and initiates ‘the baseline level, the apace after the equals symbol preserves the base-line level) wee (the space which is followed by the less than symbol terminates the effect of the preceding superscript level and initi- ates the base-line level, the space after the less than symbol preserves the base-line level) Me, RAES eB Sb? (the space which is followed by the equal symbol terminates the effect ofthe preceding superocrit level and initiates ‘he basedine level, the apace after the equals symbol preserves the baseline level) (the subscript indicator before the equals symbol keeps this symbol at the subseript level; the space after the equals symbol preserves the level that is slready in effect) (1 = sint 2p = coat x (the transition to a new braille line before the equals symbol termingtes the previous auperseript level and Initiates the base-line evel) |h. Any aymbol or situation other than those ina to preserves the level that isRole XINL-§800- 98 $80. Use of Level Indicators: A level indicator must be used before any braille indicator or grouping symbol whenever this braille indicator or grouping symbol applies to a level other than the one currently in effect. @ veEF @ eo “ 4G oF ot 5 (the directiy-over indicator applies to the base line, therefore the base-line indicator is required) © xy ar (the opening and closing cancellation indicators apply to the base line, therefore the base-line indicator is required) m 4 (the closing parenthesis applies to the base lin, therefore the base-line indicator is required) @) A (the closing parenthesis apples to the first-order superscript level, therefore the superscript indicator is required) . The superscript indicator must be used to restate the superscript level when two auperscripts are conseeative but one applies ‘to the expression which precedes it and the other applies to the expression which followa It. Similarly, the eubscript indicator must be restated when two subseripts are consecutive and one applies tothe expression preceding It and the other applies to the expression follow. ing it. A superseript or subscript indicator must be restated before a modified expreasion which (s interior to the superscript or sub- script expression, provided that the multipurpose indieatar is also used, a pa 2 2a © PF w A, (the subscript indicator after the plus sign must be restated before the multipurpose indicator)Rule XIN—$80e-€ ‘€ The appropriate level indicator must be used before each part of an abbreviation or phrase which is at level other than the baseline @ 4, (@) tein wee ‘Whenever spaces are left forthe purpose of achieving alignment, not present. @ wo ee xy : Bet} det Ox +7 Bt +2 : at & ee ie Fo ‘& The appropriate level indicator must be used before any aymbol or situation in which a change of level is required but the ‘change isnot effected by any of the conditions of §79. a) 36¢ terval S68 gg BDSG ce hs (the base-line indicator places the hyphen at the base-line level) @ (the subscript indicator before the equals symbol keep t base-line evel) ® gttane (the subseript and superscript indicators before the first two equals aymbols keep these at the subscript and super- script levels respectively, while the space before the last equals symbol places it at the base-line level) @ om : (he superscript indicator before the equals symbol Keeps this symbol at the superscript level) toy © (th subscript indicator before the ellipsis places the elipaa at the first-order aubscript level)Rule XITI—§80e-§81e 9% (Oey (Che basesne indiator places the ellipsis at the base-line level) (1) sin 3) east x (Gt in assumed that thie expression has had to be run over to another braille line at the place indicated; the baseline indicator at the beginning of the baile line places cos at the base-line level; otherwise it would have remained at the superscript level initiated on the previous braille line) $81. Non-Use of Level Indicators: ‘8. The base-line indicator must not be used to return to the base line from a numeric subscript if the subscript indicator has not been used before the numeri subseript a) +0 (Case-line indicator not required before the plus symbol) (easeline indicator not required after any of the numeric subscripts) @) (ay, + my) b. The base-line indiator must not be usod before a right enlarged grouping symbol if this symbol either is separated from its receding material by one or more spaces or ifthe material which precedes the right grouping symbel isnot the end of an expression. @ Jf way ein) ey © Allevel indicator must not be used before any closing grouping symbol which is drawn in. @ pora xye ie% Role XII $814-§880 Aleve indicator must not be used to change the level if any symbol or situation specified in §79 has already effected the ‘change tothe desired lvel $82, Simultaneous and Non Simultaneous Superscripts and Subseripta: ‘4. When an expression simultaneously carries a superscript and subscript, the subscript must be indicated first, even if the ‘subscript ie numeric and does not require the subscript indicator. However, if this sign carries one or more primes in addition, see §88. a (x carries simultaneously a subscript of a and a superscript of 2) («carries simulteneously a left subseript of a and a left superscript of n) @ & ot @x ot (x carries bimaltancoualy a subscript of 1 and a superscript of 2) . When the same expression carries a superseript and a subscript which are not simultaneous, the relative horizontal positions of the signs must be retained inthe transcription, but the base-line indicator must be inserted bafore making the transition to the other level Om nore @ @ o © @ 2 I ae (the subscript is closer tox prime than the superscript) $83. Primes in Addition to Superseripis or Subserip ‘8. ‘The prime symbol must never be preceded by the superscript indicator. ame oeRoles XIU-XIV—$886-$84 a b. When an expression carries one or more primes in addition to auperseripts or subscripts, the prime symbol or symbols must be indicated first unless such symbols do not oceur at the beginning of the superseript or subscript, in which ease they must retain the ‘ame position asin ink print. wx @ x @ x © x o @ x M aD @) aS cae For primes in other roles see §172. itt Pitas and Pomuivn: For prs or pensive of mathemailexpresons which end witha aperscrgt or aubcit RULE XIV—MODIFIERS Modification indicators Directly Over Firat order ‘Second order Directly Under First order ” Second order sees ‘Malipurpose * Superposition * ‘Termination98 Role XIV 1 Modifiers Are Concave upward Concave downward Arrow Barbed at both ends | ached at lett | ‘Barbed at left and dotted at right Barbed at right Contracted form ‘Uncontracted form Dotted at both ends | | | | ee | eee | ee | ey Hollow dot at right and barbed at left Hollow dot at right (no barb)Rule XIV—$86-8860 8 (Caret (circumflex) a Inverted v Lett pointing < Right-pointing Ee ett Dot ao Hollow Dot . It (Question Mark : ‘Tide Extended ES ‘Simple a ‘Triangle (equilateral) 4 $85. Modifiers: A modifier is a superscript or subscript which occupies, eapectively, a porition directly over or directly under ‘the sign to which it applies. ‘The modifier inthe lst at the beginning of this rule are those most commonly used, but other modifiers ‘must be treated in the same manner, $86. Modified Expressions: ‘The Five-Step Role for Transcribing Modified Expressions: The components of s modified expression must appear in the {following order: i. Multipurpose indicator 5 fi, Expression being modified. {il, Directly-over indicator gor directiy-under indicator Wy. Modifier. ‘Termination Indicator ‘These five components may never be separated from each other by transition to another braille line, The termination indicator terminates, ‘only the modified expression; it does not affect the level st which the modified expression occurs ox (x with subseribed bar)100 Rule XIV—$86a-b @ xFF © i “ or © o («sub , with superscribed bar) b. When the expression being modified isa single digit or a letter, lower-case or capitalized, from any alphabet, and in any type form, and when the modifier is the horizontal bar directly above such a single digit or letter, the digit or letter, followed by the bar, serves to express the modification, This construction should be regarded as a contracted form of expression and must be used whenever applicable, If the modifieation includes a superscript, subserip, or prime, the five-step rule of a above must be followed. ‘The five-step rule may be used in conjunction with the contracted form without fear of confusion, Mr os (x with superseribed bar) ® | o } (4) xyz (times y with superseribed bar, times 2) o # («with superscribed bar squared) o ‘ (x with superseribed bar primed)Rule XIV—$860-987b 101 o @ (Ge with superscribed bar, sub n) o @ (botatece capita Z with superscribed bar) 0) 388 (6.54, bar superseribed tothe 4) ay GASH (a with superscribed bar times boldface capitalized A plus b with superscribed bar times boldface capitalized B, the whole expression with superscribed bar) 2) A, ey aa) an as) (he plural of x with superscribed bar) $81. Modifiers of Higher Order: A modifier of the second order must he preceded by the second.order directly-over or directly-under indleator, and modifier of the third order must be preceded by the third-order directly-over or directly-under indicator. The termination indleator, however, must be used only once, after the lat modifier symbol. a) set se xty eee («plus y superscribed by a bar, which in tur is superscribed by @ equals 8) @ xty (plus y subscribed by a bar, which in turn is subscribed by a equals , which in turn is subscribed by b equals 2) ', A modifier of order higher than the third must be treated in the manner suggested in a above,102 Rule XIV—§87e-§90 eA modifier, to be of order higher than the first, must be associated with the same expression as a modifier of lower order, In §860(11) above, the iong bar is not a modifier of second order because no modifier of first order is associated with the same expres. sion as the long bat. $88. Simultaneous Modifiers: When a mathematical expression is simultaneoualy modified above and below, the modifier blow ‘must be indicated first. The termination indicator, however, must be used only once, after the last modifier eymbol. If the modifiers Involved are of order higher than the first, they are treated as described in $87. @ @ ® (x plus y subscribed by a bar which is in turn subscribed by a equals 3; superscribed by a bar which is in turn super- seribed by b equals 2) $89. Parallel Horizontal Bare: Parallel horizontal bare must not be regarded aa the equals sign or the identity sign when they occur above or below a mathematicel expression other than a comparison sign. Furthermore, the bar which ia more remote from the ‘mathematical expression being modified must not be regarded as a modifier of second oF third order; the double or triple bar mut be re- sarded as « single modifier. a = ® a ® (subscribed by triple horizontal bars) 690. Binomial Coefficient: ‘The two expressions which constitute a binomial coefficient must be seperated by the directly-under indicator. ‘The expression which follows the opening parenthass and precedes the direly-underIndiator corresponds to the upper sanRule XIV—590-998 103 {in the binomial coefficient; the expression which follows the directly-under indicator and precedes the closing parenthesis corresponds to the lower aign ofthe binomial coefficient. @ (2 $i () (the binomial coettcient with n asthe upper sign and k asthe lower sin) (the binomial coefficient with g sub j as the upper sign and a sub j as the lower ss $91. Modified Expressions in Superscripts and Subscripts: If « modified expression is part or all of a right superseript or sub- script, the multipurpose indicator must be preceded by the appropriate level indicator. This will automatically be the case ifthe modified ‘expreision occurs at the beginning of the superscript or subseript; but the appropriate level indicator must be restated if the modified ‘expression occurs at an interior position of the superscript or subscript. Ifthe contracted form for a modified expression is used so that the multipurpose indicator does not appear, the appropriate level indicator must not be restated. a) ar @) bey (A carries a subscript of x with superseribed tilde plus y with superscribed tilde; the subscript level after the plus sign ‘must be restated before the multipurpose indicator) Ares : (A carries a subscript of x with superseribed ber plus y with superseribed bar) 92, Plural Moditied Expressions: (See §89) {82. Modification by Superposition: When one sign modifies another by superposition, in deciding which is the basic sign and which is the superposed sign, the following hierarchy, in descending order, should be used as a guide’ Integra sien fi, Operation signs fii, Bara — horizontal and vertical fr. Shape signs ¥%. Comparison sizns iL Signs not covered above A sign belonging toa category lower on the lst must be regarded as superposed on a gn higher on the list, and the super- Position transeribed accordingly. 1f two signs belong to the same category, it ia permissible to represent the superposition in either108 Rule XIV—498-596 order, provided that the same order is used consistently throughout the entire transcription. The components of a sign compounded by ‘superposition must be joined by the superposition indicator and tranceribed Unspaced, and without transition to another braille ine. ‘The termination indicator must follow the second component, (For other examples, see “Comparison Signs Compounded by Superposition” pages 140-141, and 143.) © (integral sign with superposed rectangle) @ ® | “ cy o 4 ge (angle with superposed arc) $94. Interior Modifiers with Signs of Shape: See §111. $95. Are: a) A aca (A with eubseribed are concave upward) @) @ A eat (A with subseribed are concave downward) AB sito (AB with subscribed are concave downward) $96. Arrows: Arrows must not be regarded as modifiers when they oceur directly over or directly under a comparison sign. In ‘that event, they become a component of a sign of eompariaon compounded vertically.Rule XIV—$96-697 105, When a right-pointing arrow with a single aft of ordinary length is in regular type, has a full barb, and is not part of @ ‘more complex construction oF compound modifier, it must be transcribed in its contracted form. If such an arrow ie in non-regular type, oes not have a full barb or shaft of ordinary length, is part of a compound modifier, or ls itaelf modified it must be represented in its Uuncontracted form. oR ss (A with supenrbedarow brie at eh) OW yes . (AB with euperseribed arrow harbed at left) @ Wyse (AB with superscribed arrow barbed at both ends) OW geniee ©) aE . (6) AB * «@ eit (aR with persrind row dotted at eft) © gt eb (AB with operand sow ded ft and barbed at right) () WE" aap naps gy (AB with superscribed arrow dotted at right) io) X#egy (arrow with superscribed £ hollow dot g between X and Y) $97, Horizontal Bar: ‘The horizontal bar must not be regarded as a modifier when it occurs directly over or directly under a comparison sign. In ‘hat event, it becomes a component of « sign of comparison compounded vertically (see §147).. When the horizontal bar i tealf modified Dy a dot under itor a caret directly over oF under it, the combination is a modified sign of comparison (eee §146). When the horizontal ‘bar is iteelf modified by a dot over it, the combination is sign of operation. ‘The horizontal bar is often used to indicate the recurrence of one or more digits in a decimal numeral by placing it over the digits which recur,106, Rale XIV—$970-§99% | wo 5 @) me (Gecimal point 7128, with a har over the four digits) (6.5799, with a bar over the 29) (8) 80725 ‘¢ When the horizontal bar occurs over or under the integral sign, or over or under the abbreviated or unahbreviated function ‘name for limit, the bar must not be treated as a modifier (see §171 and §118, eapectively). 998. Caret | @ | @ | @) | OS shes gn with superscribed left-pointing caret) 6 oe : | (equals sign with superseribed right-pointing caret) 998. Dot: ‘The dot is frequently used to indicate the recurrence of one oF more digita in « decimal numeral, When used for this pur- ‘pose, «dot is usually placed in print over each digit of the recurring sequence. In braille, however, ony a single dot must be used as a 4 fot ta (@ecimal point 8, with a dot over the 8)Rae XIV—$090-$102 107 (yi @ as (decimal point 185, with a dot over the 5) 1, Although there ia theoretically no limit tothe number of dots which may be placed over or under a single mathematical ex- pression, in practice the number rarely exceeds three dots. However, a8 many dots must be used in the transcription as are present in the printed text, except inthe case of recurring decimals as in & @ e (x with three dota over it) @ x ne (with two dots under it) $100, Hollow Dot: a stg (equals sign with superscribed hollow dot) $101. Question Mark: @ 2 att (equals sign with superseribed question marl) ® {equals sign with subseribed question mark) S102, Tide: The tilde, simple or extended, must not be regarded as a modifier when it occurs directly over or under a comparison, ign. In that event it becomes a component of a sign of comparison compounded vertically (see §147). When the tilde, simple or ex- tended, is itelf modified by a dot or «caret directly over or under i, the combination is a modified sign of comparison (see §146).— 108 Role XV—$1088 RULE XV—RADICALS Radical (aquare root) H Radical Indicators Index-of-Radical 2 Order-f-Ratlical First inner radical : Second inner radical ot ‘Third inner radieal ‘Termination {$108. Simple Radicals: The most commonly occurring rudical isthe square root ‘&._ When the square rot sign has a vinculum (horizontal bar) which specifies the extent to which the radical sign is effective, the transcription of such a radical is accomplished by the following three steps: 4, The radical eymbol 2 4, The expression to which it applies (radicand). lil, The termination indicator a @ ® “ o o oRule XV—$1080-$105 108 b, When the aquare root sen occurs without s radicand, ab when attention is being called to a sign in ink print, or when the extent to which the radical is effective isnot indicated in Ink print by the vinculum, the termination indieator must be omitted. (2) The V means “square root.” (no vineulum in ink print) $104, Index of Radical: Radicals of index other than 2 require « specific index. The transeription of such a radical is aceom- plished by the following three steps ‘The index-of-radical indicator Hi. The index of the radical. fil, ‘Then proceed according to the three steps in §10 a @ o ® $105. Nested Radicals: Occesionally, radicals are nested one within the other. ‘The first inner radical is then regarded as having 1 depth of order 1, the second inner radical as having a depth of order 2, and so on. In such cases, the orderof-radical indicator | <* (Gots 4-6) must be repeated before both the radical symbol and its associated termination indicator as many times as it is necessary *% Indicate the depth of that radical, If one of the inner radicals is axscelated with an index, the proper number of order-f-radical indica- tors must be placed before the index-of-radial indicator rather than before the radical syrabolitelf. The order-of-radieal indicators are provided for the purpose of enabling the reader to Keep track of the depth of the radical to which it applies. O Ver vetyse SIDER S (the square root of the sum of three terms; the first term is x, the second term is the square root of x plus y; the third term is 2) ® wa waar Te (the cube root of the sum of x squared, the eube root of x squared plus y squared, and y squared)0 Rules XV-XVI—§105, (the square rot ofthe eube root of x equals the cube root of the aquare root of x) Oasis) n+ Vo + ve : (a nest of three radicals; the outer radical contains x plus the inner radicals the first inner radical contains y plus the second inner radical, and the aecond inner radieal contains 2) RULE XVI_SHAPES Shape Indicator Interior Shape- Modification Indicator Structural Shape-Modifiation Indleator 7 Filled-in Shape Indleator ‘Shaded Shape Indieator . ‘Termination Indicator asic Shapes Angle <2 7 Are Concave upward ~ Concave downward 5 Arrow Lett-pointing — Right pointing Contracted ‘Uncontracted _ Down-pointingUpointing Cirle Diamond tip (oval) Hexagon Irregular Regular Interecting Lines 1a Parallel To Is Not Parallel To IaPerpendicalar To Is Not Perpendicular To Perallelogram Pentagon Irregular Regular Gundriaterl Rectangle Rhombus Square Star ‘Trapezoid Q »>J bao Qe- =x oOo 0so— D + m1ue. Rule XVI ‘Triangle Inverted Vv Regular (equilateral) A ‘Shapes with Interior Modification Angle ‘Angle with interior are Angle with interior clockwise arrow | Angle with interior counterclockwise ) (Clrcle with interior arrow pointing right | (Circle with interior arrow pointing left Circle with interior arrow pointing right ‘over interior arrow pointing left Circle with interior arrow pointing left ‘over interior arrow pointing right Circle with interior arrow pointing up (Circle with interior arrow pointing down, (Circle with interior arrow pointing up followed by interior arrow pointing down, (Cirle with interior arrow pointing down, followed by interior arrow pointing up ‘Circle with interior erose Circle with interior dot Circle with interior minus sign | ‘Circle with interior plus sign XY @OOOSSESCOOOOO PEPSquare with interior dot Square with interior horizontal bar Square with interior vertical bar Square with interior northwest- ‘woutheast diagonal ‘Square with Interior southwest- northeast diagonal Shapes with Structural Modifiestion Angle Adjacent angles Alternate exterior angles Alternate interior angles Complementary angles Corresponding angles Exterior angles Interior angles Obtuse ansle Right angle Straight angle Supplementary anges Verticle angles ‘Triangle ‘Acate triangle Toscees triangle Obtane triangle Rule XVI N a Ana DoD ARE OCHA EASE usmu Rule XVI—#1064100 Right snl NK Sealen tangle xy } $106. Basle Shapes: A shape is «sign which isin general a miniature picture or diagram of the object which the sign represents ‘A shape is reprosentod by using a latter, numeral, or even a configuration of dota which is suggestive of the shape. The shape indicator must precede the shape symbol. A symbol of shape must be used only for the representation of the corresponding sign of shape; it must never be used to represent the word or phrase which is the name of such a sign of shape. ® ® ® ® © ® o ® §107. Other Shapes: Signs of shape which do not appear in the list of Basie Shapes must be represented by the use of one or mare letters suggestive of the name of the shape being represented, Care must be exercised not to use an alphabetic symbel to which « mess- ing is already assigned in the above lst. In adaltion, the trenseriber must supply a note of explanation to the reader concerning the name of such a sign of shape and must supply @ drawing of the shape if possible. If « combination of lettars selected to representa sign of shape is contractible, the contraction must not be used. ‘The shape indicator must precede a shape symbol constructed in this way. o ¢ (Ga ink print, the drawing of a moon) ® (in inkprint, the drawing of « church) $108. Fille-in and Shaded Shapes: Any of the closed shapes in the above list, if they are fill assuch by using :$ (dots456) or: (dots | ‘recede whichever indicator has been used.” oes in or shaded, must be represented 6), respectively, preceding the shape aymbol. ‘The shape indieator must, in turn, | (Giledin ellipse)Role XVI~H108-$1118 us 2 a (shaded elipse) $109. Polygons: The list of Basic Shapes contains the shapes for regular polygons up to six sides. Any regular polygon with ‘more than six sides must be represented inthe manner suggested, that is, by using the numeral which speities the number of sides. An {regular polygon, that is, one which has at least two unequal sides, two unequal angles, or both, must not be represented in this way. Temuat be represented as epecitied in §107. (filledsin regular octagon) vee (en irregular octagon; a transcriber's note with a drawing ia required) §110. Shape with Structural Modification: When a sign, which is a special ease of a more general situation, ie used, (for example, right angle isa special case of angle), or when two oF more signs of shape are combined to form a composite slgn with a more detailed structure, (for example, two angler are combined to form adjacent anglzs), the shape which is formed in elther of these ways is called fa shape with structural modification, ‘The modification is indicated by a letter or combination of letters suggestive of the nature of the modification. The symbol used for indicating the modification must be preceded by the structural shape-modificaton indicator and followed by the termination ind- ‘ator. This combinstion must directly follow the symbol of basie shape which is being modified, Shapes with structural modification not shown in the list of Shapes with Structural Modification must be transcribed in accordance with the principle suggested by those shape symbols. ‘The transcriber must supply & note of explanation to the reader con- cerning the name of the structural modification and must supply a drawing if possible. If « combination of alphabetic symbola selected for a structural modifier constitutes a contractible combination, the contraction must not be used, (adjacent angles; without modifietion the shape symbol sais angle) $111. Shape with Interior Modification: When a letter, operation sign, or other sign is placed inside the basic sign of shape, the ahape which ie formed in thie way is called shape with interior modification.ue Role XVI~$1110-$114 ‘The modifleation is indicated by using the aymbol which corresponds to the modifying sign. This aymbol must be preceded by the interior shape-modification indicator and followed by the termination indicator. This combination must directly follow the aym- ‘ol of basic shape whichis being modified. os w Lo b. If two or more interior modifiers, arranged horizontally, oecur inside the same basic sign of shape, the corresponding symbols rust be separated by the multipurpose indicator, but the interior shape-modification indleator must be used only ohee, before the first ‘modifying symbol. ‘The entire combination must directly follow the basic symbol of shape whichis being modified a) @ If two or more interior modifies, arranged vertically, occur inside the same basic sign of shape, the corresponding symbols ‘must be transcribed successively, without intervening spaces or indiators, beginning with the symbol which corresponds to the upper- ‘moat sign and proceeding in descending order. ‘The first modifying symbol must be preceded by the interior shape-modifieation indieator, and the entire combination must directly follow the basic symbol of shape which is being modified. None of the interior signs may be regarded as a modifier of any of the others, and the technique for representing modified expreasions does not apply. o@ ef §112. Shape modified by Superposition: When a sign is superposed upon a sign of shape, the shape which is formed in this way is called a shape modified by euperposition. Superposition may be distinguished from interior modification by noting that in auperposition ‘one of the signs extends beyond the boundary of the other. Whereas, in the cate of interior modification, one of the signs fe confined within the boundary of the other (see §88). a oO (vertical bar extending beyond the boundary of « cirele) “© (circle with a vertical bar through the center extending as far asthe boundary of the circle) $113. Drawn-in Shapes: 1t js often better for the reader to have shapes dravn in than to have them represented by the elaborate braille constructions specified in this rule. However, i is not possible to formulate specific rules concerning which form should be used fn, therefore, the decision is left to the experience and judgment of the transcriber. ‘114, Plural of « Sign of Shape: The plural or the possessive of a sign of shape is sometimes indicated by placing the letter “a” on the inside of the sign of shape. When this form is employed, the braile transcription is effected simply by placing the lower-case letter “a” after the shape symbol (sce §88). wo & (ip ink print the “sis inside the triangle shape)Role XVI—$1150- ut 115. Spacing with Symbols of Shape: ‘2, Whoo a sign of shape is followed by its identification such as a letter, sequence of letters, or numeral, there must be a space between the shape symbol and its identification. In principle, the spacing rule which covers symbols of shape which are identified are ‘he same os those which apply to function names and their abbreviations. a 4 @ aBc @ OR ® mA ase, ZA=o0" A vvWana xve @ La &aBc . ” @ de+ Ly w@ Zi422s (a) _aaBc Aare ay m Zane a2 Zo0° + Z120° b. Shape symbols which represent omission must be spaced in accordance with the omitted item which they represent. a) o% (the square represents an omitted numeral) @ $0 + (the triangle represents an omitted numeral) 4 64 @ om =69 (the triangle represents an omitted numeral) @) Lday = 240 (the diamond represents an omitted word or abbreviation)us Rules XVEXVI—$1150<4 @) xOy (the square represents an omitted sign of operation) @) 24407 A (Che triangle representa an omitted comparison sign) M 248=9 (the inverted triangle represents an omitted numeral) Symbols of shape which are either comparison symbols or operation symbols must be spaced accordingly. @ toe 3 tim tx) ot . (the arrow isa comparison symbol) () aBlop an : (is perpendicular to” is a comparison symbol) (®) aB or cD : . - (in not parallel to” in a comparison symbol) ®xor os (the circle with Interior plus symbol is a symbol of operation) © x= square symbol is (the filed. symbol of operation) 44. In any case, «symbol of shape must be unspaced from any braille indicator which applies to It. wo Wooyee 2) 1101, + 1000, (2) 1104, + 1009, RULE XVI—-FUNCTION NAMES AND THEIR ABBREVIATIONS Abbreviation ‘Funetion Name Braille Equivalent amplitude antilogarithmAbbreviation are g oot coth det ot ox aad hay int Tim iim Rule XVI Funetion Name Braille Equivalent argument cologarithm hyperbolic cosine cotangent hyperbolic cotangent coversine hyperbolic cosecant cotangent hyperbolic cotangent determinant error function exponential cexsccant seradient hhaversine ‘imaginary part : infimam Hit ‘upper limit brett nooe, alex p68 | Abbreviation ‘Function Name. ‘Braille Equivalent, 7 oer | » patra gain | Jog logarithm: | = sein | min ‘minimum | i tale | re real part | Ee secant | ‘sech hyperbolic secant | “ o- on howetete sna | o —— 7 innget om verte tanec i ene $116, Contractions in Function Names and Their Abbreviations: See 855b and §56. $117, Numeric Subscripts with Function Names and Thelr Abbreviations: See §77. §118. Modifiers with Function Names and Thelr Abbreviations: ‘The bar which occurs over or under the function name “limit” or its abbreviation “lim” must not be treated as a modifier; the combination must be transcribed by means of special symbola for upper limit $2 2) OF $$: gh St Gt gor lower limit oe gs ge . Other modifies, | however, mutt be transcribed in aecordance withthe tecnigues forthe representation of modified expressons.Rule XVIL$118-$119¢ 1a ©) TR 40 © tm 40 (2) lim, £0) 6119. Spacing with Function Names and Their Abbreviations: ‘a. A.apace must be left after an unmodified function name or its abbreviation. Ifthe function name or its abbreviation carries ‘8 superscript, subseript, or modifier, the space must follow the superscript, subscript, or termination of modifier. sine cot x oe (sre A0B © nx 6) im, £0) . If two or more consecutive function names or their abbreviations occur, the space between them may either be omitted or Included in accordance with the ink print copy. When there is doubt concerning the presence of a apace in ink print between the function names or their abbreviations, « space should be left in the transcription. (1) aresin x (2) are sin x (space between are and sin clearly shown in ink print) ‘The expression which follows or precedes the function name or its abbreviation must be spaced in accordance with the other spacing rules of this Code @) sinx ty cant (Gn ink print, there is space on both sides of the plus sign) @) sina 2 3t (in ink print, there is no space on either side of the diagonal line)we. Relea XVI-XVITI—§119¢ (2) sin 80° cos 45° + cos 30° sin 45° (in ink print, cos 45° and cos 80° are preceded and followed by spaces) (A) Bin x + Seo ¥ © o (in ink print, there i OD cog = tan sin ® sin RULE XVI—SIGNS AND SYMBOLS OF GROUPING Normal Enlarged Parentheses (round brackets) Lett ( Brackets (aquare brackets) Lett Right Boldface Lett Boldface RightRule XVI Normal Enlarged ‘Braces (curly brackets) Lett ' Right t Vertical Bar Single Double Boldface Single | ndfece Dose |] Angle Brackets (angular parentheses) Lett « Right > [Barred Brackets Lett Tr i Right 7 Barred Braces ~ Lett T Right i} Half Brackets Upper Left for cs Upper Right Jot seta Lower Left Loe os Lower Right eae ‘Transcriber's Grouping Symbols Lett Right 128324 ‘Rule XVI $1200 $120, Symbols of Grouping ‘a. The grouping symbols listed above must be used everywhere in the transcription, whether for literary or mathematical pur- poses. The grouping symbols of English Braille must never be used except to enclose literary material on title pages. If grouping sign ‘ceura which isnot listed above, then in the sprit of the Code, the transcriber must devise a symbol whose first component is $y for the opening grouping eymbol and must ute the same device but with last component ;8 for the closing symbol. @ Ge @) (as = sas) @ (Wed, Thurs, Fri.) (6) (Mary, Sally, Jean} (8) (soven)? +1 (D Gight-year) (8) "Two" Is not the same as two.) (20) (Bineh stick) ay Bars) (2) (toa) aa) ayRole XVII—$1200-5123 125 5) (a2) as) (vx) an &+M(x—y) 1b, Although slgns of grouping most commonly occur in pairs, this is not always so. If an opening grouping sign occurs without being followed later by the corresponding closing sign, or if the closing sign occurs without having been preceded by the corresponding ‘opening sign, this situation must be preserved in the transcription, (closing bracket with 0 as subscript and 1 as auperseript) $121. Horizontal Grouping Signs: When a horizontal grouping sign occurs over or under a mathematical expression, it must be regarded ss a modifier. It is recommended that the horizontal grouping aymbols be drawn. However, when they are to be represented {in braille, the modified expression must be transcribed according to §86a. The left grouping symbol must be used when the modifier is directly over and the right grouping symbol when the modifier is directly under. o ate om wo aty © $122. Boldface Brackets: Boldface brackets are often used to designate the integer function. a Cd $123. Half-Brackets: The upper half-brackets (left and right) are commonly used to represent the ceiling function, The lower hhalf-brackets (left and right) are commonly used to represent the floor function. ‘These signs are also used for miscellaneous purpotes fn many fields of reathematies and ecienc, a) ix and x1 = 4, 5, then xs236 Rule XVIH—9125-5126 eae (fay ye a $124, Vertical Bars: ‘8, Double boltace vertical bars are urually read as the norm of a net b. $125. Transcriber's Grouping Symbols: The regular transcriber's grouping symbols in the above list must be used to enclose any transcriber’s note which has been inserted into the text (see §186b). These must not be used to enclose a list of transcriber’s notes ‘which appears at the beginning of a braile volume. The same rules which govern punctuation and contraction of expressions contain Ing grouping symbols also govern transeriber’s notes, For use of enlarged trenseriber's grouping symbols see §184b, $326. Use of Enlarged Grouping Symbols: When a system of mathematical expressions is arranged on two or more lines of ink ‘print, anda sign of grouping is used to unify the aystem, the corresponding grouping symbol in the transcription must be indicated as en larged by the use of dot 6 to indicate the enlargement. Among auch systems of mathematical expressions are: systems of equations, determinants, and matrices. Each brill ine which contains any part of the transcription of such a aystem must also contain the en- Inrged grouping symbol and these most be vertically aligned. If only the lett or only the right member of a pair of grouping signs ie ‘resent in ink print, only the corresponding grouping symbol must be represented in the transcription. However, when it is advisable for ‘any reason to do so, for example, to save space by avoiding runovers, the enlarged grouping symbols may be drawn @ eee “ (a two-by-two determinant enclosed within vertical bars; the equals sign and the ad — be are centered in ink print) | nitxso oy 3 ox >0. | (2 twotineaystem unitiod on the left by a left bracket)Rule XVIN—$126-§1280 121 : coa sina 0 aw x sine cosa 0 Loe © Joa of =1 | 004 | ( three-by-three matrix enclosed within double vertical bars) $127. Non-tse of Enlarged Grouping Symbols: Signs of grouping must not be indicated as enlarged in the transcription when ‘the corresponding signs in ink print are made large such as forthe purpose of covering a fraction, binomial coefficient or other material coveupying a large amount of vertical space. No signs, except grouping signs, may ever be shown as being enlarged. tax Gt $128. Spacing with Symbols of Grouping: ‘Spaces may be required to be left after an opening enlarged grouping symbol or before a closing enlarged grouping symbol to preserve the vertical alignment af such symbols required in §125. @ pet y= 9 Miata (unified system of two equations in which vertical alignment is required)128, Roles XVUI-XIX—$128b ‘ween the corresponding signs in ink print. a () 2 1D. A space must be left between an opening and closing grouping symbol when there is blank, not representing omission, be- (the empty set) | RULE XIX—SIGNS AND SYMBOLS OF OPERATION & Ampersand (end, logical product) Aaterile (Circle with Interior Dot (Circle with Interior Plus (Cirele with Interior Minus OOO 7% Dagger Single | ‘Back Sash (divides is a factor of) Double t Division (divided by) es oar Dot (and) cr Fraction Line (over) Diagonal / ‘Simple _— D Diagonal Complex / tt Complex — . Hypercomplex — + Hollow Dot . oeRole XIX 129 Intersection (cap) f Logica Produet (and, meet) A Logical Sum (Jol, oF) vos Minus Regular ~ 3 Botatace - Minus Followed by Plus Boldface Minus Followed by Boldface Pus — Boldface Minus Followed by Regular Plus -+ tad Regular Minus Followed by Regular Plus “+ nag Regular Minus Followed by Boldface Plas — Minus or Plas Minus with Dot over (proper difference) ~ ‘Maltiplicaton (times) (Cross (cartesian produet) x 28 Dot fe ‘Namber Sign; Crosshatch; Tie-tactoe; Pounds (weight) Paragraph Mark oo Plus Regular Bolatace + . Plus Followed by Minus Boldface Plus Followed by Boldface Minus = — Boldface Plus Followed by Regular Minus +-380 Rule XIX—§129 Regular Pun Folowed by Regular Minus to be ‘Regular Pus Followed by Boldface Minos + — Plus or Minus * Section Mask Boots Slash (per, over, divided by) / ° Square iled-in Square . Hollow Square oO Star * Tae Extended os Simp = Union (cup) v Vertical Bar (isa factor, divides) Hl $128. Ampersand: When the ampersand is used in literary context, and without reference to the specific nature of the sign ‘tac, it should not be regarded as a sign of operation, and, accordingly, the rules of English Braille apply. Otherwise, the aymbol inthe sbove list must be used, (ater : Citerary context) (2) The & often denotes logics! conjunction (epeciic attention is called to the nature of the sign) @ AaB ty (mathematial context)Role XIX—§150-6133 11 18180, Asterisk, Dagger, Double Dagger, Number Sign, Paragraph Mark, Section Mark, Star: The asterisk, dagger, double dagger, ‘umber sign, paragraph mark, section mark, and star must be represented by the symbols provided for them in this Code; the English Braille symbols must be avoided even when the corresponding signs are used for purposes of reference. tee @) ss oe @ xey (298 (6 Re om ase @ ase ) Ase $181, Fraction Lines: For « complete discussion of the rules governing fractions see Rule XII. $182. Intersection, Union: When the intersection sign or the union sign is modified by a superscribed bar, a subscribed bar, or both, the combination is no longer a sign of operation but a sign of comparison compounded vertically (see §147).. ‘These signs are frequently modified below, and are consequently printed wide enough to accommodate the modifier. The ‘variable width of thete signs mutt be ignored inthe transcription. Superscripts or subecripts which are sometimes attached to these signs must be treated in the usual manner for handling superscripts and subscripts a) ans * oon a : @) AUB ot : §189. Logical Product, Logical Sum: When the signs for logical produet or logical eum are modified by a superscribed bar, « sub- seribed bar, or both, the combination is no longer a sign of operation but a sign of comparison compounded vertically (eee §147) xay : @ xvy12 Role XIX—f134-§186 $154, Minus Followed by Plus, Plus Followed by Minus, Minus or Plus, Plus or Minus: When the signs for plus and ménus are ‘combined either vertically or horizontally, the combination must be regarded as a single sign of operation. Its components must not be divided between braille lines in the transcription, @ 42-48 @ 34-8 @) xs¥ @ x=¥ $185. Multipication: The two common multplistion signs, eross and dot, must not be used interchangeably in the transcription. ‘The croas is sometimes modified below. a 3x10 @ xy (eee es oes ‘ « $136, Slash: ‘The slash must be represented by the symbol provided for it in this Code. The English Braille symbol must not be used, | @ mie (2) The rise/ron ratio i 8. i ® “ (6) volt/amp (©) 60 mise m vane (adateyRole XIX—$137-6138b ass $187, Tide: This sign of operation is used predomi sntly in lie with the meaning of not a ~p 7 @ ~pv~av~ @ ~~TVR $138. Spacing with Symbols of Operation: ‘& A space must be left on either side of an operation symbol under any ofthe circumstances listed below. 4. Between a comparison symbol and an operation symbol. oe i, After « funetion name or ts abbreviation and before « symbol of operation, (sin —x . HL Between an elipis @) 1424. @ 1——=8 fv. Between an abbreviation and a symbol of operation other than the fraction line or slash, @) yd +2ya—aya (in ink print, there is '¥. Where required according to Rule XXL. ai + il A space must not be left on either side of symbol of operation in any other situation. a aos @ x@y @ 2+14, Rules XIX-XX—§138b w o © m @ o (10) quotient x divisor + remainder = dividend 2) Gat a|a (a) ate pate ere RULE XX—SIGNS AND SYMBOLS OF COMPARISON ‘Simple Comparison Signs Concave upward = (Concave downward ~ Arrow Left pointing -—Role XX 135 Right-pointing Contracted Uncontracted Down-pointing Uppointing Two-way Horizontal Vertical ‘quale (is equal to) Normal Boldface Greater Than (is greater than) Normal With curved sides entity (is congruent entical to) ‘Indusion (is contained in; isa subset of) ‘Loss Than ({s lees than) Normal ‘With curved sides Membership (isan element of; belongs to) Parallel To (is paralle 10) Perpendicular To (is perpendicular to) Proportion (as) Ratio (is to) > > seals < ot < eorE ore 2136, Relation (ia elated to) Reverse Incasion (contains in ors impiea) Reverse Membership (contains the clement) Te ‘Simple (is related to; i similar to) ‘Extended (in related to) ‘Variation (varies as) ‘Vertical Bar (such that) ‘Moaified Comparison Signs Equals Sign Caret over (Caret under (is projective to, ‘projective correspondence) Degree sign over (ia equal in degrees to) Dot over (ts approximately equal to) Dot over and dot under ‘Bqullaera trang over Inverted caret over Left pointing cart over ‘Question mark over Right pointing caret over ‘Two dots over and two dols under Vertical bar over Horizontal Bar Caret overRule XX 137 CCaret under (Is perspective to, perspective correspondence) Dot under Simple Tide, Dot Under Comparison Signs Compounded Vertically Arrow Combinations Right-pointing over Ieft-pointing Right-pointing with upper barb over Teft-pointing with lower barb Right-pointing over boldface left-pointing Left-polnting over boldface right-pointing Bolafaceright-pointing over left-pointing Boldface left-pointing over right-pointing ‘Boldface right-ponting over boldface left-pointing ‘Boldface left-pointing over boldface right-pointing ‘Long right-pointing over short left-pointing Short right-pointing over long left-pointing Equivalence (is equivalent 10) Greater Than [Bar over greater than (is equal to or greater than) So v ‘Bar under greater than (is ‘reater than or equal to) Iv Eaquale sign over greater than (Gs equal to or greater than) o wy 5 [Equals sign under greater than ‘(is greater than or equal to) = eee | | 1138, Rule XX Inclusion over inclusion (is subset of) = Bar over inclusion (is. subset of) z ‘Bar under inclusion (isa subset of) < ‘Equals sign over inchsion (is a subset of) = * Equals sign under inclusion (isa subset of) < R Intersection (cap) ‘Bar under intersection a ‘quale sign under intersection a Lens Than, Bar over less than (is equal to or less than) Zorg Bar under leas than (Is less than or equal to) < or < at Equals sign over less than _< eet (Gs equal to or less than) uals sign over reverse inclusion = Equals sign under reverse inclusion > ‘Tilde (a related to) Bar over double tilde aw Bar over single tilde Bar under double tilde Bar under single tilde Double tide ee ee Equals sign over double tilde zo ofbstttts Equals sign over single tilde series, ‘Equals sign under double tilde oe, ‘Equals sign under single tilde A .140, Rule XX ‘Union (eup) Bar under union u ‘Equals sign under union Comparison Signs Compounded Horizontally Arrow Combinations Uppnig ater dor iting tl Down-pointing followed by up-pointing. \t Urpin twat etn domcining ff Downy itrety ite opting | Daten ebedowmosinine ff te deve intg ed sning | f Boldface up-pointing followed by | | Sincere Boldface down-pointing followed by | t boldface up-pointing creer han Foto yf tan >< lovely een oe hts > =< Tn eleed eater han <> Followed by equale sign followed by greater than <= > Comparison Signs Compounded by Superposition Dot Between bars of equals ‘Within inclusion sign ‘Within reverse inclusion signRule XX—4189 Bguals Sign ‘Through inclusion sign ‘Through reverse inclusion sign Greater Than Nest of two with straight sides (is large compared with) [Nest of two with curved sides oriaontal Bar ‘Through inclusion sign ‘Through reverse inclusion sign Less Than Nest of two with straight sides (is onal compared with) [Nest of two with curved sides Vertical Bar i ‘Through shaft of right-pointing arrow ‘Through shaft of left-pointing arrow 189. Negation: Comparison signs may be nevated by a vertical stroke or by an oblique stroke in either direction i Oe tote i (oblique negation sign in ink print, from lower left to upper right) Oe ote (vertical negation sign in ink print) o & orn (chlique negation sign in ink print, from upper left to lower right) oy . (oblique negation sign in ink print, from lower left to upper right) at However the negation is effected in ink print, the symbol * (dots 8-4) must be placed unspaced before the comparison symbol belng negated.Ma. Role XX—9139.8163 © . (oblique negation sign in ink print, from upper left to lower right) OF PENS (ertiea negation sig in ink print) | $140, Arrows: A detailed discussion of the construction of arrows of many types is presented in Rule XX1. The arrows in the list | of simple comparison signs are those which occur with the greatest frequency. | Ifa right-pointing arrow has a full barb and a single shaft of ordinary length, isin regula type, and oceurs by itself, it must ’be represented in its contracted form. If such an arrow is in nonregular type, is itself modified, or occurs as part of a more complex rod- fleation, it must be represented in its uncontracted form. | @ Bea | @) AaB @ AoB ) Xtsgy | $141. entity: This sign must not be used for i congruent to in geometry if another sign ia employed for this purpose in ink print Me) (@) 2=5¢m08 8) 8142. Membership: This sign must not be mistaken for the Greek lower-case epsilon, even though it is sometimes referred to by ‘that very name. ‘This sign is generally used when speaking about sets and the elements of which they are composed. When the Greek lower-case epsilon is used in the same textbook, the publisher usually makes a sufficient distinction between the two signs to prevent this confusion, a xea (xis an element of A) $143. Relation: When a letter or other sign is used between two expressions to show that they are related, the letter orsign used {in this way must be regarded as a comparison sign. As such, itis subject to all the rules governing comparison signs and symbols. The letter is frequently used in this situation, a) aRb ¢: @ wm +:Rade XX—$144-9151 us $144. ‘Tide: When the tilde, simple or extended, occurs with a dot or caret directly over or directly under it, the combination is ‘2 modified sign of comparison (see §146). Whon it occurs directly over or directly under another simple comparison sign, the eombina- ton isa comparison sign compounded vertically (see §147).. @ ray @ xy {§145. Vertical Bar: In addition to its use as e comparison sign meaning “such that,” the vertical bar is usod in several other ways ‘in mathematics, It has already been listed as a sign of grouping and asa sign of operation, It is helpful to know that when the vertical Dar means “‘such that” it is usually part of an expression within braces used for set notation, or in assoeiation with one of the quantifiers, However, it may also appear in other situations. @® fel x} < 10) $ 2) Chomex| x= 7 @ Yix=— 146. Moditied Comparison Signs: ‘The modified comparison signs in the above list are constructed in accordance with the rules for ‘the représentation of modified expressions (eee Rule XIV). Modified signs of comparison other than those in the above list must be con- structed in accordance with the same principles 147. Comparison Signs Compounded Vertically: The transcriber must represent vertical arrangement of simple comparison signs as an unspsced horizontal succession of the corresponding simple comparison symbols, the first symbol corresponding to the upper- ‘most sign. The braille reader must interpret a succession of unspaced simple comparison symbols as representing the fact that the cor- responding signs are arranged vertically in ink print, in descending order, the uppermost sign corresponding to the first symbol. Com- parison signs compounded vertically not shown inthe lit must be transcribed in accordance with the above principles, §145. Intersection, Union, Logical Product, Logical Sum: The intersection, union, logic product, an logiesl sum slams, when un- ‘modified, are not simple comparison signs, but operation signs (see §182 and §188, respectively). 8149. Comparison Signs Compounded Horizontally: The transcriber must represent a horizontal succession of comparison signs by placing the multipurpose indicator between the unspaced corresponding comparison symbols. Comparison signs compounded horizontally ‘hich are not shown in thelist must be transcribed in accordance with the above principle. $150. Comparison Signs Compounded by Superposition: Comparison signs compounded by superposition in the above list are con- structed in accordance with the rules for representing superposition (see §98). Comparison signs compounded by superposition other ‘than those in the above lst must be constructed in accordance with the same principles. {H151. Spacing with Symbols of Comparison: A space must be left on either side of a comparison symbol. However, « space must not be lett between the comparison aymbol and any punctuation symbol, grouping aymbol, or indleator which applies to it.Role XX1 RULE XXI-ARROWS Arrow Components, Arrow Direction Indicators Depresses nearer arrowhead by 45 degrees Elevates nearer arrowhead by 45 degrees A Makes nearer arrowhead point up t “Makes nearer arrowhead point down Arrow Shatts Curved (*) ue Dashed ee Dotted we gate: Long double = ‘Long single Ordinary double Ordinary single Short double Short single Wary Arrow Types Belatace Regular (no indicator) Arrowheads ‘Barbed left full < Barbed left lower x 14sMs Rule XX1 Barbed left upper ‘Barbed right full Barbed right lower Barbed right upper Blunted left full Blunted left lower Blunted left upper Blunted right ful Blunted right lower Blunted right upper (Carved left full (Carved left lower c (Curved left upper ‘ (Curved right ful ) (Curved right lower : (Curved right upper y Straight ltt fll t Straight lef ower ' Straight left upper l Straight right fal 1 Straight right lower il Straight right upper !Role XXI—§152-51552 ur §152. Contracted Form of Right-Pointing Arrow: When a right-pointing arrow in regular type, with a single shatt of ordinary length and a full barb, occurs by itaelf, it must be represented in ite contracted form ° Tf such an arrow is in non-regular type, {is modified, o occure as part of a more complex modification, it must be represented in its uncontracted form £15, Arrow Componente: There iss arg class of sens in the form of arrows which differ frm each other in several ways. In the above lint, tere e presented an assortment of arow components from which auch signs are constructed. ‘The entire canwtncton is & simple comparison symbol 954, Six Stee for Construction of Arrows: Arrow components mutt be transcribed inthe following order: 1 The shape incor Ah ‘The arrow direction if must be indicate. ii, “The arrow type, it mat be indicated. fre ‘Theleft arrowhead if any The arzow shaft if required vi The right arrowhead, any o | Carrow, trooway vertical boldface, barbed arrowheads at both ends) Mey (arrow, two-way horizontal, regular type, curved arrowheads at both ends) mk (spear, northwest, blunted arrowhead) $155. Arrow Directions: It is possible to represent eight arrow directions by making proper use of the direction indicators, ‘The two horizontal directions, right and left, require no indicator. oo (right pointing arrow, contracted form) @ (right-pointing arow, uncontracted form)ua Rule XXI-f155e-€ J oe (ett-pointing arrow) Oo (two-way horizontal arrow) b, The two vertical directions, up und down, require the directly-over indicator or the directly-under indicator, respectively. The Airectly-over indicator "makes the arrowhead point up’; the diretly-under indieator “makes the arrowhesd point down". If a vertical arrow is printed with one arrowhead, it must be transeribed by using the appropriate symbol for a right arrowhead, and not a left one ot i (eerow pointing up) (arrow pointing down) ot (vertical two-way arrow) The four oblique directions require the superscript indicator or the subscript indicator. The superscript indicator “elevates the nearer arrowhead (if there are two) by 45 degrees from the horizontal position”; the subscript indicator “depresses the nearer arrow. ‘head (if there are two) by 45 degrees from the horizontal position”. oy (arrow, northeast) Or . (arrow, northwest) eo ® o © (arrow, southwest-northeast)Role XXI_1560-¢ us $156, Arrow Shafts: An arrow shaft may be curved, dashed, dotted. straight or wavy, single or double, long or short. ‘2. If an arrow shatt is curved, the direction of curvature is indicated by a left arrowhead or a right arrowhead. A curved arrow ‘shatt followed by aright arrowhead represents a counterclockwise arrow; a curved arrow shaft preceded by a Jeft arrowhead represents ‘clockwise arrow. (arrow, counterclockwise) ac (arrow, clockwise) 1b, Most arrow shafts are single. An arrow with a double arrow shaft is sometimes called & spear. os (spear, right pointing) oe (spear, lott-pointing) oe (spear, horizontal two-way) €. Where the length of an arrow shaft has significance, the length is indicated by the number of repetitions of the bralle arrow shaft symbol, The lst distinguishes three lengths, but other lengths may be indicated by repeating the braille urrow-shaft symbol a ‘suitable number of times. + Oe (hort arrow, left-pointing) @ © @ (ong arrow, horizontal two-way)r 160 Role XXI—$157.§1580 $187. Arrow Types: Most arrows are printed in regular type. In that case, no indicator is required. If an arrow ia printed in Dolface type, the boldface type indicator is required. ow met * (boldface arrow, right-pointing) ow (boldface arrow, left-pointing) Oa 3 (boldface arrow, horizontal two-way) $158, Arrowheads: Most arrowheads are barbed, However, arrowheads also occur as blunted, eurved, or straight. ‘They may occur at the lett end, right end, or at both ends, of the arrow shaft oy ® @ ® o © o (orrow, right pointing; straight arrowhead) Or (arrow, left pointing; straight arrowhead) oH (axrow, horizontal two-way, straight arrowheads)Rule XXI—§1586 151 b. An arrowhead with its upper half only, or it lower half only, may also be present. Any combination of arrowheads — barbed, blunted, curved, straight, left or right, ful, lower half, o upper half — may occur, ay ® © w o % Os (arr, lover basbn nly) Ow . : (acron, left upper barb and sight ower bab) Oo at (arrow, et ower barb and ight oppo act) Oo : (row, left upper barb and fol righ barb) an e (arrow, et loner bara fal ight barb) ay gs (arrow, fall lft barb and right upper barb) a (arrow, ful let barb and righ ower barb) a) > (errow, fll left and right barbs)152, Role XI RULE XXIL_MISCELLANEOUS SIGNS AND SYMBOLS Angstrom Unit A at @ Caret (circumflex) * Cent ‘ (Check Bark ’ Crossed e Crossed h * (Crossed Lambda x Crossed R Degree : Del (nabla, gradient) voy Ditto Mark 2 Dollar s Empty Set Represented by Zero with Vertical or bors Oblique Bar Through Tt Represented by Facing Braces a Factorial 1 Infinity © Integral Single J Double odeRule XI 153, ‘Triple Upper Integral with Superposed Cirle Integral with Superposed Infinity Integral with Superposed Rectangle Integral with Superpoved Square Partial Derivative (round a) Percent Pound (sterling) s Prime . antics intent Quantter ‘There exo, for ome de 4 ‘Tere exits uigney for exactly ene J] or J ‘Universal Quantifier (for al, very for each, for every) ‘Since (because) os ot ‘Tally Therefore ‘Normal [Negated (it does not follow that) “ ee: ‘Vertical Bar (end of proof) :154 Role XXI_§159.4163 $159. Angstrom Unit: ‘The angstrom unit must be treated as an abbreviation and spaced accordingly. ) 1/10000, $160. At: Except for punctuation, indicators, or symbols of grouping which apply to i, space must be left on both sides ofthe at symbol. (1) S boxes @ 27¢ $161. Caret: A caret must be unspaced from the symbols to which it apples. Q) 35478 4162. Cent, Dollar, Percent, Pound (Sterling): In transcribing these signs, the corresponding symbols must occupy the sume pos!- tion, left or right, relative to the symbols to which they apply as isthe case in nk print. These symbols must be unspaced from the aym- bole to which they apply. 10 @ @) 4298 © & © 1% @ xe 8 @ & §163. Check Mark: Multiple check marks must be written unspaced from each other. Except for punctuation, indicators, or aym- bos of grouping which apply to it, a space must be left before and after a single check mark or a sequence of two or more check marks, @) ¥ milk ©) ers (8) breadRole XXIL_164-5168 155 8164, Croned d, Crossed h, Crossed Lambda, Crossed R, Partial Derivative: These symbols must be unspaced from each other and ‘rom other mathematical symbols and symbols of grouping unless rules which govern these other symbols require a space ) n@Pe FO @ Bean Pa © Seay 8165. Degrees: When the hollow dot is used with the meaning degrees, ta position at the superscript level must be indicated in the transcription. 9168. Del: When del i used as an omission aymbol, the spacing required is the same as the symbol it replaces. Otherwise, the el is subject to the spacing rule of $164. a voter * 4167. Ditto Mark: Ditto marks must be centered below the material which they duplicate. Except for punctuation, indicator, or symbols of grouping which apply to it, a space must be left on both sides of a ditto mark. (1) 2 goesinto 2,1 ee al fa als $168. Empty Set (null set, vold set): The transcriber must not mistake the zero with a vertical or oblique bar (j or f), mean- Ing empty set, forthe lower-case Greek letter phi (4) to whieh its similar, When the empty aat ia represented by the zero with «vertical ‘or oblique bar in ink prin, the corresponding braille symbol: :; must be used and is subject to the spacing rule of §164. When eresponding bralle symbols: facing braces are used to represent the empty set in ink print, the ‘must be used and these are spaced as grouping symbols. : 8 @ Aug=a notes . . (2) {even integers} 1 (odd integers) = {}156 Role XXII 9169-5172 $168. Factorial: The factorial symbol must be unspaced from the quantity to which it applies. ® $170. Infinity: The infinity symbol is subject to the spacing rule of #164. tim, £09 171, Integral: The bar over the integral sign, or the bar under the integral sign, must be transcribed as shown in the above lst. ‘The technique for the representation of modified expreasions must not be used in these cases; other modifiers, however, must be tran- seribed in accordance with the technique for the representation of modified expressions (see Rule XIV). The integral, modified or un- ‘modified, must be unspaced from the symbol to which it applies, © fre © Powe © fre oe © firma © ff teas an | Sf enmnav $172, Prime: The single and double primes are often used to denote feet and inches, respectively. ‘They ‘minutes and seconde, respectively, whether of time or of angle, Prime symbols must be unapaced from each other tity to which they apply. lao used to denote ‘and from the quan-Rule XXU—§1724175, 181 ° o © o o @ ® 58” (20) 20°8070" $173. Quantifiers: The existential and universsl quantifiers most be unspaced from the quantii to which they apply. @ Jex< } 3 at oe @ Jin : ® yrea yo (MM) WE $174. ‘Since, Therefore: Except for punctuation, indicators, and grouping symbols, the symbol for since and symbols for therefore, ‘nits normal or negated form, must be spaced from the material to which they apply. a) "ys AB=ac ot eons : @ 7.aB=ac etek oe . $175. Tally Marks: Tally marks must be grouped in braille as they are grouped in nk print. However, the cross tally which some- ‘times appears in ink print mast be treated as just another tally mark, Groupe of tally marks must be separated by a single space from cach other and, excet for punctuation, indicators, and grouping aymabols, from surrounding material. However, transition to another braille line takes the place of this required apace. Transition to ancther line of within the same group, le must never be made from one tally mark to another158. Roles XXI-XXIN—$175-$177i1 | @ Ii (in ink print, there is no eross tally) @ LAT UII (Gn ink print, the first group of tallies has a eros tally) VT TE TD (in ink print, there are no cross tallies) LAT LAT AT LT IL Go ink print, the first four groups af tallies have cross tallies) $176. Boldface Vertical Bar: ‘The single boldface vertical bar meaning end of proof must be spaced from any surrounding mate ial (1) PROOF. (b +6) — (@+e) =b—ais positive. | RULE XXI—MULTIPURPOSE INDICATOR ‘Multipurpose Indicator 3 $177. Use ofthe Multipurpose Indicator: ‘The multipurpose indicator must be used in the situations below for the specific purposes described and, when used in these situations, it must not be regarded as the base-line indicator ‘The multipurpose indicator must be used before # modified expression as an indication to the reader of impending modi- feation. See Rule XIV for addtional information and exanples, {The multipurpose indleator must be used between a letter and a aueceeding numeric symbol to indicate that the corre- sponding numeral is nota subscript to the corresponding letter. However, when the letter represents a numeral in a numeration system | ‘to-a base other than 10, it must be regarded as « numeral and, accordingly, the multipurpose indicator must not be used. a @ x6Role XXI_§17 Tiwi 169 @ 2 TEE (2 base-12 numeral; in nk print, T and E are capitalized) fil, The multipurpose indicator must be used between a numeric subscript and « numeral, if the latter is on the baseline Q) ale pete ts eee @) 25-1761 Iv. The multipurpose indicator must be used between two symbola of comparison to indicate that the corresponding signs of comparison are printed horizontally and not vertically (see §148). ‘¥. ‘The multipurpose indicator must be used after the decimal point symbel to indicate that the aymbol which follows itis not numeric unas that symbol ia the comma or the punctuation indieator, (1) oaas 2) Oae: -.. lot . @ pet ¢ ® B+ansa ee . © @) oo 2 ‘vi. The multipurpose indicator must be used between tally mark and the punctuation indieato, © ute HNN : (Gn ink print, the first group of tallies has a cross tally) vil. ‘The multipurpose indicator must be uted between two vertical bars of which the first isa closing grouping symbol and ‘the second is an opening grouping symbol. It must also be used between two vertical bars which are grouping symbols of which one is shorter and/or thieker than the other. @) Iii160 ‘Rules XXIIL-XXIV—§1774i- © xl © oh, ‘ill. The multipurpose indieator must be used between an operation symbol when itis represented by a symbol fora regular polygon and 2 numeral which follows. a @ ix, The multipurpose indicator must be used between two symbols for the tilde to indicate that they are written horizon- tally, one after the other. a) ~-9 RULE XXIV—SPATIAL ARRANGEMENTS Division (Curved Division Sign on Lett, 8 38 Separation Line Above ) (Carved Division Sign on Right, tas os Separation Line Above ‘Curved Division Signs on Left and Right, farsa Separation Line Above Struigh or Sint Division Sion ett, [—— ge J 3 36 38, Separation Line Above ” Straight or Slant Division Sign on Right, Separation Line AboveRule XXIV 161 Sti en See ttan nen F—] “Sopra Line Below dL Cured Dino Sgn om Right, te 7 nie ‘Left and Right, DanG f 7 Siri ran Din Sen on Ll «\. 4 ‘Separation Line Below Straight or Slat Divison San on Ri, Separation Line Delow —je_/ Sirlht Dvaon Sgn on Ltt an let Somat Line How L_ ‘Vertical Line Used in Division Arrangements (varying in length) Separation Line (varying in length) — Carried Number or for Addition (varying in length)162 Rule XXIV—$1780-¢ Synthetic Division Straight Line on Left, Separation ‘Line Below Straight Line on Right, Separation Line Below $278, Addition and Subtraction: In a spatial arrangement for addition or subtraction, the numeric symbols, fractions, abbreviations, interior signs of opera- tion or comparison must be vertically aligned with digits under digits, commas under commas, decimal points under decimal point, frac- | tions under fractions, abbreviations under abbreviations, sign of operation under signs of operation, and signs of comparison under signs of comparison. However, if these are deliberately misaligned in ink print as in an exercise requiring the student to make a suitable cor rection, this misalignment must be proserved in the transcription. ‘The plus, minus, o dolar symbols, ifthe corresponding signs are present, must be placed atleast one column of ells to the left of the widest column of numeric symbols which appears inthe part of the arrangement above the separation line. Subject tothe rules | above, symbols of operation and dollar symbols may be placed in the same position as shown in ink print. The separation line which appears in addition or aubtraction must be made one cell longer at either end than the overall Width ofthe ret of the arrangement. a) 08 2516 59 +4er 370 (in ink print, the plus sign i further tothe left than any term in the problem or the answer)Rule XXIV—$178e 163 @ 3650 +7125 “176 (Gn ink print, the plu sign is further to the left than any term inthe problem or the answer) (82704 915 2788 * © ‘Gn ink prin, the plus sign is further tothe lft than any term in the problem) ©) 8h on + 1m 8 ow, Tb. BD oz. = 5 Ih. 4 ox. (in ink print, the plus sign is further tothe left than sny term in the problem)164 Rule XXIV—178 (dee My — Be Mix — 9 4 202 6 2 ete pie (@) $900 +100 $000 . (in ink print, the dllar signs and the plus sign oecupy the same position aa in braille) (9) $145 1092 +84.00 sieest (Gn ink print, there is no space betwee first dolla aizn) | (20) $10,000 9,000 (Gn ink print, the dollar signs and the minus sign occupy the same postion as in braille)Rule XXIV—§178d< 165 Carvied Numbers in Addition: When carried numbers appear in an addition arrangement above the column to which they apply, the transcriber must insert the indicator for carried numbers between these carried numbers and the arrangement to which they ‘apply. The carried number indieator must have the same length as the separation line, a) Bs ee 6 (Gn ink print, the carried numbers are in small type directly above the columns to which they apply) In an arrangement containing fractions fraction lines must be vertically aligned, each numerator must be right justified in the column reserved for numerators, and each denominator must be left justified in the column reserved for denominstors. Fraction indicators must algo be vertically aligned and must be right-justitied in the eolurans reserved for both opening and closing indicators.166 Houle XXIV—§178e-8178¢ t ____&_In an arrangement containing polynomials, terms must be vertically aligned. In each term, symbols of operation, coetfi- cients, letters, superacript indicators, superscripts, and baseline indicators must algo be vertically aligned, When the baseline indicator in require, it must be placed in the first poasible position consistent with this required alignment, Within each coefficient and euper- script, corresponding symbols must be vertically aligned. | wo ee red S$ at ox 7 | oxt tu ae ae ep oe — ioe + 2 8178. Multiplication: In a spatial arrangement for multiplication, the symbols comprising the multiplier and multiplicand must be aligned in the transeription as the corresponding signs are aligned in ink print. b. The mul multiplier. lication symbol, if the corresponding sign is present in ink print, must be placed immedistely to the left of the © The separation lines which appesr in a multiplication arrangement must be made one cell longer at either end than the over- all width ofthe rest of the arrangement.Rule XXIV—§179¢4 a1 a 2 xo 5, 12d 1708 x5 3820 2 x300 39600 () Baal a at x2 Taal at oe 4. In an arrangement containing fractions, mixed numbers, or polynomials, alignment must be generally as specitied in asex.168 Role XXIV—§179-< o 6 x Is In arrangements which show multiplication to non-decimal bases in which subscripts appear, the subscript indicator must be placed inthe frst possible postion consistent with the alignment required for the addition of partial products. Shae X 1 YO Bhan hereRole XXIV—179¢ 169 f,_ When commas or the decimal point occur in the answer of a multiplication arrangement, a blank column of cells mast be left above these in the partial products. (@ s4sr ett 2ai99 24199 oid 957888 ®170 Role XXIV—$1800< $180. Division: ‘In & spatial arrangement for division, the symbols comprising the dividend and the partial products and differences must be ‘aligned in the same way as the corresponding signs are aligned in ink print. Symbols in the quotient must be aligned with their corre- sponding symbols in the dividend unless they are specitically unaligned in ink print. ‘The division symbol must be placed in the cell directly before the dividend or directly after the dividend according as the corresponding division sign occurs in the forward or reverse direction in ink print. The divisor must be placed so that there is no space be ‘tween it and the division symbol to which it applies. If « quotient also applies to a division aymbol by being placed on the same line as ‘he dividend, no space must be left between the quotient and the division symbol to which it applies, 1f'« horlgontal line occurs under & divisor as part of a division sign in ink prin, tis line must be ignored in the transcription, «Each separation line which appears in a division arrangement must begin in the column containing a division symbol and ‘must end in the column containing the other division symbol, ifthe latter appears in ink print. Otherwise, each aeparation line must end in cell one column beyond the overall arrangement. However, when the division arrangement contains only a divisor and a dividend, but ro quotient and no partial products and differences, the separation line, whether shown above or below the dividend, must be omitted. Tn this case the division arrangement must not be regarded as spatial, In particular, a blank line must not be let above or below such a division arrangement, and the numeric indicator must be used in the appropriate place.Rule XXIV—8180¢ m © os sy2576 24 W 6 16 6 o x+ 6 x+5[e FU + 90 et ik x + 30 30 (in ink print, it is clear that the quotient is aligned with the dividend, and there is a horizontal line under the divisor)1. Rule XXIV—$180e4 o x48 Xb 4/e PIR FE et fe a > eee " (in ink print, the quotient is clearly not aligned with the terms in the dividend) (@) yas 2. When commas or the decimal point occur in the dividend of a division arrangement, « blank column of cells must be left ‘where these occur in the entire arrangement except in separation lines. When a caret occurs in a dividend, « blank column of two cells, ‘ust be left where this occurs In the entire arrangement except in the separation lines and the quotient. In the quotient, the decimal point corresponding to the caret must be right-justified inthe two cells alloted to the caret a $500 59825.00Rule XXIV—$1804 ve @) 5,080.09 18/862 90 Fel 162 162 @ 12.5 157 126a4 Rule XXIV—$180e ‘When, ina division arrangement, there is « remainder which is identified as such by the letter “r", lower-case or eapital- ‘ed, the "must be preceded by « space @ sim : (25) 4529 2 202 20 2% 2 4Rule XXIV—s180¢ 15 {If a vertical line ie part ofa division arrangement, it may be represented by a eslumn of dote 4-5-6 or it may be drawn. A ‘space must be left between the column of dots 4-5-6 and any digit which precedes or follows it a) oar 90 08 oe ae ae ce oe, 60 | 10 a6 * 320 | 20 : 2a | 120 | 30 : 7 a| 9 ‘ 5m6 Role XXIV_§180fRole XXIV—$181 am 8181. Square Root: A square root arrangement is similar to a division arrangement except that no divisor is present. The arrangement should be adapted to resemble the arrangement in ink print as closely as possible. If the square root symbol is used in this situation, the termination indicator is not required,a8 Role XXIV—§161-8182 @ nas i 5307 3 jis a6 x4 [Le We 483 x 8 [1449 $182, Synthetic Division: ‘In a synthetic division arrangement, the numeric symbols in the synthetic dividend, eynthetic product, and synthetic quo- ‘tient must be aligned by place value. Symbols of operation, when present, must also be aligned. There mast be at east one coluran of blank cells between adjacent columns of a synthetic division arrangement. A vertical line mutt be used to the left or to the right of the synthetic division arrangement according as the synthetic divi sor appears to the left or to the right. This vertical line must be unspeced from the synthetic dividend and from the synthetic divisor. One part ofthe vertial bar must appear on the line containing the synthetic dividend, and another part ofthe line must appear on the line containing the synthetic product. ‘The separation line must begin directly under the vertical line atone end, and terminate one cell beyond the over-all synthetic arrangement atthe other end. If the synthetic divisor appears in ink print as boxed-in on two sides, this must be {ignored in the transcription, When a vertical line is used between the synthetic quotient and the synthetic remainder, it must be placed {n the column of blank eels as shown in ink pintRole XXIV—§182b-582641 19 @ [421 46 <1 —20 42_ 416 +80 r+ Hs +0 (jn ink print, the divisor Is boxed-in on two siden; there is no vertical line after the divisor) ® 1-3 4645 Be 42-2 4a Ta F278 (Gn ink print, the divisor is boxed-in on two sides; there is no vertical line after the divisor) $185. Determinants and Matrices: In determinants or matrices each entry must be left-jusified (moved as far let as possible) in the column to which it be longs, and top-jutified (moved as far up as possible) inthe row to which it applies. Regardless of the ink-print copy, centering or other forms of alignment is not permitted. One column of blank cells must be left between columns Every effort must be made to confine the entire arrangement to a single braille page. To achieve this goal, the following techniques may be used i. Am entry may be run over to other braille ines and each continuation indented two cells from the column margin, When space saving is factor, ranovers may be made without regard to any hierarchy preferences. Successive rows in & column must be tran- seribed without skipping a lin between them. i, An entry may be run over to other braille lines and each continuation left justified in ‘column. When space saving ‘na factor, rovers may be made without regard to any hierarchy preferences. Successive rows in a column must be transcribed with «0 Rule XXIV—#188bii-y ‘kipped line between them, When the technique described in { above is effective in providing the required space, it must be used in pref- ference to the technique described here {il, Additional space may be saved by drawing the enclosing grouping symbols instead of using their braille equivalents, When an entry is a fraction, the fraction may be represented spatially, if necessary, to save space, However, the row containing auch a fraction must then have a line skipped above and below it 1%. ‘The technique of keying may be employed for one or several entries if no other space-saving technique is effective, (See s1s7,) : Q) 7 core wine 0 + 7 tin a cos a 0 oo 4 3 (Gn ink print, each entry is centered in the column to which it belongs) 2 e ° ° e008 sins _ 1, cost © * Asin al ‘Gn ink print, each entry is centered in the column to which it belongs)Role XXIV—$1830v ©) /B,—@—BD By B By B,—(B—ED Bu By By By—@—Ep 181 + Gin ink print, each entry is centered in the column to which it belongs)1 Rule XXIV—$1880v-¢ (in ink print, each entry is centered in the column to which it belongs) When a sequence of dots appears to elgify the omission of one oF more rows and such dots are confined to each column of ‘the determinant or matrix, a sequence of three dote 8 must be placed in each column to indicate the omission and each ellipsis used in thie way must be left-justfied in ita column. When a sequence of dots appears to signify the omission of one or more rows and such dots ‘are not confined to their columns, or if some columns contain no dota, a sequence of dots 8 must be used beginning in the first cell of col lumn one and extending to the end of the longest entry in the last eoluran, @) Jos as ae : ees oo = eee eed Gg (in ink print, one dot is shown in the first, second, and fourth columns, respectively)Rule XXIV—$18%-§1844 183 @ Pan (in ink print, three dots are vertically aligned, one under the other in the first and fourth columns; no such dots appear Jn the second or third columns) $184, Unified Expressions: ‘When enlarged grouping symbols are used to unify an expression which is neither a determinant nor a matrix, each item ‘must begin inthe cell which immediatly follows the let enlarged grouping symbol and must end in the cell whieh immediately precedes the right enlarged grouping symbol. It is advantageous to draw these enlarged grouping symbols when space saving is a factor. How- ‘ever, these requirements must he waived whenever vertical alignment must be indicated. Tn thls case, at least one item must elther begin in the cell which immediately followa the left enlarged grouping symbol or must end in Uhecell which immediately precedes the right ‘enlarged grouping symbol, a jae ae184 Roles XXIV-XXV—$1840-$18561 When an explanation or comment refers to more than one ink print line to which no grouping sign as whole applies, the {implied grouping must be indicated by using a transcriber’s enlarged grouping symbol. If the explanation occurs to the left, the left transcriber’ enlarged grouping symbol must be used; if it occurs to the right, the right transcriber's enlarged grouping symbol must be ‘used, There must beat least one clear column of spaces between either of these transcriber’s enlarged grouping symbols and the associ ated explanation. If the explanation requires more braille lines than what is being explained, the transcriber's enlarged grouping aym- bol must be extended to cover the explanstion, and each runover of the explanation must be indented two calls from the colamn in Which ‘the explanation begin. wm | xey xo lexc-icycd x—y xty (ln ink print, the explanat is centered to the right of the two equations to which it applies) RULE XXV—FORMAT $185. Spatial Arrangements: ‘4. When the transcription isin the form of a spatial arrangement, a blank line must be left both above and below the spatial arrangement even if the spatial arrangement directly precedes or follows the page-change line indicating a new ink print page. ‘Transition {to.a new braille page before beginning or after ending the transcription ofa spatial arrangement takes the place of the required blank line. However, when a running head is sed, a line must be skipped between the running head and a spatial arrangement, When a spatial ar- rangement begins on the first or second line of a braille page or ends on the twenty-fourth or the twenty-fifth line of a braille page, ‘here must always be atleast three clear columns of cells btween the last symbol on sny line of the arrangement, including any separa: ton lines, andthe frst symbol ofa page number. If this eannot be achieved, tho arrangement must begin on line & or end on line 28, respectively. The entire spatial arrangement should be confined to one bralle page. a) 5618106, 482 +20 b. When a spatial arrangement is identified by a number or a letter, such as ina set of exorelaes, the identifier must be placed ‘as indicated below. In all case, there must be one column of blank eels between the identifier and the left-most aymbol of the arrange- ‘ment as a whole including any separation lines 4 The identitier must be placed on the top line of an addition, subtraction, or multiplication arrangement. However, when the carried-number indicator has been used in en addition arrangement or when numbers have been canceled out in a subtraction ar- rangement, the identifier must be placed on the line which contains the fret term of the addition arrangement or the minuend of the sub- traction arrangement,Rule XXV—$185b4 186 @ 2 si824 x65 3120 10944 3385.60r 186 Rule XXV—185bi-4v o nee eX aloks Li, The identifier mast be placed on the line which contains the dividend in a division arrangement, on the line which con- tains the radicand in square toot arrangement, and on the line which contains the eynthetic dividend in a synthetic division arrange. ment. a sour 5. 6)24785 iL In the case of spatial fractions, identifiers and centered comparison symbols, symbole of operation, punctuation, and ‘other applicable symbols must be placed on the principle fraction line. However, identifiers must be placed on the topline of a continued traction. i Moa 6 $+ jv. In the case of determinants, matrices, and unified expressions, identifiers, comparison symbols, aymbols of operation, punctuation, and other applicable symbols must, if they appear on the same side of the expression aa the enlarged grouping symbol, be placed on the top line even though they are centered in ink print. (in ink prin, the material outside the determinant is centered)® Cy Role XXV_g185bi7 187 (in ink print, the example number, the multiplication dot, the second matrix, the equals sign, and the period are all cen- tered vertically in relation to the first and last matrices) (in ink print, the example number, first matrix, and period are vertically centered in relation to the second matrix) xtayte 10. Joes y soe Tet byte (Gn ink print, the example number and the period are vertically centered in relation to the unified system)188, Rule XXV—H185e-9187 When spatial arrangements are placed side-by-side there must be atleast one clear column of blank cells between the end of ‘one separation line and the beginning of the next. In any case, no symbol in one spatial arrangement may be les than three cells distant from any aymbol on any line in, or associated with, a neighboring arrangement other than neighboring ends of separation lines. oO 2 16 at 2) (Gn ink print, the examples are side-by-side) Ch 4 & 3 =9 (Gn ink print, the example are side-by-side) $186. ‘Transcriber's Notes: ‘8. Transcribe’s notes must be enclosed by the transcribers grouping symbols. A trangcriber’s note consisting of seven words or less may be inserted dirvetly into the text at the point where it applies. Longer notes must be placed at the nearest convenient point relative to the material to which they apply and must be placed, indented, and run over in accordance withthe rules of the Code of Braile Textbook Format and Techniques. (1) In, the * is the exponent. $187. Keying Technique: ‘8. When space does not permit the inclusion of labels, column headings, entries, et. in a figure, determinant, matrix, or table ‘as shown in ink print, one or more ofthe labels, headings, entries, ete. may be replaced by a numeric or alphabetic key. A numeric key should consist of numeral written in the upper part of the bralle call. This numeral must be preceded by the numeric indiator and must not be punctuated. An alphabetic key must consist of two lower-case English letters and, if possible, the combination should be sugges- tive of the item it represents. "An alphabetic key may only be used when the author's entries are never composed of two lower-case letters ‘Two items which are identical should have the same key assigned to ther. b, If alist of mumeric keys is used, it must consist of consecutive numerale beginning with number 1, and these numerals shouldbe placed in the figure, determinant, matrix, or table in the aame position as the material which they replace.Rule XXV—$187e 189 € Allist of numerie or alphabetic keys and their meanings must be enclosed in transcriber’s grouping symbols and must pre- ‘code the material to which it applies. Key items may be arranged vertically at the margin, or they may be arranged in columns to aave space. -A'key listing must be preceded and followed by a blank line. If possble, this list must be placed on the aame braille page as the material to which it applies. @ pr. | ai, Me Fina190 Rule XXV—#187e 1880 $188. Displayed and Embedded Expressions: ‘&, Whenever an expression ia set spart from the body of the text by skipped lines, indentation, or some other means, it will be referred to as a displayed expression. By contrast, an expression which is not set apart from the body of the text by any of the above ‘means will be referred to aa an embedded expression.Rule XXV—$1880-6189 11 2) The equation xk 41=0 Is a quadratic equation because itis of the form ax? + bx ++ ¢ (the first equation i a displayed expression; the second equation is an embedded expression) b, If an identifying number or letter is associated with a displayed expression, this number or letter is part of the displayed ‘expression and must begin in the appropriate cll in accordance with the rules for dieplayed expressions in §§190-191. In ink print, iden- ‘fying numbers or letters are sometimes at the right. In braille, numbers or letters must be placed uniformly at the left. However, if Identifying numbere of lettere occur at the right in ink print, a transeriber’s note concerning the transposition of euch numbera or letter ‘must be placed at the beginning of the first volume. Page references which are associated with an expression must immediately follow ‘that expression. (1) In this section, functions of the type BGs Bay m0) a are to be considered. (in ink print, the identifying number occurs at the right) (2) The inequality symbols < and > (98-99) are used to atate the order of numbers (Gn ink print, the page numbers occur atthe right-hand margin ofthe page) 4189. Linked Expressions: aA linked expression must contain at east one sign of comparison. ‘The component which precedes the fir slgm of comparl- son ia called ihe anchor. Each of the remaining components, bepining with comparison sign but not Ineuding the next comparison sign, i called a KinkSS = = 192, Rule XXV—$1800-51908 1b. When a linked expression meets the following criteria, it is subject to the epecial margin requirements set forth in §190c, $19taCir) and b¢v). The expression must be displayed and not embedded within text. iL_Its signs of comparison must be vertically aligned in print, except possibly for the last few which may occur on the last print line ofthe expression. LHL. No algn of comparison, except possibly the first one, may be preceded by any expression on its left ha = nse gee gedas sie ee. . . . to = 3 (ik print, th it eae sie ppc othe gh of 12% son eng atone ae aligned beneath it) @ why = 26% ( linked expression which doesnot require special margin provisions; in ink print the entire expression appears on one line) $190, Margins for Narrative Portions of Text ‘In narrative portions of text, margins should be maintained as in English Braille; paragraphs must begin in call $ and must be rum over if necessary in cell 1. (1) x 4 Zand x + B ave factors of xt + Tx + 10 because (x + 2)(x +8) = x84 Te + 10. ‘Tals is similar to arithmetic where 6 and 8 are factors of 16 because 6 X 8 = 16,Rule XXV—#1906-§191a 199 When the special margin requirements for linked expressions do not apply, a displayed expression must begin in cell § and ‘must be run over, if necessary, in call 5. (1) The product of two monomiais is a monomial For example x) = (8x4) Bx) (Bx) = (Ox) HE) = BIH When the special margin requirements for linked expressions do apply, the anchor must begin in cell 8 and must be run over, ‘it necessary, in cell 7. Each link must begin in cell §on a new braille ine and must be run over, if necessary, in eal 7. (2) 8x? 4 125y* can be factored in the folowing way: Be + 125y = x) + (Oy) (x + By) E(x)? — (x) (5y) + (6y)*] = (x + 6) (4x? — 10ny + 25y"). (in ink print, the first equals sign appears to the right of &x* + 125y* and all other equals signs are aligned beneath it) $191. Margins for Non-Spatil Itemized Materials: When material is identified sequentially by number or letter, asin exercies oF cuttings, It will be referred to ae itemized material. When non-spatial itemized material contains main divi must be observed 1 only (no subdivisions) the following rules concerning margins |. The main division numbers or letters must begin in call 1 and the associated material must be run over, if necessary, in ooll3,194 Rule XXV—$19taiiy HL Succeeding paragraphs, if any, must begin in cell and must be run over, if necessary, in eal 8, Ail, When the special margin requirements for linked express sand must be run over, if necesary, in cell. 38 do not apply, a displayed expression moat begin in cell 5 fv. When the special marzin requirements for linked expressions do apply, the anchor must begin in cell 6 and must be run over, if necessary, in cell 9. Each link must begin In cell 7 and must be run over if necessary, in eel 8. Instructions which apply toa group of problems which follow must begin in cell § and must be run over, if necessary, in cell 8. There must be a blank line above such instructions, but not below. However, « page-change line may take the place of this re- ‘Quired skipped line. ‘The last lie of an instruction and the firt line ofa problem to which it applies must be on the same braille page. () 1. 18 (7 —3) a factor of y* 4 By¢ — Ty — 287 It 40, what is the other factor? ‘Check by division, or as shown in Chapter 9. (2) 2. Write the single numeral that names the same umber a8 (BX 109 + (4 x 10) +. x 10 + (6X 10) + XD. (8) 8. Using the binomial theorem to find 1.1° to three decimal places, we see that 1s =a 408 = 1 +509 01) +100 02)? + 100) (0.99 + 5) + (0. +05 +041 + 0.01 + 0.0005 + 0.00001 = 161081,Rule XXV_f191av-bit 195 (jn ink prin, the first equals sign isto the right of 1.1° and all other equals signs are aligned beneath it) (®) Use the summation sign to write each series. L 6+ + +B 2 sib + aabs + by Bxhtdt dt dtd 'b. When non-spatial itemized material contains both main divisions and subdivisions to whatever depth, the following rules concerning margins must be observed: i. ‘The main division numbers or letters must begin in cell 1 and the associated material must be run over, if necessary, in cal. Subdivision numbers or letters, regardless of depth, must begin in cell 8 and must be run over, if necessary, in cell 8.198 Rule XXV—#191bill-eh WL Succooding paragraphs, if any, must bogin in cell 7 and must be run over, if necessary, in cell 5 fv. When the special margin requirements for linked expressions do not spply, a displayed expression must begin in call 7 ‘and must be run over, if necessary, in cll 8. When the special margin requirements for linked expressions do apply, the anchor must begin incall and must be run ‘over, if necessary, in cell 13. Each link must begin in call 9 and must be run over, if necessary, in cell 1. vL_ Instructions which apply to a group of problems which follow must begin in cell 6 and must be run over, if necessary, {in cell$. There must be a blank line above auch instructions, but not below, However, a page-change line may take the place of this re- ‘Quired skipped line. The last line of an instruction and the first line of a problem to which it applies must be on the aame braille page (1) 1, Find the replacement for N that will make each sentence true 8X8) X2=8x x2) BBX 6X2) = (XH) XN Dia you use the same numeral as uch sentence? Is this sentence true: x5) xX2=8x XD? replacement in @ %axe+)—ye+D bo xt ae 41 — dat — 1289 (in ink print, the ais on the same line as the problem number, and the bis aligned beneath a)Rule XXV—$191be1 (8) 8. In factoring ab + cf + ac + be: (©) The terms may be grouped in pairs with « common factor. abe tact (ab + a0) + (be + 4) =ab+o+eo+e, @tob+e (&) Rearrange the terms and group them another way. {. Do the terms fit any of the patterns studied before? 1, In factoring, ean binomial and polynomisl ‘expressions be treated like monomial factors? at (in ink prin, the main problem number, the (a) and the (b) are vertically aligned; the Roman numerals are indented further to the right)198 Rule XXV_f191bvi-c (®) Aad, Check your addition by adding the other way. 4a 8487465 b 12841504 92 146 4-192 (in ink prin, the problem number and the first two subdivisions are on the same lin; the third subdivision is beneath the fret) When non-spatial itemized material contains both main divisions and subdivisions, it a permissible to place all subdivisions ‘on single baile line if that braille Ine can accommodate all the subdivisions, (2) 1, Subtract: @) ws mut | a-1D (the braille and ink print are the same)Rule XXV—$1924 199 $192. Margins for Spatial Hemized Materials: Spatial itemized material may be transcribed using the same margin rules as are contained in §191. However, for space-saving purposes the following alternatives are available: ‘When spatial itemized material contains main divisions only (n0 subdivisions), the first division number begins in cell 1 Subsequent division numbers may begin tothe right of the preceding spatial errangement regardless of how they occur in ink print. As many main division numbers and their associsted spatial arrangements may occur across the page as can be accommodated. If addition al main division numbers remain, the first of these begins again in cll 1, after having left blank line below the longest of the spatial larrangements which occur above 2) Subtract. - oe 8 a 2 ser ‘16 (Gn ink print, examples 1 and 2 appear in the first column, examples $ and 4 appear in the second column)200 Rule XXV—#192 1, When spatial itemized materials contain both main divisions and subdivisions, the first main division number begins in cell 1 and the first subdivision follows on the same braille lin if there in no material between the main division number and the subdivison ‘umber. As many additional subdivisions may be transcribed across the line as can be accommodated. If additional subdivisions remain, they are started in cel 8 after having left a blank line below the longest of the spatial arrangements which occur above. Ce a a sr x0 xe x92 2a m2 ob oT «869 dk BOR x80 x8 x08 1000 (in ink print, all four subdivisions of each problem appear across the page in columnar form)201 (2. Multiply. & 94621 b, 48280 1,000,000 (in ink print, al the subdivisions are on the same tine) $193. Margins for Spatial and Non-Spatial Itemized Materials Arranged in Tabular Form: ‘When itemized material is arranged in tabular form ao that rows are identified by number and columns are identified by letter, the following technique must be used provided that the entire tabulation ean be contained across the bralle page. "The letters which identify the columns must be left justified in the columns to which they apply. i, A lank line must be left above and below the column headings, 1 Row mumbers must begin in cell 1 fv. Atleast two spaces should be left between the right-hand margin of one column and the left-hand margin of the next@ a » 1 1145481 = N=-542 2 N=18+ C9 4+ (Gnk print and braile are the same) ® a > ° 14306 301 +518 E 2 37288 69.35 +9476 x (Gnk print and braille are the same) ». If the entire tabulation cannot be contained across the braille page using the technique of a above, the transcription should proceed as if the row numbers were main headings and the column letters were subdivision headings for each main division number. In ‘such cases, the margin rules of §491b and §192b then apply.Rule XXV—#1980 203 @) Factor: a b L Gath m(p—a) —2(q—P) 2 1-@+p ab + det — at abt ® . > e a Lom 8 an 2645 500, +457 41889 ft 86 (in ink print, the subdivisions are placed across the paye and are aligned beneath lettered column headings)208 Rule XXV—#1940-bit {$194 Format for Formal Proofs: ‘2A formal proof is usually introduced by a word such as Theorem, Proposition, or Lemma. ‘The following format is recom mended for the transcription of such formal proofs 4. A line must be skipped before the beginning of the formal proof. il The fally capitalized word Theorem, Proposition, or Lemme must bogin in call 8 and the statement following this word should be run over, if necessary to call 1 1 Auxiliary captions such as Given, Hypothesis, Prove, or Conclusion must follow, without a skipped line, and must be- ‘tin in cell 8. These captions should be capitalized or italicized in accordance with the print text. If they are in boldface type, they should be written as fully capitalized in braille, Material associated with these captions should follow the eaptions and ahould be run over, if necessary, to cell 1. However, when a proof is presented by step number, a line should be left blank after the eaption proof and the for- ‘at in b below must be followed. fv. When the formal proof is complete, a line must be left blank before continuing with the text. (2) ‘Theorem 4. 1f two Knes are cut by a transversal and a pair of alternate interior angles are equal, the two linee are orale Given: Lines AB and CD cut by tranaversal RS at points B and F respectively; Zx = Ly. To Prove: AB || CD. ‘b, When a formal proof is presented by step number and is divided into two columns headed “Statement” and “Reason”, the {following technique must be used: 4. All step numbers mast begin at the margin. UL The step number must be followed by the letter “S" or “R" according as the transcription to follow is trom the State- ‘ment or the Reason column. The transcription must begin on the same line as the step number and runovers, if necessary, must begin in cell. Ife caption other than “Statement” or “Reason” is used, a suitable letter should be used for “S" or “RRule XXV—$194bii 205 iA transcriber’ note must be included to call sttention to this braille format and to speciy the meaning of “S", other letters which may have been used. This note must be placed at the beginning of each braille volume in which this tec sed, a ‘Statements Reasons 1. DEbisects ZACB. 1. Given, 2 Laz Lb 2 A bisector divides an tangle into two equal angles, 3. 3. Given, ines. 4 Lx= Zo 4. If two straight lines intersect, the vertical angles are equal. 8 dx Le 5. Substitution postulate. (in ink print, there is a Statement column and a Reason column)206 Rule XXV—$1950d $195. Rusovers: The runover of « mathematical expression to another braille line must be avoided subject to the margin require. iments which are in effect at the time of tranteribing the expression & As much of a braille line must be left blank as necessary in order to keep all of a mathematical expression ona single braile ine. (1) We can show that 24 4464...4 20 n(n +1) + (a—1) te trae for n = A sequence of mathematical expressions which occurs in an “encloed list™ must not be divided between braille Ines if all of ‘the “enclosed list” can be kept on a single braille line. (1) ‘The elements of the sequence (0, 1, 2,8, 4,6 | 6,7, 8, 9) can be counted. © An abbreviation must not be placed on a different braile line from its preceding or following numeral or letter. a) 4in @ apm, ® we © xew | © Me.610 © xt ij 4. A hyphenated expression of which one component of the expression is mathematical must not be divided between braille Q) Ginch ruler @) 4sided figureRule XXV_$1954-¢ 207 (8) xintercent (4) xylane ‘& When a mathematical expression cannot be kept on one braille line and must be divided between lines, the division must be ‘made giving priority to the following items in descending order 4. After comma which occurs between items in an “enclosed list.” fi, Before symbol of comparison. Sil, Before symbol of operation fv. Before a fraction line ‘Before the baseline indicator. Wi, Before a change-of-level indicator or within a superocript or subscript before one of the symbols listed above. vil, Between factors which are enclosed within grouping symbole. vill, After a termination indieator.‘Typetore Boldface Ttatie Ordinary Sanserit Boldface Italie Ordinary Sanserit Seript APPENDIX A COMBINATIONS OF TYPE-FORM, ALPHABETIC, AND CAPITALIZATION INDICATORS ‘LOWER-CASE LETTERS Tater Metres Russian vernatie tere TeesAPPENDIX B INDEX OF BRAILLE SYMBOLS ‘The following is the list of 63 brallleaymbols arranged in their standard order. The separation of these symbola into the usual ‘seven lines of braille is ignored, but each symbol is numbered in accordance with its rank inthe list. a4 u a «0 88 2 3 6 28 a 3 a os : soos 16 29 e % ‘ " 0 6 5 8 ao Hog a sos 19 ef a. Cry 1 2 3 “ 89 so EN Ey a o oy oy 2 3 eo a oy w 3 a 36 ° e no m 7 50 ry mY 6 Ey nt os 26 9 82210 Appendix B ‘The Items in the INDEX OF BRAILLE SYMBOLS are “alphabetized” in accordance with the list of the 68 braille symbols above. Loot Gat Page Engliah a 2 German ah Greek lp 2 Hebrew aleph 2 Raasian ah 25 mp (amplitude) ne sntlog(antilogsrthm) 18 are (are) 19 arg (argument) n9 2 $: Gatet2) Enatish b 2 German beh 28 Greek beta ES asian beh 25 Bet (ote a English © 2 German tach 2 Greek samp 23 Russian taeh 25Appendix B 21 3 Page clog (cologarithm) n9 con (cosine) no cosh (hyperbole cosine) ns cot (cotangent) us coth (hyperbolic cotangent) no covers (covertne) no cae (cosecant) 19 cach (hyperbolic conecant) 119 cto eotangent) no toh (hyperbolic cotangent) 19 4 (Gots 1-45) Bnalish & Gorman deh Greek delta 28 Rossin deb 25 det (determinant) 119 5 ots 18) a Bnalish ¢ 22 German 2 (Greek epeton 23 ‘Russian yeh 2- oe 8 Page 5 7 ar 2 oe . nn “ | a= * { 1 (dots 1-2-4-5) —— : — : —— : —— * ‘English b a * , ‘Hebrew hehAppendi B ais : ae aman Mah s tev haven) ns a) | a lish 2 | German ee 23 — “ alan ce s | nt tm (maisry prt) 1 | oo | » (os 248) | English j 22 German ya 2» aren pod “ amas th 1 (ao) 5 oatohk : German ak 2s ' Greek kappa 4 ‘Russian kah 252a Appendix B 2 ots 1.2) Page English 2 German el 23 Greek lambda u Hebrew lamed 4 Roosian ell 2% im limit) uo tn (natural logarithm) 120 log logarithm) 120 8 (dota 13-4) English m 22 German ex 23 Greek mu 4 Hebrew mem 4 Russian om 2s max (maximum) 320 sain (rnnimum) 120 sod (modula) 120 uM (dota 18-45)English p German peh Arpad as Ms con) re Grn 1” area a one Bs 1“ tans) barbed right full arrowhead = M6 lib 2 Germano 2 Grek onieos a tan & a cared dese ont wo Soumiechcetr J cared veg oo et, 1 Soa eae a : cared von gs ont at 1 : Ton emai ie bo Lt 1 (ou s2849216 Appendix B 6 (Cont) Page Greek pi Russian peh u (dots 128-45) English @ 2 German ko 28 Greek koph (or goph) 26 Hebrew koph mo ‘Russian cheh 25 Fry (dots 128-5) nglish = German err Greek rho Hebrew resh 25 Russian err % ze (real part) 120 » (dots 28-4) English s 2 German eas 2 Greck sigma 2 lebrew samelch 2Appendix B aur 1” (Cont) Page ‘Russian ess ey see (secant) 320 sech (hyperbole secant) 320 sin (sine) 120 sink (hyperbolic sine) 120 sup (supremum) 120 20 (dots 284.5) English t 2 German teh 2% Greek tau 2 Hebrew teth 2 ‘Rssian teh 2 tan (tangent) 320 ‘tanh (hyperbolic tangent) 120 aos (dots 18-6) English w 2 German 00 3 Greek upton oy Russian 00 25218 Appendix B 2g Ueotsi236) Page : English ¥ 22 German fae 2 Greek vat 2 Hebrew veth a vers (versine) 120 Eo (dots 1-8-4.6) English x 2 German ies 2 Greek x1 2 Hebrew cheth Py Russian shchah 25 F (dots 18-4.6-6) ey English y 2 curved right full arrowhesd ) 146 German ypailon 2 Greek pst By 2 (c0t8 1.8.5.6) English 2 2 German tet 2 Greek zeta 2Appendix B 219 2 (Cont) Page Hebrew zayin Py Russian zeb 25 6 (dota 128-48) ‘curved left full arrowhead «M6 factorial 1 ae Greek cht m a (dots 12.8-4.5.6) ‘lunted left fll arrowhead Eos blunted righ fll arrowhead Jus ‘general omission symbol 0 28 (dots 1.2-95.6) left parenthesis (7 ay 2 ye (dtu 84.6) 26 . Greek stigma 8 Hebrew tsadi 182 single integral 5 Russlan yerth double integral ee a 158 triple intogral20 Anventis B 2 Pare integral with superposed circle g bad integral with superposed rectanse fp Integral wth sperpoted aguare ¢ ™ integral with superposed infinity f toad % (@ota 23-456) vt parenthesis > me Bt ater) 5 Got and times + 128,28 Hebrew hap 2 ec Got within nian sgn x0 tot dot within revere nelson sign uo oe Jot hetmeen bars of equals sm wo | 82 (dots 1-2-6) cirect-overndcetar (fret order) " indecotadicl nietor 108 rakes nearer arrowhead point up us | directly-over indicator (second order) a 2 upper limit ik 19 sper integra 158 iAppendix 221 Bt Gotate) Page . Airetlysunder indicator (first order) 0 rakes nearer arrowhead point down us lower limit im 20 dower integral fos st Airecty-under indicator (seond order) ~ 7 4 (ots 1456) Greek theta 2 Hebrew thav Py opening simpletraction Indleator 1% 35 (cota 156) Greek ota 2 Hebrew sin 2 horizontal bar (maeron) = 6 Rossin shah 25 bar over logtes! product md bar over and bar under logical product xe ber over and equals sign under logical product 198 bar over single tilde 139 ber over double tilde 139 a)= — , ee ver ores yom ber oe andar nr 1» bar over a eu sien ner lagal som 1 ber trove ali sen aa ber trouver in sen > veo sonia = om baron rver na sen sm verve thai us oar over grt han se> om » wr2s retro a * nash * supe tener ue | are concave upward oe circle with interior dot oO mz | : crdewin ietraoypnter GQ) ahowehiyimarseerce ponte domn OD cre wihintroraroepintnedowe = @)t circle with interior arrow pointing down ® 2 rotten arouseAvpnis 8 Es re de ith itiramowpontngist «= Joa dc th arr row pati et im ern anew pling a circle with interior arrow pointing right 8 ua de th tr ro panting et a Sear ten pola ek circle with interior plus sign @ uz circle with interior minus sign © ug circle with interior cross ® uz diamond % m1 ise (ora om parallelogram ou stent a irregular hexagon OD um intresting ie x om prt oom row bathed aight (ote frm) P8185 denying aro (enteral tom) 8 ts peneneaar to . om rere petagn Q = quadrilateral Qa ua rectangle o mw * war We s2,1m1,100ma Avrendix B 36 $f (Cont) Page regular triangle (egiateral) is acute triangle xzgj& 2 oo Au obtuse triangle —- w right triangle BK ou scalene triangle am trapezoid Oo uw arrow dotted at lett (no barb) a arrow dotted at left and barbed at ight ar) row dotted at both end — # verte tony or ii. ee (a sero pointing up followed by arrow 10 tng dove N arrow pointing up followed by boldface 10 ron pty down NW beface arrow pointing up flowed by ro to nea N ‘wldtacearow pointing up followed by 140 teldfac arrow penting down arrow pointing down It 185 srrow pointing down followed by arrow Woe tainting uP srr piting own flied by tase fA 10 ‘row point op ‘wlatace arow pointing down followed uo ‘by erow pointing uPAppendix B 205 3 Pare “comma Ute ance <= w row barbed at eft <- « let pointing arrow

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