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Introduo: O entendimento da fisiopatologia do transtorno bipolar vem tendo avanos consistentes nos ltimos anos. Um enfoque na relao entre carga
alosttica e alteraes sistmicas vem tomando corpo, com o objetivo de se entender a frequente progresso da doena. Proeminentes entre os mediadores
perifricos tm sido as molculas que poderiam ser amplamente agrupadas em neurotrofinas, marcadores de estresse oxidativo e marcadores inflamatrios.
Objetivo: Descrever achados recentes em relao fisiopatologia sistmica do transtorno bipolar, com enfoque especial em estudos brasileiros, tentando articular
uma viso coerente do conhecimento atual do campo. Mtodo: Reviso narrativa da literatura relacionada a neurotrofinas, estresse oxidativo e marcadores
inflamatrios no transtorno bipolar. Resultados: Diversas fontes de evidncia, provenientes tanto de estudos pr-clnicos quanto clnicos, revelam consistentemente
alteraes sistmicas no transtorno bipolar. Os achados so especialmente robustos em pacientes com mltiplos episdios. Nesses, alteraes relacionadas a
episdios de mania e depresso so notveis em neurotrofinas e dano oxidativo a lipdeos. Um nmero menor de estudos mostra alteraes no sistema imune,
em particular estados pr-inflamatrios. Concluso: Alteraes sistmicas que correlacionam o transtorno bipolar a comorbidade clnica, disfuno cognitiva,
incapacidade e mortalidade precoce comeam a ser traadas. Estudos envolvendo desenhos longitudinais, amostras populacionais e ensaios clnicos envolvendo
marcadores perifricos devem ser incorporados no futuro prximo e reforar a validade de uma noo de envolvimento multissistmico no transtorno bipolar.
ABSTRACT
Introduction: The understanding of the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder has steadily advanced in the past few years. Thereby, a focus on allostatic load
and systemic changes has appeared, with the aim to understand illness progression. Amongst the peripheral markers, molecules that can be widely classified
into neurotrophins, oxidadive stress markers, and inflammation markers have been elevated. Objective: To describe recent findings regarding the systemic
pathophysiology of bipolar disorder, with a special focus on Brazilian studies and to create a coherent view of the current knowledge in the field. Method:
Narrative review of the literature regarding neurotrophins, oxidative stress, and inflammatory markers in bipolar disorder. Results: A diverse body of evidence,
based on both pre-clinical and clinical studies, reveals consistent systemic changes in bipolar disorder. The findings are particularly robust in patients after
multiple episodes. Thereby, remarkable changes related to manic and depressive episodes were found in neurotrophins and oxidative damage to lipids. Regarding
to immune system alterations, in particular pro-inflammatory states, the literature is less consistent. Discussion: Systemic changes that link bipolar disorder to
clinical comorbidity, cognitive dysfunction, disability and early mortality are becoming evident. In the near future, longitudinal studies with population-based
samples and clinical trials incorporating biomarkers are needed to shed light upon the notion of a multisystem involvement in bipolar disorder.
Endereo para correspondncia: Flvio Kapczinski. Laboratrio de Psiquiatria Molecular, Hospital de Clnicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA). Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350 90035-003 Porto Alegre, RS.
Telefone: (51) 2101-8845. Telefax: (51) 2101-8846. E-mail: flavio.kapczinski@gmail.com
Magalhes PVS, et al. / Rev Psiq Cln. 2012;39(2):60-7 61
Mediadores inflamatrios
20 30 40 50 60
Idade A inflamao outro componente que associa vias disfuncionais e
mortalidade precoce ao transtorno bipolar16,28,87. Neuroinflamao
tem sido um alvo de investigao como um mecanismo implicado
Figura 2. Modelo terico para entendimento da relao entre nveis sri- na neuroprogresso2,19; algumas citocinas provenientes de clulas
cos de BDNF e progresso da doena bipolar (os numerais romanos acima residentes e provenientes da periferia tm a capacidade de causar
representam os estgios como propostos por Kapczinski109.) toxicidade e apoptose em neurnios e clulas da glia88,89. Mecanismos
Magalhes PVS, et al. / Rev Psiq Cln. 2012;39(2):60-7 63
Toxicidade sistmica
mao no transtorno bipolar. Isso vem mudando justamente pelo
entendimento do papel da inflamao na articulao dos fatores
neuroimunes, neuroendcrinos e neuroqumicos16.
Um dos alvos de pesquisa primrios tem sido o TNF-a87. Um
dos principais mediadores pr-inflamatrios, o TNF-a, age em vias
de neuroplasticidade, resilincia e sobrevivncia celular, podendo
induzir morte celular por apoptose. Seus efeitos so influenciados por
outras citocinas (pr- e anti-inflamatrias), que orquestram uma srie
de reaes que podem levar a um estado agudo de inflamao. Com
a interleucina-1-beta, eles representam os chamados mediadores
inflamatrios primrios que, ativando o fator de transcrio NFkB,
ativam a produo de outras citocinas, incluindo a interleucina 6 Controle Eutimia Depresso Mania Sepse
(IL-6), a interleucina-8 (IL-8) e o interferon-gama (IFN-g).
De modo geral, os episdios de humor tm sido bem caracteri- Figura 3. Toxicidade sistmica nas diversas fases do transtorno bipolar,
zados como estados pr-inflamatrios. Os achados mais consistentes em controles saudveis e na sepse45.
sugerem um aumento nos nveis de TNF-a e IL-6 nos episdios de
mania e depresso, em comparao com eutmicos ou controles
saudveis91-94. Esses achados so especialmente evidentes quando
pacientes com doena crnica so comparados com voluntrios
saudveis28,76,95. Em pacientes eutmicos, observou-se que tanto o
TNF-a quanto a IL-6 (outra citocina pr-inflamatria) encontravam- Consideraes finais e direes futuras
-se elevados independentemente do estgio56. Esse aumento, entre- Se ainda no possvel traar relaes de causa-efeito, a literatura
tanto, era bastante mais expressivo em pacientes em estgios mais recente retrata os episdios agudos de humor como txicos. Essa
avanados, com maior nmero de episdios prvios. A interleucina toxicidade sistmica se associa a caractersticas progressivas e
10, uma citocina anti-inflamatria, encontrou-se elevada somente incapacitantes ligadas ao transtorno, notoriamente disfuno cog-
no estgio precoce. nitiva, comorbidades mdicas crnicas e mortalidade prematura.
Outros achados relevantes sugerem aumento nos nveis de an- Mediadores que ligam o transtorno bipolar a esses desfechos j
ticorpos circulantes em associao a infeces virais, como herpes, comeam a ser traados, e as relaes entre eles reforam a hiptese
Borna e parvovrus B1996-99. Esses dados, de uma maneira ou outra, de sobrecarga alosttica. Os achados recentes descritos, mesmo que
evidenciam a grande ligao entre o sistema imunolgico e as vias individualmente preliminares, indicam que a exposio repetida a
fisiopatolgicas do transtorno bipolar. episdios de humor gera toxicidade tanto na forma de dano quanto
na diminuio de defesa. Esses seriam possveis elementos causadores
Relaes entre os marcadores e toxicidade sistmica do dado cognitivo e disfuno progressiva.
Alguns desses fatores, como dano oxidativo e inflamao, tam-
Dadas todas essas observaes de estudos pr-clnicos e clnicos, bm so associados com condies crnicas como diabetes e doena
o prximo passo lgico foi avaliar esses marcadores em conjunto. cardiovascular. Esses fatores em conjunto aumentam a vulnerabili-
Para tanto, foram recrutados pacientes com transtorno bipolar tanto dade a novos episdios, levando a um crculo vicioso. Esse conjunto
eutmicos quanto em episdio agudo. Alm disso, para ressaltar a de alas patolgicas se retroalimenta e, talvez por causa disso, o
direo e a relevncia das alteraes, os marcadores foram avaliados transtorno bipolar seja uma das principais causas de incapacidade
tambm em um pequeno grupo de pacientes com sepse45,76. O estudo individual100. Esses mecanismos alostticos so ainda mais relevantes
resultante permitiu a avaliao de inter-relaes entre os marcadores no contexto de achados recentes demonstrando que alteraes sist-
e melhor compreenso da fisiopatologia do transtorno bipolar. micas causam perturbaes na neurognese hipocampal. Em mode-
Os resultados realmente demonstraram correlaes importantes los animais, uma srie de marcadores perifricos levam a dficits na
entre a maioria dos marcadores, embora no todos. Utilizando anlise neurognese, potenciao a longo prazo e dficit cognitivo101. Outro
de componentes principais, foi extrada uma varivel indicando a achado recente que destaca a importncia da sobrecarga alosttica
varincia compartilhada pelos biomarcadores. Essa varivel assim que a neurognese no adulto um mecanismo relevante que previne
construda deve ser entendida como um constructo latente de to- resposta de estresse e comportamento depressivo102.
xicidade sistmica. A figura 3 mostra como os episdios de humor At o momento, a grande maioria dos achados vlida para pa-
so mais bem entendidos como eventos agudamente nocivos e cientes com doena crnica. Muito embora diversos achados sejam
sistemicamente txicos. Individualmente, em sua maioria, os marca- bastante consistentes, os estudos correntes so demasiadamente
dores separaram os indivduos com transtorno bipolar dos controles baseados em amostras clnicas transversais de pacientes atendidos em
normais. O estudo revelou que, alm de dano oxidativo a lipdeos, centros de ateno terciria, especializados no tratamento da doena.
a quantidade de dano oxidativo a protenas a que os pacientes em Assim, difcil no momento prever se os achados se aplicam a outros
episdios agudos esto sujeitos impressionante, com tamanhos de grupos de pacientes. Realmente, um passo necessrio aumentar a
efeito similares aos de pacientes em sepse. representatividade dos achados a todo o espectro da doena bipolar.
Essa anlise foi repetida recentemente em um grupo de parti- Outra questo que os estudos disponveis frequentemente compa-
cipantes com transtorno bipolar recrutados da comunidade59. Essa ram pacientes com controles saudveis. Isso pode gerar confuso se
amostra era constituda de jovens entre 18 e 24 anos e com baixa os dois grupos no so obtidos da mesma populao. Uma maneira
prevalncia de uso de medicaes. O resultado foi ao encontro do seria por meio de desenhos baseados em amostras populacionais,
modelo de neuroprogresso. Embora os participantes com transtorno o que teria a vantagem de evitar vieses, como o vis de Berkson.
bipolar tivessem toxicidade aumentada em relao aos participantes A avaliao de adolescentes e adultos jovens com transtorno
sem qualquer transtorno de humor, a elevao foi bastante mais sutil bipolar outra alternativa interessante. A maioria dos casos de
que aquela observada em pacientes com doena crnica. transtorno bipolar tem incio at o final da adolescncia e esses casos
64 Magalhes PVS, et al. / Rev Psiq Cln. 2012;39(2):60-7
Metabolismo
Sistema nervoso central
(diabetes, resistncia
(cognio, sintomas)
insulina, obesidade)
Figura 4. Correlaes sistmicas tardias no transtorno bipolar. Neste modelo, a sobrecarga alosttica crnica obscurece e distorce as relaes complexas
anteriores entre as alas de vias de fisiopatologia. O resultado a associao entre desfechos negativos no sistema nervoso central (neuroprogresso)
e condies sistmicas (somatoprogresso).
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