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BI DNG HC SINH GII TON 9

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CHUYN 1 : A THC
B. CC PHNG PHP V BI TP:
I. TCH MT HNG T THNH NHIU HNG T:
* nh l b sung:
+ a thc f(x) c nghim hu t th c dng p/q trong p l c ca h s t do, q l c
dng ca h s cao nht
+ Nu f(x) c tng cc h s bng 0 th f(x) c mt nhn t l x 1
+ Nu f(x) c tng cc h s ca cc hng t bc chn bng tng cc h s ca cc hng t
bc l th f(x) c mt nhn t l x + 1
f(1) f(-1)
+ Nu a l nghim nguyn ca f(x) v f(1); f(- 1) khc 0 th v u l s
a-1 a+1
nguyn. nhanh chng loi tr nghim l c ca h s t do
1. V d 1: 3x2 8x + 4
Cch 1: Tch hng t th 2
3x2 8x + 4 = 3x2 6x 2x + 4 = 3x(x 2) 2(x 2) = (x 2)(3x 2)
Cch 2: Tch hng t th nht:
3x2 8x + 4 = (4x2 8x + 4) - x2 = (2x 2)2 x2 = (2x 2 + x)(2x 2 x)
= (x 2)(3x 2)
2. V d 2: x3 x2 - 4
Ta nhn thy nghim ca f(x) nu c th x = 1; 2; 4 , ch c f(2) = 0 nn x = 2 l nghim
ca f(x) nn f(x) c mt nhn t l x 2. Do ta tch f(x) thnh cc nhm c xut hin
mt nhn t l x 2
Cch 1: x3 - x2 4 = x 3 2x 2 x 2 2x 2x 4 x 2 x 2 x(x 2) 2(x 2)
= x 2 x 2 x 2
Cch 2: x 3 x 2 4 x 3 8 x 2 4 x 3 8 x 2 4
(x 2)(x 2 2x 4) (x 2)(x 2) = x 2 x 2 2x 4 (x 2) (x 2)(x 2 x 2)
3. V d 3: f(x) = 3x3 7x2 + 17x 5
Nhn xt: 1, 5 khng l nghim ca f(x), nh vy f(x) khng c nghim nguyn. Nn
f(x) nu c nghim th l nghim hu t
1
Ta nhn thy x = l nghim ca f(x) do f(x) c mt nhn t l 3x 1. Nn
3
f(x) = 3x3 7x2 + 17x 5 = 3x 3 x 2 6x 2 2x 15x 5 3x 3 x 2 6x 2 2x 15x 5
= x 2 (3x 1) 2x(3x 1) 5(3x 1) (3x 1)(x 2 2x 5)
V x 2 2x 5 (x 2 2x 1) 4 (x 1) 2 4 0 vi mi x nn khng phn tch c
thnh nhn t na
4. V d 4: x3 + 5x2 + 8x + 4
Nhn xt: Tng cc h s ca cc hng t bc chn bng tng cc h s ca cc hng t
bc l nn a thc c mt nhn t l x + 1
x3 + 5x2 + 8x + 4 = (x3 + x2 ) + (4x2 + 4x) + (4x + 4) = x2(x + 1) + 4x(x + 1) + 4(x + 1)
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= (x + 1)(x2 + 4x + 4) = (x + 1)(x + 2)2

5. V d 5: f(x) = x5 2x4 + 3x3 4x2 + 2
Tng cc h s bng 0 th nn a thc c mt nhn t l x 1, chia f(x) cho (x 1) ta c:
x5 2x4 + 3x3 4x2 + 2 = (x 1)(x4 - x3 + 2 x2 - 2 x - 2)
V x4 - x3 + 2 x2 - 2 x - 2 khng c nghim nguyn cng khng c nghim hu t nn
khng phn tch c na
6.V d 6: x4 + 1997x2 + 1996x + 1997 = (x4 + x2 + 1) + (1996x2 + 1996x + 1996)
= (x2 + x + 1)(x2 - x + 1) + 1996(x2 + x + 1)= (x2 + x + 1)(x2 - x + 1 + 1996)
= (x2 + x + 1)(x2 - x + 1997)
7. V d 7: x2 - x - 2001.2002 = x2 - x - 2001.(2001 + 1)
= x2 - x 20012 - 2001 = (x2 20012) (x + 2001) = (x + 2001)(x 2002)
II. THM , BT CNG MT HNG T:
1. Thm, bt cng mt s hng t xut hin hiu hai bnh phng:
a) V d 1: 4x4 + 81 = 4x4 + 36x2 + 81 - 36x2 = (2x2 + 9)2 36x2
= (2x2 + 9)2 (6x)2 = (2x2 + 9 + 6x)(2x2 + 9 6x)
= (2x2 + 6x + 9 )(2x2 6x + 9)
b) V d 2: x8 + 98x4 + 1 = (x8 + 2x4 + 1 ) + 96x4
= (x4 + 1)2 + 16x2(x4 + 1) + 64x4 - 16x2(x4 + 1) + 32x4
= (x4 + 1 + 8x2)2 16x2(x4 + 1 2x2) = (x4 + 8x2 + 1)2 - 16x2(x2 1)2
= (x4 + 8x2 + 1)2 - (4x3 4x )2
= (x4 + 4x3 + 8x2 4x + 1)(x4 - 4x3 + 8x2 + 4x + 1)
2. Thm, bt cng mt s hng t xut hin nhn t chung
a) V d 1: x7 + x2 + 1 = (x7 x) + (x2 + x + 1 ) = x(x6 1) + (x2 + x + 1 )
= x(x3 - 1)(x3 + 1) + (x2 + x + 1 ) = x(x 1)(x2 + x + 1 ) (x3 + 1) + (x2 + x + 1)
= (x2 + x + 1)[x(x 1)(x3 + 1) + 1] = (x2 + x + 1)(x5 x4 + x2 - x + 1)
b) V d 2: x7 + x5 + 1 = (x7 x ) + (x5 x2 ) + (x2 + x + 1)
= x(x3 1)(x3 + 1) + x2(x3 1) + (x2 + x + 1)
= (x2 + x + 1)(x 1)(x4 + x) + x2 (x 1)(x2 + x + 1) + (x2 + x + 1)
= (x2 + x + 1)[(x5 x4 + x2 x) + (x3 x2 ) + 1] = (x2 + x + 1)(x5 x4 + x3 x + 1)
* Ghi nh:
Cc a thc c dng x3m + 1 + x3n + 2 + 1 nh: x7 + x2 + 1 ; x7 + x5 + 1 ; x8 + x4 + 1 ;
x5 + x + 1 ; x8 + x + 1 ; u c nhn t chung l x2 + x + 1
III. T BIN PH:
1. V d 1: x(x + 4)(x + 6)(x + 10) + 128 = [x(x + 10)][(x + 4)(x + 6)] + 128
= (x2 + 10x) + (x2 + 10x + 24) + 128
t x2 + 10x + 12 = y, a thc c dng
(y 12)(y + 12) + 128 = y2 144 + 128 = y2 16 = (y + 4)(y 4)
= ( x2 + 10x + 8 )(x2 + 10x + 16 ) = (x + 2)(x + 8)( x2 + 10x + 8 )
2. V d 2: A = x4 + 6x3 + 7x2 6x + 1
Gi s x 0 ta vit
6 1 1 1
x4 + 6x3 + 7x2 6x + 1 = x2 ( x2 + 6x + 7 2 2
+ 2 ) = x [(x + 2 ) + 6(x - )+7]
x x x x
1 1
t x - = y th x2 + 2 = y2 + 2, do
x x

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1 2
A = x2(y2 + 2 + 6y + 7) = x2(y + 3)2 = (xy + 3x)2 = [x(x - ) + 3x]2 = (x2 + 3x 1)2
x
* Ch : V d trn c th gii bng cch p dng hng ng thc nh sau:
A = x4 + 6x3 + 7x2 6x + 1 = x4 + (6x3 2x2 ) + (9x2 6x + 1 )
= x4 + 2x2(3x 1) + (3x 1)2 = (x2 + 3x 1)2
3. V d 3: A = (x 2 y 2 z 2 )(x y z) 2 (xy yz+zx) 2
= (x y z ) 2(xy yz+zx) (x y z ) (xy yz+zx)
2 2 2 2 2 2 2

t x 2 y 2 z 2 = a, xy + yz + zx = b ta c
A = a(a + 2b) + b2 = a2 + 2ab + b2 = (a + b)2 = ( x 2 y 2 z 2 + xy + yz + zx)2
4. V d 4: B = 2( x 4 y 4 z 4 ) ( x 2 y 2 z 2 )2 2( x 2 y 2 z 2 )( x y z ) 2 ( x y z )4
t x4 + y4 + z4 = a, x2 + y2 + z2 = b, x + y + z = c ta c:
B = 2a b2 2bc2 + c4 = 2a 2b2 + b2 - 2bc2 + c4 = 2(a b2) + (b c2)2
Ta li c: a b2 = - 2( x 2 y 2 y 2 z 2 z 2 x 2 ) v b c2 = - 2(xy + yz + zx) Do :
B = - 4( x 2 y 2 y 2 z 2 z 2 x 2 ) + 4 (xy + yz + zx)2
4x 2 y 2 4y 2 z 2 4z 2 x 2 4x 2 y 2 4y 2 z 2 4z 2 x 2 8x 2 yz 8xy 2 z 8xyz 2
8xyz(x y z)
5. V d 5: (a b c)3 4(a 3 b3 c3 ) 12abc
t a + b = m, a b = n th 4ab = m2 n2
m2 - n 2
a3 + b3 = (a + b)[(a b)2 + ab] = m(n2 + ). Ta c:
4
m3 + 3mn 2
3
C = (m + c) 4. 4c3 3c(m 2 - n 2 ) = 3( - c3 +mc2 mn2 + cn2)
4
= 3[c2(m - c) - n2(m - c)] = 3(m - c)(c - n)(c + n) = 3(a + b - c)(c + a - b)(c - a + b)
IV. PHNG PHP H S BT NH:
1. V d 1: x4 - 6x3 + 12x2 - 14x + 3
Nhn xt: cc s 1, 3 khng l nghim ca a thc, a thc khng c nghim nguyn
cng khng c nghim hu t
Nh vy nu a thc phn tch c thnh nhn t th phi c dng
(x2 + ax + b)(x2 + cx + d) = x4 + (a + c)x3 + (ac + b + d)x2 + (ad + bc)x + bd
a c 6

ac b d 12
ng nht a thc ny vi a thc cho ta c:
ad bc 14
bd 3
Xt bd = 3 vi b, d Z, b 1, 3 vi b = 3 th d = 1 h iu kin trn tr thnh
a c 6
ac 8
2c 8 c 4

a 3c 14 ac 8 a 2
bd 3
Vy: x4 - 6x3 + 12x2 - 14x + 3 = (x2 - 2x + 3)(x2 - 4x + 1)
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2. V d 2: 2x4 - 3x3 - 7x2 + 6x + 8

Nhn xt: a thc c 1 nghim l x = 2 nn c tha s l x - 2 do ta c:
2x4 - 3x3 - 7x2 + 6x + 8 = (x - 2)(2x3 + ax2 + bx + c)
a 4 3
b 2a 7 a 1
= 2x4 + (a - 4)x3 + (b - 2a)x2 + (c - 2b)x - 2c
b 5
c 2b 6 c 4
2c 8

Suy ra: 2x4 - 3x3 - 7x2 + 6x + 8 = (x - 2)(2x3 + x2 - 5x - 4)

Ta li c 2x3 + x2 - 5x - 4 l a thc c tng h s ca cc hng t bc l v bc chn
bng nhau nn c 1 nhn t l x + 1 nn 2x3 + x2 - 5x - 4 = (x + 1)(2x2 - x - 4)
Vy: 2x4 - 3x3 - 7x2 + 6x + 8 = (x - 2)(x + 1)(2x2 - x - 4)
3. V d 3:
12x2 + 5x - 12y2 + 12y - 10xy - 3 = (a x + by + 3)(cx + dy - 1)
ac 12
bc ad 10 a 4

= acx2 + (3c - a)x + bdy2 + (3d - b)y + (bc + ad)xy 3 3c a 5 c 3

bd 12 b 6
d 2
3d b 12
2 2
12x + 5x - 12y + 12y - 10xy - 3 = (4 x - 6y + 3)(3x + 2y - 1)
BI TP:
Phn tch cc a thc sau thnh nhn t:
1) x3 - 7x + 6 10) 64x4 + y4
3 2
2) x - 9x + 6x + 16 11) a6 + a4 + a2b2 + b4 - b6
3 2
3) x - 6x - x + 30 12) x3 + 3xy + y3 - 1
3 2
4) 2x - x + 5x + 3 13) 4x4 + 4x3 + 5x2 + 2x + 1
3 2
5) 27x - 27x + 18x - 4 8
2 2 14) x + x + 1
6) x + 2xy + y - x - y - 12 8 4
7) (x + 2)(x +3)(x + 4)(x + 5) - 24 15) x 2+ 3x + 4
8) 4x4 - 32x2 + 1 16) 3x + 22xy + 11x + 37y + 7y2 +10
9) 3(x4 + x2 + 1) - (x2 + x + 1)2 17) x4 - 8x + 63
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CHUYN 2 - LU THA BC N CA MT NH THC

B. KIN THC V BI TP VN DNG:
I. Mt s hng ng thc tng qut:
1. an - bn = (a - b)(an - 1 + an - 2 b + an - 3 b2 + + abn - 2 + bn - 1 )
2. an + bn = (a + b) ( an - 1 - an - 2b + an - 3b2 - - abn - 2 + bn - 1 )
3. Nh thc Niutn: (a + b)n = an + C1n an - 1 b + C2n an - 2 b2 + + Cnn 1 ab n - 1 + bn
n(n - 1)(n - 2)...[n - (k - 1)]
Trong : C kn : T hp chp k ca n phn t
1.2.3...k
II. Cch xc nh h s ca khai trin Niutn:
n(n - 1)(n - 2)...[n - (k - 1)]
1. Cch 1: Dng cng thc C kn
k!
7.6.5.4 7.6.5.4
Chng hn h s ca hng t a4b3 trong khai trin ca (a + b)7 l C 74 35
4! 4.3.2.1
n! 7! 7.6.5.4.3.2.1
Ch : a) C kn vi quy c 0! = 1 C 74 35
n!(n - k) ! 4!.3! 4.3.2.1.3.2.1
7.6.5.
b) Ta c: C kn = C kn - 1 nn C 74 C 37 35
3!
2. Cch 2: Dng tam gic Patxcan
nh 1
Dng 1(n = 1) 1 1
Dng 2(n = 1) 1 2 1
Dng 3(n = 3) 1 3 3 1
Dng 4(n = 4) 1 4 6 4 1
Dng 5(n = 5) 1 5 10 10 5 1
Dng 6(n = 6) 1 6 15 20 15 6 1
Trong tam gic ny, hai cnh bn gm cc s 1; dng k + 1 c thnh lp t dng k
(k 1), chng hn dng 2 (n = 2) ta c 2 = 1 + 1, dng 3 (n = 3): 3 = 2 + 1, 3 = 1 + 2
dng 4 (n = 4): 4 = 1 + 3, 6 = 3 + 3, 4 = 3 + 1,
Vi n = 4 th: (a + b)4 = a4 + 4a3b + 6a2b2 + 4ab3 + b4
Vi n = 5 th: (a + b)5 = a5 + 5a4b + 10a3b2 + 10a2b3 + 5ab4 + b5
Vi n = 6 th: (a + b)6 = a6 + 6a5b + 15a4b2 + 20a3b3 + 15a2 b4 + 6ab5 + b6
3. Cch 3:
Tm h s ca hng t ng sau theo cc h s ca hng t ng trc:
a) H s ca hng t th nht bng 1
b) Mun c h s ca ca hng t th k + 1, ta ly h s ca hng t th k nhn vi s
m ca bin trong hng t th k ri chia cho k
1.4 3 4.3 2 2 4.3.2 4.3.2. 5
Chng hn: (a + b)4 = a4 + ab+ ab + ab3 + b
1 2 2.3 2.3.4
Ch rng: cc h s ca khai trin Niutn c tnh i xng qua hng t ng gia, ngha
l cc hng t cch u hai hng t u v cui c h s bng nhau
n(n - 1) n - 2 2 n(n - 1) 2 n
(a + b)n = an + nan -1b + a b + + ab -2
+ nan - 1bn - 1 + bn
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III. V d:
1. V d 1: phn tch a thc sau thnh nhn t
a) A = (x + y)5 - x5 - y5
Cch 1: khai trin (x + y)5 ri rt gn A
A = (x + y)5 - x5 - y5 = ( x5 + 5x4y + 10x3y2 + 10x2y3 + 5xy4 + y5) - x5 - y5
= 5x4y + 10x3y2 + 10x2y3 + 5xy4 = 5xy(x3 + 2x2y + 2xy2 + y3)
= 5xy [(x + y)(x2 - xy + y2) + 2xy(x + y)] = 5xy(x + y)(x2 + xy + y2)
Cch 2: A = (x + y)5 - (x5 + y5)
x5 + y5 chia ht cho x + y nn chia x5 + y5 cho x + y ta c:
x5 + y5 = (x + y)(x4 - x3y + x2y2 - xy3 + y4) nn A c nhn t chung l (x + y), t (x + y)
lm nhn t chung, ta tm c nhn t cn li
b) B = (x + y)7 - x7 - y7 = (x7+7x6y +21x5y2 + 35x4y3 +35x3y4 +21x2y5 7xy6 + y7) - x7 - y7
= 7x6y + 21x5y2 + 35x4y3 + 35x3y4 + 21x2y5 + 7xy6
= 7xy[(x5 + y5 ) + 3(x4y + xy4) + 5(x3y2 + x2y3 )]
= 7xy {[(x + y)(x4 - x3y + x2y2 - xy3 + y4) ] + 3xy(x + y)(x2 - xy + y2) + 5x2y2(x + y)}
= 7xy(x + y)[x4 - x3y + x2y2 - xy3 + y4 + 3xy(x2 + xy + y2) + 5x2y2 ]
= 7xy(x + y)[x4 - x3y + x2y2 - xy3 + y4 + 3x3y - 3x2y2 + 3xy3 + 5x2y2 ]
= 7xy(x + y)[(x4 + 2x2y2 + y4) + 2xy (x2 + y2) + x2y2 ] = 7xy(x + y)(x2 + xy + y2 )2
V d 2:Tm tng h s cc a thc c c sau khi khai trin
a) (4x - 3)4
Cch 1: Theo cnh thc Niu tn ta c:
(4x - 3)4 = 4.(4x)3.3 + 6.(4x)2.32 - 4. 4x. 33 + 34 = 256x4 - 768x3 + 864x2 - 432x + 81
Tng cc h s: 256 - 768 + 864 - 432 + 81 = 1
b) Cch 2: Xt ng thc (4x - 3)4 = c0x4 + c1x3 + c2x2 + c3x + c4
Tng cc h s: c0 + c1 + c2 + c3 + c4
Thay x = 1 vo ng thc trn ta c: (4.1 - 3)4 = c0 + c1 + c2 + c3 + c4
Vy: c0 + c1 + c2 + c3 + c4 = 1
* Ghi ch: Tng cc h s khai trin ca mt nh thc, mt a thc bng gi tr ca a
thc ti x = 1
C. BI TP:
Bi 1: Phn tch thnh nhn t
a) (a + b)3 - a3 - b3 b) (x + y)4 + x4 + y4
Bi 2: Tm tng cc h s c c sau khi khai trin a thc
a) (5x - 2)5 b) (x2 + x - 2)2010 + (x2 - x + 1)2011
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CHUYN 3 - CC BI TON V S CHIA HT CA S

NGUYN
B.KIN THC V CC BI TON:
I. Dng 1: Chng minh quan h chia ht
1. Kin thc:
* chng minh A(n) chia ht cho mt s m ta phn tch A(n) thnh nhn t c mt
nhn t lm hoc bi ca m, nu m l hp s th ta li phn tch n thnh nhn t c cc
oi mt nguyn t cng nhau, ri chng minh A(n) chia ht cho cc s
* Ch :
+ Vi k s nguyn lin tip bao gi cng tn ti mt bi ca k
+ Khi chng minh A(n) chia ht cho m ta xt mi trng hp v s d khi chia A(n) cho
m
+ Vi mi s nguyn a, b v s t nhin n th:
+) an - bn chia ht cho a - b (a - b) +) (a + 1)n l BS(a )+ 1
+) a2n + 1 + b2n + 1 chia ht cho a + b +)(a - 1)2n l B(a) + 1
2.+Bi
(a +tp:
b)n = B(a) + bn +) (a - 1)2n + 1 l B(a) - 1

2. Cc bi ton
Bi 1: chng minh rng
a) 251 - 1 chia ht cho 7 b) 270 + 370 chia ht cho 13
c) 1719 + 1917 chi ht cho 18 d) 3663 - 1 chia ht cho 7 nhng khng chia ht cho
37
e) 24n -1 chia ht cho 15 vi n N
Gii
a) 251 - 1 = (23)17 - 1 23 - 1 = 7
b) 270 + 370 (22)35 + (32)35 = 435 + 935 4 + 9 = 13
c) 1719 + 1917 = (1719 + 1) + (1917 - 1)
1719 + 1 17 + 1 = 18 v 1917 - 1 19 - 1 = 18 nn (1719 + 1) + (1917 - 1)
hay 1719 + 1917 18
d) 3663 - 1 36 - 1 = 35 7
3663 - 1 = (3663 + 1) - 2 chi cho 37 d - 2
e) 2 4n - 1 = (24) n - 1 24 - 1 = 15
Bi 2: chng minh rng
a) n5 - n chia ht cho 30 vi n N ;
b) n4 -10n2 + 9 chia ht cho 384 vi mi n l n Z
c) 10n +18n -28 chia ht cho 27 vi n N ;
Gii:
a) n5 - n = n(n4 - 1) = n(n - 1)(n + 1)(n2 + 1) = (n - 1).n.(n + 1)(n2 + 1) chia ht cho 6 v
(n - 1).n.(n+1) l tch ca ba s t nhin lin tip nn chia ht cho 2 v 3 (*)
Mt khc n5 - n = n(n2 - 1)(n2 + 1) = n(n2 - 1).(n2 - 4 + 5) = n(n2 - 1).(n2 - 4 ) + 5n(n2 - 1)
= (n - 2)(n - 1)n(n + 1)(n + 2) + 5n(n2 - 1)
V (n - 2)(n - 1)n(n + 1)(n + 2) l tch ca 5 s t nhin lin tip nn chia ht cho 5
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5n(n2 - 1) chia ht cho 5

Suy ra (n - 2)(n - 1)n(n + 1)(n + 2) + 5n(n2 - 1) chia ht cho 5 (**)
T (*) v (**) suy ra pcm
b) t A = n4 -10n2 + 9 = (n4 -n2 ) - (9n2 - 9) = (n2 - 1)(n2 - 9) = (n - 3)(n - 1)(n + 1)(n + 3)
V n l nn t n = 2k + 1 (k Z) th
A = (2k - 2).2k.(2k + 2)(2k + 4) = 16(k - 1).k.(k + 1).(k + 2) A chia ht cho 16 (1)
V (k - 1).k.(k + 1).(k + 2) l tch ca 4 s nguyn lin tip nn A c cha bi ca 2, 3, 4
nn A l bi ca 24 hay A chia ht cho 24 (2)
T (1) v (2) suy ra A chia ht cho 16. 24 = 384
c) 10 n +18n -28 = ( 10 n - 9n - 1) + (27n - 27)
+ Ta c: 27n - 27 27 (1)
+ 10 n - 9n - 1 = [( 9...9
+ 1) - 9n - 1] = 9...9
- 9n = 9( 1...1
- n) 27 (2)
n n n

v 9 9 v 1...1
- n 3 do 1...1
- n l mt s c tng cc ch s chia ht cho 3
n n

T (1) v (2) suy ra pcm

3. Bi 3: Chng minh rng vi mi s nguyn a th
a) a3 - a chia ht cho 3
b) a7 - a chia ht cho 7
Gii
a) a3 - a = a(a2 - 1) = (a - 1) a (a + 1) l tch ca ba s nguyn lin tip nn tn ti mt s
l bi ca 3 nn (a - 1) a (a + 1) chia ht cho 3
b) ) a7 - a = a(a6 - 1) = a(a2 - 1)(a2 + a + 1)(a2 - a + 1)
Nu a = 7k (k Z) th a chia ht cho 7
Nu a = 7k + 1 (k Z) th a2 - 1 = 49k2 + 14k chia ht cho 7
Nu a = 7k + 2 (k Z) th a2 + a + 1 = 49k2 + 35k + 7 chia ht cho 7
Nu a = 7k + 3 (k Z) th a2 - a + 1 = 49k2 + 35k + 7 chia ht cho 7
Trong trng hp no cng c mt tha s chia ht cho 7
Vy: a7 - a chia ht cho 7
Bi 4: Chng minh rng A = 13 + 23 + 33 + ...+ 1003 chia ht cho B = 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + 100
Gii
Ta c: B = (1 + 100) + (2 + 99) + ...+ (50 + 51) = 101. 50
chng minh A chia ht cho B ta chng minh A chia ht cho 50 v 101
Ta c: A = (13 + 1003) + (23 + 993) + ... +(503 + 513)
= (1 + 100)(12 + 100 + 1002) + (2 + 99)(22 + 2. 99 + 992) + ... + (50 + 51)(502 + 50. 51 +
512) = 101(12 + 100 + 1002 + 22 + 2. 99 + 992 + ... + 502 + 50. 51 + 512) chia ht cho 101
(1)
Li c: A = (13 + 993) + (23 + 983) + ... + (503 + 1003)
Mi s hng trong ngoc u chia ht cho 50 nn A chia ht cho 50 (2)
T (1) v (2) suy ra A chia ht cho 101 v 50 nn A chi ht cho B
Bi tp v nh
Chng minh rng:
a) a5 a chia ht cho 5
b) n3 + 6n2 + 8n chia ht cho 48 vi mi n chn
c) Cho a l s nguyn t ln hn 3. Cmr a2 1 chia ht cho 24
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d) Nu a + b + c chia ht cho 6 th a3 + b3 + c3 chia ht cho 6

e) 20092010 khng chia ht cho 2010
f) n2 + 7n + 22 khng chia ht cho 9
Dng 2: Tm s d ca mt php chia
Bi 1:
Tm s d khi chia 2100
a)cho 9, b) cho 25, c) cho 125
Gii
a) Lu tha ca 2 st vi bi ca 9 l 23 = 8 = 9 - 1
Ta c : 2100 = 2. (23)33 = 2.(9 - 1)33 = 2.[B(9) - 1] = B(9) - 2 = B(9) + 7
Vy: 2100 chia cho 9 th d 7
b) Tng t ta c: 2100 = (210)10 = 102410 = [B(25) - 1]10 = B(25) + 1
Vy: 2100 chia chop 25 th d 1
c)S dng cng thc Niutn:
50.49 2
2100 = (5 - 1)50 = (550 - 5. 549 + + . 5 - 50 . 5 ) + 1
2
Khng k phn h s ca khai trin Niutn th 48 s hng u cha tha s 5 vi s m
50.49 2
ln hn hoc bng 3 nn u chia ht cho 53 = 125, hai s hng tip theo: . 5 - 50.5
2
cng chia ht cho 125 , s hng cui cng l 1
Vy: 2100 = B(125) + 1 nn chia cho 125 th d 1
Bi 2:
Vit s 19951995 thnh tng ca cc s t nhin . Tng cc lp phng chia cho 6 th d
bao nhiu?
Gii
t 19951995 = a = a1 + a2 + + an.
Gi S a13 a 23 + a 33 + ...+ a n 3 = a13 a 23 + a 33 + ...+ a n 3 + a - a
= (a1 3 - a1) + (a2 3 - a2) + + (an 3 - an) + a
Mi du ngoc u chia ht cho 6 v mi du ngoc l tch ca ba s t nhin lin tip. Ch
cn tm s d khi chia a cho 6
1995 l s l chia ht cho 3, nn a cng l s l chia ht cho 3, do chia cho 6 d 3
Bi 3: Tm ba ch s tn cng ca 2100 vit trong h thp phn
gii
Tm 3 ch s tn cng l tm s d ca php chia 2100 cho 1000
Trc ht ta tm s d ca php chia 2100 cho 125
Vn dng bi 1 ta c 2100 = B(125) + 1 m 2100 l s chn nn 3 ch s tn cng ca n ch
c th l 126, 376, 626 hoc 876
Hin nhin 2100 chia ht cho 8 v 2100 = 1625 chi ht cho 8 nn ba ch s tn cng ca n
chia ht cho 8
trong cc s 126, 376, 626 hoc 876 ch c 376 chia ht cho 8
Vy: 2100 vit trong h thp phn c ba ch s tn cng l 376
Tng qut: Nu n l s chn khng chia ht cho 5 th 3 ch s tn cng ca n l 376
Bi 4: Tm s d trong php chia cc s sau cho 7
a) 2222 + 5555 b)31993
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c) 19921993 + 19941995
1930
d) 32
Gii
a) ta c: 2222 + 5555 = (21 + 1)22 + (56 1)55 = (BS 7 +1)22 + (BS 7 1)55
= BS 7 + 1 + BS 7 - 1 = BS 7 nn 2222 + 5555 chia 7 d 0
b) Lu tha ca 3 st vi bi ca 7 l 33 = BS 7 1
Ta thy 1993 = BS 6 + 1 = 6k + 1, do :
31993 = 3 6k + 1 = 3.(33)2k = 3(BS 7 1)2k = 3(BS 7 + 1) = BS 7 + 3
c) Ta thy 1995 chia ht cho 7, do :
19921993 + 19941995 = (BS 7 3)1993 + (BS 7 1)1995 = BS 7 31993 + BS 7 1
Theo cu b ta c 31993 = BS 7 + 3 nn
19921993 + 19941995 = BS 7 (BS 7 + 3) 1 = BS 7 4 nn chia cho 7 th d 3
d) 32 = 32860 = 33k + 1 = 3.33k = 3(BS 7 1) = BS 7 3 nn chia cho 7 th d 4
1930

Bi tp v nh
Tm s d khi:
a) 21994 cho 7
b) 31998 + 51998 cho 13
c) A = 13 + 23 + 33 + ...+ 993 chia cho B = 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + 99
Dng 3: Tm iu kin xy ra quan h chia ht
Bi 1: Tm n Z gi tr ca biu thc A = n3 + 2n2 - 3n + 2 chia ht cho gi tr ca
biu thc B = n2 - n
Gii
Chia A cho B ta c: n3 + 2n2 - 3n + 2 = (n + 3)(n2 - n) + 2
A chia ht cho B th 2 phi chia ht cho n2 - n = n(n - 1) do 2 chia ht cho n, ta c:
n 1 -1 2 -2
n-1 0 -2 1 -3
n(n - 1) 0 2 2 6
loi loi

Vy: gi tr ca biu thc A = n3 + 2n2 - 3n + 2 chia ht cho gi tr ca biu thc

B = n2 - n th n 1; 2
Bi 2:
a) Tm n N n5 + 1 chia ht cho n3 + 1
b) Gii bi ton trn nu n Z
Gii
Ta c: n5 + 1 n3 + 1 n2(n3 + 1) - (n2 - 1) n3 + 1 (n + 1)(n - 1) n3 + 1
2 2
(n + 1)(n - 1) (n + 1)(n - n + 1) n - 1 n - n + 1 (V n + 1 0)
a) Nu n = 1 th 0 1
Nu n > 1 th n - 1 < n(n - 1) + 1 < n2 - n + 1 nn khng th xy ra n - 1 n2 - n + 1
Vy gi tr ca n tm c l n = 1
b) n - 1 n2 - n + 1 n(n - 1) n2 - n + 1 (n2 - n + 1 ) - 1 n2 - n + 1
2
1 n - n + 1. C hai trng hp xy ra:
n 0
+ n2 - n + 1 = 1 n(n - 1) = 0 (Tm bi)
n 1
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+ n2 - n + 1 = -1 n2 - n + 2 = 0 (V nghim)
Bi 3: Tm s nguyn n sao cho:
a) n2 + 2n - 4 11 b) 2n3 + n2 + 7n + 1 2n - 1
c) n4 - 2n3 + 2n2 - 2n + 1 n4 - 1 d) n3 - n2 + 2n + 7 n2 + 1
Gii
a) Tch n2 + 2n - 4 thnh tng hai hng t trong c mt hng t l B(11)
n2 + 2n - 4 11 (n2 - 2n - 15) + 11 11 (n - 3)(n + 5) + 11 11
n 311 n = B(11) + 3
(n - 3)(n + 5) 11
n + 5 11 n = B(11) - 5
b) 2n3 + n2 + 7n + 1 = (n2 + n + 4) (2n - 1) + 5
2n 1=-5 n = - 2
2n 1 = -1 n = 0
2n + n + 7n + 1 2n - 1 th 5 2n - 1 hay 2n - 1 l (5)
3 2

2n 1=1 n = 1

2n 1=5 n = 3
Vy: n 2; 0; 1; 3 th 2n3 + n2 + 7n + 1 2n - 1
c) n4 - 2n3 + 2n2 - 2n + 1 n4 - 1
t A = n4 - 2n3 + 2n2 - 2n + 1 = (n4 - n3) - (n3 - n2) + (n2 - n) - (n - 1)
= n3(n - 1) - n2(n - 1) + n(n - 1) - (n - 1) = (n - 1) (n3 - n2 + n - 1) = (n - 1)2(n2 + 1)
B = n4 - 1 = (n - 1)(n + 1)(n2 + 1)
A chia ht cho b nn n 1 A chia ht cho B n - 1 n + 1 (n + 1) - 2 n + 1
n 1 = - 2 n = -3
n 1 = - 1 n=-2
2 n+1
n 1 = 1 n = 0

n 1 = 2 n = 1 (khong Tm)
Vy: n 3; 2; 0 th n4 - 2n3 + 2n2 - 2n + 1 n4 - 1
d) Chia n3 - n2 + 2n + 7 cho n2 + 1 c thng l n - 1, d n + 8
n3 - n2 + 2n + 7 n2 + 1 th n + 8 n2 + 1 (n + 8)(n - 8) n2 + 1 65 n2 + 1
Ln lt cho n2 + 1 bng 1; 5; 13; 65 ta c n bng 0; 2; 8
Th li ta c n = 0; n = 2; n = 8 (T/m)
Vy: n3 - n2 + 2n + 7 n2 + 1 khi n = 0, n = 8
Bi tp v nh:
Tm s nguyn n :
a) n3 2 chia ht cho n 2
b) n3 3n2 3n 1 chia ht cho n2 + n + 1
c)5n 2n chia ht cho 63
Dng 4: Tn ti hay khng tn ti s chia ht
Bi 1: Tm n N sao cho 2n 1 chia ht cho 7
Gii
Nu n = 3k ( k N) th 2n 1 = 23k 1 = 8k - 1 chia ht cho 7
Nu n = 3k + 1 ( k N) th 2n 1 = 23k + 1 1 = 2(23k 1) + 1 = BS 7 + 1
Nu n = 3k + 2 ( k N) th 2n 1 = 23k + 2 1 = 4(23k 1) + 3 = BS 7 + 3
V y: 2n 1 chia ht cho 7 khi n = BS 3
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Bi 2: Tm n N :
a) 3n 1 chia ht cho 8
b) A = 32n + 3 + 24n + 1 chia ht cho 25
c) 5n 2n chia ht cho 9
Gii
a) Khi n = 2k (k N) th 3n 1 = 32k 1 = 9k 1 chia ht cho 9 1 = 8
Khi n = 2k + 1 (k N) th 3n 1 = 32k + 1 1 = 3. (9k 1 ) + 2 = BS 8 + 2
Vy : 3n 1 chia ht cho 8 khi n = 2k (k N)
b) A = 32n + 3 + 24n + 1 = 27 . 32n + 2.24n = (25 + 2) 32n + 2.24n = 25. 32n + 2.32n + 2.24n
= BS 25 + 2(9n + 16n)
Nu n = 2k +1(k N) th 9n + 16n = 92k + 1 + 162k + 1 chia ht cho 9 + 16 = 25
Nu n = 2k (k N) th 9n c ch s tn cng bng 1 , cn 16n c ch s tn cng bng 6
suy ra 2((9n + 16n) c ch s tn cng bng 4 nn A khng chia ht cho 5 nn khng chia
ht cho 25
c) Nu n = 3k (k N) th 5n 2n = 53k 23k chia ht cho 53 23 = 117 nn chia ht cho 9
Nu n = 3k + 1 th 5n 2n = 5.53k 2.23k = 5(53k 23k) + 3. 23k = BS 9 + 3. 8k
= BS 9 + 3(BS 9 1)k = BS 9 + BS 9 + 3
Tng t: nu n = 3k + 2 th 5n 2n khng chia ht cho 9
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CHUYEN E 4 TNH CHIA HET OI VI A THC

A. Dang 1: Tm d cua phep chia ma khong thc hien phep chia
1. a thc chia co dang x a (a la hang)
a) nh l Bdu (Bezout, 1730 1783):
So d trong phep chia a thc f(x) cho nh thc x a bang gia tr cua f(x) tai x = a
Ta co: f(x) = (x a). Q(x) + r
ang thc ung vi moi x nen vi x = a, ta co
f(a) = 0.Q(a) + r hay f(a) = r
Ta suy ra: f(x) chia het cho x a f(a) = 0
b) f(x) co tong cac he so bang 0 th chia het cho x 1
c) f(x) co tong cac he so cua hang t bac chan bang tong cac he so cua cac hang t bac
le th chia het cho x + 1
V du : Khong lam phep chia, hay xet xem A = x3 9x2 + 6x + 16 chia het cho
B = x + 1, C = x 3 khong
Ket qua:
A chia het cho B, khong chia het cho C
2. a thc chia co bac hai tr len
Cach 1: Tach a thc b chia thanh tong cua cac a thc chia het cho a thc chia va d
Cach 2: Xet gia tr rieng: goi thng cua phep chia la Q(x), d la ax + b th
f(x) = g(x). Q(x) + ax + b
V du 1: Tm d cua phep chia x7 + x5 + x3 + 1 cho x2 1
Cach 1: Ta biet rang x2n 1 chia het cho x2 1 nen ta tach:
x7 + x5 + x3 + 1 = (x7 x) + (x5 x) +(x3 x) + 3x + 1
= x(x6 1) + x(x4 1) + x(x2 1) + 3x + 1 chia cho x2 1 d 3x + 1
Cach 2:
Goi thng cua phep chia la Q(x), d la ax + b, Ta co:
x7 + x5 + x3 + 1 = (x -1)(x + 1).Q(x) + ax + b vi moi x
ang thc ung vi moi x nen vi x = 1, ta co 4 = a + b (1)
vi x = - 1 ta co - 2 = - a + b (2)
T (1) va (2) suy ra a = 3, b =1 nen ta c d la 3x + 1
Ghi nh:
an bn chia het cho a b (a -b)
an + bn ( n le) chia het cho a + b (a -b)
V du 2: Tm d cua cac phep chia
a) x41 chia cho x2 + 1
b) x27 + x9 + x3 + x cho x2 1
c) x99 + x55 + x11 + x + 7 cho x2 + 1
Giai
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a) x41 = x41 x + x = x(x40 1) + x = x[(x4)10 1] + x chia cho x4 1 d x nen chia cho

x2 + 1 d x
b) x27 + x9 + x3 + x = (x27 x) + (x9 x) + (x3 x) + 4x
= x(x26 1) + x(x8 1) + x(x2 1) + 4x chia cho x2 1 d 4x
c) x99 + x55 + x11 + x + 7 = x(x98 + 1) + x(x54 + 1) + x(x10 + 1) 2x + 7
chia cho x2 + 1 d 2x + 7
B. S o HORN
H s th 2
1. S o + ca a thc
e tm ket qua cua phep chia f(x) cho x a H s th
1a thc b
b chia
a
(a la hang so), ta s dung s o horn chia
3 2
Neu a thc b chia la a0x + a1x + a2x + a3,
a thc chia la x a ta c thng la
H s
b0x2 + b1x + b2, d r th ta co ca a
thc chia
a0 a1 a2 a3

a b 0 = a0 b 1 = ab 0 + a1 b 2 = ab 1 + a2 r = ab 2 + a3

V du:
a thc b chia: x3 -5x2 + 8x 4, a thc chia x 2
Ta co s o
1 -5 8 -4
2 1 2. 1 + (- 5) = -3 2.(- 3) + 8 = 2 r = 2. 2 +(- 4) = 0
3 2 2
Vay: x -5x + 8x 4 = (x 2)(x 3x + 2) + 0 la phep chia het
2. Ap dung s o Horn e tnh gia tr cua a thc tai x = a
Gia tr cua f(x) tai x = a la so d cua phep chia f(x) cho x a
1. V du 1:
Tnh gia tr cua A = x3 + 3x2 4 tai x = 2010
Ta co s o:
1 3 0 -4
a = 2010 1 2010.1+3 = 2013 2010.2013 + 0 2010.4046130 4
= 4046130 = 8132721296
Vay: A(2010) = 8132721296
C. Chngs minh mot a thc chia het cho mot a thc khac
I. Phng phap:
1. Cach 1: Phan tch a thc b chia thanh nhan t co mot tha so la a thc chia
2. Cach 2: bien oi a thc b chia thanh mot tong cac a thc chia het cho a thc chia
3. Cach 3: Bien oi tng ng f(x) g(x) f(x) g(x) g(x)
4. cach 4: Chng to moi nghiem cua a thc chia eu la nghiem cua a thc b chia
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II. V du
1.V du 1:
Chng minh rang: x8n + x4n + 1 chia het cho x2n + xn + 1
Ta co: x8n + x4n + 1 = x8n + 2x4n + 1 - x4n = (x4n + 1)2 - x4n = (x4n + x2n + 1)( x4n - x2n + 1)
Ta lai co: x4n + x2n + 1 = x4n + 2x2n + 1 x2n = (x2n + xn + 1)( x2n - xn + 1)
chia het cho x2n + xn + 1
Vay: x8n + x4n + 1 chia het cho x2n + xn + 1
2. V du 2:
Chng minh rang: x3m + 1 + x3n + 2 + 1 chia het cho x2 + x + 1 vi moi m, n N
Ta co: x3m + 1 + x3n + 2 + 1 = x3m + 1 - x + x3n + 2 x2 + x2 + x + 1
= x(x3m 1) + x2(x3n 1) + (x2 + x + 1)
V x3m 1 va x3n 1 chia het cho x3 1 nen chia het cho x2 + x + 1
Vay: x3m + 1 + x3n + 2 + 1 chia het cho x2 + x + 1 vi moi m, n N
3. V du 3: Chng minh rang
f(x) = x99 + x88 + x77 + ... + x11 + 1 chia het cho g(x) = x9 + x8 + x7 + ....+ x + 1
Ta co: f(x) g(x) = x99 x9 + x88 x8 + x77 x7 + ... + x11 x + 1 1
= x9(x90 1) + x8(x80 1) + ....+ x(x10 1) chia het cho x10 1
Ma x10 1 = (x 1)(x9 + x8 + x7 +...+ x + 1) chia het cho x9 + x8 + x7 +...+ x + 1
Suy ra f(x) g(x) chia het cho g(x) = x9 + x8 + x7 +...+ x + 1
Nen f(x) = x99 + x88 + x77 + ... + x11 + 1 chia het cho g(x) = x9 + x8 + x7 + ....+ x + 1
4. V du 4: CMR: f(x) = (x2 + x 1)10 + (x2 - x + 1)10 2 chia het cho g(x) = x2 x
a thc g(x) = x2 x = x(x 1) co 2 nghiem la x = 0 va x = 1
Ta co f(0) = (-1)10 + 110 2 = 0 x = 0 la nghiem cua f(x) f(x) cha tha so x
f(1) = (12 + 1 1)10 + (12 1 + 1)10 2 = 0 x = 1 la nghiem cua f(x) f(x) cha tha so
x 1, ma cac tha so x va x 1 khong co nhan t chung, do o f(x) chia het cho x(x
1)
hay f(x) = (x2 + x 1)10 + (x2 - x + 1)10 2 chia het cho g(x) = x2 x
5. V du 5: Chng minh rang
a) A = x2 x9 x1945 chia het cho B = x2 x + 1
b) C = 8x9 9x8 + 1 chia het cho D = (x 1)2
c) C (x) = (x + 1)2n x2n 2x 1 chia het cho D(x) = x(x + 1)(2x + 1)
Giai
a) A = x2 x9 x1945 = (x2 x + 1) (x9 + 1) (x1945 x)
Ta co: x2 x + 1 chia het cho B = x2 x + 1
x9 + 1 chia het cho x3 + 1 nen chia het cho B = x2 x + 1
x1945 x = x(x1944 1) chia het cho x3 + 1 (cung co nghiem la x = - 1)
nen chia het cho B = x2 x + 1
Vay A = x2 x9 x1945 chia het cho B = x2 x + 1

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b) C = 8x9 9x8 + 1 = 8x9 8 - 9x8 + 9 = 8(x9 1) 9(x8 1)

= 8(x 1)(x8 + x7 + ...+ 1) 9(x 1)(x7 + x6 + ...+ 1)
= (x 1)(8x8 x7 x6 x5 x4 x3 x2 x 1)
(8x8 x7 x6 x5 x4 x3 x2 x 1) chia het cho x 1 v co tong he so bang 0
suy ra (x 1)(8x8 x7 x6 x5 x4 x3 x2 x 1) chia het cho (x 1)2
1
c) a thc chia D (x) = x(x + 1)(2x + 1) co ba nghiem la x = 0, x = - 1, x = -
2
Ta co:
C(0) = (0 + 1)2n 02n 2.0 1 = 0 x = 0 la nghiem cua C(x)
C(-1) = (-1 + 1)2n (- 1)2n 2.(- 1) 1 = 0 x = - 1 la nghiem cua C(x)
1 1 1 1 1
C(- ) = (- + 1)2n (- )2n 2.(- ) 1 = 0 x = - la nghiem cua C(x)
2 2 2 2 2
Moi nghiem cua a thc chia la nghiem cua a thc b chia pcm
6. V du 6:
Cho f(x) la a thc co he so nguyen. Biet f(0), f(1) la cac so le. Chng minh rang f(x)
khong co nghiem nguyen
Gia s x = a la nghiem nguyen cua f(x) th f(x) = (x a). Q(x). Trong o Q(x) la a thc
co he so nguyen, do o f(0) = - a. Q(0), f(1) = (1 a). Q(1)
Do f(0) la so le nen a la so le, f(1) la so le nen 1 a la so le, ma 1 a la hieu cua 2 so
le khong the la so le, mau thuan
Vay f(x) khong co nghiem nguyen
Bai tap ve nha:
Bai 1: Tm so d khi
a) x43 chia cho x2 + 1
b) x77 + x55 + x33 + x11 + x + 9 cho x2 + 1
Bai 2: Tnh gia tr cua a thc x4 + 3x3 8 tai x = 2009
Bai 3: Chng minh rang
a) x50 + x10 + 1 chia het cho x20 + x10 + 1
b) x10 10x + 9 chia het cho x2 2x + 1
c) x4n + 2 + 2x2n + 1 + 1 chia het cho x2 + 2x + 1
d) (x + 1)4n + 2 + (x 1)4n + 2 chia het cho x2 + 1
e) (xn 1)(xn + 1 1) chia het cho (x + 1)(x 1)2
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CHUYEN E 5 : SO CHNH PHNG

I. So chnh phng:
A. Mot so kien thc:
So chnh phng: so bang bnh phng cua mot so khac
V du:
4 = 22; 9 = 32
A = 4n2 + 4n + 1 = (2n + 1)2 = B2
+ S chnh phng khng tn cng bi cc ch s: 2, 3, 7, 8
+ S chnh phng chia ht cho 2 th chia ht cho 4, chia ht cho 3 th chia ht cho 9, chia
ht cho 5 th chia ht cho 25, chia ht cho 23 th chia ht cho 24,
n
+ S 11...1
= a th 99...9
= 9a 9a + 1 = 99...9 + 1 = 10
n n n

B. Mot so bai toan:

1. Bai 1:
Chng minh rang: Mot so chnh phng chia cho 3, cho 4 ch co the d 0 hoac 1
Giai
Goi A = n2 (n N)
a) xet n = 3k (k N) A = 9k2 nen chia het cho 3
n = 3k 1 (k N) A = 9k2 6k + 1, chia cho 3 d 1
Vay: so chnh phng chia cho 3 d 0 hoac 1
b) n = 2k (k N) th A = 4k2 chia het cho 4
n = 2k +1 (k N) th A = 4k2 + 4k + 1 chia cho 4 d 1
Vay: so chnh phng chia cho 4 d 0 hoac 1
Chu y: + So chnh phng chan th chia het cho 4
+ So chnh phng le th chia cho 4 th d 1( Chia 8 cung d 1)
2. Bai 2: So nao trong cac so sau la so chnh phng
a) M = 19922 + 19932 + 19942
b) N = 19922 + 19932 + 19942 + 19952
c) P = 1 + 9100 + 94100 + 1994100
d) Q = 12 + 22 + ...+ 1002
e) R = 13 + 23 + ... + 1003
Giai
a) cac so 19932, 19942 chia cho 3 d 1, con 19922 chia het cho 3 M chia cho 3 d 2
do o M khong la so chnh phng
b) N = 19922 + 19932 + 19942 + 19952 gom tong hai so chnh phng chan chia het cho
4, va hai so chnh phng le nen chia 4 d 2 suy ra N khong la so chnh phng
c) P = 1 + 9100 + 94100 + 1994100 chia 4 d 2 nen khong la so chnh phng
d) Q = 12 + 22 + ...+ 1002

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So Q gom 50 so chnh phng chan chia het cho 4, 50 so chnh phng le, moi so chia
4 d 1 nen tong 50 so le o chia 4 th d 2 do o Q chia 4 th d 2 nen Q khong la so
chnh phng
e) R = 13 + 23 + ... + 1003
k(k + 1) k(k - 1)
Goi Ak = 1 + 2 +... + k = , Ak 1 = 1 + 2 +... + k =
2 2
Ta co: Ak2 Ak -12 = k3 khi o:
13 = A 1 2
23 = A22 A12
.....................
n3 = An2 = An - 12
Cong ve theo ve cac ang thc tren ta co:
2 2
n(n + 1) 100(100 1)
3 3
1 + 2 + ... +n = 3
An2 = 50.101 la so chnh phng
2

2 2
3. Bai 3:
CMR: Vi mi n N th cac so sau la s chnh phng.
a) A = (10n +10n-1 +...+.10 +1)(10 n+1 + 5) + 1
n+1 10n 1 1
A = ( 11.....1
)(10 + 5) + 1 .(10n 1 5) 1
n 10 1
2
n+1 a-1 a 2 + 4a - 5 + 9 a 2 + 4a + 4 a + 2
t a = 10 th A = (a + 5) + 1 =
9 9 9 3
b) B = 111.....1

6 ( c n s 1 v n-1 s 5)
555.....5
n n-1

B = 111.....1

+ 1 = 111.....1
555.....5
n
. 10 + 555.....5
+ 1 = 111.....1

n
. 10 + 5 111.....1
+ 1
n n n n n n
n
at 11.....1
= a th 10 = 9a + 1 nen
n

B = a(9a + 1) + 5a + 1 = 9a2 + 6a + 1 = (3a + 1)2 = 33....34

2

n-1

c) C = 11.....1
.+ 44.....4

+ 1
2n n
n
at a = 11.....1
Th C = 11.....1 + 4. 11.....1
11.....1 + 1 = a. 10 + a + 4 a + 1
n n n n

= a(9a + 1) + 5a + 1 = 9a + 6a + 1 = (3a + 1)2 2

n
d) D = 99....9
8 00.....0
1 . at 99....9
= a 10 = a + 1
n n n
n+2 n+1
D = 99....9
. 10 + 8. 10 + 1 = a . 100 . 10n + 80. 10n + 1
n

= 100a(a + 1) + 80(a + 1) + 1 = 100a2 + 180a + 81 = (10a + 9)2 = ( 99....9

)
2

n+1
n+2
e) E = 11.....1 5 = 11.....1
22.....2 00 + 25 = 11.....1
22.....2 .10 + 2. 11.....1
00 + 25
n n+1 n n+1 n n

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= [a(9a + 1) + 2a]100 + 25 = 900a2 + 300a + 25 = (30a + 5)2 = ( 33.....3

5)
2

f) F = 44.....4
= 4. 11.....1
la so chnh phng th 11.....1
la so chnh phng
100 100 100

la so le nen no la so chnh phng th chia cho 4 phai d 1

So 11.....1
100

That vay: (2n + 1)2 = 4n2 + 4n + 1 chia 4 d 1

co hai ch so tan cung la 11 nen chia cho 4 th d 3
11.....1
100

vay 11.....1
khong la so chnh phng nen F = 44.....4
khong la so chnh phng
100 100

Bai 4:
a) Cho cc s A = 11........11
; B = 11.......11
; C = 66.....66

2m m+1 m

CMR: A + B + C + 8 l s chnh phng .

102 m 1 10m1 1 10m 1
Ta co: A ;B= ; C = 6. Nen:
9 9 9
102 m 1 10m1 1 10m 1 102 m 1 10m 1 1 6(10m 1) 72
A+B+C+8 = + + 6. +8=
9 9 9 9
10m 16.10m 64 10m 8
2 2
102 m 1 10.10m 1 6.10m 6 72
= =
9 9 3
b) CMR: Vi mi x,y Z th A = (x+y)(x+2y)(x+3y)(x+4y) + y4 la s chnh phng.
A = (x2 + 5xy + 4y2) (x2 + 5xy + 6y2) + y4
= (x2 + 5xy + 4y2) [(x2 + 5xy + 4y2) + 2y2) + y4
= (x2 + 5xy + 4y2)2 + 2(x2 + 5xy + 4y2).y2 + y4 = [(x2 + 5xy + 4y2) + y2)2
= (x2 + 5xy + 5y2)2
Bai 5: Tm so nguyen dng n e cac bieu thc sau la so chnh phng
a) n2 n + 2 b) n5 n + 2
Giai
a) Vi n = 1 th n2 n + 2 = 2 khong la so chnh phng
Vi n = 2 th n2 n + 2 = 4 la so chnh phng
Vi n > 2 th n2 n + 2 khong la so chnh phng V
(n 1)2 = n2 (2n 1) < n2 (n - 2) < n2
b) Ta co n5 n chia het cho 5 V
n5 n = (n2 1).n.(n2 + 1)
Vi n = 5k th n chia het cho 5
Vi n = 5k 1 th n2 1 chia het cho 5
Vi n = 5k 2 th n2 + 1 chia het cho 5
Nen n5 n + 2 chia cho 5 th d 2 nen n5 n + 2 co ch so tan cung la 2 hoac 7 nen
n5 n + 2 khong la so chnh phng
Vay : Khong co gia tr nao cua n thoa man bai toan
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Bai 6 :
a)Chng minh rang : Moi so le eu viet c di dang hieu cua hai so chnh phng
b) Mot so chnh phng co ch so tan cung bang 9 th ch so hang chuc la ch so chan
Giai
Moi so le eu co dang a = 4k + 1 hoac a = 4k + 3
Vi a = 4k + 1 th a = 4k2 + 4k + 1 4k2 = (2k + 1)2 (2k)2
Vi a = 4k + 3 th a = (4k2 + 8k + 4) (4k2 + 4k + 1) = (2k + 2)2 (2k + 1)2
b)A la so chnh phng co ch so tan cung bang 9 nen
A = (10k 3)2 =100k2 60k + 9 = 10.(10k2 6) + 9
So chuc cua A la 10k2 6 la so chan (pcm)
Bai 7:
Mot so chnh phng co ch so hang chuc la ch so le. Tm ch so hang n v
Giai
Goi n2 = (10a + b)2 = 10.(10a2 + 2ab) + b2 nen ch so hang n v can tm la ch so tan
cung cua b2
Theo e bai , ch so hang chuc cua n2 la ch so le nen ch so hang chuc cua b2 phai le
Xet cac gia tr cua b t 0 en 9 th ch co b2 = 16, b2 = 36 co ch so hang chuc la ch
so le, chung eu tan cung bang 6
Vay : n2 co ch so hang n v la 6
* Bai tap ve nha:
Bai 1: Cac so sau ay, so nao la so chnh phng
a) A = 22.....2
4 b) B = 11115556 c) C = 99....9 25
00....0
50 n n

d) D = 44.....4

9
88....8 e) M = 11.....1
22....2
f) N = 1 + 2 + ...... + 562
2 2

n n-1 2n n

Bai 2: Tm so t nhien n e cac bieu thc sau la so chnh phng

a) n3 n + 2
b) n4 n + 2
Bai 3: Chng minh rang
a)Tong cua hai so chnh phng le khong la so chnh phng
b) Mot so chnh phng co ch so tan cung bang 6 th ch so hang chuc la ch so le
Bai 4: Mot so chnh phng co ch so hang chuc bang 5. Tm ch so hang n v
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CHUYEN E 6 ONG D THC

A. NH NGHA:
Neu hai so nguyen a va b co cung so d trong phep chia cho mot so t nhien m 0 th
ta noi a ong d vi b theo moun m, va co ong d thc: a b (mod m)
V du:7 10 (mod 3) , 12 22 (mod 10)
+ Chu y: a b (mod m) a b m
B. TNH CHAT:
1. Tnh chat phan xa: a a (mod m)
2. Tnh chat oi xng: a b (mod m) b a (mod m)
3. Tnh chat bac cau: a b (mod m), b c (mod m) th a c (mod m)
a b (mod m)
4. Cong , tr tng ve: a c b d (mod m)
c d (mod m)
He qua:
a) a b (mod m) a + c b + c (mod m)
b) a + b c (mod m) a c - b (mod m)
c) a b (mod m) a + km b (mod m)
a b (mod m)
5. Nhan tng ve : ac bd (mod m)
c d (mod m)
He qua:
a) a b (mod m) ac bc (mod m) (c Z)
b) a b (mod m) an bn (mod m)
6. Co the nhan (chia) hai ve va moun cua mot ong d thc vi mot so nguyen
dng
a b (mod m) ac bc (mod mc)
Chang han: 11 3 (mod 4) 22 6 (mod 8)
ac bc (mod m)
7. a b (mod m)
(c, m) = 1
16 2 (mod 7)
Chang han : 8 1 (mod 7)
(2, 7) = 1
C. CAC V DU:
1. V du 1:
Tm so d khi chia 9294 cho 15
Giai
Ta thay 92 2 (mod 15) 9294 294 (mod 15) (1)
Lai co 24 1 (mod 15) (24)23. 22 4 (mod 15) hay 294 4 (mod 15) (2)
T (1) va (2) suy ra 9294 4 (mod 15) tc la 9294 chia 15 th d 4
2. V du 2:
Chng minh: trong cac so co dang 2n 4(n N), co vo so so chia het cho 5
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That vay:
T 24 1 (mod 5) 24k 1 (mod 5) (1)
Lai co 22 4 (mod 5) (2)
Nhan (1) vi (2), ve theo ve ta co: 24k + 2 4 (mod 5) 24k + 2 - 4 0 (mod 5)
Hay 24k + 2 - 4 chia het cho 5 vi moi k = 0, 1, 2, ... hay ta c vo so so dang 2n 4
(n N) chia het cho 5
Chu y: khi giai cac bai toan ve ong d, ta thng quan tam en a 1 (mod m)
a 1 (mod m) an 1 (mod m)
a -1 (mod m) an (-1)n (mod m)
3. V du 3: Chng minh rang
a) 2015 1 chia het cho 11 b) 230 + 330 chi het cho 13
c) 555222 + 222555 chia het cho 7
Giai
a) 25 - 1 (mod 11) (1); 10 - 1 (mod 11) 105 - 1 (mod 11) (2)
T (1) va (2) suy ra 25. 105 1 (mod 11) 205 1 (mod 11) 205 1 0 (mod 11)
b) 26 - 1 (mod 13) 230 - 1 (mod 13) (3)
33 1 (mod 13) 330 1 (mod 13) (4)
T (3) va (4) suy ra 230 + 330 - 1 + 1 (mod 13) 230 + 330 0 (mod 13)
Vay: 230 + 330 chi het cho 13
c) 555 2 (mod 7) 555222 2222 (mod 7) (5)
23 1 (mod 7) (23)74 1 (mod 7) 555222 1 (mod 7) (6)
222 - 2 (mod 7) 222555 (-2)555 (mod 7)
Lai co (-2)3 - 1 (mod 7) [(-2)3]185 - 1 (mod 7) 222555 - 1 (mod 7)
Ta suy ra 555222 + 222555 1 - 1 (mod 7) hay 555222 + 222555 chia het cho 7
4. V du 4: Chng minh rang so 22 + 7 chia het cho 11 vi moi so t nhien n
4n + 1

That vay:Ta co: 25 - 1 (mod 11) 210 1 (mod 11)

Xet so d khi chia 24n + 1 cho 10. Ta co: 24 1 (mod 5) 24n 1 (mod 5)
4n 4n + 1 4n + 1
2.2 2 (mod 10) 2 2 (mod 10) 2 = 10 k + 2
10k + 2
Nen 2 +7=2 + 7 =4. 2 + 7 = 4.(BS 11 + 1) + 7 = 4.(BS 11 + 1k) + 7
10k k
4n + 1
2

= BS 11 + 11 chia het cho 11

Bai tap ve nha:
Bai 1: CMR:
a) 228 1 chia het cho 29
b)Trong cac so co dang2n 3 co vo so so chia het cho 13
Bai 2: Tm so d khi chia A = 2011 + 2212 + 19962009 cho 7.
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CHUYEN E 7 CAC BAI TOAN VE BIEU THC HU T

A. Nhac lai kien thc:
Cac bc rut gon bieu thc hu t
a) Tm KX: Phan tch mau thanh nhan t, cho tat ca cac nhan t khac 0
b) Phan tch t thanh nhan , chia t va mau cho nhan t chung
B. Bai tap:
x4 5x2 4
Bai 1: Cho bieu thc A =
x 4 10 x 2 9
a) Rut gon A
b) tm x e A = 0
c) Tm gia tr cua A khi 2 x 1 7
Giai
a)kx :
x4 10x2 + 9 0 [(x2)2 x2] (9x2 9) 0 x2(x2 1) 9(x2 1) 0
2 2 x 1
(x 1)(x 9) 0 (x 1)(x + 1)(x 3)(x + 3) 0
x 3
T : x4 5x2 + 4 = [(x2)2 x2] (x2 4) = x2(x2 1) 4(x2 1)
= (x2 1)(x2 4) = (x 1)(x + 1)(x 2)(x + 2)
(x - 1)(x + 1)(x - 2)(x + 2) (x - 2)(x + 2)
Vi x 1; x 3 th A =
(x - 1)(x + 1)(x - 3)(x + 3) (x - 3)(x + 3)
(x - 2)(x + 2)
b) A = 0 = 0 (x 2)(x + 2) = 0 x = 2
(x - 3)(x + 3)
2 x 1 7 2 x 8 x 4
c) 2 x 1 7
2 x 1 7 2 x 6 x 3
(x - 2)(x + 2) (4 - 2)(4 + 2) 12
* Vi x = 4 th A =
(x - 3)(x + 3) (4 - 3)(4 + 3) 7
* Vi x = - 3 th A khong xac nh
2. Bai 2:
2x 3 7x 2 12x 45
Cho bieu thc B =
3x 3 19x 2 33x 9
a) Rut gon B
b) Tm x e B > 0
Giai
a) Phan tch mau: 3x3 19x2 + 33x 9 = (3x3 9x2) (10x2 30x) + (3x 9)
= (x 3)(3x2 10x + 3) = (x 3)[(3x2 9x) (x 3)] = (x 3)2(3x 1)
1
kx: (x 3)2(3x 1) 0 x 3 va x
3
b) Phan tch t, ta co:
2x3 7x2 12x + 45 = (2x3 6x2 ) - (x2 - 3x) (15x - 45) = (x 3)(2x2 x 15)

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= (x 3)[(2x2 6x) + (5x 15)] = (x 3)2(2x + 5)

1
Vi x 3 va x
3
2 x 7 x 12 x 45
3 2
(x - 3) 2 (2x + 5) 2x + 5
Th B = 3 =
3x 19 x 2 33x 9 (x - 3) 2 (3x - 1) 3x - 1
1
x 3
3 x 1 0
x 5 1
2x 5 0 x
> 0
2x + 5 2 3
c) B > 0
3x - 1 3 x 1 0 x 1 x 5

2
2 x 5 0
3
x 5
2
3. Bai 3
5 x 1 2x
Cho bieu thc C =
1 2
2
: 2
1 x x 1 1 x x 1
a) Rut gon bieu thc C
b) Tm gia tr nguyen cua x e gia tr cua bieu thc B la so nguyen
Giai
a) kx: x 1
5 x 1 2 x 1 x 2(1 x) 5 ( x 1)( x 1) 2
C =
1 2
2
: 2 .
1 x x 1 1 x x 1 (1 x)(1 x) 1 2x 2x 1
2
b) B co gia tr nguyen khi x la so nguyen th co gia tr nguyen
2x 1
2 x 1 1 x 1
2 x 1 1 x 0
2x 1 la (2)
2 x 1 2 x 1,5

2 x 1 2 x 1
oi chieu kx th ch co x = 0 thoa man
4. Bai 4
x3 x 2 2 x
Cho bieu thc D =
x x 2 x2 4
a) Rut gon bieu thc D
b) Tm x nguyen e D co gia tr nguyen
c) Tm gia tr cua D khi x = 6
Giai
a) Neu x + 2 > 0 th x 2 = x + 2 nen
x3 x 2 2 x x3 x 2 2 x x( x 1)( x 2) x2 x
D= =
x x 2 x2 4 x( x 2) x 2 4 x( x 2) ( x 2)( x 2) 2
Neu x + 2 < 0 th x 2 = - (x + 2) nen
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x3 x 2 2 x x3 x 2 2 x x( x 1)( x 2) x
D= =
x x2 x 4 2
x( x 2) x 4 x( x 2) ( x 2)( x 2) 2
2

Neu x + 2 = 0 x = -2 th bieu thc D khong xac nh

x2 x x
b) e D co gia tr nguyen th hoac co gia tr nguyen
2 2
x2 x x 2 - x 2 x(x - 1) 2
+) co gia tr nguyen
2 x > - 2 x > - 2
V x(x 1) la tch cua hai so nguyen lien tiep nen chia het cho 2 vi moi x > - 2
x x 2 x = 2k
+) co gia tr nguyen x 2k (k Z; k < - 1)
2 x < - 2 x < - 2
x2 x 6(6 1)
c) Khia x = 6 x > - 2 nen D = = 15
2 2
* Dang 2: Cac bieu thc co tnh quy luat
Bai 1: Rut gon cac bieu thc
3 5 2n 1
a) A = ......
n(n 1)
2 2 2
(1.2) (2.3)
Phng phap: Xuat phat t hang t cuoi e tm ra quy luat
2n 1 2n 1 1 1
Ta co = 2 Nen
n(n 1) n (n 1) n (n 1) 2
2 2 2

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 n(n 1)
A= 2 2 2 2 ...... 2 2
2
1 2 2 3 3 n n (n 1) 1 (n 1)2 2
(n 1) 2

b) B = 1 2 . 1 2 . 1 2 ........ 1 2
1 1 1 1
2 3 4 n
1 k 1 (k 1)(k 1)
2
Ta co 1 2 2 Nen
k k k2
1.3 2.4 3.5 (n 1)(n 1) 1.3.2.4...(n 1)(n 1) 1.2.3...(n 1) 3.4.5...(n 1) 1 n 1 n 1
B = 2 . 2 . 2 ... . .
2 3 4 n2 22.32.42...n 2 2.3.4...(n 1)n 2.3.4....n n 2 2n

= 150. . ......
150 150 150 150 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
c) C = ......
5.8 8.11 11.14 47.50 3 5 8 8 11 47 50

= 50. 50. 45
1 1 9
5 50 10
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
d) D = ...... = . ......
1.2.3 2.3.4 3.4.5 (n 1)n(n 1) 2 1.2 2.3 2.3 3.4 (n 1)n n(n 1)
1 1 1 (n 1)(n 2)
=
2 1.2 n(n 1)
4n(n 1)
Bai 2:
m 1 m 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 A
a) Cho A = ... ; B = ...... . Tnh
1 2 m 2 n 1 2 3 4 n B
Ta co

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n
A = ... 1 1
n n n 1 1
1
1
...
1 n ... (n 1)
1 2
n 2 n 1 n 1 1 2
n 2 n 1

= n ...
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 A
1 n ... nB =n
1 2 n 2 n 1 2 n 2 n 1 B
1 1 1 1 1 1
b) A = ...... ; B=1+ ......
1.(2n - 1) 3.(2n - 3) (2n - 3).3 (2n - 1).1 3 2n - 1
Tnh A : B
Giai
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
A= 1 2n - 1 3 2n - 3 ... 2n - 3 3 2n - 1 1
2n
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 ...... ...... 1
2n 3 2n - 1 2n - 3 2n - 1 2n - 3 3
1 1 1 1 1 A 1
.2. 1 ...... .2.B
2n 3 2n - 1 2n - 3 2n B n
Bai tap ve nha
Rut gon cac bieu thc sau:
1 1 1 12 32 52 n2
a) +......+ b) 2 . 2 . 2 ......
1.2 2.3 (n - 1)n 2 1 4 1 6 1 (n + 1) 2 1
1 1 1
c) +......+
1.2.3 2.3.4 n(n + 1)(n +2)
* Dang 3: Rut gon; tnh gia tr bieu thc thoa man ieu kien cua bien
1
Bai 1: Cho x + = 3 . Tnh gi tr ca cc biu thc sau :
x
1 1 1 1
a) A = x 2 + 2 ; b) B = x 3 + 3 ; c) C = x 4 + 4 ; d) D = x 5 + 5 .
x x x x
Li gii
2
1 1
- 2= 9- 2= 7 ;
a) A = x + 2 = x +
2

x
x
3
1 1
1
x +
b) B = x + 3 =
3
x+ - 3 = 27 - 9 = 18 ;

x
x x
2
1 1
c) C = x + 4 = x 2 + 2
4
- 2 = 49 - 2 = 47 ;
x
x

1 5 1
d) A.B = x 2 + 2
x 3 + 1 = x + + x +
1
= D + 3 D = 7.18 3 = 123.
x
x3 x x5

x y z a b c
Bai 2: Cho + + = 2 (1); + + = 2 (2).
a b c x y z
2 2 2
b
Tnh gia tr bieu thc D = + +
a c
x y z
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T (1) suy ra bcx + acy + abz = 0 (3)

T (2) suy ra
2 2 2 2 2 2
a b c ab ac bc a b c ab ac bc
+ + + 2 . 4 + + 4 2 . (4)
x y z xy xz yz x y z xy xz yz
Thay (3) vao (4) ta co D = 4 2.0 = 4
Bai 3
a b 2c
a) Cho abc = 2; rut gon bieu thc A =
ab + a + 2 bc + b + 1 ac + 2c + 2
a ab 2c a ab 2c
Ta co : A =
ab + a + 2 abc + ab + a ac + 2c + 2 ab + a + 2 2 + ab + a ac + 2c + abc
a ab 2c a ab 2 ab + a + 2
= 1
ab + a + 2 2 + ab + a c(a + 2 + ab) ab + a + 2 2 + ab + a a + 2 + ab ab + a + 2
a2 b2 c2
b) Cho a + b + c = 0; rut gon bieu thc B =
a 2 - b2 - c2 b2 - c2 - a 2 c2 - b2 - a 2
T a + b + c = 0 a = -(b + c) a2 = b2 + c2 + 2bc a2 - b2 - c2 = 2bc
Tng t ta co: b2 - a2 - c2 = 2ac ; c2 - b2 - a2 = 2ab (Hoan v vong quanh), nen
a2 b2 c2 a 3 b3 c3
B= (1)
2bc 2ac 2ab 2abc
a + b + c = 0 -a = (b + c) -a3 = b3 + c3 + 3bc(b + c) -a3 = b3 + c3 3abc
3 3 3
a + b + c = 3abc (2)
a 3 b3 c3 3abc 3
Thay (2) vao (1) ta co B = (V abc 0)
2abc 2abc 2
c) Cho a, b, c tng oi mot khac nhau thoa man: (a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2
a2 b2 c2
Rut gon bieu thc C = +
a 2 + 2bc b 2 + 2ac c 2 + 2ab
T (a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 ab + ac + bc = 0
2 2 2
a + 2bc = a + 2bc (ab + ac + bc) = a ab + bc ac = (a b)(a c)
Tng t: b2 + 2 ac = (b a)(b c) ; c2 + 2ab = (c a)(c b)
a2 b2 c2 a2 b2 c2
C = + -
(a - b)(a - c) (b - a)(b - c) (c - a)(c - b) (a - b)(a - c) (a - b)(b - c) (a - c)(b - c)
a 2 (b - c) b 2 (a - c) c2 (b - c) (a - b)(a - c)(b - c)
= - 1
(a - b)(a - c)(b - c) (a - b)(a - c)(b - c) (a - b)(a - c)(b - c) (a - b)(a - c)(b - c)
* Dang 4: Chng minh ang thc thoa man ieu kien cua bien
1 1 1 1 1 1
1. Bai 1: Cho + + = 2 (1); 2 + 2 + 2 = 2 (2).
a b c a b c
Chng minh rang: a + b + c = abc
T (1) suy ra
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2
+ 2 + 2 + 2. + + 4 2. + + 4 2 + 2 + 2
a b c ab bc ac ab bc ac a b c
1 1 1 a+b+c
+ + 1 1 a + b + c = abc
ab bc ac abc

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2. Bai 2: Cho a, b, c 0 v a + b + c 0 tha mn iu kin 1 + 1 + 1 = 1

.
a b c a+ b+ c
Chng minh rng trong ba s a, b, c c hai s i nhau.
1 1 1 1
T suy ra rng : 2009 + 2009 + 2009 = .
c a a + b + c2009
b 2009 2009

1 1 1 1
Ta c : + + = 1+ 1 + 1- 1
=0 a+ b + a+ b
=0
a b c a+ b+ c a b c a+ b+ c ab c(a + b + c)
a + b = 0 a = - b
c(a + b + c) + ab
(a + b). = 0 (a + b)(b + c)(c + a) = 0 b + c = 0 b = - c
abc(a + b + c)
c + a = 0 c = - a

1 1 1 1 1 1 1
T suy ra : 2009 + 2009 + 2009 = 2009 + 2009
+ 2009 = 2009
a b c a (- c) c a
1 1 1
= =
a 2009 + b 2009 + c2009 a 2009 + (- c)2009 + c2009 a 2009
1 1 1 1
2009 + 2009 + 2009 = 2009 .
a b c a + b + c2009
2009

a b c b c a
3. Bai 3: Cho + + (1)
b c a a b c
chng minh rang : trong ba so a, b, c ton tai hai so bang nhau
T (1) a 2c + ab 2 + bc2 = b 2c + ac2 + a 2 b a 2 (b - c) - a(c2 b2 ) bc(c - b) = 0
2
(c b)(a ac = ab + bc) = 0 (c b)(a b)( a c) = 0 pcm
4. Bai 4: Cho (a2 bc)(b abc) = (b2 ac)(a abc); abc 0 va a b
1 1 1
Chng minh rang: + + =a+b+c
a b c
T GT a2b b2c - a3bc + ab2c2 = ab2 a2c ab3c + a2bc2
2 2 2 2 2
(a b ab ) + (a c b c) = abc (a b) + abc(a - b)(a + b)
(a b)(ab + ac + bc) = abc(a b)(a + b + c)
ab + ac + bc 1 1 1
=a+b+c + + =a+b+c
abc a b c
5. Bai 5:
a b c 2 2 2
Cho a + b + c = x + y + z = + + = 0 . Chng minh rang: ax + by + cz = 0
x y z
T x + y + z = 0 x2 = (y + z)2 ; y2 = (x + z)2 ; z2 = (y + x)2
2 2 2 2 2 2
ax + by + cz = a(y + z) + b(x + z) + c (y + x) =
= (b + c)x2 + (a + c)y2 + (a + b)z2 + 2(ayz + bxz + cxy) (1)
T a + b + c = 0 - a = b + c; - b = a + c; - c = a + b (2)
a b c
T + + = 0 ayz + bxz + cxy = 0 (3). Thay (2), (3) vao (1); ta co:
x y z
ax2 + by2 + cz2 = -( ax2 + by2 + cz2 ) ax2 + by2 + cz2 = 0
6. Bai 6:
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a b c a b c
Cho + 0 ; chng minh: 2
+ 0
b-c c-a a-b (b - c) (c - a) (a - b) 2
2

a b c a b c b 2 ab + ac - c2
T + 0 =
b-c c-a a-b b-c a-c b-a (a - b)(c - a)
a b 2 ab + ac - c 2 1
2
(1) (Nhan hai ve vi )
(b - c) (a - b)(c - a)(b - c) b-c
b c 2 bc + ba - a 2 c a 2 ac + cb - b 2
Tng t, ta co: (2) ; (3)
(c - a) 2 (a - b)(c - a)(b - c) (a - b) 2 (a - b)(c - a)(b - c)
Cong tng ve (1), (2) va (3) ta co pcm
7. Bai 7:
Cho a + b + c = 0; chng minh:
a-b b - c c - a c a b
+ + = 9 (1)
c a b a - b b-c c-a
a-b b-c c-a c 1 a 1 b 1
at =x; y; z = ;
c a b a-b x b-c y c-a z
1 1 1
(1) x + y + z + + 9
x y z
1 1 1 y+z x+z x+y
Ta co: x + y + z + + 3 + + (2)
x y z x y z
y+z b-c c-a c b 2 bc + ac - a 2 c c(a - b)(c - a - b) c(c - a - b)
Ta lai co: . .
x a b a-b ab a-b ab(a - b) ab
c 2c - (a + b + c) 2c 2
= (3)
ab ab
x + z 2a 2 x + y 2b 2
Tng t, ta co: (4) ; (5)
y bc z ac
Thay (3), (4) va (5) vao (2) ta co:
1 1 1 2c 2 2a 2 2b 2 2
x + y + z + + 3 + =3+ (a3 + b3 + c3 ) (6)
x y z ab bc ac abc
T a + b + c = 0 a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc (7) ?
1 1 1 2
Thay (7) vao (6) ta co: x + y + z + + 3 + . 3abc = 3 + 6 = 9
x y z abc
Bai tap ve nha:
Bai 1:
2 x 3 x 2 x
Cho bieu thc A =
x
: 1
x3 x2 x 5x 6 x 1
2

a) Rut gon A
b) Tm x e A = 0; A > 0
Bai 2:
3 y3 7 y 2 5 y 1
Cho bieu thc B =
2 y3 y 2 4 y 3
a) Rut gon B

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2D
b) Tm so nguyen y e co gia tr nguyen
2y + 3
c) Tm so nguyen y e B 1
Bai 3 :
1 1 1 yz xz xy
cho + + 0 ; tnh gia tr bieu thc A = 2 + 2 + 2
x y z x y z
xyz xyz xyz
HD: A = 3 + 3 + 3 ; van dung a + b + c = 0 a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc
x y z
Bai 4:
Cho a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc ; Tnh gia tr bieu thc A = + 1 + 1 + 1
a b c
b c a
Bai 5:
yz xz x y
Cho x + y + z = 0; chng minh rang: 3 0
x y z
Bai 6:
a b c
Cho a + b + c = a2 + b2 + c2 = 1; . Chng minh xy + yz + xz = 0
x y z

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CHUYEN E 8 - CAC BAI TOAN VE NH L TA-LET

A.Kien thc: A

1. nh l Ta-let:
ABC AM AN M N
* nh l Talet =
MN // BC AB AC
B C
AM AN MN
* He qua: MN // BC =
AB AC BC
B. Bai tap ap dung:
1. Bai 1:
Cho t giac ABCD, ng thang qua A song song vi BC cat BD E, ng thang
qua B song song vi AD cat AC G
B
a) chng minh: EG // CD
b) Gia s AB // CD, chng minh rang AB2 = CD. EG
A

Giai O
Goi O la giao iem cua AC va BD
E G
OE OA
a) V AE // BC = (1)
OB OC
OB OG
BG // AC = (2)
OD OA D C
OE OG
Nhan (1) vi (2) ve theo ve ta co: = EG //
OD OC
CD
b) Khi AB // CD th EG // AB // CD, BG // AD nen
AB OA OD CD AB CD
= = AB2 CD. EG
EG OG OB AB EG AB
Bai 2:
Cho ABC vuong tai A, Ve ra pha ngoai tam giac o cac tam giac ABD vuong can
B, ACF vuong can C. Goi H la giao iem cua AB va CD, K la giao iem cua AC va
BF. Chng minh rang:
a) AH = AK
b) AH2 = BH. CK
Giai D
A
at AB = c, AC = b. H
BD // AC (cung vuong goc vi AB) K F
AH AC b AH b AH b
nen
HB BD c HB c HB + AH b + c
AH b AH b b.c C
Hay AH (1) B
AB b + c c b+c b+c

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AK AB c AK c AK c
AB // CF (cung vuong goc vi AC) nen
KC CF b KC b KC + AK b + c
AK b AK c b.c
Hay AK (2)
AC b + c b b+c b+c
T (1) va (2) suy ra: AH = AK
AH AC b AK AB c AH KC AH KC
b) T va suy ra (V AH = AK)
HB BD c KC CF b HB AK HB AH
2
AH = BH . KC
3. Bai 3: Cho hnh bnh hanh ABCD, ng thang a i qua A lan lt cat BD, BC,
DC theo th t tai E, K, G. Chng minh rang:
a) AE2 = EK. EG
1 1 1
b)
AE AK AG
c) Khi ng thang a thay oi v tr nhng van qua A th tch BK. DG co gia tr khong
oi
Giai A a B
a) V ABCD la hnh bnh hanh va K BC nen
AD // BK, theo he qua cua nh l Ta-let ta co: b
E
K
EK EB AE EK AE
= = AE 2 EK.EG
AE ED EG AE EG
D C G
AE DE AE BE
b) Ta co: = ; = nen
AK DB AG BD
AE AE BE DE BD 1 1 1 1 1
= 1 AE 1 (pcm)
AK AG BD DB BD AK AG AE AK AG
BK AB BK a KC CG KC CG
c) Ta co: = = (1); = = (2)
KC CG KC CG AD DG b DG
BK a
Nhan (1) vi (2) ve theo ve ta co: = BK. DG = ab khong oi (V a = AB; b =
b DG
AD la o dai hai canh cua hnh bnh hanh ABCD khong oi)
4. Bai 4:
Cho t giac ABCD, cac iem E, F, G, H theo th t chia trong B
cac canh AB, BC, CD, DA theo t so 1:2. Chng minh rang: A
E
a) EG = FH
b) EG vuong goc vi FH H P
F
Giai O
Q
Goi M, N theo th t la trung iem cua CF, DG D
1 1 BM 1 BE BM 1
Ta co CM = CF = BC = = = N M
2 3 BC 3 BA BC 3
G
EM BM 2 2
EM // AC = EM = AC (1)
AC BE 3 3 C
NF CF 2 2
Tng t, ta c: NF // BD = NF = BD (2)
BD CB 3 3

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m AC = BD (3)
T (1), (2), (3) suy ra : EM = NF (a)
1
Tng t nh trn ta c: MG // BD, NH // AC v MG = NH =
AC (b)
3
Mt khc EM // AC; MG // BD V AC BD EM MG EMG = 900 (4)
Tng t, ta c: FNH = 900 (5)
T (4) v (5) suy ra EMG = FNH = 900 (c)
T (a), (b), (c) suy ra EMG = FNH (c.g.c) EG = FH
b) Gi giao im ca EG v FH l O; ca EM v FH l P; ca EM v FN l Q th
PQF = 900 QPF + QFP = 900 m QPF = OPE (i nh), OEP = QFP ( EMG = FNH)
Suy ra EOP = PQF = 900 EO OP EG FH
5. Bi 5:
Cho hnh thang ABCD c y nh CD. T D v ng thng song song vi BC, ct AC ti
M v AB ti K, T C v ng thng song song vi AD, ct AB ti F, qua F ta li v
ng thng song song vi AC, ct BC ti P. Chng minh rng
a) MP // AB
b) Ba ng thng MP, CF, DB ng quy
Gii
CP AF
a) EP // AC = (1)
PB FB
CM DC
AK // CD = (2) D C
AM AK
cc t gic AFCD, DCBK la cc hnh bnh hnh nn
AF = DC, FB = AK (3)
CP CM I P
Kt hp (1), (2) v (3) ta c MP // AB M
PB AM
(nh l Ta-lt o) (4)
CP CM K F B
b) Gi I l giao im ca BD v CF, ta c: = A
PB AM
DC DC

AK FB
DC DI CP DI
M (Do FB // DC) IP // DC // AB (5)
FB IB PB IB
T (4) v (5) suy ra : qua P c hai ng thng IP, PM cng song song vi AB // DC nn
theo tin clt th ba im P, I, M thng hang hay MP i qua giao im ca CF v DB
hay ba ng thng MP, CF, DB ng quy
6. Bi 6:
Cho ABC c BC < BA. Qua C k ng thng vung goc vi tia phn gic BE ca
ABC ; ng thng ny ct BE ti F v ct trung tuyn BD ti G. Chng minh rng on
thng EG b on thng DF chia lm hai phn bng nhau
Gii
Gi K l giao im ca CF v AB; M l giao im ca DF v BC
KBC c BF va l phn gic va l ng cao nn KBC cn ti B BK = BC v FC
= FK

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Mt khc D l trung im AC nn DF l ng trung B

bnh ca AKC DF // AK hay DM // AB
Suy ra M l trung im ca BC
1
DF = AK (DF l ng trung bnh ca AKC), ta c M
2 K
BG BK BG BK 2BK G
= ( do DF // BK) = (1) F
GD DF GD DF AK
CE DC - DE DC AD
Mt khc 1 1 (V AD = DC) A D E C
DE DE DE DE
CE AE - DE DC AD
1 1
DE DE DE DE
CE AE - DE AE AB AE AB
Hay 1 2 2 (v = : Do DF // AB)
DE DE DE DF DE DF
CE AK + BK 2(AK + BK) 1 CE 2(AK + BK) 2BK
Suy ra 2 2 (Do DF = AK) 2
DE DE AK 2 DE AK AK
(2)
BG CE
T (1) v (2) suy ra = EG // BC
GD DE
OG OE FO
Gi giao im ca EG v DF l O ta c = = OG = OE
MC MB FM
Bi tp v nh
Bi 1:
Cho t gic ABCD, AC v BD ct nhau ti O. ng thng qua O v song song vi BC
ct AB E; ng thng song song vi CD qua O ct AD ti F
a) Chng minh FE // BD
b) T O k cc ng thng song song vi AB, AD ct BD, CD ti G v H.
Chng minh: CG. DH = BG. CH
Bi 2:
Cho hnh bnh hnh ABCD, im M thuc cnh BC, im N thuc tia i ca tia BC sao
cho BN = CM; cc ng thng DN, DM ct AB theo th t ti E, F.
Chng minh:
a) AE2 = EB. FE
2

b) EB =
AN
. EF
DF

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CHUYEN E 9 CAC BAI TOAN S DUNG NH L TALET VA

TNH CHAT NG PHAN GIAC
A. Kien thc:
1. nh l Ta-let: A
ABC AM AN
* nh l Talet =
MN // BC AB AC M N
AM AN MN
* He qua: MN // BC =
AB AC BC
C
2. Tnh chat ng phan giac:
B
A
BD AB
ABC ,AD la phan giac goc A =
CD AC
BD' AB
ADla phan giac goc ngoai tai A: =
CD' AC B D C
A
B. Bai tap van dung
1. Bai 1:
Cho ABC co BC = a, AB = b, AC = c, phan giac AD D' B C
a) Tnh o dai BD, CD
AI
b) Tia phan giac BI cua goc B cat AD I; tnh t so:
ID
Giai
BD AB c A
a) AD la phan giac cua BAC nen
CD AC b
BD c BD c ac
BD = c
CD + BD b + c a b+c b+c b
ac ab I
Do o CD = a - =
b+c b+c
AI AB ac b+c
b) BI la phan giac cua ABC nen c: B D C
ID BD b+c a
2. Bai 2: a

Cho ABC, co B < 600 phan giac AD

a) Chng minh AD < AB A
b) Goi AM la phan giac cua ADC. Chng minh rang
BC > 4 DM
Giai
A A+C 1800 - B
a)Ta co ADB = C + > = 600
2 2 2
ADB > B AD < AB
C M D B
b) Goi BC = a, AC = b, AB = c, AD = d
Trong ADC, AM la phan giac ta co
DM AD DM AD DM AD
= = =
CM AC CM + DM AD + AC CD AD + AC

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CD.AD CD. d ab abd

DM = ; CD = ( Van dung bai 1) DM =
AD + AC b + d b+c (b + c)(b + d)
4abd
e c/m BC > 4 DM ta c/m a > hay (b + d)(b + c) > 4bd (1)
(b + c)(b + d)
That vay : do c > d (b + d)(b + c) > (b + d)2 4bd . Bat ang thc (1) c c/m
Bai 3:
Cho ABC, trung tuyen AM, cac tia phan giac cua cac goc AMB , AMC cat AB, AC
theo th t D va E
a) Chng minh DE // BC A
b) Cho BC = a, AM = m. Tnh o dai DE
c) Tm tap hp cac giao diem I cua AM va DE neu ABC co
BC co nh, AM = m khong oi D
I E
d) ABC co ieu kien g th DE la ng trung bnh cua no
Giai
DA MB B C
a) MD la phan giac cua AMB nen (1) M
DB MA
EA MC
ME la phan giac cua AMC nen (2)
EC MA
DA EA
T (1), (2) va gia thiet MB = MC ta suy ra DE // BC
DB EC
x
m-
DE AD AI x 2 x = 2a.m
b) DE // BC . at DE = x
BC AB AM a m a + 2m
1 a.m
c) Ta co: MI = DE = khong oi I luon cach M mot oan khong oi nen
2 a + 2m
a.m
tap hp cac iem I la ng tron tam M, ban knh MI = (Tr giao iem cua no
a + 2m
vi BC
d) DE la ng trung bnh cua ABC DA = DB MA = MB ABC vuong A
4. Bai 4: A
Cho ABC ( AB < AC) cac phan giac BD, CE

a) ng thang qua D va song song vi BC cat AB K D
K, chng minh E nam gia B va K E
b) Chng minh: CD > DE > BE
Giai
a) BD la phan giac nen M B C

AD AB AC AE AD AE
= < = (1)
DC BC BC EB DC EB
AD AK
Mat khac KD // BC nen (2)
DC KB
AK AE AK + KB AE + EB AB AB
T (1) va (2) suy ra KB > EB
KB EB KB EB KB EB

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E nam gia K va B
b) Goi M la giao iem cua DE va CB. Ta co CBD = KDB (so le trong) KBD = KDB
ma E nam gia K va B nen KDB > EDB KBD > EDB EBD > EDB EB < DE
Ta lai co CBD + ECB = EDB + DEC DEC > ECB DEC > DCE (V DCE = ECB )
Suy ra: CD > ED CD > ED > BE
5. Bai 5: Cho ABC . Ba ng phan giac AD, BE, CF. H
Chng minh
DB EC FA A
a. . . 1.
DC EA FB F
1 1 1 1 1 1 E
b. .
AD BE CF BC CA AB
Giai C
B D
DB AB
a)AD la ng phan giac cua BAC nen ta co: = (1)
DC AC
EC BC FA CA
Tng t: vi cac phan giac BE, CF ta co: = (2) ; = (3)
EA BA FB CB
DB EC FA AB BC CA
T (1); (2); (3) suy ra: . . = . . =1
DC EA FB AC BA CB
b) t AB = c , AC = b , BC = a , AD = da.
Qua C k ng thng song song vi AD , ct tia BA H.
AD BA BA.CH c.CH c
Theo L Talt ta c: AD .CH
CH BH BH BA + AH b + c
2bc 1 bc 11 1 1 11 1
Do CH < AC + AH = 2b nn: d a
bc d a 2bc 2 b c da 2 b c
1 11 1 1 11 1
Chng minh tng t ta c : V Nn:
db 2 a c dc 2 a b
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 .2 1 1 1

d a d b d c 2 b c a c a b d a db dc 2 a b c
1 1 1 1 1 1
( pcm )
d a db dc a b c
Bi tp v nh
Cho ABC co BC = a, AC = b, AB = c (b > c), cac phan giac BD, CE
a) Tnh o dai CD, BE roi suy ra CD > BE
b) Ve hnh bnh hanh BEKD. Chng minh: CE > EK
c) Chng minh CE > BD
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CHUYEN E 10 CAC BAI TOAN VE TAM GIAC ONG DANG

A. Kien thc:
* Tam giac ong dang:
a) trng hp th nhat: (c.c.c)
AB AC BC
ABC ABC = =
A'B' A'C' B'C'
b) trng hp th nhat: (c.g.c)
AB AC
ABC ABC = ; A = A'
A'B' A'C'
c. Trng hp ong dang th ba (g.g)
ABC ABC A = A' ; B = B'
A'H'
AH; AHla hai ng cao tng ng th: = k (T so ong dang); SA'B'C' =K
2
AH SABC
B. Bai tap ap dung
Bai 1:
Cho ABC co B = 2 C , AB = 8 cm, BC = 10 cm.
a)Tnh AC
b)Neu ba canh cua tam giac tren la ba so t nhien lien tiep th
moi canh la bao nhieu? A

Giai
Cach 1:
Tren tia oi cua tia BA lay iem E sao cho:BD = BC B
E
AC AD
ACD ABC (g.g)
AB AC
AC2 AB. AD =AB.(AB + BD) = AB(AB + BC)
= 8(10 + 8) = 144 AC = 12 cm C

Cach 2:
D

Ve tia phan giac BE cua ABC ABE ACB

AB AE BE AE + BE AC
= AC2 = AB(AB + CB) = 8(8 + 10) = 144
AC AB CB AB + CB AB + CB
AC = 12 cm A
2
b) Goi AC = b, AB = a, BC = c th t cau a ta co b = a(a + c) (1)
V b > anen co the b = a + 1 hoac b = a + 2
+ Neu b = a + 1 th (a + 1)2 = a2 + ac 2a + 1 = ac a(c 2) = 1
a = 1; b = 2; c = 3(loai)
+ Neu b = a + 2 th a(c 4) = 4 D
- Vi a = 1 th c = 8 (loai)
- Vi a = 2 th c = 6 (loai)
B C

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- vi a = 4 th c = 6 ; b = 5
Vay a = 4; b = 5; c = 6
Bai 2:
Cho ABC can tai A, ng phan giac BD; tnh BD
biet BC = 5 cm; AC = 20 cm
Giai
CD BC 1
Ta co = CD = 4 cm va BC = 5 cm
AD AC 4
Bai toan tr ve bai 1
Bai 3:
Cho ABC can tai A va O la trung iem cua BC. Mot iem O di ong tren AB, lay
OB2
iem E tren AC sao cho CE = . Chng minh rang
BD
a) DBO OCE
b) DOE DBO OCE
c) DO, EO lan lt la phan giac cua cac goc BDE, CED
d) khoang cach t O en oan ED khong oi khi D di ong tren AB
Giai
OB2 CE OB
a) T CE = = va B = C (gt) DBO OCE
BD OB BD
b) T cau a suy ra O3 = E 2 (1)
V B, O ,C thang hang nen O3 + DOE EOC 1800 (2) A

trong tam giac EOC th E 2 + C EOC 1800 (3)

T (1), (2), (3) suy ra DOE B C
DO OE
DOE va DBO co = (Do DBO OCE) E
DB OC
I 1 2
DO OE
va = (Do OC = OB) va DOE B C D 1
DB OB 2
H

nen DOE DBO OCE

3
c) T cau b suy ra D1 = D 2 DO la phan giac cua cac goc BDE B O C
Cung t cau b suy ra E1 = E 2 EO la phan giac cua cac goc CED
c) Goi OH, OI la khoang cach t O en DE, CE th OH = OI, ma O co nh nen OH
khong oi OI khong oi khi D di ong tren AB
Bai 4: (e HSG huyen Loc ha nam 2007 2008)
Cho ABC can tai A, co BC = 2a, M la trung iem BC, lay D, E thuoc AB, AC sao
cho DME = B
a) Chng minh tch BD. CE khong oi
b)Chng minh DM la tia phan giac cua BDE
c) Tnh chu vi cua AED neu ABC la tam giac eu
Giai
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a) Ta co DMC = DME + CME = B + BDM , ma DME = B (gt) A

nen CME = BDM , ket hp vi B = C ( ABC can tai A)
suy ra BDM CME (g.g)
BD BM
= BD. CE = BM. CM = a 2 khong oi
CM CE
DM BD DM BD
b) BDM CME = = E
ME CM ME BM I
(do BM = CM) DME DBM (c.g.c) MDE = BMD D
hay DM la tia phan giac cua BDE K
H
c) chng minh tng t ta co EM la tia phan giac cua DEC
ke MH CE ,MI DE, MK DB th MH = MI = MK
B M C
DKM = DIM
DK =DI EIM = EHM EI = EH
Chu vi AED la PAED = AD + DE + EA = AK +AH = 2AH (V AH = AK)
MC a
ABC la tam giac eu nen suy ra CME cung la tam giac eu CH =
2 2
AH = 1,5a PAED = 2 AH = 2. 1,5 a = 3a
Bai 5:
F
Cho tam giac ABC, trung tuyen AM. Qua iem D thuoc canh
BC, ve ng thang song song vi AM, cat AB, AC tai E va F
K
a) chng minh DE + DF khong oi khi D di ong tren BC A

b) Qua A ve ng thang song song vi BC, cat FE tai K.

Chng minh rang K la trung iem cua FE
E

Giai
DE BD BD
a) DE // AM = DE = .AM (1)
AM BM BM
DF CD CD CD D
DF // AM = DF = .AM = .AM (2) B M
C
AM CM CM BM
T (1) va (2) suy ra
BD CD BD CD BC
DE + DF = .AM + .AM = + .AM = .AM = 2AM khong oi
BM BM BM BM BM
FK KA
b) AK // BC suy ra FKA AMC (g.g) = (3)
AM CM
EK KA EK KA EK KA EK KA EK KA
= = = (2)
ED BD ED + EK BD + KA KD BD + DM AM BM AM CM
(V CM = BM)
FK EK
T (1) va (2) suy ra FK = EK hay K la trung iem cua FE
AM AM
Bai 6: (e HSG huyen Thach ha nam 2003 2004)
Cho hnh thoi ABCD canh a co A = 600 , mot ng thang bat ky qua C cat tia oi cua
cac tia BA, DA tai M, N

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a) Chng minh rang tch BM. DN co gia tr khong oi

b) Goi K la giao iem cua BN va DM. Tnh so o cua goc BKD
Giai M
MB CM
a) BC // AN = (1) 1
BA CN
CM AD
CD// AM = (2) C
CN DN B K
T (1) va (2) suy ra 1
MB AD
= MB.DN = BA.AD = a.a = a 2
BA DN
b) MBD va BDN co MBD = BDN = 1200 A D N
MB MB CM AD BD
= = (Do ABCD la hnh thoi
BD BA CN DN DN
co A = 600 nen AB = BC = CD = DA) MBD BDN
Suy ra M1 = B1 . MBD va BKD co BDM = BDK va M1 = B1 nen BKD = MBD = 1200
Bai 7:
Cho hnh bnh hanh ABCD co ng cheo ln AC,tia Dx cat SC, AB, BC lan lt tai
I, M, N. Ve CE vuong goc vi AB, CF vuong goc vi AD, BG vuong goc vi AC. Goi
K la iem oi xng vi D qua I. Chng minh rang
a) IM. IN = ID2 F

KM DM
b) =
KN DN
c) AB. AE + AD. AF = AC2 D
C
Giai I G
IM CI M
a) T AD // CM = (1) K
ID AI
CI ID
T CD // AN (2) A B E N
AI IN
IM ID
T (1) va (2) suy ra = hay ID2 = IM. IN
ID IN
DM CM DM CM DM CM
b) Ta co = = = (3)
MN MB MN + DM MB + CM DN CB
T ID = IK va ID2 = IM. IN suy ra IK2 = IM. IN
IK IN IK - IM IN - IK KM KN KM IM KM IM CM CM
= = = = = (4)
IM IK IM IK IM IK KN IK KN ID AD CB
KM DM
T (3) va (4) suy ra =
KN DN
AE AC
c) Ta co AGB AEC = AB.AE = AC.AG
AG AB
AB. AE = AG(AG + CG) (5)
AF CG CG
CGB AFC = (v CB = AD)
AC CB AD
AF . AD = AC. CG AF . AD = (AG + CG) .CG (6)
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Cong (5) va (6) ve theo ve ta co:

AB. AE + AF. AD = (AG + CG) .AG + (AG + CG) .CG
2 2 2 2
AB. AE + AF. AD = AG +2.AG.CG + CG = (AG + CG) = AC
Vay: AB. AE + AD. AF = AC2
Bai tap ve nha
Bai 1
Cho Hnh bnh hanh ABCD, mot ng thang cat AB, AD, AC lan lt tai E, F, G
AB AD AC
Chng minh: + =
AE AF AG
HD: Ke DM // FE, BN // FE (M, N thuoc AC)
Bai 2:
Qua nh C cua hnh bnh hanh ABCD, ke ng thang cat BD, AB, AD E, G, F
chng minh:
FE
a) DE2 = . BE2
EG
b) CE2 = FE. GE
(Gi y: Xet cac tam giac DFE va BCE, DEC va BEG)
Bai 3
Cho tam giac ABC vuong tai A, ng cao AH, trung tuyen BM, phan giac CD cat
nhau tai mot iem. Chng minh rang
BH CM AD
a) . . 1
HC MA BD
b) BH = AC

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CHUYEN E 11 PHNG TRNH BAC CAO

A.Muc tieu:
* Cung co, on tap kien thc va ky nang giai cac Pt bac cao bang cach phan tch thanh
nhan t
* Khac sau ky nang phan tch a thc thanh nhan t va ky nang giai Pt
B. Kien thc va bai tap:
I. Phng phap:
* Cach 1: e giai cac Pt bac cao, ta bien oi, rut gon e da Pt ve dang Pt co ve trai
la mot a thc bac cao, ve phai bang 0, van dung cac phng phap phan tch a thc
thanh nhan t e a Pt ve dang pt tch e giai
* Cach 2: at an phu
II. Cac v du:
1.V du 1: Giai Pt
a) (x + 1)2(x + 2) + (x 1)2(x 2) = 12
3 3 3 2
... 2x + 10x = 12 x + 5x 6 = 0 (x 1) + (5x 5) (x 1)(x + x + 6)
=0
x = 1 2
x - 1 = 0 1 23
2 2
1 23 x 1 (V x + 0 vo nghiem)
x + x + 6 = 0 x + 0 2 4
2

4
b) x4 + x2 + 6x 8 = 0 (1)
Ve phai cua Pt la mot a thc co tong cac he so bang 0, nen co mot nghiem x = 1 nen
co nhan t la x 1, ta co
(1) (x4 x3) + (x3 x2) + (2x2 2x) + (8x 8) = 0
3 2 3 2 2
... (x 1)(x + x + 2x + 8) (x 1)[(x + 2x ) (x + 2x) + (4x 8) ] = 0
2 2
(x 1)[x (x + 2) x(x + 2) + 4(x + 2) = 0 (x 1)(x + 2)(x x + 4) = 0 ....
c) (x 1)3 + (2x + 3)3 = 27x3 + 8
3 2 3 2 3
x 3x + 3x 1 + 8x + 36x + 54x + 27 27x 8 = 0
3 2 3 2
- 18x + 33x + 57 x + 18 = 0 6x - 11x - 19x - 6 = 0 (2)
Ta thay Pt co mot nghiem x = 3, nen ve trai co nhan t x 3:
(2) (6x3 18x2) + (7x2 21x) + (2x 6) = 0
2 2
6x (x 3) + 7x(x 3) + 2(x 3) = 0 (x 3)(6x + 7x + 2) = 0
2
(x 3)[(6x + 3x) + (4x + 2)] = 0 (x 3)[3x(2x + 1) + 2(2x + 1)] = 0
(x 3)(2x + 1)(3x + 2) .....
d) (x2 + 5x)2 2(x2 + 5x) = 24 [(x2 + 5x)2 2(x2 + 5x) + 1] 25 = 0
2 2 2 2
(x + 5x - 1) 25 = 0 (x + 5x - 1 + 5)( (x + 5x - 1 5) = 0
2 2 2 2
(x + 5x + 4) (x + 5x 6) = 0 [(x + x) +(4x + 4)][(x x) + (6x 6)] = 0
(x + 1)(x + 4)(x 1)(x + 6) = 0 ....
e) (x2 + x + 1)2 = 3(x4 + x2 + 1) (x2 + x + 1)2 - 3(x4 + x2 + 1) = 0
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2 2 2 2
(x + x + 1) 3(x + x + 1)( x - x + 1) = 0
2 2 2 2 2
( x + x + 1)[ x + x + 1 3(x - x + 1)] = 0 ( x + x + 1)( -2x + 4x - 2) = 0
2 2 2 2
(x + x + 1)(x 2x + 1) = 0 ( x + x + 1)(x 1) = 0...
f) x5 = x4 + x3 + x2 + x + 2 (x5 1) (x4 + x3 + x2 + x + 1) = 0
4 3 2 4 3 2
(x 1) (x + x + x + x + 1) (x + x + x + x + 1) = 0
4 3 2
(x 2) (x + x + x + x + 1) = 0
+) x 2 = 0 x = 2
+) x4 + x3 + x2 + x + 1 = 0 (x4 + x3) + (x + 1) + x2 = 0 (x + 1)(x3 + 1) + x2 = 0
2 2 2 2 2 1 1 3
(x + 1) (x x + 1) + x = 0 (x + 1) [(x 2.x. + ) + ] + x2 = 0
2 4 4 2
1
2
3 1 3
2 x + + 2 2 x + + 0 nhng
(x + 1) 2 4 + x = 0 Vo nghiem v (x + 1) 2 4

khong xay ra dau bang

Bai 2:
a) (x2 + x - 2)( x2 + x 3) = 12 (x2 + x 2)[( x2 + x 2) 1] 12 = 0
2 2 2
(x + x 2) (x + x 2) 12 = 0
at x2 + x 2 = y Th
(x2 + x 2)2 (x2 + x 2) 12 = 0 y2 y 12 = 0 (y 4)(y + 3) = 0
* y 4 = 0 x2 + x 2 4 = 0 x2 + x 6 = 0 (x2 + 3x) (2x + 6) = 0
(x + 3)(x 2) = 0....
* y + 3 = 0 x2 + x 2 + 3 = 0 x2 + x + 1 = 0 (vo nghiem)
b) (x 4)( x 5)( x 6)( x 7) = 1680 (x2 11x + 28)( x2 11x + 30) = 1680
at x2 11x + 29 = y , ta co:
(x2 11x + 28)( x2 11x + 30) = 1680 (y + 1)(y 1) = 1680 y2 = 1681 y =
41
y = 41 x2 11x + 29 = 41 x2 11x 12 = 0 (x2 x) + (12x 12) = 0
(x 1)(x + 12) = 0.....
11 121 159
* y = - 41 x2 11x + 29 = - 41 x2 11x + 70 = 0 (x2 2x. + )+ =0
2 4 4
c) (x2 6x + 9)2 15(x2 6x + 10) = 1 (3)
at x2 6x + 9 = (x 3)2 = y 0, ta co
(3) y2 15(y + 1) 1 = 0 y2 15y 16 = 0 (y + 1)(y 15) = 0
Vi y + 1 = 0 y = -1 (loai)
Vi y 15 = 0 y = 15 (x 3)2 = 16 x 3 = 4
+x3=4 x=7
+ x 3 = - 4 x = - 1
d) (x2 + 1)2 + 3x(x2 + 1) + 2x2 = 0 (4)
at x2 + 1 = y th
(4) y2 + 3xy + 2x2 = 0 (y2 + xy) + (2xy + 2x2) = 0 (y + x)(y + 2x) = 0
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+) x + y = 0 x2 + x + 1 = 0 : Vo nghiem
+) y + 2x = 0 x2 + 2x + 1 = 0 (x + 1)2 = 0 x = - 1
Bai 3:
a) (2x + 1)(x + 1)2(2x + 3) = 18 (2x + 1)(2x + 2)2(2x + 3) = 72. (1)
at 2x + 2 = y, ta co
(1) (y 1)y2(y + 1) = 72 y2(y2 1) = 72
4 2
y y 72 = 0
at y2 = z 0 Th y4 y2 72 = 0 z2 z 72 = 0 (z + 8)( z 9) = 0
* z + 8 = 0 z = - 8 (loai)
* z 9 = 0 z = 9 y2 = 9 y = 3 x = ...
b) (x + 1)4 + (x 3)4 = 82 (2)
at y = x 1 x + 1 = y + 2; x 3 = y 2, ta co
(2) (y + 2)4 + (y 2)4 = 82
4 3 2 4 3 2
y +8y + 24y + 32y + 16 + y - 8y + 24y - 32y + 16 = 82
4 2 4 2
2y + 48y + 32 82 = 0 y + 24y 25 = 0
at y2 = z 0 y4 + 24y2 25 = 0 z2 + 24 z 25 = 0 (z 1)(z + 25) = 0
+) z 1 = 0 z = 1 y = 1 x = 0; x = 2
+) z + 25 = 0 z = - 25 (loai)
a+b
Chu y: Khi giai Pt bac 4 dang (x + a)4 + (x + b)4 = c ta thng at an phu y = x +
2
c) (4 x)5 + (x 2)5 = 32 (x 2)5 (x 4)5 = 32
at y = x 3 x 2 = y + 1; x 4 = y 1; ta co:
(x 2)5 (x 4)5 = 32 (y + 1)5 - (y 1)5 = 32
5 4 3 2 5 4 3 2
y + 5y + 10y + 10y + 5y + 1 (y - 5y + 10y - 10y + 5y - 1) 32 = 0
4 2 4 2
10y + 20y 30 = 0 y + 2y 3 = 0
at y2 = z 0 y4 + 2y2 3 = 0 z2 + 2z 3 = 0 (z 1)(z + 3) = 0 ........
d) (x - 7)4 + (x 8)4 = (15 2x)4
at x 7 = a; x 8 = b ; 15 2x = c th - c = 2x 15 a + b = - c , Nen
(x - 7)4 + (x 8)4 = (15 2x)4 a4 + b4 = c4 a4 + b4 - c4 = 0 a4 + b4 (a + b)4 =
0
2
7 2
ab + b2) = 0 4ab a + b +
2 3 3
4ab(a + b = 0 4ab = 0
2 4 16
2

(V a + b +
3 7 2
b 0 nhng khong xay ra dau bang) ab = 0 x = 7; x = 8
4 16

e) 6x4 + 7x3 36x2 7x + 6 = 0 6 x 2 2 7 x - 36 0

1 1
x x
1 1
(V x = 0 khong la nghiem). at x - = y x 2 2 = y2 + 2 , th
x x

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1 1 2 2
6 x 2 2 7 x - 36 0 6(y + 2) + 7y 36 = 0 6y + 7y 24 = 0
x x
2
(6y 9y) + (16y 24) = 0 (3y + 8 )(2y 3) = 0
x = - 3
8 1 8 x + 3 = 0
+) 3y + 8 = 0 y = - x - = - ... (x + 3)(3x 1) = 0 3x - 1 = 0 x = 1
3 x 3
3
x = 2
3 1 3 x - 2 = 0
+) 2y 3 = 0 y = x - = ... (2x + 1)(x 2) = 0
2 x 2 2x + 1 = 0 x = - 1
2
Bai 4: Chng minh rang: cac Pt sau vo nghiem
a) x4 3x2 + 6x + 13 = 0 ( x4 4x2 + 4) +(x2 + 6x + 9) = 0 (x2 2)2 + (x + 3)2 =
0
Ve trai (x2 2)2 + (x + 3)2 0 nhng khong ong thi xay ra x2 = 2 va x = -3
b) x6 + x5 + x4 + x3 + x2 + x + 1 = 0 (x 1)( x6 + x5 + x4 + x3 + x2 + x + 1) = 0
7
x 1 = 0 x = 1
x = 1 khong la nghiem cua Pt x6 + x5 + x4 + x3 + x2 + x + 1 = 0
Bai tap ve nha:
Bai 1: Giai cac Pt
a)(x2 + 1)2 = 4(2x 1)
HD: Chuyen ve, trien khai (x2 + 1)2, phan tch thanh nhan t: (x 1)2(x2 + 2x + 5) = 0
b) x(x + 1)(x + 2)(x + 3) = 24 (Nhan 2 nhan t vi nhau, ap dung PP at an phu)
c) (12x + 7)2(3x + 2)(2x + 1) = 3 (Nhan 2 ve vi 24, at 12x + 7 = y)
d) (x2 9)2 = 12x + 1 (Them, bt 36x2)
e) (x 1)4 + (x 2)4 = 1 ( at y = x 1,5; s: x = 1; x = 2)
f) (x 1)5 + (x + 3)5 = 242(x + 1) (at x + 1 = y; s:0; -1; -2 )
g) (x + 1)3 + (x - 2)3 = (2x 1)3
at x + 1 = a; x 2 = b; 1 - 2x = c th a + b + c = 0 a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc
1
h) 6x4 + 5x3 38x2 + 5x + 6 = 0 (Chia 2 ve cho x2; at y = x + )
x
i) x5 + 2x4 + 3x3 + 3x2 + 2x + 1 = 0 (Ve trai la a thc co tong cac he so bac chan
bang tong cac he so bac le...)
Bai 2: Chng minh cac pt sau vo nghiem
a) 2x4 10x2 + 17 = 0
(Phan tch ve trai thanh tong cua hai bnh phng)
b) x4 2x3 + 4x2 3x + 2 = 0
(Phan tch ve trai thanh tch cua 2 a thc co gia tr khong am....)

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CHUYEN E 12 VE NG THANG SONG SONG E TAO

THANH CAC CAP OAN THANG TY LE
A. Phng phap:
Trong cac bai tap van dung nh l Talet. Nhieu khi ta can ve them ng phla mot
ng thang song song vi mot ng thang cho trc,. ay la mot cach ve ng
phu hay dung, v nh o ma tao thanh c cac cap oan thang t le
B. Cac v du:
1) V du 1:
Tren cac canh BC, CA, AB cua tam giac ABC, lay tng ng cac iem P, Q, R sao
cho ba ng thang AP, BQ, CR cat nhau tai mot iem.
AR BP CQ
Chng minh: . . 1 (nh l Ce va) E A F
RB PC QA
Giai Q
R
Qua A ke ng thang song song vi BC cat cac ng O
thang CR, BQ tai E, F. Goi O la giao iem cua AP, BQ, CR
AR AE
ARE BRC = (a)
RB BC
BP OP
BOP FOA = (1)
FA OA B P C
PC PO
POC AOE = (2)
AE AO
BP PC BP FA
T (1) va (2) suy ra: = (b)
FA AE PC AE
CQ BC
AQF CQB = (c)
AQ FA
AR BP CQ AE FA BC
Nhan (a), (b), (c) ve theo ve ta co: . . . . 1
RB PC QA BC AE FA
AR BP CQ
* ao lai: Neu . . 1 th bai ng thang AP, BQ, CR ong quy
RB PC QA
2) V du 2: R

Mot ng thang bat ky cat cac canh( phan keo dai cua cac canh) cua tam giac ABC
tai P, Q, R.
RB.QA.PC
Chng minh rang: 1 (nh l Me-ne-la-uyt) A E
RA.CQ.BP
Giai:
Q
Qua A ke ng thang song song vi BC cat PR tai E. Ta co
RB BP
RAE RBP = (a)
RA AE

B P C

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QA AE
AQE CQP = (b)
QC CP
Nhan ve theo ve cac ang thc (a) va (b) ta co
RB QA BP AE
. = . (1)
RA QC AE CP
PC RB PC QA BP AE PC
Nhan hai ve ang thc (1) vi ta co: . . = . . 1
BP RA BP QC AE CP BP
RB.QA.PC
ao lai: Neu 1 th ba iem P, Q, R thang hang
RA.CQ.BP
3) V du 3:
Cho tam giac ABC, trung tuyen AM. Goi I la iem bat ky tren canh BC. ng thang
qua I song song vi AC cat AB K; ng thang qua I song song vi AB cat AC, AM
theo th t D, E. Chng minh DE = BK
Giai
A
Qua M ke MN // IE (N AC).Ta co:
DE AE DE MN
= (1) E
MN AN AE AN
N
MN // IE, ma MB = MC AN = CN (2)
DE MN K D
T (1) va (2) suy ra (3)
AE CN
MN CN MN AB
Ta lai co (4) C
AB AC CN AC B I M
DE AB
T (4) va (5) suy ra (a)
AE AC
BK AB
Tng t ta co: (6)
KI AC
V KI // AC, IE // AC nen t giac AKIE la hnh bnh hanh
nen KI = AE (7) K
BK BK AB
T (6) va (7) suy ra (b)
KI AE AC
I
DE BK
T (a) va (b) suy ra DE = BK F B
AE AE
4) V du 4: A
M

ng thang qua trung iem cua canh oi AB, CD cua t E

giac ABCD cat cac ng thang AD, BC theo th t I, K.
Chng minh: IA . KC = ID. KB
Giai D N C
Goi M, N theo th t la trung iem cua AB, CD
Ta co AM = BM; DN = CN
Ve AE, BF lan lt song song vi CD
AME = BMF (g.c.g) AE = BF

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IA AE BF
Theo nh l Talet ta co: = (1)
ID DN CN
KB BF
Cung theo nh l Talet ta co: = (2)
KC CN
IA KB
T (1) va (2) suy ra = IA . KC = ID. KB
ID KC
5) V du 5:
Cho xOy , cac iem A, B theo th t chuyen ong tren cac tia Ox, Oy sao cho
1 1 1
+ (k la hang so). Chng minh rang AB luon i qua mot iem co nh
OA OB k
Giai
Ve tia phan giac Oz cua xOy cat AB C. ve CD // OA y
B
(D OB) DOC = DCO = AOC z
COD can tai D DO = DC D
CD BD CD OB - CD C
Theo nh l Talet ta co =
OA OB OA OB
CD CD 1 1 1
1 (1) O A x
OA OB OA OB CD
1 1 1
Theo gia thiet th + (2)
OA OB k
T (1) va (2) suy ra CD = k , khong oi
Vay AB luon i qua mot iem co nh la C sao cho CD = k va CD // Ox , D OB
6) V du 6:
Cho iem M di ong tren ay nho AB cua hnh thang ABCD, Goi O la giao iem cua
hai canh ben DA, CB. Goi G la giao iem cua OA va
CM, H la giao iem cua OB va DM. Chng minh I P O K
OG OH
rang: Khi M di ong tren AB th tong +
GD HC
khong oi G
H
Giai A M
B
Qua O ke ng thang song vi AB cat CM, DM F

theo th t I va K. Theo nh l Talet ta co:

OG OI OH OK OG OH OI OK IK
; +
GD CD HC CD GD HC CD CD CD
OG OH IK
+ (1) D Q C
GD HC CD
Qua M ve ng thang vuong goc vi AB cat IK, CD theo th t P va Q, ta co:
IK MP FO
khong oi v FO la khoang cach t O en AB, MQ la ng cao cua
CD MQ MQ
hnh thang nen khong oi (2)
OG OH FO
T (1) va (2) suy ra + khong oi
GD HC MQ

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7) V du 7:
Cho tam giac ABC (AB < AC), phan giac AD. Tren AB lay iem M, tren AC lay iem
N sao cho BM = CN, goi giao iem cua CM va BN la O, T O ve ng thang song
song vi AD cat AC, AB tai E va F.
Chng minh rang: AB = CF; BE = CA
E

Giai. A G
AD la phan giac nen BAD = DAF
EI // AD BAD = AEF (goc ong v) M
F

Ma DAF OFC (ong v); AFE = OFC (oi nh) N

Suy ra AEF AFE AFE can tai A AE =AF O

(a)
P

Ap dung nh l Talet vao ACD , vi I la giao K

D I
CF CI CF CA B C
iem cua EF vi BC ta co = (1)
CA CD CI CD Q
CA BA
AD la phan giac cua BAC nen (2)
CD BD
CF BA
T (1) va (2) suy ra (3)
CI BD
Ke ng cao AG cua AFE . BP // AG (P AD); CQ // AG (Q OI)
th BPD = CQI = 900
Goi trung iem cua BC la K, ta co BPK = CQK (g.c.g) CQ = BP
BPD = CQI (g.c.g) CI = BD (4)
CF BA
Thay (4) vao (3) ta co CF = BA (b)
BD BD
T (a) va (b) suy ra BE = CA
Bai tap ve nha
1) Cho tam giac ABC. iem D chia trong BC theo t so 1 : 2, iem O chia trong AD
KA
theo t so 3 : 2. goi K la giao iem cua BO va AC. Chng minh rang khong oi
KC
2) Cho tam giac ABC (AB > AC). Lay cac iem D, E tuy y th t thuoc cac canh AB,
AC sao cho BD = CE. Goi giao iem cua DE, BC la K, chng minh rang :
KE
T so khong oi khi D, E thay oi tren AB, AC
KD
(HD: Ve DG // EC (G BC).

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CHUYEN E 13 BO E HNH THANG VA CHUM NG

THANG ONG QUY
A. Kien thc:
1) Bo e hnh thang:
Trong hnh thang co hai ay khong bang nhau, ng thang i qua giao iem cua cac
ng cheo va i qua giao iem cua cac ng thang cha hai canh ben th i qua
trung iem cua hai ay
Chng minh: H

Goi giao iem cua AB, CD la H, cua AC, BD la G, trung

iem cua AD, BC la E va F
Noi EG, FG, ta co: ADG CBG (g.g) , nen : A E D
/ /
AD AG 2AE AG AE AG
(1)
CB CG 2CF CG CF CG G
Ta lai co : EAG FCG (SL trong ) (2)
T (1) va (2) suy ra : AEG CFG (c.g.c) // //
Do o: AGE CGF E , G , H thang hang (3)
B F C

Tng t, ta co: AEH BFH AHE BHF

H , E , F thang hang (4)
T (3) va (4) suy ra : H , E , G , F thang hang
2) Chum ng thang ong quy: O
Neu cac ng thang ong quy cat hai ng thang
song song th chung nh ra tren hai ng thang song
song ay cac oan thang tng ng t le m A B C
Neu m // n, ba ng thang a, b, c ong quy O
chung cat m tai A, B, C va cat n tai A, B, C th
AB BC AC AB A'B' AB A'B'
= hoac = ; A' B' C'
A'B' B'C' A'C' BC B'C' AC A'C' n
* ao lai:
+ Neu ba ng thang trong o co hai ng thang cat a b c

nhau, nh ra tren hai ng thang song song cac cap

oan thang tng ng t le th ba ng thang o ong quy
+ Neu hai ng thang b cat bi ba ng thang ong quy tao thanh cac cap oan
thang tng ng t le th chung song song vi nhau
B. Ap dung:
1) Bai 1:
Cho t giac ABCD co M la trung iem CD, N la trung iem CB. Biet AM, AN cat BD
thanh ba oan bang nhau. Chng minh rang ABCD la hnh bnh hanh
Giai
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Goi E, F la giao iem cua AM, AN vi BD; G, H la giao A D G

iem cua MN vi AD, BD F

MN // BC (MN la ng trung bnh cua BCD)

T giac HBFM la hnh thang co hai canh ben ong E M

quy tai A, N la trung iem cua ay BF nen theo bo e B

N C
hnh thang th N la trung iem cua ay MH
MN = NH (1) H
Tng t : trong hnh thang CDEN th M la trung iem
cua GN GM = MN (2)
T (1) va (2) suy ra GM = MN = NH
Ta co BNH = CNM (c.g.c) BHN = CMN BH // CM hay AB // CD (a)
Tng t: GDM = NCM (c.g.c) DGM = CNM GD // CN hay AD // CB (b)
T (a) va (b) suy ra t giac ABCD co cac cap canh oi A
song song nen la hnh bnh hanh P
N
2) Bai 2: H
Cho ABC co ba goc nhon, trc tam H, mot ng Q
thang qua H cat AB, AC th t ta P, Q sao cho HP =
K

HQ. Goi M la trung iem cua BC. Chng minh: HM

PQ B M I C

Giai
Goi giao iem cua AH va BC la I
T C ke CN // PQ (N AB),
ta chng minh MH CN HM PQ
T giac CNPQ la hnh thang, co H la trung iem PQ, hai canh ben NP va CQ ong
quy tai A nen K la trung iem CN MK la ng trung bnh cua BCN MK //
CN MK // AB (1)
H la trc tam cua ABC nen CH A B (2)
T (1) va (2) suy ra MK CH MK la ng cao cua CHK (3)
T AH BC MC HK MI la ng cao cua CHK (4)
T (3) va (4) suy ra M la trc tam cua CHK MH CN MH PQ
3) bai 3:
Cho hnh ch nhat ABCD co M, N th t la trung
iem cua AD, BC. Goi E la mot iem bat ky thuoc B A

tia oi cua tia DC, K la giao iem cua EM va AC. K

Chng minh rang: NM la tia phan giac cua KNE
Giai
N // // M
I

Goi H la giao iem cua KN va DC, giao iem cua

AC va MN la I th IM = IN
Ta co: MN // CD (MN la ng trung bnh cua hnh
H C D E

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ch nhat ABCD)
T giac EMNH la hnh thang co hai canh ben EM va HN ong quy tai K va I la
trung iem cua MN nen C la trung iem cua EH
Trong ENH th NC va la ng cao, va la ng trung tuyen nen ENH can tai N
NC la tia phan giac cua ENH ma NC MN (Do NM BC MN // AB) NM la
tia phan giac goc ngoai tai N cua ENH
Vay NM la tia phan giac cua KNE
Bai 4:
Tren canh BC = 6 cm cua hnh vuong ABCD lay iem E sao cho BE = 2 cm. Tren tia
oi cua tia CD lay iem F sao cho CF = 3 cm. Goi M la giao iem cua AE va BF.
Tnh AMC
Giai A B H
Goi giao iem cua CM va AB la H, cua AM va DF la G
BH AB BH 6 M
Ta co: =
E
CF FG 3 FG
AB BE 2 1
Ta lai co = = CG = 2AB = 12 cm
CG EC 4 2 D C F G
BH 6
FG = 9 cm BH = 2 cm BH = BE
3 9
0
BAE = BCH (c.g.c) BAE = BCH ma BAE + BEA = 90
Mat khac BEA = MEC ; MCE = BCH MEC + MCE = 900 AMC = 900
Bai 5:
Cho t giac ABCD. Qua iem E thuoc AB, H thuoc AC ve B
cac ng thang song song vi BD, cat cac canh con lai E
cua t giac tai F, G A
H
a) Co the ket luan g ve cac ng thang EH, AC, FG
b) Goi O la giao iem cua AC va BD, cho biet OB = OD.
M
F O
Chng minh rang ba ng thang EG, FH, AC ong quy N
Giai
a) Neu EH // AC th EH // AC // FG D G C
Neu EH va AC khong song song th EH, AC, FG ong quy
b) Goi giao iem cua EH, HG vi AC
Trong hnh thang DFEB co hai canh ben DF, BE ong quy tai A va OB = OD nen theo
bo e hnh thang th M la trung iem cua EF
Tng t: N la trung iem cua GH
ME MF
Ta co = nen ba ng thang EG, FH, AC ong quy tai O
GN HN

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CHUYEN E 14 S DUNG CONG THC DIEN TCH E THIET

LAP QUAN HE O DAI CUA CAC OAN THANG

A. Mot so kien thc:

1. Cong thc tnh dien tch tam giac:
1
S= a.h (a o dai mot canh, h o dai ng cao tng ng)
2
2. Mot so tnh chat:
Hai tam giac co chung mot canh, co cung o dai ng cao th co cung dien tch
Hai tam giac bang nhau th co cung dien tch
B. Mot so bai toan:
1. Bai 1:
CI + BK
Cho ABC co AC = 6cm; AB = 4 cm; cac ng cao AH; BK; CI. Biet AH =
2
Tnh BC
Giai A
2SABC 2S
Ta co: BK = ; CI = ABC
AC AB K
1 1 I
BK + CI = 2. SABC
AC AB
1 1 1 1 1
2AH = 2. . BC. AH . BC. =2
2 AC AB AC AB B H C
1 1 1 1
BC = 2 : = 2 : = 4,8 cm
AC AB 6 4
Bai 2:
Cho ABC co o dai cac canh la a, b, c; o dai cac ng cao tng ng la ha, hb, hc.
Biet rang a + ha = b + hb = c + hc . Chng minh rang ABC la tam giac eu
Giai
Goi SABC = S
2S 2S 1 1 a-b
Ta xet a + ha = b + hb a b = ha hb = - 2S. - 2S.
b a b a ab
a-b 2S
a b = 2S. (a b) 1 - = 0 ABC can C hoac vuong C (1)
ab ab
Tng t ta co: ABC can A hoac vuong A (2); ABC can B hoac vuong B
(3)
T (1), (2) va (3) suy ra ABC can hoac vuong ba nh (Khong xay ra vuong tai ba
nh) ABC la tam giac eu
Bai 3:
Cho iem O nam trong tam giac ABC, cac tia AO, BO, Co cat cac canh cua tam giac
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ABC theo th t tai A, B, C. Chng minh rang: A

OA' OB' OC' OA OB OC
a) 1 b) 2
AA' BB' CC' AA' BB' CC'
OA OB OC
c) M = 6 . Tm v tr cua O e tong M co gia B'
OA' OB' OC' C'
tr nho nhat
O
OA OB OC
d) N = . . 8 . Tm v tr cua O e tch N co gia tr
OA' OB' OC'
nho nhat B A' C
Giai
Goi SABC = S, S1 = SBOC , S2 = SCOA , S3 = SAOB . Ta co:
OA S2 S S S
= = 3 2 3 (1)
OA' SOA'C SOA'B S1
OA' SOA'C S S SOA'B S1
= = OA'B OA'C (2)
AA' SAA'C SAA'B SAA'C SAA'B S
OA S S
T (1) va (2) suy ra 2 3
AA' S
OB S1 S3 OC S S OB' S OC' S
Tng t ta co ; 1 2 ; 2 ; 3
OB' S2 OC' S3 BB' S CC' S
OA' OB' OC' S1 S2 S3 S
a) 1
AA' BB' CC' S S S S
OA OB OC S2 S3 S1 S3 S1 S2 2S
b) 2
AA' BB' CC' S S S S
OA OB OC S2 S3 S1 S3 S1 S2 S1 S2 S3 S2 S1 S3
c) M =
OA' OB' OC' S1 S2 S3 S2 S1 S2 S3 S3 S1
S S S S S S
Ap dung Bt Co si ta co 1 2 3 2 1 3 2 2 2 6
S2 S1 S2 S3 S3 S1
ang thc xay ra khi S1 = S2 = S3 O la trong tam cua tam giac ABC
S2 S3 S1 S3 S1 S2 S2 S3 S1 S3 S1 S2
d) N = . .
S1 S2 S3 S1.S2 .S3
S S S1 S3 S1 S2
2 2 2
2 4S1S2 .4S2S3 .4S1S3
N = 2 3 64 N 8
S1.S2 .S3 S1.S2 .S3
2 2

ang thc xay ra khi S1 = S2 = S3 O la trong tam cua tam giac ABC
Bai 4:
Cho tam giac eu ABC, cac ng caoAD, BE, CF; goi A, B, C la hnh chieu cua M
(nam ben trong tam giac ABC) tren AD, BE, CF. Chng minh rang: Khi M thay oi v
tr trong tam giac ABC th:
a) AD + BE + CF khong oi
b) AA + BB + CC khong oi
Giai

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A
Goi h = AH la chieu cao cua tam giac ABC th h khong oi
Goi khoang cach t M en cac canh AB; BC; CA la MP;
MQ; MR th AD + BE + CF = MQ + MR + MP
V M nam trong tam giac ABC nen SBMC + SCMA + SBMA =
E
F
C' R
SABC P
B'
BC.(MQ + MR + MP) = BC.AH MQ + MR + MP = A'
M
AH B Q D C
AD + BE + CF = AH = h
Vay: AD + BE + CF = AH = h khong oi
b) AA + BB + CC = (AH AD)+(BE BE) (CF CF)
= (AH + BE + CF) (AD + BE + CF) = 3h h = 2h khong oi
Bai 5:
Cho tam giac ABC co BC bang trung bnh cong cua AC va
AB; Goi I la giao iem cua cac phan giac, G la trong tam A

cua tam giac. Chng minh: IG // BC

Giai
I G
Goi khoang cach t a, I, G en BC lan lt la AH, IK, GD
V I la giap iem cua ba ng phan giac nen khoang cach
t I en ba canh AB, BC, CA bang nhau va bang IK B H K D M C

V I nam trong tam giac ABC nen:

SABC = SAIB + SBIC + SCIA BC.AH = IK(AB+BC+CA) (1)
AB + CA
Ma BC = AB + CA = 2 BC (2)
2
1
Thay (2) vao (1) ta co: BC. AH = IK. 3BC IK = AH (a)
3
V G la trong tam cua tam giac ABC nen:
1 1 1
SBGC = SABC BC . GD = BC. AH GD = AH (b)
3 3 3
T (a) va (b) suy ra IK = GD hay khoang cach t I, G en BC bang nhau nen IG // BC
Bai tap ve nha:
1) Cho C la iem thuoc tia phan giac cua xOy = 600 , M la iem bat ky nam tren ng
vuong goc vi OC tai C va thuoc mien trong cua xOy , goi MA, MB th t la khoang
cach t M en Ox, Oy. Tnh o dai OC theo MA, MB
2) Cho M la iem nam trong tam giac eu ABC. A, B, C la hnh chieu cua M tren
cac canh BC, AC, AB. Cac ng thang vuong goc vi BC tai C, vuong goc vi CA
tai A , vuong goc vi AB tai B cat nhau D, E, F. Chng minh rang:
a) Tam giac DEF la tam giac eu
b) AB + BC + CA khong phu thuoc v tr cua M trong tam giac ABC

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CHUYEN E 15 TM GIA TR LN NHAT, NHO NHAT CUA MOT

BIEU THC
A. Gia tr ln nhat, gia tr nho nhat cua mot bieu thc:
1) Khai niem: Neu vi moi gia tr cua bien thuoc mot khoang xac nh nao o ma gia
tr cua bieu thc A luon luon ln hn hoac bang (nho hn hoac bang) mot hang so k
va ton tai mot gia tr cua bien e A co gia tr bang k th k goi la gia tr nho nhat (gia
tr ln nhat) cua bieu thc A ng vi cac gia tr cua bien thuoc khoang xac nh noi
tren
2) Phng phap
a) e tm gia tr nho nhat cua A, ta can:
+ Chng minh A k vi k la hang so
+ Ch ra da = co the xay ra vi gia tr nao o cua bien
b) e tm gia tr ln nhat cua A, ta can:
+ Chng minh A k vi k la hang so
+ Ch ra da = co the xay ra vi gia tr nao o cua bien
K hieu : min A la gia tr nho nhat cua A; max A la gia tr ln nhat cua A
B.Cac bai tap tm Gia tr ln nhat, gia tr nho nhat cua mot bieu thc:
I) Dang 1: Tam thc bac hai
V du 1 :
a) Tm gia tr nho nhat cua A = 2x2 8x + 1
b) Tm gia tr ln nhat cua B = -5x2 4x + 1
Giai
a) A = 2(x2 4x + 4) 7 = 2(x 2)2 7 - 7
min A = - 7 x = 2
4 2 4 9 9 2 9
b) B = - 5(x2 +
x) + 1 = - 5(x2 + 2.x. + ) + = - 5(x + )2
5 5 25 5 5 5 5
9 2
max B = x =
5 5
b) V du 2: Cho tam thc bac hai P(x) = a x2 + bx + c
a) Tm min P neu a > 0
b) Tm max P neu a < 0
Giai
b b 2 b2
Ta co: P = a(x2 + x) + c = a(x + ) + (c - )
a 2a 4a
b2 b 2
at c - = k. Do (x + ) 0 nen:
4a 2a
b 2 b
a) Neu a > 0 th a(x + ) 0 do o P k min P = k x = -
2a 2a
b 2 b
b) Neu a < 0 th a(x + ) 0 do o P k max P = k x = -
2a 2a
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II. Dang 2: a thc co dau gia tr tuyet oi

1) V du 1: Tm gia tr nho nhat cua
a) A = (3x 1)2 4 3x - 1 + 5
at 3x - 1 = y th A = y2 4y + 5 = (y 2)2 + 1 1
x = 1
3x - 1 = 2
min A = 1 y = 2 3x - 1 = 2
3x - 1 = - 2 x = - 1
3
b) B = x - 2 + x - 3
B= x-2 + x-3 =B= x-2 + 3-x x-2 +3-x =1
min B = 1 (x 2)(3 x) 0 2 x 3
2) V du 2: Tm GTNN cua C = x 2 - x + 1 x 2 - x - 2
Ta co C = x 2 - x + 1 x 2 - x - 2 = x 2 - x + 1 2 + x - x 2 x 2 - x + 1 + 2 + x - x 2 = 3
min C = 3 (x2 x + 1)(2 + x x2) 0 2 + x x2 0 x2 x 2 0
(x + 1)(x 2) 0 - 1 x 2
3) V du 3:
Tm gi tr nh nht ca : T = |x-1| + |x-2| +|x-3| + |x-4|
Ta c |x-1| + |x-4| = |x-1| + |4-x| |x-1+4-x| = 3 (1)
V x 2 x 3 x 2 3 x x 2 3 x = 1 (2)
Vy T = |x-1| + |x-2| +|x-3| + |x-4| 1 + 3 = 4
Ta c t (1) Du bng xy ra khi 1 x 4
(2) Du bng xy ra khi 2 x 3
Vy T c gi tr nh nht l 4 khi 2 x 3
III.Dang 3: a thc bac cao
1) V du 1: Tm gia tr nho nhat cua
a) A = x(x 3)(x 4)(x 7) = (x2 7x)( x2 7x + 12)
at x2 7x + 6 th A = (y 6)(y + 6) = y2 36 - 36
Min A = - 36 y = 0 x2 7x + 6 = 0 (x 1)(x 6) = 0 x = 1 hoac x = 6
b) B = 2x2 + y2 2xy 2x + 3 = (x2 2xy + y2) + (x2 2x + 1) + 2
x - y = 0
= (x y)2 + (x 1)2 + 2 2 x=y=1
x - 1 = 0
c) C = x2 + xy + y2 3x 3y = x2 2x + y2 2y + xy x y
Ta co C + 3 = (x2 2x + 1) + (y2 2y + 1) + (xy x y + 1)
= (x 1)2 + (y 1)2 + (x 1)(y 1). at x 1 = a; y 1 = b th
b b2 3b 2 b 3b 2
C + 3 = a2 + b2 + ab = (a2 + 2.a.+ )+ = (a + )2 + 0
2 4 4 2 4
Min (C + 3) = 0 hay min C = - 3 a = b = 0 x = y = 1
2) V du 2: Tm gia tr nho nhat cua
a) C = (x + 8)4 + (x + 6)4

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at x + 7 = y C = (y + 1)4 + (y 1)4 = y4 + 4y3 + 6y2 + 4y + 1 + y4 - 4y3 + 6y2 - 4y +

1
= 2y4 + 12y2 + 2 2 min A = 2 y = 0 x = - 7
b) D = x4 6x3 + 10x2 6x + 9 = (x4 6x3 + 9x2 ) + (x2 6x + 9)
= (x2 3x)2 + (x 3)2 0 min D = 0 x = 3
IV. Dang phan thc:
1. Phan thc co t la hang so, mau la tam thc bac hai
Bieu thc dang nay at GTNN khi mau at GTLN
2 -2 2
V du : Tm GTNN cua A = =
6x - 5 - 9x 2
9x - 6x + 5 (3x - 1) 2 4
2

1 1 2 2 1
V (3x 1)2 0 (3x 1)2 + 4 4 A -
(3x - 1) 4 4
2
(3x - 1) 4 4
2
2
1 1
min A = - 3x 1 = 0 x =
2 3
2. Phan thc co mau la bnh phng cua mot nh thc
3x 2 - 8x + 6
a) V du 1: Tm GTNN cua A = 2
x - 2x + 1
+) Cach 1: Tach t thanh cac nhom co nhan t chung vi mau
3x 2 - 8x + 6 3(x 2 - 2x + 1) - 2(x - 1) + 1 2 1 1
A= 2
= 2
3 2
. at y = Th
x - 2x + 1 (x - 1) x - 1 (x - 1) x-1
1
A = 3 2y + y2 = (y 1)2 + 2 2 min A = 2 y = 1 =1 x=2
x-1
+) Cach 2: Viet bieu thc A thanh tong cua mot so vi mot phan thc khong am
3x 2 - 8x + 6 2(x 2 - 2x + 1) + (x 2 - 4x + 4) (x - 2)2
A= 2 = 2 2
x - 2x + 1 (x - 1) 2 (x - 1) 2
min A = 2 x 2 = 0 x = 2
x
b) V du 2: Tm GTLN cua B =
x 20x + 100
2

x x 1 1
Ta co B = . at y = x = 10 th
x 20x + 100 (x + 10)
2 2
x + 10 y
2

= - 10 y - +
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
B = ( 10 ).y2 = - 10y2 + y = - 10(y2 2.y. y+ )+
y 20 400 40 10 40 40
1 1 1
Max B = y- =0 y= x = 10
40 10 10
x 2 + y2
c) V du 3: Tm GTNN cua C = 2
x + 2xy + y 2
1
2 2 (x + y) 2 (x - y) 2
x +y 2 1 1 (x - y) 2 1 1
Ta co: C = 2 2
2
. 2
min A = x=y
x + 2xy + y (x + y) 2 2 (x + y) 2 2
3. Cac phan thc co dang khac
3 - 4x
a)V du : Tm GTNN, GTLN (Cc tr) cua A =
x2 1
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3 - 4x (4x 2 4x 4) (x 2 1) (x - 2) 2
Ta co: A = 2 1 1 min A = - 1 x = 2
x2 1 x2 1 x 1
3 - 4x (4x 2 4) (4x 2 + 4x + 1) (2x 1) 2 1
Ta lai co: A = 2 4 4 max A = 4 x =
x 1 x 1
2
x 1
2
2
C. Tm GTNN, GTLN cua mot bieu thc biet quan he gia cac bien
1) V du 1: Cho x + y = 1. Tm GTNN cua A = x3 + y3 + xy
Ta co A = (x + y)(x2 xy + y2) + xy = x2 + y2 (v x + y = 1)
a) Cach 1: Bieu th an nay qua an kia, roi a ve mot tam thc bac hai
T x + y = 1 x = 1 y
2

nen A = (1 y) + y = 2(y y) + 1 = 2(y 2.y. + ) + = 2 y - +

2 2 2 1 1 1 1 21 1
2 4 2 2 2 2
1 1
Vay min A = x = y =
2 2
b) Cach 2: S dung k a cho, lam xuat hien mot bieu thc mi co cha A
T x + y = 1 x2 + 2xy + y2 = 1(1). Mat khac (x y)2 0 x2 2xy + y2 0 (2)
Cong (1) vi (2) ve theo ve, ta co:
1 1 1
2(x2 + y2) 1 x2 + y2 min A = x=y=
2 2 2
2)V du 2: Cho x + y + z = 3
a) Tm GTNN cua A = x2 + y2 + z2
b) Tm GTLN cua B = xy + yz + xz
T Cho x + y + z = 3 Cho (x + y + z)2 = 9 x2 + y2 + z2 + 2(xy + yz + xz) = 9 (1)
1
Ta co x 2 + y 2 + z 2 - xy yz zx = .2 .( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 - xy yz zx)
2
1
= ( x y ) 2 ( x z )2 ( y z )2 0 x 2 + y 2 + z 2 xy+ yz + zx (2)
2
ang thc xay ra khi x = y = z
a) T (1) va (2) suy ra
9 = x2 + y2 + z2 + 2(xy + yz + xz) x2 + y2 + z2 + 2(x2 + y2 + z2) = 3(x2 + y2 + z2)
2 2 2
x + y + z 3 min A = 3 x = y = z = 1
b) T (1) va (2) suy ra
9 = x2 + y2 + z2 + 2(xy + yz + xz) xy+ yz + zx + 2(xy + yz + xz) = 3(xy+ yz + zx)
xy+ yz + zx 3 max B = 3 x = y = z = 1
3) V du 3:
Tm gi tr ln nht ca S = xyz.(x+y).(y+z).(z+x) vi x,y,z > 0 v x + y + z = 1
1 1
V x,y,z > 0 ,p dng BT Csi ta c: x+ y + z 3 3 xyz 3 xyz xyz
3 27
p dng bt ng thc Csi cho x+y ; y+z ; x+z ta c
x y . y z . z x 3 3 x y . y z . x z 2 3 3 x y . y z . z x
1 8 1 8
Du bng xy ra khi x = y = z = S .
3 27 27 729
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8 1
Vy S c gi tr ln nht l khi x = y = z =
729 3
4) V du 4: Cho xy + yz + zx = 1. Tm gi tr nh nht ca x4 y 4 z 4
p dng BT Bunhiacpski cho 6 s (x,y,z) ;(x,y,z)
Ta c xy yz zx x 2 y 2 z 2 1 x 2 y 2 z 2 (1)
2 2 2

p dng BT Bunhiacpski cho ( x 2 , y 2 , z 2 ) v (1,1,1)

Ta c ( x 2 y 2 z 2 ) 2 (12 12 12 )( x 4 y 4 z 4 ) ( x 2 y 2 z 2 ) 2 3( x 4 y 4 z 4 )
1
T (1) v (2) 1 3( x 4 y 4 z 4 ) x 4 y 4 z 4
3
1 3
Vy x 4 y 4 z 4 c gi tr nh nht l khi x= y = z =
3 3
D. Mot so chu y:
1) Khi tm GTNN, GTLN ta co the oi bien
V du : Khi tm GTNN cua A =(x 1)2 + (x 3)2 , ta at x 2 = y th
A = (y + 1)2 + (y 1)2 = 2y2 + 2 2
2) Khi tm cc tr cua mot bieu thc, ta co the thay k cua bieu thc nay at cc tr bi
k tng ng la bieu thc khac at cc tr:
1
+) -A ln nhat A nho nhat ; +) ln nhat B nho nhat (vi B > 0)
B
+) C ln nhat C2 ln nhat
x4 + 1
V du: Tm cc tr cua A =
x + 1
2 2

1
a) Ta co A > 0 nen A nho nhat khi ln nhat, ta co
A
1 x + 1
2 2
2x 2 1
4 1 4 1 min = 1 x = 0 max A = 1 x = 0
A x +1 x +1 A
b) Ta co (x2 1)2 0 x4 - 2x2 + 1 0 x4 + 1 2x2. (Dau bang xay ra khi x2 =
1)
2x 2 2x 2 1
V x4 + 1 > 0 4
1 1 4
1 1 2 max = 2 x2 = 1
x +1 x +1 A
1
min A = x = 1
2
3) Nhieu khi ta tm cc tr cua bieu thc trong cac khoang cua bien, sau o so samh
cac cc tr o e e tm GTNN, GTLN trong toan bo tap xac nh cua bien
y
V du: Tm GTLN cua B =
5 - (x + y)
a) xet x + y 4
- Neu x = 0 th A = 0 - Neu 1 y 3 th A 3
- Neu y = 4 th x = 0 va A = 4
b) xet x + y 6 th A 0
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So sanh cac gia tr tren cua A, ta thay max A = 4 x = 0; y = 4

4) S dung cac hang bat ang thc
V du: Tm GTLN cua A = 2x + 3y biet x2 + y2 = 52
Ap dung Bt Bunhiacopxki: (a x + by)2 (a2 + b2)(x2 + y2) cho cac so 2, x , 3, y ta co:
(2x + 3y)2 (22 + 32)(x2 + y2) = (4 + 9).52 = 262 2x + 3y 26
2
x y 3x 2 2 2 3x 2
Max A = 26 = y = x + y = x + = 52 13x = 52.4 x =
2 3 2 2
4
Vay: Ma x A = 26 x = 4; y = 6 hoac x = - 4; y = - 6
5) Hai so co tong khong oi th tch cua chung ln nhat khi va ch khi chung bang
nhau
Hai so co tch khong oi th tong cua chung ln nhat khi va ch khi chung bang nhau
a)V du 1: Tm GTLN cua A = (x2 3x + 1)(21 + 3x x2)
V (x2 3x + 1) + (21 + 3x x2) = 22 khong oi nen tch (x2 3x + 1)(21 + 3x x2)
ln nhat khi va ch khi x2 3x + 1 = 21 + 3x x2 x2 3x 10 = 0 x = 5 hoac x
=-2
Khi o A = 11. 11 = 121 Max A = 121 x = 5 hoac x = - 2
(x + 4)(x + 9)
b) V du 2: Tm GTNN cua B =
x
(x + 4)(x + 9) x 13x + 36
2
36
Ta co: B = x+ 13
x x x
36 36 36 36
V cac so x va co tch x. = 36 khong oi nen x + nho nhat x = x=
x x x x
6
36
A= x+ 13 nho nhat la min A = 25 x = 6
x
6)Trong khi tm cc tr ch can ch ra rang ton tai mot gia tr cua bien e xay ra ang
thc ch khong can ch ra moi gia tr e xay ra ang thc
V du: Tm GTNN cua A = 11m 5n
Ta thay 11m tan cung bang 1, 5n tan cung bang 5
Neu 11m > 5n th A tan cung bang 6, neu 11m < 5n th A tan cung bang 4
khi m = 2; n = 3 th A = 121 124 = 4 min A = 4, chang han khi m = 2, n = 3

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GIAI MOT SO E THI

Bi 1:
a) Thc hin php chia: (x3 - 2x - 4) : (x2 + 2x + 2)
b) Xc nh a sao cho ax3 - 2x - 4 chia ht cho x - 2
c) Tm nghim ca a thc: x3 - 2x - 4
Bi 2:
a b c
a) Tnh S =
(c a)(a b) (a b)(b c) (b c)(c a)
1 1 1 1
b) Chng minh
(3n 2)(3n 5) 3 3n 2 3n 5
150 150 150 150
c) Tnh ...
5.8 8.11 11.14 47.50
Bi 3: Gii cc phng trnh
x 1 x 1 2
a) 2
x x 1 x x 1 x(x x 2 1)
2 4

7 x 5 x 3 x
b) 3
1993 1995 1997
Bi 4:
Cho ABC vung ti A. V ra pha ngoi tam gic cc tam gic ABD vung cn B,
ACE vung cn C. CD ct AB ti M, BE ct AC ti N
a) Chng minh ba im D, A, E thng hng; cc t gic BCE; ACBD l hnh thang
b) Tnh DM bit AM = 3cm; AC = 4 cm; MC = 5cm
c) Chng minh AM = AN
Bi 5:
Cho M l im nm trong ABC , t M k MA BC, MB AC, MC AB
MA ' MB' MC '
(A BC; B AC; C AB). Chng minh rng: =1
ha hb hc
(Vi ha, hb, hc l ba ng cao ca tam gic h ln lt t A, B, C xung ba cnh ca ABC )
Bi gii
Bi 1:
a) Thc hin php chia: (x3 - 2x - 4) : (x2 + 2x + 2) = x - 2
b) Xc nh a sao cho ax3 - 2x - 4 chia ht cho x - 2
V ax3 - 2x - 4 chia ht cho x - 2 nn x = 2 l nghim ca a thc ax3 - 2x - 4 , nn ta c:
a. 23 - 2. 2 - 4 = 0 8a - 8 = 0 a = 1
c) Tm nghim ca a thc: x3 - 2x - 4
Nghim ca a thc l cc gi tr ca x
x 2 2x 2 0
x3 - 2x - 4 = 0 (x2 + 2x + 2)(x - 2) = 0
x 2 0
+) x - 2 = 0 x = 2+) x + 2x + 2 (x + 2x + 1) + 1 = 0 (x + 1)2 + 1 = 0 : V
2 2

nghim
V (x + 1)2 + 1 > 0 vi mi x
Bi 2:

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a b c a(b c) b(c a) c(a b)

a) S =
(c a)(a b) (a b)(b c) (b c)(c a) (c a)(a b)(b c)
a(b c) b(c a) c(a b) ab ac bc ab ac bc 0
= 0
(c a)(a b)(b c) (c a)(a b)(b c) (c a)(a b)(b c)
1 1 1 1
b) Chng minh
(3n 2)(3n 5) 3 3n 2 3n 5
1 1 3n 5 (3n 2) 1
Ta c:
1 1 3 1
.
3 3n 2 3n 5 3 (3n 2)(3n 5) 3 (3n 2)(3n 5) (3n 2)(3n 5)
150 150 150 150
c) Tnh : ...
5.8 8.11 11.14 47.50
150 150 150 150
p dng cu b ta tnh c ... =9
5.8 8.11 11.14 47.50
Bi 3: Gii cc phng trnh
x 1 x 1 2 x(x 1)(x 2 x 1) x(x 1)(x 2 x 1) 2
a) (1)
x x 1 x x 1 x(x x 1)
2 2 4 2
x(x x 1)
4 2
x(x x 1)
4 2
x(x x 2 1)
4

KX: x(x4 + x2 + 1) 0 x 0 V x4 + x2 + 1 > 0

(1) x(x + 1)(x2 - x + 1) - x(x - 1)(x2 + x + 1) = 2 x(x3 - 1) - x(x3 + 1) = 2
4 4
x - x - x - x = 2 - 2x = 2 x = - 1
7 x 5 x 3 x 7x 5 x 3 x
b) 3 1 1 1 0
1993 1995 1997 1993 1995 1997
x = 2000
Bi 4:
Cho ABC vung ti A. V ra pha ngoi tam gic cc tam gic ABD vung cn B,
ACE vung cn C. CD ct AB ti M, BE ct AC ti N
a) Chng minh ba im D, A, E thng hng; cc t gic BCE; ACBD l hnh thang
b) Tnh DM bit AM = 3cm; AC = 4 cm; MC = 5cm
c) Chng minh AM = AN
Gii
D
a) Chng minh DAB + BAC + CAE = 1800 A
D, A, E thng hang M
b) at AB = c, AC = b. N E
BD // AC (cung vuong goc vi AB)
MC AM AC AM AC
nen B C
MD MB BD MB + AM AC + BD
AM AC AM AC AC. AB
AM (1)
AB AC + BD AB AC AB AC AB
AM(AC + AB) = AC. AB 3(4 + AB) = 4 AB AB = 12 cm MB = 9 cm
MC AM MC.MB 5.9
T MD 15 cm
MD MB MA 3

AN AB AN AB
c) AB // CE (cung vuong goc vi AC) nen
NC CE NC + AN AB + CE

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AN AB AB. AC
AN (2)
AC AB + AC AB + AC
T (1) va (2) suy ra: AM = AN
Bi 5:
Cho M l im nm trong ABC , t M k MA BC, MB AC, MC AB
MA ' MB' MC '
(A BC; B AC; C AB). Chng minh rng: =1
ha hb hc
(Vi ha, hb, hc l ba ng cao ca tam gic h ln lt t A, B, C xung ba cnh ca ABC)
Gii
K ng cao AH, ta c:
A
MA ' MA ' SMBC
(1)
ha AH SABC
MB' SMCA MC ' SMBA B'
Tng t: (2) v (3) C'
hb SABC hc SABC
Cng (1), (2) v (3) v theo v, ta c:
MA ' MB' MC ' SMBC SMCA SMBA M

ha hb hc SABC SABC SABC
S S S S B A' H C
= MBC MCA MBA ABC 1
SABC SABC

Cu 1
a) Trong ba s a, b, c c 1 s dng, 1 s m v 1 s bng 0; ngoi ra cn bit thm
a b 2 (b c) . Hi s no dng, s no m, s no bng 0
b) Cho x + y = 1. Tnh gi tr biu thc A = x3 + y3 + 3xy

Cu 2
a) Gii phng trnh: x 2 3 1
a b c
b) Gi s a, b, c l ba s i mt khc nhau v 0
bc ca a b
a b c
Chng minh rng: 0
(b c) 2 (c a) 2 (a b) 2

Cu 3:
Cho tam gic ABC; gi Ax l tia phn gic ca BAC , Ax ct BC ti E. Trn tia Ex ly
im H sao cho BAE ECH . Chng minh rng:
a) BE. EC = AE. EH
b) AE2 = AB. AC - BE. EC

Cu 4:
Cho t gic ABCD. T A k ng thng song song vi BC ct BD ti E; t B k ng
thng song song vi AD ct AC ti F.
Chng minh rng: EF // DC

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hng dn gii
Cu 1:
a) V a b 2 (b c) nn a 0 v b 0 v
Nu a = 0 b = 0 hoc b = c. V l
Nu b = 0 a = 0. V l
c = 0 a = b3 m a 0 vi mi a b > 0 a < 0
b) V x + y = 1 A = x3 + y3 + 3xy = x3 + y3 + 3xy (x + y) = (x + y)3 = 1

Cu 2:
a b c a b c b 2 ab + ac - c2
b) T + 0 =
b-c c-a a-b b-c a-c b-a (a - b)(c - a)
a b ab + ac - c
2 2
1
2
(1) (Nhan hai ve vi )
(b - c) (a - b)(c - a)(b - c) b-c
b c 2 bc + ba - a 2 c a 2 ac + cb - b 2
Tng t, ta co: (2) ; (3)
(c - a) 2 (a - b)(c - a)(b - c) (a - b) 2 (a - b)(c - a)(b - c)
Cong tng ve (1), (2) va (3) ta co pcm

Cu 3:
a) Ta c BAE HCE (g.g) A

BE AE
BE.EC AE.EH (1)
EH EC
b) BAE HCE (g.g)
ABE = CHE ABE = CHA C
BAE HAC (g.g) B E

AE AB
AB.AC AE.AH (2)
AC AH H
x
Tr (1) cho (2) v theo v ta c :
AB. AC - BE. EC = AE.AH - AE. EH
AB. AC - BE. EC = AE. (AH - EH) = AE. AE = AE2

Cu 4: B
Goi O la giao iem cua AC va BD
A

OE OA
a) V AE // BC = (1) O
OB OC E
OB OF
BF // AD = (2) F
OD OA D
OE OF
Nhan (1) vi (2) ve theo ve ta co: =
OD OC C

EG // CD

Bi 1:
2 x4
Cho phn thc: P=
x x 20
2

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a) Tm TX ca P
b) Rt gn P
c) Tnh gi tr ca P khi x 5 1,5
Bi 2:
So snh A v B bit:
a) A = 2002. 2004 v B = 20032
b) A = 3.(22 + 1)(24 + 1)(28 + 1)(216 + 1)(232 + 1) v B = 264
Bi 3:
Cho hnh bnh hnh ABCD c ng cho ln AC. H CE vung gc vi AB, CF vung
gc vi AD v BG vung gc vi AC. Chng minh:
a) ACE ABG v AFC CBG
b) AB. AE + AD. AF = AC2
Bi 4:
Cho hnh thoi ABCD cnh a, c = 600. Mt ng thng bt k qua C ct tia i ca tia
BA v DA ln lt ti M v N
a) Chng minh: Tch BM. DN c gi tr khng i
b) Gi K l giao im ca BN v DM. Tnh s o gc BKD
Bi 5:
Tm nghim nguyn ca phng trnh
4(x + y) = 11 + xy
Gii
Bi 1:
a) kx: x2 + x - 20 0 (x - 4)(x + 5) 0 x 4 v x - 5
2 x4 2 x4
b) P =
x x 20 (x 4)(x 5)
2

2
Nu x > 4 P =
x 5
2
Nu x < 4 P =
x 5
x 5 1,5;(x 5) x 6,5
c) x 5 1,5
5 x 1,5;(x 5) x 3,5
2 2 2 20 4
Vi x = 6,5 th P =
x 5 6,5 5 11,5 115 23
2 2 2 2
Vi x = 3,5 th P =
x 5 3,5 5 8,5 17
Bi 2:
a) A = 2002. 2004 = (2003 - 1)(2003 + 1) = 20032 - 1 < 20032 A < B
b) Ta c:
A = 3.(22 + 1)(24 + 1)(28 + 1)(216 + 1)(232 + 1)
= (22 - 1)(22 + 1)(24 + 1)(28 + 1)(216 + 1)(232 + 1)
= (24 - 1)( 24 + 1)(28 + 1)(216 + 1)(232 + 1) = (28 - 1)(28 + 1)(216 + 1)(232 + 1)
= (216 - 1)(216 + 1)(232 + 1) = (232 - 1)(232 + 1) = 264 - 1 < 264 A < B
Bi 3:
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AE AC
Ta co AGB AEC =
AG AB
AB. AE = AC. AG (1)
AF CG CG
CGB AFC = (v CB = AD)
AC CB AD
AF . AD = AC. CG (2)
Cong (5) va (6) ve theo ve ta co:
AB. AE + AF. AD = AC. AG + AC. CG
AB. AE + AF. AD = AC(AG + CG) = AC. AC
Vay: AB. AE + AD. AF = AC2
Bi 4:
MB CM
a) BC // AN = (1)
BA CN
CM AD
CD// AM = (2)
CN DN
MB AD
T (1) va (2) suy ra = MB.DN = BA.AD = a.a = a 2
BA DN
b) MBD va BDN co MBD = BDN = 1200
MB MB CM AD BD
= = (Do ABCD la hnh thoi co A = 600 nen
BD BA CN DN DN
AB = BC = CD = DA) MBD BDN
Suy ra M1 = B1 . MBD va BKD co BDM = BDK va M1 = B1 nen BKD = MBD = 1200

Cu 1:
x 2 7x 6
Cho A
x2 1
a) Rt gn A
b) Tm x A = 0
c) Tm gi tr nguyn ca x A c gi tr nguyn
Cu 2:
Gii phng trnh: (x + 1)2 = 4(x2 + 2x + 1)
Cu 3:
1 1 1 1
Cho a, b, c tho mn:
a b c abc
Tnh gi tr ca biu thc: A = (a3 + b3)(b3 + c3)(c3 + a3)
1 1 1
Cu 4: Cho ABC c A 2B 4C 4 . Chng minh:
AB BC CA
Cu 5:
Cho ABC cn ti A c BC = 2a, M l trung im ca BC. Ly D, E theo th t thuc AB,
AC sao cho: DME B
a) Chng minh rng: tch BD. CE khng i
b) Chng minh rng DM l tia phn gic ca gc BDE
c) Tnh chu vi ca ADE nu ABC l tam gic u
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Hng dn
Cu 3:
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 a+ b a+ b
T + + - =0 + =0
a b c abc a b c a+ b+ c ab c(a + b + c)
c(a + b + c) + ab
(a + b). = 0 (a + b)(b + c)(c + a) = 0
abc(a + b + c)
T suy ra : A = (a3 + b3)(b3 + c3)(c3 + a3) = ( a + b)(b + c)(c + a). B = 0
Cu 4 :
V tia CM (M AB) sao cho ACM B

CAM v CBM l cc tam gic cn 2

AB AB AM AB AM AB BM
1 4
A
BC AC CM CM CM CM C 3

AB AB 1 1 1
(v BM = CM) 1 3
BC AC AB BC CA M
Cu 5 :
A
a) Ta co DMC = DME + CME = B + BDM , ma DME = B (gt)
nen CME = BDM , ket hp vi B = C ( ABC can tai A)
suy ra BDM CME (g.g)
BD BM
BD. CE = BM. CM = a 2 khong oi
E
= I
CM CE
DM BD DM BD D
b) BDM CME = = K
H
ME CM ME BM
(do BM = CM) DME DBM (c.g.c) MDE = BMD
B M C
hay DM la tia phan giac cua BDE
c) chng minh tng t ta co EM la tia phan giac cua DEC
ke MH CE ,MI DE, MK DB th MH = MI = MK DKM = DIM
DK =DI EIM = EHM EI = EH
Chu vi AED la PAED = AD + DE + EA = AK +AH = 2AH (V AH = AK)
MC a
ABC la tam giac eu nen suy ra CH =
2 2
AH = 1,5a PAED = 2 AH = 2. 1,5 a = 3a

5 - kho st cht lng hc sinh gii lc h(2009 - 2010)

x 1 x 3 2
Cu 1 : Gii phng trnh : a)
x 2 x 4 ( x 2) . (4 x)
b) 6x2 - x - 2 = 0
x2 y2 z2
Cu 2 : Cho x + y + z = 0. Rt gn :
( y z ) 2 ( z x) 2 ( x y ) 2
Cu 3 : Chng minh rng khng tn ti x tha mn :
a) 2x4 - 10x2 + 17 = 0
b) x4 - x3 + 2x2 - x + 1 = 0

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DB 1
Cu 4 : Cho tam gic ABC, im D nm trn cnh BC sao cho ;
DC 2
OA 3
im O nm trn on AD sao cho . Gi K l giao im ca BO v AC.
OD 2
Tnh t s AK : KC.
Cu 5 : Cho tam gic ABC c 3 gc nhn, trc tm H. Mt ng thng qua H ct AB,
AC th t P v Q sao cho HP = HQ. Gi M l trung im ca BC. Chng minh rng tam
gic MPQ cn ti M.
hng dn gii
Cu 2:
T x + y + z = 0 x2 + y2 + z2 = - 2(xy + yz + zx) (1)
Ta c: (x - y)2 + (y - z)2 + (z - x)2 = 2(x2 + y2 + z2 ) - 2(xy + yz + zx) (2)
T (1) v (2) suy ra: (x - y)2 + (y - z)2 + (z - x)2 = - 6(xy + yz + zx) (3)
Thay (1) v (3) vo biu thc A ta c:
- 2(xy + yz + zx) 1
A=
- 6(xy + yz + zx) 3
Cu 3:
17 5 25 2 9
a) 2x4 - 10x2 + 17 = 0 2( x4 - 5x2 +
) = 0 2(x4 - 2. x2 + ) + =0
2 2 4 2
5 9 5 9
2(x2 - )2 + = 0. V 2(x2 - )2 + > 0 vi mi x nn khng tn ti x
2 2 2 2
2x4 - 10x2 + 17 = 0
b) x4 - x3 + 2x2 - x + 1 = 0 (x2 + 1)(x2 - x + 1) = 0
V v phi lun dng vi mi x nn khng tn ti x x4 - x3 + 2x2 - x + 1 = 0
Cu 4:
T D k DM // BK. p dng nh l Talt vo AOK ta c:
AK AO 3
(1)
A

KM OD 2
KM CD 1 K
Tng t, trong CKB th: (2) M
CK DB 3 O
AK 1
Nhn (1) vi (2) v theo v ta c:
CK 2 B D C
Cu 5
Goi giao iem cua AH va BC la I
T C ke CN // PQ (N AB), A
T giac CNPQ la hnh thang, co H la trung iem PQ, hai P
canh ben NP va CQ ong quy tai A nen K la trung iem
N
H
CN MK la ng trung bnh cua BCN Q
MK // CN MK // AB (1) K

H la trc tam cua ABC nen CH A B (2)

T (1) va (2) suy ra MK CH MK la ng cao B M I C
cua CHK (3)
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T AH BC MC HK MI la ng cao cua CHK (4)

T (3) va (4) suy ra M la trc tam cua CHK MH CN MH PQ
MPQ c MH va l ng trung tuyn va l ng cao nn cn ti M
6 - thi HSG Ton 8 - cp huyn
n2 n 1
Cu 1: a) Tm cc s nguyn m, n tho mn m
n 1
b) t A = n3 + 3n2 + 5n + 3 . Chng minh rng A chia ht cho 3 vi mi gi tr
nguyn dng ca n.
c) Nu a chia 13 d 2 v b chia 13 d 3 th a2+b2 chia ht cho 13.
Cu2 : Rt gn biu thc:
bc ca ab
a) A= + +
(a b)(a c) (b c)(b a) (c a)(c b)
1 6 1
6
1
3
1
b) B = x x 6
2 :
x x 3
3

x x x x
1 1 1 1
Cu 3: Tnh tng: S = + + + +
1.3 3 .5 5.7 2009.2011
Cu 4: Cho 3 s x, y, z, tho mn iu kin xyz = 2011. Chng minh rng biu thc sau
2011x y z
khng ph thuc vo cc bin x, y, z :
xy 2011x 2011 yz y 2011 xz z 1
69 x 67 x 65 x 63 x 61 x
Cu 5: Gii phng trnh: 5
1942 1944 1946 1948 1950
Cu 6: Cho ABC tam gic u, gi M l trung im ca BC . Mt gc xMy = 600 quay
quanh im M sao cho 2 cnh Mx , My lun ct cnh AB v AC ln lt ti D v E .
Chng minh :
BC2
a) BD.CE=
4
b) DM, EM ln lt l tia phn gic ca BDE v CED .
c) Chu vi ADE khng i.
Gii
n2 n 1 1
1) a, Thc hin chia m =n+
n 1 n 1
m nguyn vi n nguyn khi n + 1 l c ca 1
Hay n + 1 1; -1 . Khi : n + 1 = 1 n = 0 Z ( t/m)
n + 1 = -1 n = -2 Z (t/m)
Vi n = 0 m = 1 . Vi n = -2 m = - 3 . Vy ...
b, A = n3 + 3n2 + 3n +1 + 2n +2 = (n+ 1) 3 +2(n+1) = = n ( n +1) (n+ 2) + 3( n+1)
Khi : 3(n+1) 3
n( n +1) (n+ 2) l tch ca 3 s nguyn dng lin tip nn tn ti mt s l bi ca 3
c, a = 13k +2, b = 13q +3
a2 + b2 = ( 13k +2 )2 + ( 13q + 3) 2 =....= 13( 13k2 +4k +13 q2 + 4q +1) 13
bc ca ab (a b)(a c)(b c)
2) a) A= = .= =1
(a b)(a c) (b c)(a b) (a c)(b c) (a b)(a c)(b c)
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6 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
b) Ta c: x = (x 3 3 ) 3(x ) ; x 6 6 x 3 3 x 3 3 2
2

x x x x x x
6 2 2
1 1 1 1 1
T thc: x x 6 6 2 = (x 3 3 ) 3(x ) - x 3 3
x x x x x
1 1 1
= 3 x 2 x3 3 3 x
x x x
3
1 1 1 1
Mu thc: x x 3 3 = 2 x 3 3 3 x
x x x x
1
Rt gn ta c: B = 3( x )
x
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1005
3) S = (1 ..... ) (1 )
2 3 3 5 2009 2011 2 2011 2011
2011x y z xy.xz y z
4). =
2011 2011x xy xyz y yz 1 z zx xyz x yz xy xyz y yz 1 z zx
2

xy.xz 1 z 1 z xz
= + + = = 1 khng i
xy ( xz z 1) 1 z zx 1 z zx 1 z zx
69 x 67 x 65 x 63 x 61 x
5) 1 1 1 1 1 0 x = 2011.
1942 1944 1946 1948 1950
6) a,Chng minh BMD CEM
BC BC 2 y
... V BM = CM = BD.CE = A
2 4 x
b, Chng minh BMD MED E

T suy ra D 1 D 2 , do DM l tia phn gic ca gc BDE D

1
2

Chng minh tng t ta c EM l tia phn gic ca gc CED B 1

2 3
C
c, Gi H, I, K l hnh chiu ca M trn AB, DE, AC M

Chng minh DH = DI, EI = EK.

Chu vi bng 2.AH .

Bi 1 (4.0 im)
Phn tch cc a thc sau thnh nhn t
a) x2 -7x + 12.
b) x4 + 2011x2 + 2010x + 2011.
c) (x2+ y2+1)4 - 17(x2+y2+1)2x2 + 16x4
Bi 2 (4.0 im).
x4 5x2 4
Cho biu thc : A =
x 4 10 x 2 9
a) Rut gon A
b) tm x e A = 0
c) Tm gia tr cua A khi 2 x 1 7
Bi 3 (4.0im) : Gii cc phng trnh :

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1 1 1 1
a) 2 2 .
x 9x 20 x 11x 30 x 13x 42 18
2

2025 x 2046 x 2057 x 2068 x

b) 10
25 23 19 17
Bi 4 (2.) Chng minh : a5 - a chia ht cho 30 vi a Z
Bi 5 (4.0im) : Cho hnh vung ABCD c cnh bng a. Gi E; F ln lt l trung im
ca cc cnh AB, BC. Gi M a giao im ca CE v DF.
a) Chng minh CE vung gc vi DF
2

b) Chng minh : C M .C E = SABCD

CF
Bi 6 2.0 im) Cho tam gic ABC c chu vi bng 18 . Trong BC l cnh ln nht .
MA 1
ng phn gic gc B ct AC M sao cho . ng phn gic ca gc C ct AB
MC 2
NA 3
N sao cho . Tnh cc cnh ca tam gic ABC .
NB 4
thi HSG
Cu 1: Tm x bit:
a) x2 4x + 4 = 25
x 17 x 21 x 1
b) 4
1990 1986 1004
c) 4x 12.2x + 32 = 0
1 1 1
Cu 2: Cho x, y, z i mt khc nhau v 0.
x y z
yz xz xy
Tnh gi tr ca biu thc: A 2 2 2
x 2 yz y 2 xz z 2 xy
Cu 3: Cho biu thc :
x2 6 1 10 x 2
P = :
x 2
x 3
4 x 6 3 x x 2 x 2
a) Rt gn p .
3
b) Tnh gi tr ca biu thc p khi x =
4
c) Vi gi tr no ca x th P = 7
d) Tm gi tr nguyn ca x P c gi tr nguyn .
Cu 4 : Cho tam gic ABC nhn, cc ng cao AA, BB, CC, H l trc tm.
HA' HB' HC'
a) Tnh tng
AA' BB' CC'
b) Gi AI l phn gic ca tam gic ABC; IM, IN th t l phn gic ca gc AIC v gc
AIB. Chng minh rng: AN.BI.CM = BN.IC.AM.
(AB BC CA) 2
c) Chng minh rng: 4.
AA'2 BB'2 CC'2
Cu 5:
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Qua trng tm G tam gic ABC , k ng thng song song vi AC , ct AB v BC ln

lt ti M v N .
Tnh di MN , bit AM + NC = 16 (cm) ; Chu vi tam gic ABC bng 75 (cm)
Gii
Cu 1
a) Tnh ng x = 7; x = -3
b) Tnh ng x = 2007
c) 4x 12.2x + 32 = 0 2x.2x 4.2x 8.2x + 4.8 = 0
x x x x x
2 (2 4) 8(2 4) = 0 (2 8)(2 4) = 0
x 3 x 2 x 3 x 2
(2 2 )(2 2 ) = 0 2 2 = 0 hoc 2 2 = 0
x 3 x 2
2 = 2 hoc 2 = 2 x = 3; x = 2
Cu 2:
1 1 1 xy yz xz
0 0 xy yz xz 0 yz = xyxz
x y z xyz
x2+2yz = x2+yzxyxz = x(xy)z(xy) = (xy)(xz)
Tng t: y2+2xz = (yx)(yz) ; z2+2xy = (zx)(zy)
yz xz xy
Do : A
( x y)( x z) ( y x )( y z) (z x )(z y)
Tnh ng A = 1
Cu 3:
x 2 1 6 x 2( x 2) x 2 6 1 1
a) p = : = :
( x 2)( x 2) x 2 x 2 x 2 ( x 2)( x 2) x2 x2 2 x
b) Vi x 0 ; x 2 th biu thc p xc nh
3 3 3
/x/ = nn x = hoc x = -
4 4 4
3 1 4
+ Nu x = th p =
4 3 5
2
4
3 1 4
+ Nu x = - th p =
4 3 11
2
4
1 13
c) Vi p = 7 th 7 x= ( tha mn iu kin ca x )
2 x 7
d) p c gi tr nguyn th 2 - x phi l c ca 1 .
T ta c : x = 1 ; x = 3 ;
Vy p nguyn lc x = 1 ; x = 3 ; A
Cu 4:
1 C
.HA'.BC B x
S HBC 2 HA' H
a) S ; N
M
1 AA'
ABC .AA'.BC I A C
2 B

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S HAB HC' SHAC HB'

Tng t: ;
S ABC CC' SABC BB'
HA' HB' HC' SHBC SHAB SHAC
1
AA' BB' CC' SABC SABC SABC
b) p dng tnh cht phn gic vo cc tam gic ABC, ABI, AIC:
BI AB AN AI CM IC
; ;
IC AC NB BI MA AI
BI AN CM AB AI IC AB IC
. . . . . 1
IC NB MA AC BI AI AC BI
BI .AN.CM BN.IC.AM
c)V Cx CC. Gi D l im i xng ca A qua Cx
-Chng minh c gc BAD vung, CD = AC, AD = 2CC
- Xt 3 im B, C, D ta c: BD BC + CD
- BAD vung ti A nn: AB2+AD2 = BD2
2 2 2
AB + AD (BC+CD)
AB2 + 4CC2 (BC+AC)2
4CC2 (BC+AC)2 AB2
Tng t: 4AA2 (AB+AC)2 BC2
4BB2 (AB+BC)2 AC2
-Chng minh c : 4(AA2 + BB2 + CC2) (AB+BC+AC)2
(AB BC CA) 2
4
AA'2 BB'2 CC'2
(ng thc xy ra BC = AC, AC = AB, AB = BC AB = AC =BC
ABC u)
Cu 5:
A
GK 1 BG 2
ta c : ; M
K
BK 3 BK 3
AM CN GK 1
Do MN // AC nn
AB BC BK 3 G
AM NC 1
M
AB BC 3 B N C
v AM + NC = 16 (cm) v AB + BC = 75 AC
16 1
Do : AC = 27 (cm)
75 AC 3
MN 2 MN 2
Ta li c : MN 18 (cm)
AC 3 27 3

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CHUYEN E 16 BAT ANG THC

Phn I : cc kin thc cn lu
A B A B 0
1-inhngha:
A B A B 0
2-tnh cht
+ A>B B A + A > B > 0 An > Bn n
+ A>B v B >C A > C +A>B An > Bn vi n l
+ A>B A + C >B + C + A > B An > Bn vi n chn
+ A>B v C > D A +C > B + D
+ m > n > 0 v A > 1 A m > A n
+ A>B v C > 0 A.C > B.C
+ A>B v C < 0 A.C < B.C + m > n > 0 v 0 <A < 1 A m < A n
1 1
+ 0 < A < B v 0 < C < D 0 < A.C < B.D +A < B v A.B > 0
A B
3 - mt s hng bt ng thc
+ A 2 0 vi A ( du = xy ra khi A = 0 )
+ An 0 vi A ( du = xy ra khi A = 0 )
+ A 0 vi A (du = xy ra khi A = 0 )
+ -A <A= A
+ A B A B ( du = xy ra khi A.B > 0)
+ A B A B ( du = xy ra khi A.B < 0)
Phn II : mt s phng php chng minh bt ng thc
1) Phng php 1: dng nh ngha
Kin thc : chng minh A > B Ta chng minh A B > 0
Lu dng hng bt ng thc M 2 0 vi M
V d 1 x, y, z chng minh rng :
a) x 2 + y 2 + z 2 xy+ yz + zx
b) x 2 + y 2 + z 2 2xy 2xz + 2yz
Gii:
1
a) Ta xt hiu : x 2 + y 2 + z 2 - xy yz zx = .2 .( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 - xy yz zx)
2
1
= ( x y ) 2 ( x z ) 2 ( y z ) 2 0 ng vi mi x;y;z R
2
V (x-y)2 0 vix ; y .Du bng xy ra khi x = y
(x- z)2 0 vix ; z . Du bng xy ra khi x = z
(y- z)2 0 vi z; y . Du bng xy ra khi z = y
Vy x 2 + y 2 + z 2 xy+ yz + zx . Du bng xy ra khi x = y =z
b)Ta xt hiu:
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 - ( 2xy 2xz +2yz ) = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 - 2xy +2xz 2yz = ( x y + z) 2 0
ng vi mi x;y;z R
Vy x 2 + y 2 + z 2 2xy 2xz + 2yz ng vi mi x;y;z R
Du bng xy ra khi x + y = z
V d 2: chng minh rng :

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2
a 2 b2 a b
2
a 2 b2 c2 a b c
a) ; b) c) Hy tng qut bi ton
2 2 3 3
gii
a) Ta xt hiu
a 2 b2 a b = 2 a b

2 2 2


a 2 2ab b 2
=
1

2a 2 2b 2 a 2 b 2 2ab = 14 a b 2
0
4 4 4
2 2
2
Vy a b a b Du bng xy ra khi a = b
2 2

2 2
2
a 2 b2 c2 a b c 1
= a b b c c a 0
2 2 2
b)Ta xt hiu:
3 3 9
2
a 2 b2 c2 a b c
Vy Du bng xy ra khi a = b =c
3 3
2
a12 a 22 .... a 2n a1 a 2 .... a n
c)Tng qut:
n n
* Tm li cc bc chng minh A B theo nh ngha
Bc 1: Ta xt hiu H = A - B
Bc 2:Bin i H = (C+D) 2 hoc H=(C+D) 2 + .+(E+F) 2
Bc 3: Kt lun A B
2) phng php 2 : Dng php bin i tng ng
Lu :
Ta bin i bt ng thc cn chng minh tng ng vi bt ng thc ng hoc bt
ng thc c chng minh l ng.
V d 1: Cho a, b, c, d,e l cc s thc chng minh rng
b2
a) a 2 ab b) a 2 b 2 1 ab a b c) a 2 b 2 c 2 d 2 e 2 a b c d e
4
Gii:
b2
a) a ab 4a 2 b 2 4ab 4a 2 4a b 2 0 2a b 0 (Bt ny lun ng)
2 2

4
b2
Vy a 2 ab (du bng xy ra khi 2a = b)
4
b) a b 1 ab a b 2(a 2 b 2 1) 2(ab a b)
2 2

a 2 2ab b 2 a 2 2a 1 b 2 2b 1 0 (a b) 2 (a 1) 2 (b 1) 2 0 (lun ng)

Vy a 2 b 2 1 ab a b Du bng xy ra khi a = b = 1
c) a 2 b 2 c 2 d 2 e2 a b c d e 4 a 2 b 2 c 2 d 2 e 2 4a b c d e

a 2 4ab 4b 2 a 2 4ac 4c 2 a 2 4ad 4d 2 a 2 4ac 4c 2 0
a 2b a 2c a 2d a 2c 0
2 2 2 2

V d 2: Chng minh rng: a10 b10 a 2 b 2 a 8 b8 a 4 b 4

Gii:
a 10
b10 a 2 b 2 a 8 b8 a 4 b 4 a12 a10 b 2 a 2 b10 b12 a12 a 8 b 4 a 4 b8 b12

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a 8 b 2 a 2 b 2 a 2 b8 b 2 a 2 0 a2b2(a2-b2)(a6-b6) 0
a b (a -b ) (a + a b +b ) 0
2 2 2 2 2 4 2 2 4

x. y.z 1
V d 4: cho ba s thc khc khng x, y, z tha mn: 1 1 1 x y z
x y z
Chng minh rng : c ng mt trong ba s x,y,z ln hn 1
Gii: Xt (x-1)(y-1)(z-1) = xyz + (xy + yz + zx) + x + y + z - 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
= (xyz - 1) + (x + y + z) - xyz( ) = x + y + z - ( ) 0
x y z x y z
1 1 1
(v < x+y+z theo gt) 2 trong 3 s x-1 , y-1 , z-1 m hoc c ba s-1 , y-1, z-1
x y z
l dng.
N trng hp sau xy ra th x, y, z >1 x.y.z>1 Mu thun gt x.y.z =1 bt buc phi
xy ra trng hp trn tc l c ng 1 trong ba s x ,y ,z l s ln hn 1
3) Phng php 3: dng bt ng thc quen thuc
A) mt s bt ng thc hay dng
1) Cc bt ng thc ph:
a) x 2 y 2 2xy b) x 2 y 2 xy du( = ) khi x = y = 0
a b
c) x y 4xy
2
2 d)
b a
a a a .... a n n
2)Bt ng thc C sy: 1 2 3 a1a 2a 3 ....a n Vi ai 0
n
3)Bt ng thc Bunhiacopski
a 2
2
a 22 .... a 2n . x12 x 22 .... n2 a1x1 a 2 x 2 .... a n x n
2

4) Bt ng thc Tr-b - sp:

abc aA bB cC a b c A B C
Nu .
A B C 3 3 3
abc
aA bB cC a b c A B C
Nu .
A B C
3 3 3
abc
Du bng xy ra khi
A B C
B) cc v d
v d 1
Cho a, b ,c l cc s khng m chng minh rng (a+b) (b+c)(c+a) 8abc
Gii: Dng bt ng thc ph: x y 4xy
2

a b 4ab ; b c 4bc ; c a 4ac

2 2 2
Tac
a b b c c a 64a 2 b 2c 2 8abc (a + b)(b + c)(c + a)
2 2 2 2
8abc
Du = xy ra khi a = b = c
a3 b3 c3 1
v d 2: Cho a > b > c > 0 v a 2 b 2 c 2 1 chng minh rng
bc ac ab 2
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a 2 b2 c2
Do a,b,c i xng , gi s a b c
a b c

b c a c a b
p dng BT Tr- b-sp ta c
a b c a 2 b2 c2 a b c 1 3 1
a . 2
b .
2
c .
2
. = . =
bc ac ab 3 bc ac ab 3 2 2
a3 b3 c3 1 1
Vy Du bng xy ra khi a = b = c =
bc ac ab 2 3
v d 3: Cho a,b,c,d > 0 v abcd =1 .Chng minh rng :
a 2 b 2 c 2 d 2 a b c b c d d c a 10
Ta c a 2 b 2 2ab ; c2 d 2 2cd
1 1 1
Do abcd =1 nn cd = (dng x )
ab x 2
1
Ta c a 2 b 2 c2 2(ab cd) 2(ab ) 4 (1)
ab
Mt khc:
a b c b c d d c a = (ab + cd) + (ac + bd) + (bc + ad)
1 1 1
= ab ac bc 2 2 2
ab ac bc
a b c d a b c b c d d c a 10
2 2 2 2

v d 4: Chng minh rng : a 2 b 2 c 2 ab bc ac

Gii: Dng bt ng thc Bunhiacopski
Xt cp s (1,1,1) v (a,b,c) ta c 12 12 12 (a 2 b 2 c 2 ) 1.a 1.b 1.c
2

3 a 2 b 2 c 2 a 2 b 2 c 2 2 ab bc ac a 2 b 2 c 2 ab bc ac (pcm)
Du bng xy ra khi a = b = c
4) Phng php 4: dng tnh cht ca t s
A. Kin thc
1) Cho a, b ,c l cc s dng th
a a ac a a ac
a ) Nu 1 th b ) Nu 1 th
b b bc b b bc
a c a ac c
2) Nu b, d > 0 th t
b d b bd d
B. Cc v d:
v d 1: Cho a, b, c, d > 0
a b c d
Chng minh rng :1 2
abc bcd cda dab
a a ad
Theo tnh cht ca t l thc ta c 1 (1)
abc abc abcd
a a
Mt khc : (2)
abc abcd

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a a ad
T (1) v (2) ta c (3)
abcd abc abcd
b b ba
Tng t ta c : (4)
abcd bcd abcd
c c bc d d dc
(5); (6)
abcd cda abcd abcd dab abcd
cng v vi v ca (3); (4); (5); (6) ta c
a b c d
1 2 (pcm)
abc bcd cd a d ab
c a
v d 2 : Cho: v b,d > 0
d b
a ab cd c
Chng minh rng 2 2
b b d d
a c ab cd ab ab cd cd c a ab cd c
Gii: T 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 (pcm)
b d b d b b d d d b b d d
v d 3 : Cho a;b;c;d l cc s nguyn dng tha mn : a + b = c+d =1000
a b
tm gi tr ln nht ca
c d
a b a ab b a
gii : Khng mt tnh tng qut ta gi s : ; 1 v a + b = c + d
c d c cd d c
b a b
a, Nu: b 998 th 998 999
d c d
a b 1 999
b, Nu: b = 998 th a =1 = t gi tr ln nht khi d = 1; c = 999
c d c d
a b 1
Vy: gi tr ln nht ca = 999 + khi a = d = 1; c = b = 999
c d 999
1 1 1 1 3
V d 4 : Vi mi s t nhin n >1 chng minh rng : ....
2 n 1 n 2 nn 4
1 1 1
Ta c vi k = 1,2,3, ,n-1
n k n n 2n
1 1 1 1 1 n 1
Do : ... ...
n 1 n 2 2n 2n 2n 2n 2
1 1 1 1
V d 5: CMR: A = 1 2 2 2 ........ 2 vi n 2 khng l s t nhin
2 3 4 n
1 1 1 1
HD: 2 ; 2 ;.....
2 1.2. 3 2.3
V d 6: Cho a ,b ,c ,d > 0 .Chng minh rng :
ab bc cd d a
2 3
abc bcd cd a d ab
Gii :
ab ab abd
V a ,b ,c ,d > 0 nn ta c: (1)
abcd abc abcd
b c bc bca
(2)
abcd bcd abcd
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da da dac
(3)
abcd dab a bcd
Cng cc v ca 4 bt ng thc trn ta c :
ab bc cd da
2 3 (pcm)
abc bcd cda dab
5. Phng php 5:Dng bt ng thc trong tam gic
Lu : Nu a;b;cl s o ba cnh ca tam gic th : a; b; c > 0
V |b-c| < a < b+c ; |a-c| < b < a+c ; |a-b| < c < b+a
V d1:
Cho a; b; cl s o ba cnh ca tam gic chng minh rng
a, a2 + b2 + c2 < 2(ab + bc + ac)
b, abc > (a+b-c).(b+c-a).(c+a-b)
Gii
0 a b c a a(b c)
2

a)V a,b,c l s o 3 cnh ca mt tam gic nn ta c 0 b a c b 2 b(a c)
2
0 c a b c c(a b)
Cng tng v cc bt ng thc trn ta c a2 + b2 + c2 < 2(ab + bc + ac)
b) Ta c a > b - c a 2 a 2 (b c) 2 > 0
b > a - c b 2 b 2 (c a)2 > 0
c > a - b c2 c 2 (a b) 2 0
Nhn v cc bt ng thc ta c: a 2 b 2 c2 a 2 b c b 2 c a c2 a b
2 2 2

a 2 b 2c 2 a b c b c a c a b abc a b c . b c a . c a b
2 2 2

V d2: (i bin s)
a b c 3
Cho a,b,c l ba cnh ca mt tam gic. Chng minh rng (1)
bc ca ab 2
yzx zxy xyz
t x= b + c ; y= c + a ;z = a + b ta c a = ; b= ;c=
2 2 2
yzx zxy xyz 3 y z x z x y
ta c (1) 1 1 1 3
2x 2y 2z 2 x x y y z z
y x z x z y
( ) ( ) ( ) 6 l Bt ng?
x y x z y z
V d 3: (i bin s)
1 1 1
Cho a, b, c > 0 v a + b + c <1. Chng minh rng : 2 2 9 (1)
a 2bc b 2ac c 2ab 2

Gii: t x = a 2 2bc ; y = b 2 2ac ; z = c 2 2ab

Ta c x y z a b c 1
2

1 1 1
(1) 9 Vi x + y + z < 1 v x ,y,z > 0
x y z
Theo bt ng thc Csi ta c:

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1 1 1 1 1 1 1
x y z 3. 3 xyz v 3. . 3 x y z . 9
x y z xyz x y z
6) phng php lm tri :
Chng minh BT sau :
1 1 1 1
a) ...
1.3 3.5 (2n 1).(2n 1) 2
1 1 1
b) 1 ... 2
1.2 1.2.3 1.2.3.....n
Gii :
1 1 2k 1 (2k 1) 1 1 1
a) Ta c : .
2n 1 . 2n 1 2 (2k 1).(2k 1) 2 2k 1 2k 1
Cho n chy t 1 n k .Sau cng li ta c
1 1 1 1 2 1
... . 1 (pcm)
1.3 3.5 (2n 1).(2n 1) 2 2n 1 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
b) Ta c : 1 ... 1 .....
1.2 1.2.3 1.2.3.....n 1.2 1.2.3 n 1 .n
< 1 1 ....
1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 (pcm)
2 2 3 n 1 n n
Bi tp v nh:
1) Chng minh rng: x 2 + y 2 + z 2 +3 2 (x + y + z)
HD: Ta xt hiu: x 2 + y 2 + z 2 +3 2( x+ y +z ) = x 2 - 2x + 1 + y 2 -2y +1 + z 2 -2z +1
a b c
2) Cho a ,b,c l s o ba cnh tam gic. Chng minh rng : 1 2
bc ca ab
a aa 2a a a
(HD: v )
bc abc abc bc abc
1 1 1 1 1
3) 1 < ... ... <2
n+1 n+2 2n + 1 3n 3n + 1
p dng phng php lm tri
bc ac ab
4) Cho a, b, c > 0. Chng minh rng a+b+c
a b c
= c 2c;
bc ac b a ac ab bc ab
HD: ?; ?
a b a b b c a c

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