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 wfma oelau
m%;sm;a;s ud,dj
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hg;a;hla njg m;a lr .;a %;dkH wrdcHjdka isks' ishjia
tlyudrlg wdikak Tjqkaf.a hg;a; iQrdlEu ;=< tys w;=re
M,hla f,i ,xldj ;=< Okjdoh ia:dms; jQ w;r tu Okjdoh
Wm;skau fn,ySk" miq.d" wx. l, Okm;s l%uhla h'

Y%S ,xldj %;dkH hg;a; md,kfhka 2014 fmnrjd

04 odg jir 66la msf' hg;a; md,kfhka ko f.jqKq jir
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YS% ,xldj kj ,snr,a Okjdofha f.drla njgo m;aj ;sf' tys
m%;sM,h we;af;a" ,xldj f jkg oejeka; iudc" wdl"
foaYmd,k yd ixialD;sl msySulg ,laj ;suh' ta ;=< ish
ck fldgia mSvdjg yd fokdjg ,laj wfmalaIdNx.;ajhg m;aj
is'

f.jqKq jir 66l ld,h ;=< rg ixjOkh lrk njg"

ck;djf.a m%Yak i|d ziqn wkd.;hlaZ ksudKh lrk njg
O fmdfrdka udrefjka udrejg n,hg meKs OfkaYajr
md,l lKavdh rg;a ck;dj;a /f.k;a ;sfnkafka Yd,
w.dOhla fj;h'

,xldf wdlh f jkg uqukskau mdfya r|d mj;skafka"

foaY yd foaYSh Kh u; yd n u;h' 2013 fkdjen jk g
,xldf fkdmshjQ rdcH Kh m%udKh re( ,shk 6490la h' tys
m%;sM,h ;sfnkafka" iEu jirlu re( ,shk 1000lg je
uqo,la fyj;a ,xldf jirl rdcH wdodhug iudk uqo,la Kh
i|yd jdl yd fmd,S f,i f.ug rgg isj ;suh' ksIamdok
wdlhla fkdue;s ;;ajhla ;=< fmd,S yd jdl f.ug kej;
Kh .ekSugu isj ;sfuka ,xldj Kh W.=,l isr we;' f
;;ajh ;=< wdKavqf kdia;sldr hoj, nr fukau Kh f.f
nro meg we;af;a" wudrefjka j;ajk ck;dj u;h' wfkla
w;g ,xldf wdodh fnhdf Iu;djh fkka ku jeu
u.skao fmd ck;dj mSvdjg m;aj is;s' ,xldf ck.ykfhka
fmdfydi;au mjq,a 20] ,xldf cd;sl wdodhfuka 54]la w;am;a
lr .ksoa ck.ykfhka mam;au mjq,a 20] cd;sl wdodhfuka
w;am;a lr .kafka 04] la ;r iq m%udKhls' fuh lsisfia;au
idOdrK fkdf'

wdKavqj ;ju;a ;u wdl m%;sm;a;sh f,i f;dardf.k we;af;a"

ksIamdokh fkdj wdishdf ueo mx;sh b,lal lr.;a ixpdrl
jHdmdrh u; mokjQ wdlhls' leisfkda iQj" iqrdj" .Ksld
jD;a;sh iys; rdpdr wdlhls' mjq,ajdoh jgd f.dvke.=Kq
wdlhls' ta iu. wdKavqf kdia;sh" IKh" fydrlu" uQ,H
jxpd yd rdcH wdh;kj, mdvqjo rg wdl jYfhka m;afldg
we;af;a" oejeka; kdYhlgh' ta ;=< foaYSh jHdmdlhdo" l=vd yd
uOHu mudK ksIamdolhdo" f.dhdo" llrejdo fmd ckhdo
mSvdjg m;aj is;s'
vi
 ta w;r wdl wnqofha yd fuu ksoyia fj<|fmd< wdl
m%;sm;a;sfhau ;ldkql+, m%;sM,h f,i rg ;=< f.fhka
me;sfrka mj;sk wmrdO" u;al=vq" u;ameka yd iudc frda
l%shd fya;=fjka iy tajd fndfyduhlg rdcH n,h fydnjk wh
inkaO u fya;=fjka iudch Yd, msySulg ,laj" fmd
ck;dj tys f.dre njg m;aj is;s' kS;sh" iudc im%odhka
yd wdpdrOu fkdi,lk foaYmd,k n,h ksid kS;sh /lsh hq;=
OfkaYajr wdh;k jk fmd,Sish" wlrKh yd w,a,ia fldiu
we;= rdcH wdh;k ish,a,o msyS ;sf' iudc idOdrK;ajh"
m%cd;ka;%jdoh" hymd,kh yd j.u wre;a rys; jpk muKla
njg m;aj ;sf'

wfkla w;g ,xldf cd;sl iu.sh f.dvke.Sug j;auka

md,kh wiu;a u ksid;a" ck;djf.a whs;Ska ia:dms; lsug yd
udkj ysl /lSug wiu;a u ksid;a wrdcHjd Wmdhud.h
mrdch lrkq fjkqjg n,h fjkqfjka thg hg;a u ksid;a
cd;sl yd wd.l rilNdjhka jefjka mj;sk w;r foaY
uey;aj, wk;=ro u;=j ;sf'

f ish,a, tlafldg .;ag fmfkkafka wdl jYfhka

nxfldf,d;a jQ" iudh jYfhka msyqKq" kS;sh j,ajeKq" mjq,a
n,h rcjqKq" hqla;sh idOdrKh fkdmj;sk" m%cd;ka;%jdoh h
hka mj;sk" cd;sl yd wd.l wiu.sh jOkh jk rgla njg
,xldj m;aj we;s njh'

fuu ;;ajh ksid mSvdjg m;a fmd ck;dj ;=<skao" O ck

lKavdh fj;skao" m%cd;ka;%jdoh" hymd,kh w.hk m%.;sYS,S
yd foaYfm%a n,f. ;=<skao rf fjkila ms<sn| jqjukdj
u;=fjka ;sf' wnqohg m;a ,dxflah iudch fjkila b,a,d
y~k.ka ;sf'

vii
 iudc" wdl" foaYmd,k yd ixialD;sl jYfhka wnqohg
m;aj we;s ,dxflah iudchg wjeis fjki l=ulao@ th yq
mqoa., fjkila fkdf' th yq md,kfha ir, fjkilao fkdf'
ta fjkqjg mj;sk iudc" wdl" foaYmd,k foayfha .eUqre yd
mq,a fjkila wjYH f'

j;udkfha ,xldj uqyqK we;s fuu wnqohg we;af;a" tl

ienE iula muKs' tk fuu jer iudch tys .eUqkau fjkia
lrk kj iudc mj;khls' ienE wdl ixjOkh" iudc
idOdrK;ajh" m%cd;ka;%jdoh" cd;sl iu.sh" ienE cd;sl ksoyi"
mqoa., ksoyi" yd hymd,kh f.dvke.sh yels iudchls' tk
j;udkfha wfma rgg .e,fmk" kk iudcjd m%;sm;a;s u;
mok jQ" ck;djd md,khla iys; kj iudchls' tjka iudchla
f.dvke.sh yelafla fndre fmdfrdkaj,ska fkdj meye,s yd iar
m%;sm;a;s ud,djla ls%hd;aul lsfuks' kk iudcjd md,khla
i|ydjQ oelaula yd m%;sm;a;s wkqj rg f.dvke.Su i|yd" m%Odk
lreKq myla Tiafia ilia l< wfma oelau ck;d uqla;s fmruqfKa
m%;sm;a;s ud,dj fufia bm;a lruq'

viii
ck;djd
md,khla
 wm rgg wejeis l=uk j.fha md,khlao@

m%cd;ka;%jdofha kdufhka oYl Nd.hlg jrla uqo,a yd

n,h fhdodf.k ck;d u;h lD;s lr Pkao ,nd .kakd
lKavdhula n,hg m;a lrf.k" ck;dj fma%CIlhka lr
B< ue;sjrKh f;la ztu lKavdhugZ rg k;= lrk
md,khlao@

tu md,kh rf jHjia:dodhlfha kS;s mekf

isg mdi,g orejl= we;= lsu olajd jQ iEu iudc
wdh;khlgu" ls%hdj,shlgu foaYmd,k{hd uey;a jk"
ta ksidu ish wdh;k yd l<ukdlrK moaO;Ska | jegqKq"
foaYmd,k{hd muKla tlu wdh;kh yd ls%hdldFjh jQ
md,khlao@

tu md,kh rf wdlh yd iudch Okh" n,h

fyda fjk;a idOlhka u; f.dvke=Kq" jrm%ido ,;a l=vd
lKavdh iska fufyhjk" tu lKavdh iska muKla
wdl yd iudc m%;s,dN" jrm%ido N=la;s k" idudkH
ck;dj yd jrm%ido fkd,;a ck lKavdh mSvdjg m;alrkq
,nk md,khlao@

tu md,kh iudc ;fha tlu oYlh yd

oYkh ,dNh" uqo,a yd jeu NdKav yd fiajd m%udKhla
N=la;s u u; mokj uqo,a fiug iudch Wis.kajk
wmfNdackjdofhka ck;dj uxuq<d lrk md,khlao@

tu md,kh isxy," fou<" uqia,s" n." uef,a

hk ish ck fldgia kug muKla ,dxlsl hehs
yekafjk" cd;sl yd wd.l ck fldgia je jefhka

2
tlsfkldf.ka fjka lrk" l,aa,s .efyk cd;sl yd wd.l
jYfhka ;Sj% f,i fnKq iudchlao@

wm rg miq.sh 66 jir ;=< f.dvkk ,o iEu md,khla

;=<u tajdfha we;s jKh yd yevh jeks ir, fjkial
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h' tu md,khka ;=< f.dvke=Kq wdl" iudc foayh
jHdc yd kreu tlla h' tneka ck;d uqla;s fmruqfKa
wm rgg wejeis ck;djd md,khla f,i olskafka" wm rg
wkd.;hg f.k hd yels" ksil= iska ksil= iQrd fkdlk"
cd;shla iska ;j;a cd;shla mSvdjg m;a fkdlrk" wdl
iuDoafhka hq;a Wiia ksia iudchla" tk kk iudcjd
iudchla f.dvkeSu b,lal lr .kska" ta i|yd mQj
moku ilia lrk ck;djd md,khls'

iudkd;au;djh" m%cd;ka;%jdoh" idOdrK;ajh"

mqoa., ksoyi yd wdrCIdj iy iyjkh hk l=Kq my
u; ck;djd md,kh f.dvkexf' tk" by< isg my<g
flfrk Odkfha md,khla fjkqjg kS;sfha yd idm%odfha
md,khlao" foaYmd,kh tlu wdh;kh jQ l%uh fjkqjg
Yla;su;a iajdk wdh;k moaO;shlao" jrm%ido,dNSkaf.a
md,khla fjkqjg ienE nyq;rfha md,khlao" mfNdackjd
iudchla fjkqjg mqrjeis iudchlao" cd;slFjhka
tlsfkldf.ka ria lrk md,khla fjkqjg cd;sl iu.sh
yd iyjkh u; mok jQ md,khlao f.dvkeSuhs' ta
i|yd jQ rdcH jHqyhla ieliSuhs'

3
 01' rdcH jHQyh

YS% ,dxflah isxy," fou<" uqia,s" n." uef,a we;= ish

fmd ck;djf.a ksoyi" iudkd;au;djh yd ifydaor;ajh
iq/flk wdldrfha rdcH n,hla yd rdcH ls%hdld;ajhla
ia : dms ; flf' ta wkq j mj;s k rdcH n,h yd rdcH
ls%hdld;ajh ;SrKd;aul f,i fjkia lsu Wfoid my;
i|yka ls%hdud. .kakjd we;'

rdcH n,h

mj;sk wdKavql%u jHjia:dj fjkqjg ck;dj bm;a lrk

fhdackd yd woyia ie,ls,a,g f.k flgqm;a flfrk kj
wdKavl
q u
% jHjia:djla cku; pdrKhla u.ska iu; flf'
tu wdKavql%u jHjia:dj u.ska

ck;d mrudm;Hh wdrCId flf'

Odhl ckdm;s l%uh wfydais flf'

md,sfka;= wdKavql%uhla ia:dms; flf'

md,sfka;=f ks,ld,h jir mylg iSud flfrk w;r

tu ks, ld,h wjika fuka miq f;uila blau hdug fmr
uy ue;sjrKh meje;af'

iajdk ue;sjrK fldiu" iajdk fmd,sia fldiu"

iajdk rdcH fiajd fldiu" iajdk ckudOH fldiu yd
iajdk wlrK fiajd fldiu ia:dms; flfrk w;r tu
fldIka iNd wdKavql%u jHjia:dj u.ska ;yjqre flf'

4
 mCIh udre lrk md,sfka;= uka;S%jrekaf.a uka;S%OQr
wfydais flf'

weu;s uKav,h 25lg iSud flf'

;%ia;jdoh je<ela mk; we;= uok wK mk;a

wfydais flf'

m<d;a iNd fjkqjg ck;d iNd msysgqu i|yd wjYH

kS;suh m%;smdok wdKavql%u jHjia:djg we;=<;a flf'

rdcH ls%hdld;ajh

cd;sl m%;sm;a;s yd ie,iq ilia lsu i|yd cd;sl

m%;sm;a;s yd ie,iq iNdjla msysgqjkq ,nk w;r thg
foa Y md,k{hka f .ka o Ihhka yd jD;a ; S k a ms < s n |
fYaI{hkaf.kao Wmfoia ,nd .ekSug lghq;= flf'

rdcH wdh;k we; uyck;djg fiajd imhk wdh;kj,ska

ck;d fiajh ksjerj bgq fkdjk wjia:dj, ta ms<sn|j
jyd mCId lr" mqrjeishkaf.a whs;sh wdrCId jk fia
idOdrKh bgq lsug fYaI mlaIK wdh;khla ia:dms;
flf'

02' uQ,sl whs;Ska

2'1 ish mqrjeishkag oekg mj;sk uQ,sl whs;sjdislo

we;=<;aj fi!LHh" wOHdmkh" /lshd yd ksjdi ,nd .ekSu
uQ,sl whs;Ska f,i ms<s.kakd w;r rch iska ta uQ,sl whs;sh
W,a,x>kh lrk wjia:dj, rchg tfrysj wlrKh
bhg hdug mqrjeishkag we;s whs;sh ;yjqre flf'

5
 03' cd;sl wdrCIdj

YS% ,dxflah N+h" YS% ,xldjg whs;s uqyq iSudj yd .=jk

wdrCId flf'

;%sO yuqod yd fmd,Sish foaYmd,k n,mEfuka ksoyia

flf'

;s%O yuqodj, yd fmd,Sisfha fiajh lrk ish fokd ;=<

mj;sk mSvdld ;;ajh yd wm%ikak jgmsgdj wfydais lsu
i|yd jydu mshjr .kq ,ef'

04' cd;sl iu.sh

ish ck fldgiaj,g m%cd;ka;%jdoh yd iudk;d moku

u; whs;Ska ;yjqre lsu wruqKq fldg imdokh lrk ,o
cd;sl .egj iu i|yd m%fYh u.ska bm;a l<
jevms<sfj< ls%hd;aul flf'

05' foaY m%;sm;a;sh

YS% ,xldf iaffjNdjh wdrCId lrk" wrdcH frda

hg;a; frda fukau iduld iyjkh yd wfkHdkH
iyfhda.h u; mokjQ kj foaY m%;m
s ;a;h
s la imdokh
lrkq ,ef'

foaY fiajh wdh;k.; fjkialj,g Ndckh flfrk

w;r wldhCIu;djh" foaYmd,k m;a" kdia;hs j<lajd"
foaY fiajfha jeo.;anj yd j.lSu wdrCId flfrk
mokul msysgd foaY lghq;= m%;sixOdkh flf'
6
 Wiia
udkj im;la
 wm rf ixjOk Wmdhud.fha flak
a h lr.; hq;f
a ;a
udkj im;a ixjOkhhs'

1948 isg oYl 07lg lsgq ld,hla mqrd rg jer yd

wrdl wdl Wmdhud.hl .uka lru ksid f,dal yd
l,dmhSh wdlhka ;=< ta ta fudfydf;a w;am;alr.; hq;j =
;snQ ldl yd lDIsldl ksIm a dokfha ch.%dyS wjia:d wys
we;'

wkd.; f,dalh ;=< Wiia ugf Ys,amSh mokula u;

NdKav yd fiajd ksIamdokh ixOdkh flfrk ;;ajhla ;=<
Y%S ,xldjgo f.da,h
S fj<|fmd<g fukau foaYh
S fj<|fmd<g
NdKav yd fiajd ksIamdokfha by< ugf ;dCIKfka yd
jD;a;Shfka Yd, jYfhka wjYH jkafkah'

rf wdl ixjOkfha m%%Odk Wmdh ud.h Wiia

udkj im;la rg ;=< f.dvke.Su jQ g rgg wod<j
fhdod.kq ,nk wOHdmkh" oHd;aul mfhaIK yd jD;a;Sh
mqyqKqj" lS%vdj" fi!LHh wd fCIa;% mq,a yd klrK
mokulska fmr<sldr fjkialj,g ,lah hq;=h' ta i|yd"

01' wOHdmkh

wOHdmkh uq q uks k a u rcfha j.lS u la lrkq ,ef'

wOHdmkfha iu whs;sh uQ,sl udkj whs;sjdislula f,i
jHjia:dfjka iy;sl flf' iEu mqoa.,fhl=gu wLKav
wOHdmkhla" mqyqKqjla" Wiia wOHdmkhla ,ndu rch
u.ska ;yjqre flf'

8
 fmr mdief,a isg YajoHd, wOHdmkh olajd ishu
wOHdmk wjia:d fkdf,a ,ndu jHjia:dfjka iy;sl
flf'

m<d;a iNd mdie,a" cd;sl mdi,a" ims mdi,a" kfjdaoHd

mdi,a wd O fn wfydais flfrk w;r mdie,a"
Wiia wOHdmk wdh;k" jD;a;Sh wOHdmkh hk ish,a,
fufyhu rcfha j.lSula njg m;a flf' ta ta fCIa;%j,
Ih m%Khkaf.ka ie ,;a zrdcH wOHdmk fldIka
iNdjlaZ u.ska wOHdmkh fufyhjkq ,ef'

wOHdmkh i|yd o< foaYSh ksIamd;fhka wju jYfhka

6]la fjkalrkq ,ef'

fmrmdie,a wOHdmkh m<d;a md,k wdh;kj, Ihhla

njg m;a flf' tys Ih ilia lsu mqyqKq WmdOd
.=rejreka ,ndu" wCIKh zrdcH wOHdmk fldIka
iNdjZ u.ska is flf'

jhi wjqre 05 isg 12 olajd wksjdh m%d:l wOHdmkh"

jhi wjqre 13 isg 16 olajd wksjdh oa;ShSl wOHdmkh
f,i ls%hd;aul flf'

hqKq udkj im;la yslsu wruqKq lr.;a YajoHd,"

Wiia oHd, ^University Colleges& iy jD;a;Sh oHd,
moaO;shla ixjOkh lsu cd;sl m%uqL;djhla njg
m;alrkq ,ef'

mj;sk lvb Nd. l%uh wfydais lr orejkaf.a yelshdjka

wkqj wkd.; jD;a;Ska f;dard .ekSug yelsjk kj Nd.
l%uhla we;s flf'

9
 mYapd;a Wmd ,ndu i|yd oekg mj;sk wl%uj;a l%u
ish,a, uOH.; fldg cd;sl mYapd;a Wmd wdh;khla
msysgqjkq ,ef'

02' fi!LHh

fi!LHh uQ,sl udkj whs;shla f,i ms<s.efka'

udkisl" ldhsl iy iudchSh iqj;djfhka hqla;j j;au

iEu mqrjeisfhl=f.au whs;shla f,i ms<s.efka'

YS% ,dxflah ck;dj f,dalfha jvd;au fi!LH imkak

ck;djla njg m;a l s f wruq K s k a rdcH m% ; s m ;a ; s
hdka;%Kh ilia flf'

frda. ksjdrKh" m%;sldrh yd mqkre;a:dmkh we;=

fi!LHh fiajdf ish wxY m%udKd;aul jYfhka yd
.=Kd;aul jYfhka ixjOkh flf'

rcfhka mj;ajdf.k hk fi!LH fiajdf fiajh ,nd

.ekSf h mqrjeisfhl=f.a wdl" iudcuh Ialr;d
ndOdjla fkdjkq msKsi wef,dam;s" fydafhdam;s" wdhqfo"
foaYSh ffjoH l% u ta l dnoa O jQ rdcH fi!LH fia j dj
m%udKj;a m m%idrKh flf'^Universal Access to helth
care&

ud;D" <ud iy ksjdrK fi!LH fiajdjkag uQ,sl;ajh

,ndfok w;r iEu mjq,a tallhlau w;HjYH fi!LH
wOHdmkfhka ikakoaO flf'

10
 uef,ahd" nrjd" c,NS;sldj" fmdaIK W!K;d uqukska
;=rka lsug;a CIh frda.h" WK" fvx.=" jl=.vq frda.
jix.;h iy hjehdj" ms<sld jeks fnda fkdjk frda.
wju lsu i|yd jQ m%;sm;a;suh ;SrK iy ls%hdud.
.ekSug lghq;= flf'

m%;sh iy;sl l< w;HdjYH T!IO yd WmlrK yshlska

f;drj fi!LH fiajdjg ,nd u;a inqo
a lj Nd;d lsu;a
iy;sl jkq msKsi cd;sl T!IO m%;sm;a;shla lkka
ls%hd;aul flf'

fi!LH ldh uKav,fha jD;a;h

S ;Dma;h
s iy ldhCIu;djh
by< kexu msKsi oekqu" l=i,;d hdj;ald,Sk lsug;a
Tjqka uqyK
q fok idOdrK Ialr;dj,g i ,nd ug;a
lghq;= flf'

ck;djf.a fi!LHh jHdmdl wjYH;d fjkqfjka iQrdlEug

bv fkdfok w;r iajleue;af;ka fm!oa.,sl fi!LH
fiajdjg fhduqjk mqoa.,hskaf.a whs;shg .re lsula f,i
tu wxYh mj;ajdf.k hEug bv ,enqKo tajdhska ,nd
fok fiajdf .=Kd;aul nj ms<sn|j rchg iy;sl h
yels wdldrfha wCIK hdka;%Khla ia:dms; flf'

03' lS%vd

kSfrda.S" kh.rel yd iudcYS,S ukd fm!reIhlska hq;a

mqrjeishka ys lsf,d yd cd;sl ixyshdj f.dv
ke.Sf,d l%Svd fCIa;%fha kj mj;khla isflf'

11
 ishu lS%vdj,g iudk;ajh ,efnk m lS%vd hqKq
lsu;a" mj;ajdf.k hdu;a rcfha j.lSula njg m;ajk
w;r lS%vd k.disgqu i|yd jQ b,lalhla iys;j lS%vd
m%;sm;a;shla yd jevms<sfj<la ilia flf'

lS%vd lafIa;%h kj mmd,k kS;s yd kh moaO;shla u;

m%;sixOdkh flf'

lS%vl lS%ldjka /l n,d .ekSu" rlaIKh lsu" Tjqkag

wjYH uQ,H yd fN!;sl myiql ,nduo" jD;a;Sh lS%vl
lS
% ldjkag jegqma yd fjk;a ukdo" ksjdi myiqlo" lSv
% d
WmlrKo iemfhk w;r lS%vdfjka Y%du .ekSfuka miq
Tjqkg Y%du jegqmla ,ndugo lghq;= flf'

.%dh m%foaYj,g wjYH lSv

% d myiql yd lSv
% d WmfoaYlhka
,ndu yd mdie,a ugf isg oCI lS%vl lS%ldjkaf.a
yelshdjka ykdf.k Tjqka cd;sl yd cd;Hka;r ugug
f.dvke.Sug lghq;= flf'

04' oHd yd ;dlaIK

f;dr;=re ;dCIKh yd wka; cd,h ms<sn| wjfndaOh

,nd.ekSu yd tajd Nd;h mqrjeishdf.a whs;shla f,i
ms<s.kq ,ef'

ish mqrjeishkag fkdf,a wka;cd, myiql imhkq

,ef'

oHd yd ;dlaIK lafIa;%h ms<sn| mfhaIK lghq;= i|yd

rdcH uey;au mq`M,a flfrk w;r ta i|yd o< cd;sl
ksIamdokfhka 1]la fhfofjk wdldrhg rdcH yd mqoa.,sl
wdh;k fufyhjkq ,ef'

12
 klrKh yd
ldlrKh jQ rgla
 kk iudcjd rdcHhl ksia ; yels ;r ir,
yd myiq tlla h hq;=h' f wkqj fmduy;a ck;djf.a
NdKav yd fiaajd mfNdackh lsf;a" ffk;sl yd mmd,k
wxYj,g inkaO lghq;=j,;a tajd ir, fukau ld,h yd
Y%uh wkjYH m kdia;s fkdflfrk m ixOdkh l<
hq;h = ' th l< yelafla f,dj mqrd O cd;Ska iska Wlydf.k
we;s hqKq yd ir, mmd,k l%ufo" l<ukdlrK l%ufo
yd wjYH yd .e,fmk m ;dCIKh fhdod .ekSu;a iEu
gu iEu fCIa;%hlau hdj;ald,Sk lsf fkdks l%shdj,shla
ia:dms; lsfuka muKs' f i|yd oHq;a wdKavqlrKh^e-
government&" oHq;a jdKscHh ^e-commerce& jeks ;dCIKh
u; mok jQ mmd,k yd l<ukdlrK l%uj,g rg fhduq
lsuo" mmd,k n,h yels;r uOH.; lsu ;=<skao"
hdjj oHd ;dCIK wOHdmkh m%p,s; lsuo we;=<;a f'
fuu klrK ls%hdj,sh iudc ;fha iEu wxYhlgu
m% f hda c kj;a j f.khd yela f la " rg mq ,a ldlrK
ls%hdj,shla yryd ksIamdok ls%hdj,sh;a" ksIamdok ls%hdj,shg
mq,a jk jD;a;slhka yd idudkH Y%lhka ish fokdf.au
ugu by< oeu;a u.sks'

kk iudcjd wdlhl moku ilia l< yelafla"

rf ksIamdok ls%hdj,sh mq,a iy ksis ldlrKhlg
,la lsfuka muKls' Y%u n<ldfhka 50]lg;a jvd hemq
lDIsludka;fha kshq;=" jr m%cdjf.ka w;s nyq;rhla
m%d:l ugf jr ludka;fha ksh;q = rgl lDIsludka;h"
jr ludka;h yd wfkl=;a ludka; mq,a ldlrKhlg
,lal< hq;=h' kk iudcjd m%;sm;a;s u; msysgd islrk
ldlrK m%;sm;a;shl th iqiq ;dCIKh ^Appropriate
Technology& iy ;sridr ixjOkh u; mok jQ m%;ms ;a;s u;

14
mok ldllrK jevms<sfj< ie,iq l< hq;=h' tu.ska
foaYSh yd foaYSh ;dCIKsl oekqu rf ;;ajhkag fydkau
.,md .ekSug;a" mdil yd iudchSh idOl fkdi,ld
islrk ldlrKfhka wkd.;fha we;sjk Yd, mdil"
iudchSh yd wdl ydks wju lr.ekSf yelshdj;a wm rf
;;ajhkag fydkau .e,fmk ldlrK uqyqKqjr f.dvk.d
.; yelsu;a fuhska ,efnk m%Odk m%;s,dNhls'

ldlrKh u.ska ksIamdok Od;dj" ldhCIu;djh

yd .=Kd;aul nj by< kexu" ksIamdokj,g w.h tl;=
lsu yd Odx.SlrKh l< yelsu ,efnk iDcq m%;, s dNhls'
tfukau foaYSh ludka;j,g wod, fhojq yd WmlrK
ksIamdokh lsu ;=<ska Yd, foaY ksuh m%udKhla b;s
uo" oHd;aul mfhaIK yd w;ayodne,S fCIa;% hqKq uo"
rf iajNdl yd udkj im;aj,ska Wiia m%fhdackhla .ekSuo
isf' tfukau rf h;, myiql ixjOk ls%hdj,shgo
moku yd oYlh ilia flfrkafkao fuu ldlrK
jevms<fs j< u;h' rgla ldlrKh ;=<k s a iudchSh jYfhka
,efnk b;d m%n, jdishla jkafka" rg ;=< ldl yd oHd
{dkh m%p,s; u;a" ;dCIKsl jYfhka mqyqKq Y%lhka
yd jD;a;slhka Yd, msila ysu;a" ck;djf.a wdodh
ugu jOkh;a iuia;hla jYfhka uquy;a ck iudcfhau
jk ugf isjk jOkhhs' tu ksid fuu ldlrK
jevms<sfj<g wkqj rf lDIsludka;h" ludka;" fj<|du"
h;, myiql ixjOkh yd udkj im;a ixjOkh hk
fCIa;% uqukskau m%;sixOdkh lrkq we;'

15
 01' wdl fCIa;%h

rg ;=< ls%hd;aul flfrk wid:l fld,a,ld jD;

fj<|fmd< wdl m%;sm;a;sh fjkqjg kk iudcjd
m%;m
s ;a;s u; msyg
s d NdKav yd fiajd ksIm
a dokhg m%uL
q ;djh
fok ksIma dok wdlhla f.dvk.kq ,ef' ta i|yd ck;d
iyNd.s;ajh ,nd.kakd w;r wdlfha m%;s,dN ck;dj
w;r idOdrK f,i fnhdf hdka;%Khla ilikq ,ef'

udkj imf;a Wiia ixjOkh wdlfha m% O dk

Wmdhud.h njg m;aflf'

ksIamdok wdlh f.dvke.Sf rdcH wxYh fukau

fm!oa.,sl wxYho iyNd.s flf'

ksIamdok wdlh f.dvke.Sf ldhhg iyNd.s jk

fm!oa.,sl wxYhg" m<uq jir 05 ;=< n ksoyila yd
wod, fjk;a myiql iy;sl flf'

iq yd uOH mudK ksIamdolhka .ekaug fYaI

wjOdkh fhduq flf'

rg ;= < /ls h d wjia : d mq ,a j k m yd /ls h dj,

jD;a;Shuh ksmqK;ajh by< kxjd,k m wdlh
fufyhjkq ,ef'

16
02' ludka;

wdl jYfhka iuDoa u;a rgla f.dvke.S u i|yd

lDIsludka;h yd jr ludka;h mq,a ldlrKhlg
,laflf'

lDIs l udka ; h yd jr ludka ; h ldlrKh

b,lallr.;a fhojq wdmkak ksIm
a dokfhys,d ludka;
moaO;shla ysflf'

ldlrKfha m<uq whr f,i foaYSh wjYH;d imqrd,k

NdKav yd fiajd ksIamdokh i|yd ludka; wdrN
flf'

rg ;=< yd YS% ,xld uqyq iSudj ;=< we;s iajdNdl im;a

ms<sn|j mQK iCIKhla is flfrk w;r wuqjH
wmkhkh fjkqjg ks NdKav wmkhkhg m%uL q ;djh fokq
,ef'

kj ;dCIKh" l<ukdlrKh yd m%d.aOkh rf ldlrK

jevms<sfj<g fhdod.ekSu fjkqfjka foaY rdcH" wdh;k
yd iud. iu taldnoaO ug lghq;= flf'

ludka; mmd,kfha ks,Odjdoh wfydais lsu;a ish

ldh uKav,j, iyNd.s;ajh;a wruqKq lr.kska Tjqka
ludka; mmd,khg yjq,alr .ekSug;a lghq;= flf'

rg ldlrKh i|yd w;HdjYH jk ridhk jH

ksIamdokh i|yd ridhksl ludka; we;sflf'

17
 m%;p
s lSl
% rKh fYaI yd w;HdjYH lghq;;
a la f,i i,lkq
,nk w;r" fhdod.;yels iEu lafIa;h
% lu m%;ps l%l
S rKh
islsug ;dlaIKsl l%u fhdod .efka'

03' lDIs ludka;h

lDIsludka;h wdlfha m%uqL fCaI;%hla f,i i,ld rg

;=< wdydr iqrlaIs;;dj we;s lsu yd wmkhk fj<|fmd<
b,lal lr.;a ldlrKhla lDIsludka;h ;=< we;s
lrkq ,ef'

cj, whs;sh f.dck;djg ;yjqre lsu b,lalfldg

.;a c mfhaIK wdh;k" c f.dm<j,a k.d isgqu
yd c ksIamdok f.d ck;d cd,hla f.dvk.kq ,ef'

lDIs fhojqj, .=Kd;aulNdjh ;yjqre lsu yd ,

md,kh ioyd rdcH hdka;%Khla ilia lrkq ,ef'

ldnksl fmdfydr yd ksidg ys;lr ffcj ;dlaIKfha

fhdod.ekS m%jOkh lrkq ,ef'

lDIs ks I a m dokj, , Wpdjpkh md,kh ls u

wruqKqlr.;a cd;sl j.d ie,eiaula ilia fldg ls%hdjg
k.kq ,ef'

, .ekSu i|yd rdcH odhl;ajh by< ouk w;r

, ;SrKh lsf iQ;%hla y`kajdu" jdIslj ia:djr
, m%ldY lsu yd , i|yd kS;suh wdjrKhla ia:dms;
flf'
18
 miq wiajkq kdia;sh wju lsu wruqKq lr.kska wiajkq
fk,Su" weiqrelrKh" m%jdykh" .nvdlrKh" oHd;aul
mfhaIK" ls%hdud. yd myiql ilia flf'

lDIs ;dCIKh yd hqKq l<uKdlrKh f.d ck;dj

fj; f.khdu i|yd;a" M,odhS;djh jelsu i|yd;a
bjy,ajk f.dfmd< moaO;shla we;s flf'

f.d ck;djg Wiia ixialD;sl ;hla Wreu lru

yd Y%dl f.d ck ;h iq/lSu rcfha m%uqL;u
ldhNdrhla njg m;a lrkq ,ef'

mY= im;a

mY= im;a ksIamdokhg odhl jk ishu mudKfha

jHjidhlhskaf.a ksIamdok msjeh wju jkq msKsi fukau
Tjqkj
a .ekau Wfoid ls" ;a;r yd uia ksIm
a dokfhys
O wj yd ne`Kq wNsfhda. b,lallr.;a jHdmD;s
cd,hla tlS jHjidhlhska Wfoid ie,iq lr l%shd;aul
lrug rcfha wdh;k fufyh jkq ,ef'

ls" ;a;r yd uia ksIamdok fjf<|fmd< f,ka jeu

m%;sY;hl yslu ksIamdolhkag ,nd.ekSug yelsjk
m fukau ;u ludka; yd ksIamdok ms<sn| cd;sl
m%;sm;a;Skago n,mE yels i;aj ksIamdolhka we;=<;a
f.d wldhla msysgqu i|yd rdcH wdh;k fufyhjkq
,ef'

19
 ksIamdokhkays .=Kd;aulNdjh we;=j iuia; mY= im;a
ksIamdokh iudchg ys;lrjk fia mj;ajdf.k hEug
yelsjk m fufyhug mY= uyck fi!LH wldhla
msysgjkq ,ef'

bv

bv mfNdackh ms<sn| lk oHd;aul .fIKhla

is flf'

ckdjdi" lDIsldl fmd bls" ludka;" mdil

moaO;s" fjk;a fmd mdil jqjukdjka jdud. yd
c,dY hkdh ms<sn|j .= ld,Sk ie,eiaula iys; mq`M,a
bv m%;sixialrK jevms<sfj<la ls%hd;aul flf'

mxhg bvula fkdue;s iEu mqrjeisfhl=gu bvula

,ndug lghq;= flf'

foaYslhkag yd foia iud.j,g bv lsKSu jydu

k;r flf'

c,h

c, im; lsKu S i|yd jQ lsh

% dj,sh yd ta ioyd jQ wdh;k
wfydais lf' c,dY" ixpdrl jHdmdr fjkqfjka n u
kj;d,kq ,ef'

c,dY lDIsludka;h yd ksia mfNdackh uQ,sl b,lal

njg m;afldg oHd;aul c, l<ukdlrKhla l%shdjg
k.kq ,ef'

20
 c, fmdaIl m%foaY ixrlaIKh lsu;a yd kdY fldg we;s
c, fmdaIl m%foaY h:dj;a lsu;a islrkq ,ef'

uyd jd ud. jHdmdr" iq yd uOHu mudK je moaO;s

m%;sixialrKh i`oyd lk ls%hdud. .kq ,ef'

04' jr yd c,c ludka;

jr m%cdj iudchSh" ixialD;sl yd wOHdmksl f,i

k.disgqug lk mshjr .kq ,ef'

YS% ,xldjg wh;a uqyq iSudf we;s c,c im;a

ms<sn|j u;a iCIKhla isflf'

u;aiH iy c,c me,E wdYs%; wdydr ksIamdokh i|yd

ludka; Yd,d wdrN flf'

uqyqfoa isjk iajdNdl m;a l,a;shd oekqj;a lsu

i|yd jrdh" kex.=r f;dgqfmd< yd f;dgqfmd< ugf
l%uj;a jevms<fs j<la ilia lsu iy jr hd;%dj,g hqKq
;dCIKsl fuj, ,ndug lghq;= flf'

foia jr hd;%d u.ska isjk jr wdl%uKh imQKfhka

je<elaug lghq;= flfrk w;r furg jrhkag wjYH
wdrCIdj ie,iSug lghq;= flf'

h jr ludka;h k.disgqug wjYH Wmldrl

fiajdjka k.disgqug lghq;= flf'

21
 05' je,s ludka;h

f;a" rn" fmd,a ksIamdokh yd tajd wdY%s;j ludka;

kj ;dlaIKh yd hqKq l<ukdlrKh fhdod.kska
klrKhg yd ldlrKhg ,la flf'

f;a ksIamdokh" rn yd fmd,a wdY%s; ksIamdok by<

.=Kd;aulNdjhlska hqla;j isflfrk w;r tajd i|yd
foaY fjf<|fmd< mq,aa lr .ekSug fjf<| ;dkdm;s
fiajdj Yla;su;a flf'

fm!oa . ,S l rKfhka miq j ;jrg;a M,odhS ; djh yd

ksIm
a dokh jOkh fkdue;s uyd mudK f;a" rn" fmd,a"
j;= ms<sn| uYkhla isfldg kj l<ukdlrKhla
hg;g m;a flf'

j;= fCIa;%fha /lshdj, kshq;= ck;djf.a /lshd iqrlaIs;

ls u" tu ck;djg Wiia jk ;;a j hla yd by<
ixia l D;s l ;hla Wreu lru" Y% d l ck;dj
iq/lSu rcfha m%uqL;u ldhhla njg m;a flf'

06' ixpdrl ludka;h

i x p d r l j H d m d r h m s < s n | j I h o e k q u w e ; s
nq o a u;= k a f .ka o " mq r doHd{hka f .ka o " mirf-
kaf.kao" ixpdrl ludka;h ms<sn| w;aoelS iys;
jD;a;h S fkaf.ka o iuka; ixpdrl ie,iq uKav,hla
ia:dms; flf'

22
 rf ixia l D;s l jkdl" wdpdrOu yd ia j dNdl
odhdohka wdrlaId jk m yd foaYSh foaYSh ixpdrl
m%cdj wdlIKh lrk m fjr< wdY%s;j" llrfha
jfkda o Hdk wd jYfhka jk mdil l,dm iy
mqrdoHd;aul ixpdrl l,dm fjkalr tajdg we;=<;a jk
f;dard.;a fYaI ixpdrl uOHia:dk jehqKq flfrk
w;r" tajd wdY%s; m%dfoaYSh ludka; yd yia; ludka;
jehqKq lsug;a fj<|fmd<j,a we;s lsug;a mshjr
.efka'

ixpdrl ludka ; hg wod< /ls h d by< jD;a ; S h

ksmK
q ;ajhla iys; tajd njg by< oeu i|yd mdGud,djka
iys; uOHia:dkhla wdrN flf'

07' mirh

iajdNdl im;a iy mirh cd;sl wjYH;djhkag wkqj

ixrCIKh yd l<uKdlrKh i|yd cd;sl m%;sm;a;shla
ilia flfrk w;r oekg mj;sk mirhg wod< mk;a
yd fr.=,dis iudf,dapkh fldg Yla;su;a flf'

mirh" c,h" N+h IKhg tfrysj oe kS;s ls%hd;aul

flf'

c,h wm;%lrKh j<lajd,Sug u;a rdcH hdka;%Khla

ia:dms; flfrk w;r c,h wm;%lrKh ,lalrkakkag
tfrysj kS;suh ls%hdud. .kq ,ef'

bv yd mi ixrCIKh flf'

23
 nyqcd;sl iud. yd foaYSh ;e/lrejka tla islrk
uyd mudK cdk im;a uxfld,a,h k;r lsug wjYH
ffk;sl yd mmd,k m%;sixialrK ilia flf' tfukau
oekgu;a wm rgg muKla wdfKsl cdk im;a ;u
whs;shg ys lrf.k isk cd;Hka;r iud. u.ska tajd
,nd.ekSug wjYH rdc;dka;%sl mshjr .kq ,ef'

08' foaYSh yd foaYSh fj<|du

cd;sl m%;sm;a;s yd ie,iq ilia lsf iNdj hgf;a

cd;sl jdKsc fufyhq uKav,hla m;aflf'

lk wdl ixjOkfha b,lal imqrd .ekSu wruqKq

lr.;a wmkhk wdkhk m%;sm;a;shla ilia flfrk w;r
ia:djr wdkhk n m%;sm;a;shla ls%hd;aul flf'

foaY fj<|fmdf<ka ksIma dok wdkhkh lsf iudka;r

foaYSh ksIamdok i|yd jQ fj<|fmd< wdrlaId flf'

T!IO" w;HdjYH wdydr wdh ys hls k a f;drjo"

.=Kd;aulNdjh /flk mo fnod yeugo" idOdrK
f,i fj<|dugo rch uey;a f'

09' uQ,H lafIa;%h

ksuh md,k lghq;=" fldgia fj<|fmd< yd rcfha

m%Odk uQ,H ls%hdj,s rf wdl iqrCIs;Ndjh yd uQ,H
ia:djrNdjh wdrCId jk m kshdukh lsug wjYH
ffk;sl yd mmd,k mshjr .kq ,ef'

24
 rdcH nexl= we;=`M ish uyck Wmfhda.S;d wdh;k
fm!oa.,SlrKh fkdflf'

ir, yd idOdrK kj n l%uhla ls%hd;aul flf'

YS% ,xldf wdl ie,iqj, ienE wjYH;d wkqj muKla

Kh ,nd .ekSug lghq;= flf'

YS% ,xldj ,ndf.k we;s oejeka; Kh lmdyeu iy fjk;a

iyk ,nd.ekSu i|yd idlPd wdrN flf'

10' foaY /lshd

oekg isjk wdldrhg kqmqyqKq Y%lhka foaY fiajdj

i|yd fjk;a rgj,aj,g heu l%u l%ufhka wvqlrk
w;r b,la l iy.; jevms < s f j<la u; f.dvke.= K q
jD;a;Shuh yelshdj iys; mqoa.,hka foaY /lshd i|yd
fhduq flf'

11' h;, myiql

n,Yla;sh

n,Yla;sh ms<sn|j f jkg;a YS% ,xldj foaYhka iu

t<U we;s .siq YS% ,xldf iaffjNdjh wdrCId lsu yd
cd;sl wjYH;d imqrd,Su wruqKq lr.kska iudf,dapkhg
Ndckh flfrk w;r tajd ixfYdaOkh lsug fyda wfydais
lsug lghq;= flf'

25
 n,Yla ; s h " wdl la f Ia ; % h g fuka u ck ;hg
w;sYhskau jeo.;a f,i i,ld n,Yla;s wnqoh iug
mshjr .kq ,ef'

iq<x n,h" iQh ;dmh we;= mqkckkSh n,Yla;s

moaO;shla f.dvke.Sug mshjr .kq ,ef'

m%jdykh" f.dvke.s,s bls yd fiiq fCIa;% ;=<

n,Yla;s ixrCIKh w;HdjYH wruqKla fia i,ld kS;s
imdokh flf'

f;,a yd .Eia im;a .fIKh yd leKS lghq;= i|yd

oekg mj;sk ls%hdj,s iudf,dapkh lr tajd rgg ys;lr
m ixfYdaOkh flf'

f;,a yd .Eia ksIamdok lghq;= lk flf'

m%jdykh iy uydud.

rf isl< hq;= ldlrKhg wkqrEmS jk m M,odhS

ud. moaO;shla bflf'

u.S yd NdKav m%jdykhg wdl ls%hdj,sfha b;d jeo.;a

;ekla ysjk nj ms<s.kakd w;r" th ck;dj fyn;a
fkdjk whqka fufyhug rchg we;s j.lSu bgqlsu
i|yd rdcH yd fm!oa.,sl m%jdyk fiajd k`.d isgqug
lk jevms<sfj<la h;a flf'

u.S ck;djg Wmu by< fiajhla ,ndu tys m%uqL;djh

f,i ms<s.kska u.S m%jdykh ldhlaIu f,i fufyhjk
u.S m%jdyk wldhla msysgqjkq ,ef'
26
 u.S m% j dykhg m% u q L ;djhla ,efnk m kd.l
m% f oa Y hka y s ls % h d;a u l ls u i|yd ud. kS ; s ilia
flf'

h fiajdj lk mQK m%;sixOdkhlg ,lalr th

u.S yd NdKav m%jdykh i|yd mq`M,a flf'

h yd nia fiajd wjYH;djh wkqj taldnoaO flf'

ixpdrl l,dm taldnoaO lrka nia" h" kdl yd

.=jka m%jdyk fiajd mq`M,a flf'

uyck;dj wdl lsh% dj,shg odhl lr .ekSug m%uL

q ;dj
foka kj ud. blsu" oekg mj;sk ud. w;ajehd
lsu yd m<,a lsu i|yd lk jevms<sfj<j,a h;a
flf'

u.S m%jdykh iy NdKav m%jdykh i|yd uqyo

q yd wNHka;r
c, ud. fhdod .kq ,ef'

27
idOdrK
iudchla
 iudchl hymeje;au i|yd wdl iuDoah
yd iudc idOdrKh w;HjYH wx. fol f' kk
iudcjd rdcHhl m%Odk ,CIKh jkafka" iudc
idOdrKFjh" iudk;ajh" hqla;sh bgq lsu yd ck
;fha hymeje;aug wjYH wdl iuDoah w;am;a lr
.ekSuh' wdKavqj" fm!oa.,sl iud." wdh;k yd ixOdk"
mjq, yd mqoa.,hd hk iudc ixOdk y;ru idOdrK
iudchla f.dvkexu fjkqfjka wka; inka;j
fufyhh hq;=h' fuu wruqK bgq lr .ekSug yels jk m
mq,a yd idOdrK wdKavql%u jHjia:djla imdokh" rf
udkj ysl yd uQ,sl whs;Ska" ffk;sl yd wlrK fCIa;%"
mdfNda.sl wdrCIK wdh;k" uq,H yd uyck Wmfhda.S;d
ms<sn| fCIa;% wdh iudc idOdrKFjh Wmu jYfhka
rlska my; i|yka m fmr<sldr fjkialj,g ,la l<
hq;=h'

01' wdKavqf ldhNdrh

uQ,sl ksia whs;Ska

cd;Hka;r udkj ysl ms<sn| .siq yd udkj ysl

ms<sn| m%{ma;s ms<sf.k tajdg mgyeKs fkdjk fia mqrjeis
whs ; S k a wdrCId lr ;yjq r e ls u i|yd kS ; s imdok
flf'

wdKavql%u jHjia:dj u.ska llre" f.d" ;reK" YsIH"

ldka;d" <ud" jeys yd yelshdj iS; njg m;aj we;s
mq r jeis h ka we;= is h mq r jeis h ka f .a whs ; S k a wdrCId
flf'

30
 ish mqrjeishkag f;dr;=re oek.ekSf whs;sh iy;sl
flf'

wlrKh

h,a mek.sh merKs kS;s fjkqjg kQ;k ;;ajhkag .e,fmk

m kS;s moaO;sh ilia lrkq ,ef'

wlrKfha iajdk;ajh ;yjqre lrkq ,ef'

kS;s wdOdr fomd;fka;=jla ia:dms; flf'

uQ,sl whs;Ska W,a,x>kh ls ms<sn|j rchg tfrysj

muKla fkdj fm!oa.,sl wxYhg yd fjk;a wdh;kj,g
tfrysjo wlrK ls%hdud. .ekSf whs;sh mqrjeishkag
ys flf'

wmrdO yd nkaOkd.dr

wmrdO je<elau i|yd fhduqjQ lk wOHdmk yd oekqj;a

lsf cd;sl jHdmdrhla wdrN flf'

iudc wdrCIKh wysu ksid mqoa.,hska wmrdOj,g

fm<fUk nj ms<sf.k wmrdO je<elau i|yd ,eh hq;=
whg iudc wdrCIKh iy;sl flf'

wmrdOj,g jerlrejka jk ish fokd hym;a mqrjeishka

njg m;alsu i|yd jQ mqkre;a:dmk yd wOHdmk uOHia:dk"
nkaOkd.drj,g wkqnoaOj msysgqjkq ,ef'

31
 /|hkag jD;a;Sh mqyqKqj yd Wiia wOHdmkh we;=j
jer wOHdmkh ,ndu i|yd wjYH myiql i,ikq
,ef'

ldka;d yd <ud whs;sjdisl

ldka;djka mSvdjg ,lalrk iudc wiudk;djhka" mSvdjka

fjkial lsu yd ndOdjka wfydais lrk w;r iEu fCIa;h
% lu
ldka;djkag ms yd iu whs;sjdisl iy;sl flf'

kS;sh bfha fukau im%odhhka yd iudc wdl,am

bfha ldka;djkaf.a .re;ajh yd iudk whs;Ska ;yjqre
flf'

jdy ;h ;=< ldka;djka uqyqK fok .eg iy

wiudk;djh wfydais lsu i|yd oEje l%uh ;yk flf'
orejka ,eu ms<sn| ;SrK .ekSf mQK whs;sh ldka;djka
i;= flf'

mdi,a wOHdmkh ,ef wksjdh jhia iSudj wjqre 16

olajd je flfrk w;r jhi 16g wvq orejka /lshdj,
ksr; lsu imqrd ;yk flf'

<ud ysxikh yd wmfhdack je<elaug wjYH mmd,k

yd iudchSh m%;sixialrK islrk w;r tajd W,a,x>kh
lrkakkag tfrysj kS;s u.ska lghq;= flf'

<ud T!IO" <ud fmd;am;a yd wOHdmk WmlrK ish

nj,ska ksoyia flf'
32
iudc iqNidOkh

iudchSh /ljrKh ,eh hq;= ish mqrjeishka fjkqfjka

iudc Y=N idOkh yd mqkre;a:dmkh i|yd mQK n,e;s
wldhla msysgqjkq ,ef'

iudc Y=N idOkh i|yd wjYH ish uQ,H m%;smdok rch

u.ska imhkq ,ef'

rf is h u mq r jeis h ka f .a jk ;;a ; a j h ms < s n |j

mQK ilaIKhla islr jk ;;a;ajh k`.d isgqh hq;=
mqrjeishka ish fokdf.a mjq,aj,g m%udKj;a iyk ,ndug
lghq;= flf'

foudmshka fkdue;s orejka" foudmshka /l n,d.; fkdyels

orejka" ld;a ljqre;a ke;s Y%dl jeyshka" u;ajHj,g
wneysjQjka" nd, wmrdOlrejka" .Ksldjka wdka /ln,d
.ekSug yd mqkre;a:dmkh lsug lghq;= flf'

wdnd; mqrjeishkag fiiq mqrjeishka fukau" rgg fiajh

lsu i|yd fhdod .ekSug lghq;= flf'

kdia;sh IKh yd jxpd je<elau

YS% ,xldf fuf;la islr we;s IK yd jxpd ms<sn|j

mlaId lsug;a" tajdg j.lsjhq;a;kag o`vqj lsu i|yd;a
fY%aIaGdlrK ksYaphldrjrekaf.ka iuka; fldiula
m;a flf'

IK yd jxpd ms<sn|j jerlrejka jkakkag oe o`vqj

meku i|yd wjYH kS;s imdokh lr iu; flf'

33
 02' fm!oa.,sl iud.j, yd wdh;kj, ldhNdrh
idOdrK iudchla f.dvkexf" wka whf.a whs;Ska yd
wjia:d wys" fm!oa.,sl iud. yd wdh;k iska islrkq
,nk wm;sjd m%fYhka yd ls%hdjka k;r l< hq;=h' ta
i|yd"

uQ,sl whs;Ska W,a,x>kh f fm!oa.,sl wdh;k yd

ixOdk wdjrKh jk m ffk;sl Odk ilia flf'

Yd, uQ,H udOH fyda msia n,hla we;s iud.j,ska

wdh;kj,ska ish yels wm;sjd ls%hdldrl iSud flfrk
fr.=,dis yd wdpdrOu moaO;shla ilia flf'

ck ;hg mq,a f,i n,mdk wdl" uQ,H yd ixialD;sl

fCIa ; % j , ta l dldrhka f.dv ke.S u g fkdyels j k fia
kS;s yd fr.=,dis ilia flf' tjeks iud. yd wdh;k
md,sfka;=jg j.lshk wdldrfhka jHjia:d m%;smdok we;s
lsu u.ska iudcfha idOdrK meje;au iy;sl flf'
03' mjq, iy mqoa., ldhNdrh

iudc idOdrKh iys; iudchla f.dvkexf mjq, ;=<o

tu idOdrKFjfha uQ,Ou ls%hd;aul u w;HjYH f'
.Dyia: ysxikh" ldka;d ysxikh" <ud ysxikh" fYaIfhka
ldka;djkag jdyh" /lshdj yd ixialD;sh N=la;s u
yd iudkhka f,i ;h mj;ajdf.k hdug ndOdld jk
ysxidld" widOdrK yd mSvdld ;;a;ajhka mjq, ;=<ska
isu k;r lsu w;HjYH jk w;r" idOdrK iudchla
f.dvkexf wruqK ch .; yelafla" mjq,a tallj,g
ta i|yd j.lSu bgq lsu ;=<skao f' tfukau ;ks ;ks
mqrjeishdgo idOdrK iudchla f.dvkexf ls%hdj,shg
odhl u wksjdh j.lSula f'
34
 ksjy,a
ksfila
 kk iudcjd iudchl uqLH mrud:h jkafka
ksjy,a ksil= f.dvkeSuhs' fuys wruqK jkafka ;ud .ek
yd ;u rg .ek iajdNsudkfhka hq;a" ;u hq;=l" j.lS
yd whs;Ska .ek okakd" ish ksoyi yd wdrCIdj ms<sn|
Yajdifhka hq;a" W.;a yd ixf ukila we;s ;Dma;su;a
mqoa.,hl= ys lsuh' ksjy,a ksil= hkq wdl jYfhka
iuDoau;a mqoa.,hl= muKla fkdf' j;auka iudch ;=<
uqo,a hyka ;sfnk mqoa.,hd mjd tu foam< fidr i;=re
;ck yd lmam ksid wys fh hk mSvdfjka f.jhs'
uqo,a yo,a fkdue;s mqoa.,hd tajd fkdue;slf mSvdfjka
f.jhs' f ksid j;auka iudch ;=< ksiqka ishu fokd
w;Dma;su;alug" fjfyig yd mSvdldFjhg ,la ;sf'
mr;ajdfrdamKhg ,la ;sf' uq,H n,fha iq<shg yiq
;sf' tjka iudchl lsisjl= ksjy,a ksil= fkdf'

mdi,a yd iri wOHdmkho" ixialD;sl yd l,d

fCIa;%ho by; wruqKska h<s ixOdkh l< hq;=h' wm rf
w;S; mrmrdjka iska odhdo lr we;s hym;a fN!;sl yd
wdOHd;al Wreuhka ms<sn| w.hSula we;s wh njg m;a
lsug tu fCIa;%hka fuu wruqKg fufyhh hq;=h' tfukau
f,dj wkH cd;Ska yd ck;djkaf.a ksoyi yd iaffjFjh
.re lrk mqoa.,hl= f.dvkeSu Wfoid ckudOH yd fmd
ck lghq;= fufyhh hq;=h' f ,CIKj,ska hq;a ksjy,a
ksfil= f.dvkeSu fjkqfjka wOHdmk" ixialD;sl yd
l,d" ffk;sl m%;sixialrK" ckudOH yd iodpdrh jeks
fCIa;% tu wruqKg wkqj ilia l< hq;=h'

iEu mqrjeisfhl=u Wiia rikaokfhka hqla; jQfjl=

njg m;alsu rcfha m%uqL ldhNdrhla f,i i,ld lghq;=
flf'

36
 isxy," fou<" uqia,s ck;djf.a l,d yd ixialD;sl
Wreuhka wdrlaId lr fmdaIKh lrk w;r" tajd u.ska ck;dj
w;r ;%;ajh" ifydaor;ajh yd iu.sh f.dvke.Su i|yd
lghq;= flf'

l,dlrejdf.a wd;au m%ldYkh i|yd jk whs;sh yd

mqrjeishdg tu l,d ksudK riug we;s whs;sh iqrlaIs;
jk m ta ms<sn| cd;sl m%{ma;shla ilia flfrk w;r ta
i|yd lafIa;%fha kshq;= jQjkaf.ka iuka; uKav,hla m;a
flf'

l,d ksudK i|yd wjYH jk rx. Yd,d" l,d.dr we;=

h;, myiql ksudKh lrk w;r mdi,a yd .%dh ugf
isgu olaI l,dlrejka ykdf.k Tjqka cd;sl yd cd;Hka;r
ugug f.dvkexug wjYH mq,a hdka;K% hla ia:dms; lrkq
,ef'

ish l,d Wreu yd l,d ksudK ixrlaIKh lsf

oHd;aul jevms<sfj<la ls%hd;aul flf'

iudcfha Wkak;sh fjkqfjka rdcH yd fm!oa.,sl ckudOH

ixialD;sh ma,h fjkilg Ndckh fldg tajd rcfha fyda
n,Odkaf.a fyda fjk;a whf.a u;jdohka ck;dj u; mgjk
fkdhqKq ;;ajfhka uqod .kq ,ef'

orejkaf.ao fmdf mqrjeishkaf.ao wOHdmkh" idys;H

yd l,d rika o kh" kj f;dr;= r e yd m% j D;a ; s oek
.ekS u hk wruq K q fjkq f jka m% O dk jYfhka ckudOH
fhdod.ekSug lghq;= flf'

37
 mqrjeis whs;sh yd udOH j.lSu ms<sn|j oekg mj;sk
ixjdohka ms < s n |j i,ld n,d Bg wod, m% { ma ; s h la
ilia lsu i|yd udOHfka" udOH yshka yd mqrjeis
ksfhda;hkaf.ka iuka; lgqjla m;a lsug lghq;=
flf'

YS% ,xldf ft;sydisl Wreuhka jQ fm!rdKsl ia:dk yd

NdKav ixrlaIKh lsu" tajdfha ;sridr meje;au ;yjqre
lsu yd wkd.; mrmqr Wfoid tajd cd;sl Wreuhka f,i
iq/lSu rcfha m%uqL j.lSula f,i i,ld lghq;= flf'

mqrdjia;= jekiSf wmrdOld ls%hdj,sh jydu k;r lsug

mshjr .kq ,ef'

kk iudcjd rdcHhla ;=< ksjy,a ksfila f.dvke.Su

iu f,dalfha wNsudkj;a ksjy,a cd;shla f,i Y%S ,xldj k.d
isgqu fjkal< fkdyels m ne mj;S' ta wkqj wrdcHjd
foaYmd,k" wdl yd ixialD;sl wdl%uKj,ska ud;DN+h
wdrlaId lr.ekSu;a ck;djf.a mrudm;H n,h yd rf
wdl" foaYmd,k" iudh yd ixialD;sl iaffj;ajh
by<skau mj;ajdf.k hEu;a rf .re;ajh yd lS;skduh
lsis f,ilska fyda flf<iSug bv fkdu;a Y%S ,dxflah cd;sh
i;= yelshdjka yd jkdl ms<sn|j iajdNsudkfhka msreKq
mqrjeis iudchla f.dv ke.Su;a kk iudcjd rdcHfha
m%;s{djla yd mrud:hla f'

38