Trig Cheat Sheet Formulas and Identities

Tangent and Cotangent Identities Half Angle Formulas (alternate form)

sin q cos q q 1 - cos q 1
Definition of the Trig Functions tan q = cot q = sin = sin 2 q = (1 - cos ( 2q ) )
Right triangle definition cos q sin q 2 2 2
For this definition we assume that Unit circle definition Reciprocal Identities
q 1 + cos q 1
p
0 < q < or 0 < q < 90 .
For this definition q is any angle. csc q =
1
sin q =
1 cos
2
=
2
cos 2 q =
2
(1 + cos ( 2q ) )
2 y sin q csc q
1 1 q 1 - cos q 1 - cos ( 2q )
secq = cos q = tan = tan 2 q =
( x, y ) cos q sec q 2 1 + cos q 1 + cos ( 2q )
hypotenuse 1 1 1 Sum and Difference Formulas
y q cot q = tan q =
opposite x tan q cot q sin (a b ) = sin a cos b cos a sin b
x Pythagorean Identities cos (a b ) = cos a cos b m sin a sin b
q sin 2 q + cos 2 q = 1
tan a tan b
adjacent tan 2 q + 1 = sec 2 q tan (a b ) =
1 m tan a tan b
opposite hypotenuse y 1 1 + cot 2 q = csc 2 q Product to Sum Formulas
sin q = csc q = sin q = = y csc q =
hypotenuse opposite 1
1 y Even/Odd Formulas sin a sin b = cos (a - b ) - cos (a + b )
adjacent hypotenuse x 1 sin ( -q ) = - sin q csc ( -q ) = - csc q 2
cos q = sec q = cos q = = x sec q =
hypotenuse adjacent 1
1 x cos ( -q ) = cos q sec ( -q ) = sec q cos a cos b = cos (a - b ) + cos (a + b )
opposite adjacent y x 2
tan q = cot q = tan q = cot q = tan ( -q ) = - tan q cot ( -q ) = - cot q 1
adjacent opposite x y sin a cos b = sin (a + b ) + sin (a - b )
Periodic Formulas 2
Facts and Properties If n is an integer. 1
cos a sin b = sin (a + b ) - sin (a - b )
Domain sin (q + 2p n ) = sin q csc (q + 2p n ) = csc q 2
The domain is all the values of q that Period Sum to Product Formulas
cos (q + 2p n ) = cos q sec (q + 2p n ) = sec q
can be plugged into the function. The period of a function is the number, a + b a - b
tan (q + p n ) = tan q cot (q + p n ) = cot q sin a + sin b = 2 sin cos
T, such that f (q + T ) = f (q ) . So, if w 2 2
sin q , q can be any angle is a fixed number and q is any angle we Double Angle Formulas
cos q , q can be any angle a + b a - b
have the following periods. sin a - sin b = 2 cos sin
1 sin ( 2q ) = 2sin q cos q 2 2
tan q , q n + p , n = 0, 1, 2, K
2 2p cos ( 2q ) = cos 2 q - sin 2 q a + b
cos a + cos b = 2 cos
a - b
sin ( wq ) T= cos
csc q , q n p , n = 0, 1, 2, K w = 2 cos 2 q - 1 2 2
1 2p a + b a - b
sec q , q n + p , n = 0, 1, 2, K cos (wq ) T = = 1 - 2 sin 2 q cos a - cos b = -2sin sin
2 w 2 2
2 tan q
cot q , q n p , n = 0, 1, 2, K tan (wq ) T =
p tan ( 2q ) = Cofunction Formulas
w 1 - tan 2 q
p p
Range 2p Degrees to Radians Formulas sin - q = cos q cos - q = sin q
csc (wq ) T = 2 2
The range is all possible values to get w If x is an angle in degrees and t is an
out of the function. angle in radians then p p
2p csc - q = sec q sec - q = csc q
-1 sin q 1 csc q 1 and csc q -1 sec ( wq ) T = p t px 180t 2 2
w = t= and x =
-1 cos q 1 sec q 1 and sec q -1 180 x 180 p p p
p tan - q = cot q cot - q = tan q
- < tan q < - < cot q < cot ( wq ) T = 2 2
w

2005 Paul Dawkins 2005 Paul Dawkins

 Unit Circle
Inverse Trig Functions
Definition Inverse Properties
y
( 0,1) y = sin -1 x is equivalent to x = sin y cos ( cos -1 ( x ) ) = x cos - 1 ( cos (q ) ) = q
p 1 3 y = cos -1 x is equivalent to x = cos y sin ( sin -1 ( x ) ) = x sin - 1 (sin (q ) ) = q
1 3 2 , 2
- , 2
y = tan x is equivalent to x = tan y
-1
2 2 p 2 2 tan ( tan - 1 ( x ) ) = x tan - 1 ( tan (q ) ) = q
2p 90 2 , 2
2 2 3
- , 3 Domain and Range
2 2 120 p
3p 60 3 1 Function Domain Range Alternate Notation
4 , sin -1 x = arcsin x
3 1 4 2 2 p p
- , 135 45 p y = sin -1 x -1 x 1 - y
2 2 5p 2 2 cos -1 x = arccos x
6 0 yp
6 30 y = cos x -1
-1 x 1 tan -1 x = arctan x
150 p p
y = tan -1 x - < x < - < y<
2 2
( -1,0) p 180 0 0 (1,0)
x Law of Sines, Cosines and Tangents
360 2p

c b a
210
7p 330
11p
6 225
3 1 6 3 1 a g
- ,- 5p 315 ,-
2 2 2 2
4 240 300 7p
2 4p 270 b
-
2
,- 5p 4 2 2
2 2 3 3p ,-
3 2 2
2 Law of Sines Law of Tangents
1 3
- ,-
1
,-
3
sin a sin b sin g
= = a - b tan 12 (a - b )
2 2 2 2 =
( 0,-1) a b c a + b tan 12 (a + b )
Law of Cosines b - c tan 12 ( b - g )
=
a 2 = b 2 + c 2 - 2bc cos a b + c tan 12 ( b + g )
For any ordered pair on the unit circle ( x, y ) : cos q = x and sin q = y b 2 = a 2 + c 2 - 2ac cos b a - c tan 12 (a - g )
=
c = a + b - 2ab cos g a + c tan 12 (a + g )
2 2 2

Example
Mollweides Formula
5p 1 5p 3
cos = sin =- a + b cos 12 (a - b )
3 2 3 2 =
c sin 12 g

2005 Paul Dawkins 2005 Paul Dawkins