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    Designing Stone Mastic Asphalt Mixtures for Rut-Resistant Pavements

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    Designing Stone Mastic Asphalt Mixtures for Rut-Resistant Pavements

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    15 views82 pages

    NCHRP RPT 425

    Uploaded by

    Walter Eduardo Valderrama Lozano
    Designing Stone Mastic Asphalt Mixtures for Rut-Resistant Pavements

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
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    NATIONAL Cooperative HiGnway RESEARCH PROGRAM P2000-103019 I PETS Tait tireme Lem Eee ety MeV UML be Carrier am rele ets) Part 1: Summary of Research Results Part 2: Mixture Design Method, Construction Guidelines, and Quality Control/Quality Assurance Procedures Wo cTtty lela HOM Cec Lee ASLO Tel Neem ere ‘TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 1999 orricens Ghai Wsne Shc. Commoner, Gera DOT le Chai: arn och, Dc, Unverty of Cafe Tromp Cee, Uae of Califor Berlex nective Director Raber Sno, Teapot Resa Bard MEnmERS SHARON'D. BANKS, Genre! Manger, AC Trans (Pu Carwon, 996) {THOMAS F BARRY, JR Scrotary of Tram. ldo DOT IRIAN L-RERRY, Lit Vt Bertier Rega Profesor Unversity of Teas atlas SARAH C CAMPRELL Present, omsMonsonnt Inc, Washing, DC [ANNE P.CANBY. SteretafTngoraion, Delve DOT E DEANCARISON, Sesto Kanne DOT JOANNE. CASEY, Presenter scion of Marth Amerie Grebe MD JON W. FISHER, seh F Star Professor of oa Bern and Director. ATLSSBgineig Reseach Center Lehigh nvr {GORMAN GILBERT, Direct. nat fr Trango Resear a Edicion, Nar Cao Sate Unbersy DELON HAMPTON. Charan CEO, Den Huanpton & Asien, Wasngton, DC LESTER A. HOEL Houlion Peo Cha Eyering. Unrest Viana JAMES L.LAMMIE, Dirt, Para Brice. Ire He or. NY {THOMAS F- LARWIN, Genera Munir, Sr Deg Merapation Trans Devlent Board BRADLEY L MALLORY, Sort of Pronpertin, Ponsa DOT JEFFREY 1. MeCAIG, Pret and CEO, Tac Crp, Calors Aer Canad SOSEPICA. MICKES, Misi DOT MARSHALL W. MOORE Dror, Not Day DOT JEFFREY R MORELAND, Sor UP Burlington Nov Sata Fe Crp SID MORRISON, Secrets of Transporation, Wasnt Ste DOT JON PPOORMAN, Saf Dien Copal Dari Prosprtion Comme [ANDREA RINIKER, Eni Diet Porto Toma, Tacoma, WA ION M.SAMUELS. VP-Oprtiot Pluang & Bude Nol Soe Corporation Nore. VA JAMES A. WILDING, Presider und CEO. Meopation Washagton Ao Ari DAVID N. WORMLEY, Deo of aici Pour Sate Unters MIKE ACOTT, President Nationa pha Poemen Astcion ex of) IOEN BALLARD, Chef Evers Commander, Arm Cop of Eiers (ei) KELLEY §.COVNER, Adminratr, Ree nd Seca Programs US DOT eof) MORTIMER L DOWNEY. Dept Sere. Ofte fhe Seer, USDOF (xfs) DAVID GARDINER Avs’ Adninstrtr, US Envrament retin Agee al) JANER, GARVEY, Fier Aton Amira, USDOT ex ft) [EDWARD R HAMBERGER. President and CED, Ascii of eric Rathod fs) CLYDESLNART.R, MenineAdnivratr, US DOT ix oe) OWN C- HORSLEY. Eso Div, rein Avestan of State Mighway and Tranporarion fia ex co) GORDON 1 LINTON, ia ean Adirr. US DOT tec s0) RICARDO MARTINEZ sna ghey Trae Soy Adwinsnatr CS DOT ex te) [WILLIAM W-MILLAR Pree Amercr Publi rit Asniain fc) JOLENE M. MOLITORIS, Fea ala Adonivtor USOT (co) VALENTINI. RIVA, Piso Aner Cimere atement Ann oT) AASIISH SEN, Drei Bure f Tmt Seis, US Dypureent of Tramp ii) (GEORGE D, WARRINGTON, Aig Pree CEO, Mati Rebral Paseger Crate [KENNETH R. WYKLE Fi Mss Adaiirat,US. Deprentof Tne i) NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM Transporation Research Bond Erect Camber Sterne foe NCHRP ‘WAYNE SHACKELFORD, Grovio DOT Cis [RORERTE SKINNER. IR. Pagpontion Research Board SHARON D. BANKS, AC Teott MARTIN WACHS, Lanes of Califor Tramaraice Cer Univer of LESTER A HOEL. Univer of Vite Colonia eres DORN. HORSLEY. Ameri Asterina Sate High and Tompson KENNETHCR, WYKLE, Fara ite Adinston Oficite Project Pare D9 Fido Mates and Csrction Ares of Binns Matrls DANIEL VREIREL, Mics DOT (Cui) RICHARD J. SCHRECK, Vinnie Aphl Paing Asscaion JOHN BUKOWSKIL FHWA JACK. VAN KIRK, Clie DOT FRANK FEE Co pl fing Co Mason PA DONALD WATSON. Geos DOT RICHARD KARNEMAAT. ner Coporon, Page, KEVIN D. STUART, FHA Lisi Representative (GERALD MANCHESTER, Misine: DOT DALES. DECKER, NAPA Li Rpresenaine LARRY L, MICHAEL Mrsfand DOT FRED HEIL TR Lion Repesnone ‘GALEC. PAGE Fonte DOT rowan Su ROBERT I REILLY, Dyson, Capea Resear Program TIMOTHY 6. HESS, Sei Progra Ofer ‘CRAWFORD F.JENCKS, Manaeer NCHRP RONALD D. MeCREADY, Senor Prop Ofer DAVID B. BEAL, See Proarm Ofc [KENNETH SOPIELA, Senior Pipa Offer LLOYD R. CROWTHER, Sein Program Offer EILEEN P, DELANEY, Monoing Eton B,RAY DERR, Sei Program Ofer ELEN CHIN, Asst Edror AMIN. HANNA, Soir Progra Offer JAMIE FEAR, Assit Etor EDWARD, HARRIGAN, Senor Propo Ofer HILARY FREER, Asie Edtor NATIONAL CooPeRative HiGHWay RESEARCH PROGRAM Report 425 Designing Stone Matrix Asphalt Mixtures for Rut-Resistant Pavements Part 1: Summary of Research Results Part 2: Mixture Design Method, Construction Guidelines, and Quality Control/Quality Assurance Procedures E.R. BROWN AND L.A. COOLEY, JR. National Center for Asphalt Technology ‘Auburn University ‘Auburn, AL Mater “Rosoarch Sponsored by the American Association ol Sate Highway and Transportaton officials n Cooperation wit te Federal Highway Administration TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD NanowaL Researc Coven, NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS Washington, D.C. 1999 NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM Systematic, well-designed research provides the most effective ‘approach to the solution of many problems facing highway administrators and engineers. Often highway problems are of local interest and can best be studied by highway deparments individually of in cooperation with their state universities and others. However, the accelerating growth of highway transportation develops increasingly complex problems of wide interest 10 highway authorities, These problems are best studied through a ‘coordinated program of cooperative research, In recognition of these needs, the highway administrators of the ‘American’ Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials initiated in 1962 an objective national highway research program employing modern scientific techniques. Ths program is supported on a continuing basis by funds from participating ‘member states ofthe Association and itreceves the fall cooperation and support ofthe Federal Highway Administration, United States Department of Transportation, “The Transportation Research Board of the National Research CCounei was requested by the Association administer the research program because of the Board's recognized objectivity and lunderstanding of modern research practices, The Boant is uniquely stited for this purpose as it maintains an extensive committee structure from which authorities on any highway transportation subject may be drawn; it possesses avenves of communications and cooperation with federal state and local governmental agencies, tniversities, and industry its relationship to the National Research Council is an insurance of objectivity; it maintains a fulltime research correlation staff of specialists in highway transportation ‘matters to bring the findings of research directly to those who are in postion to use them. ‘The program is developed on the basis of research needs identified by chief administrators of the highway and transportation ‘departments aad by committees of AASHTO. Each year, specific areas of research needs to be included in the program are proposed to the National Research Council and the Board by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. Research projects o full hese needs are defined by the Board, and (qualified research agencies are selected ftom those that have submitted proposals. Administration and surveillance of research contracts ar the responsibilities ofthe National Research Council and the Transportation Research Board, ‘The needs for highway research are many, and the National Cooperative Highway Research Program can make significant contributions tothe solution of highway transportation problems of ‘mutual concem to many responsible groups. The program, however, is intended fo complement rather than to substitute for or duplicate other highway research programs. Note: The Transprtaton Research Boats the National Research Counc, ihe Foseal Highway Aaninataten, te American Aatooaton of Slo Highway and Traneponaion Otel, and ha ndtv sates parang in ‘he NatGnal Cooperate Highway Receuch Program cont endorse roducs tr manufacturers Todo 0° marulacrers hares appear ner solely Bocas they are conser assent ote bac of Ps ropon. NCHRP REPORT 425 Proje D-AFY'9 Isswoorr sis 15N0.09.08184 6. Cort, 9-10887 © 1999 Transponstion Reach Bord PROTECTED UNDER INTERNATIONAL COPYRIGHT ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. NATIONAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION SERVICE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE nonce “Te projet hs the subj of hs pot na ptf the Nal Cooperative Highnay Reeash Progam conde bythe Trsporton Research Board with he spproval of be Governing Bear of he Naonl Resch Cus Such approval Fels te Governing Bow aren hat the program concerned is of maton ingots and appro wit pct 0 both he purses nf reso ofthe atonal Reseach Cone “heen of etch commie sles mr hi pojectan ree ths report were shone for teopive scelly competence an with du ansieratio frt taanee of pine appre ete peje. The epinos ad ‘onclsons exes pie he he each sen ha pore the even and utl y hve bon acerca props etc cori, they ae ae wesw tose of he Tanprtion Reseach Boul the Nation Reseach Come the Anrcin Assia of Sie Highway and Trnsonsin Offa ore ede Highway Asian. US, Dxpainent of Tmsporaton ach pt is ovewa and accepted fr pulesion by the tel eommites cong to pres coe and mao ny he Tension Reser Boar Exesine Commitee an he Covering Boar ofthe Nato Reseach coun Published reports ofthe NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM are available from: ‘Transportation Research Board [National Researeh Couneil 2101 Constitution Avenue, NW. ‘Washington, D.C. 20418, and can be ordered through the Internet at bup/fovww.nas.edultebfindex bral FOREWORD By Staff Transportation Research Board This report presents a mix design method and construction guidelines for stone matrix asphalt (SMA) in the form of recommended AASHTO standard specifications and practices. It will be of particular interest to materials engineers in the state high: way agencies as well as agency and contractor personnel responsible for design and construction of hot mix asphalt (HMA) paving projects. The report also contains a sum- ‘mary of research results that support the development of the method and guideli including experimental data obtained during SMA pavement construction to validate the laboratory findings ‘Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) is defined as a hot mix asphalt (HMA) prepared with ‘gap-graded aggregate in order to maximize the asphalt binder content and coarse agere~ gate fraction. This design provides a stable stone-on-stone skeleton held together by a rich mixture of asphalt cement, filler, and stabilizing agents such as fibers or asphalt modifiers ‘SMA was developed in Europe as a mix design for exceptionally durable wearing courses; these are resistant to rutting (permanent deformation) and studded tire wear when applied over a satisfactory pavement structure, Interest in the use of SMA in the United States was sparked by the strong recommendation of the participants in the 1990 European Asphalt Study Tour sponsored by AASHTO, FHWA, the National Asphalt Pavement Association, the Asphalt Institute, and TRB. In the United States, the original approach was to duplicate SMA mixtures devel- ‘oped in Europe, using domestic materials, equipment, and asphalt industry expertis ‘The FHWA has reported that in 1991 four states constructed SMA pavements totaling less than 50,000 tons of HMA; this number rose in 1994 to SMA projects in 23 states, requiring 500,000 tons of HMA. A survey of the performance of 88 SMA projects con- structed between 1991 and 1995 was completed in 1996; it found that over 90 percent Of the pavements had rutting measurements less than 0.4 mm while approximately 25, percent had no measurable rutting, Given this success, the state transportation agencies, FHWA, and industry identi- fied the need to better define the currently specified components and properties of SMA. mixtures and to codify methods and procedures for SMA design and pavement con- struction. This effort would deal with such issues as the type and amount of stabilizers, the required compactive effort, and mix volumetries for design and placement. New tests might also be required to measure properties such as durability, rut resistance, draindown, and moisture susceptibility. Under NCHRP Project 9-8, “Designing Stone Matrix Asphalt Mixtures,” the National Center for Asphalt Technology at Auburn University was assigned the task of developing objective procedures for the use of SMA. This included definition of the material and mix properties required to maximize the durability and rut resistance of ‘SMA and the development and validation of a mix design procedure (including water sensitivity) and construction guidelines in AASHTO standard format ‘The research team reviewed relevant domestic and foreign literature on SMA design and construction; caztied out an extensive series of laboratory investigations to develop recommended materials specifications, a mix design method and supporting test methods, and construction guidelines; and validated these products with field data obtained during the construction of 11 SMA pavement projects in 1997 ‘This NCHRP report includes Volumes III and IV of the original five-volume final report for Project 9-8. The first part (the original Volume If) includes a general overview of the entire research effort and the significant findings inthe areas of SMA ‘material properties, aggregate skeleton testing, SMA mortar testing, aggregate break- | sine No J soc | siwtatt_[ Field Cores kien | eae 2 325 384 360 437 0.030 Yer 3 355 363 406 2098 0.000 Yer 4 339 362 m0 287 0.084 Ne 3 373 9 365 135 0286 Ne 6 316 38 39 396 20st Ne 9 342 384 a5 1619 0.00) Yer w | as mo ma 19 0328 No iia | sa 38.1 334 197 0.04 Yer ‘Therefore, two different methods were evaluated to deter- mine if they provided more reasonable results, The first method entailed combining the material finer than 0.075 mm. from the design gradation and the asphalt binders (no fibers Were included) for each of the eleven projects visited under ‘Task 8, These mortars were then tested in the Brookfield vis- cometer, The second method was a workability device that was developed to measure the stiffness of SMA mixtures. Using this device at different temperatures allowed the stiff ness ofthe mixture in relation to the temperature to be deter- ‘mined. ‘The data indicated that both tests do a good job of mea- suring the stiffness of the mortar (BV) and the mix (worka- bility). However, neither test appeared to provide a method of determining the mixing and compaction temperature. ‘Therefore, it was concluded that the best approach for deter- ‘mining the mixing and compaction temperatures was AASHTO 245 2.9 PERMEABILITY EVALUATION Evaluation of the permeability characteristics of SMA was undertaken in an effort to establish whether SMA mixtures are more of less permeable to water than are conventional donse-graded mixtures. Using four aggregates, specimens were prepared at optimum asphalt content by varying the ‘compactive efforts (both Marshall and SGC). These speci- ‘mens were then tested in a laboratory falling-head perme- ‘ameter to determine how the permeability varies within SMA ‘asa function of air voids. These data generally suggested that the permeability began to increase rapidly asthe air voids increased from 6 to 7 percent. Therefore, SMA mixtures ideally should be com- pacted to around 94 percent of theoretical maximum density. Field permeability work during Phase II was in agreement that 6 percent air voids are noeded. 2.10 EVALUATION OF NOMINAL MAXIMUM ‘AGGREGATE SIZE Most SMA mixtures that have been placed in the United ‘States have been 12.5- or 19,0-mm nominal maximum size gradations. There is often a need to use a smaller or larger nominal maximum aggregate size. This part of the study evaluated the effect of nominal maximum aggregate size. ‘SMA mixtures typically have a large percentage of aggre- gate down to a certain sieve size after which the percentage of aggregate is small. The sieve size that separates the sieve ‘containing large percentages from the sieves with small per- ‘centages is considered the breakpoint sieve, ‘This part ofthe study looked at 11 SMA mixes ranging in nominal maximum size from 4.75 mm up to 25 mm. A num= ber of breakpoint sieves were also evaluated. For comparison purposes, four Superpave mixes were designed and tested (two above the restricted zone and two below the restricted zone), All of the 11 proposed SMA mixes were successfully designed using the proposed mix design method. Both of the 4,75-mam nominal maximum aggregate size mixtures evalu- ated had to be designed based on the limiting VCA ratio of 1.0 minimum, The remaining mixtures, which included two 9.5-mm, two 12.5-mm, two 19.0-mm, and three 25.0-mm nominal maximum aggregate size, were all designed suc- cessfully using the proposed mix design method. Stone-on- stone contact along with the desired air void level was achieved for all mixture designs. Wheel tracking tests were conducted on the SMA mixes and the Superpave mixes. Al mixes met the typical require- ‘ments. Generally speaking, the finer mixes had higher VMA, higher asphalt contents, and higher rutting ‘AS stated earlier, another concern that has been expressed about some SMAS is permeability. Coarse-graded mixes are ‘more prone to being permeable than fine-graded mixes. The mixes with 4.75-mm nominal maximum aggregate size had 20 insignificant permeability until the air voids reached 8 to 10 percent. However, all the other SMA mixes had significant permeability even with less than 7 percent air voids, The mix permeability increased as the nominal maximum aggregate size of the mix increased. However, the coarse-graded Super- pave mixes at the same nominal maximum size were less ‘meable than the SMA mixes for the same void level. The fine. ‘graded Superpave mixes were even much less permeable, 2.11 MIXTURE PERFORMANCE EVALUATION TESTING Dynamic creep tests, resilient modulus, indirect tensile strength, and Marshall stability were all conducted on SMA mixtures. Of these four tests, the dynamic creep test showed ‘the most promise to predict the rutting performance of SMA. ‘A compatison of the results of the SMA mixtures and the

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