.

, - 1, (2007/2008)

2.

2.1
d1 d2 ,
1 2 , 1 2 .
U. E, D J
,
. , [206].

(+) 1, 1 2 , 2 ()

d1 d2

2.1
:

.
. .
J .
d1 d1 +d2
J J
E1 = ,
1
E2 = , U =
2 E dx +
1 E 2dx = E1d1 + E 2d2 .
0 d1

93
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12U 2U 1U
J = , E1 = , E2 = ,
d12 + d21 d12 + d21 d12 + d21

12U 2 1U
D1 = 1 E1 = , D2 = 2 E 2 = .
d12 + d21 d12 + d2 1

D1 D2 , !
:
12U 21U
s1 = D1 = , s2 = D2 = ,
d12 + d21 d12 + d21

12
s1,2 = J 2 1 = D2 D1 = 2 1 U.
2 1 d12 + d21

(1 o ) 2
v1 = P1 = (1 o ) E1 = U,
d12 + d21

(2 o ) 1
v2 = P2 = (2 o ) E 2 = U,
d12 + d2 1

(1 o ) 2 (2 o ) 1
v1,2 = P1 P2 = U.
d12 + d2 1

2.2
( )
. -

o R, [ ].

r -
, :

Q
(r ) = , ( r ) = 0.
4 r

94
 . , - 1, (2007/2008)

-
, -
:
I
(r ) = , ( r ) = 0. (3.13)
4 r

o :
I I
E (r ) = = , J (r ) = . (3.14)
r 4 r 2 4r 2
, ,
:
I I
(r ) = , (r ) = 0 , o = (a ) = . (3.15)
4 r 4 a
:
o 1
R= = . (3.16)
I 4 a

2.3

B
h h1 . -
h h1 . B
2.2, [ ].

2 3
I I
h
B A
s
h h
I I
I 1
h1 h1 h1 4

a) b)
2.2
:

95
 . , - 1, (2007/2008)

.

, 2.2 ). :
= 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 .
3.1
:
I
(r ) = .
4 r
1:
I I I I
1 = , 2 = , 3 = , 4 = .
4 a 4 2h 2 4 h 2 + h12 4 2h1

I 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1
, R = o = .

o = + + + + + +
8 a h h 1 h + h12
2
I 8 a h h1 h 2 + h12

A B :

I 1 1 I 1 1
A = + , B = 2 + .
2
2 h h 2 + 4h12 2 h + s 2
h 2
+ (2 h + s )
1

A B : U = A B .

2.4
-
, 2.3.
B, [ ].

I 2I

A B
a
a s r

2.3

96
 . , - 1, (2007/2008)

, ,
.
2I -
. .
I
Jr = .
2 r 2
:
I I
= E dr = 2 r dr = + C1 .
2
2 r
C 1 .
, A B :
I I
A = , B = , U k = A B .
2 a 2 (a + s )

2.5
, a,
.
, U, [ ].

. I d' .
:

I d'
J= r ,
2r
r .

(1) (2) x - :

I d' I d' I' I d'

Jx = + + d + ,
2 (d + 2h + x ) 2 (2h + x ) 2x 2 (d x )

97
 . , - 1, (2007/2008)

(2' )

(1' )


h
(1)
d
x
(2)

2.4

Jx I' 1 1 1 1
Ex = = d + + + ,
2 (d + 2h + x ) (2h + x ) x (d x )

I d'
d a
1 1 1 1
U 12 =
2 (d + 2h + x ) + (2h + x ) + x + (d x )dx,
a

I d' (d + 2h )
2
I d' 2
U 12 = ln , G' = = 2 .
2 4h (d + h ) U12 (d + 2h )
ln
4h (d + h )
2.6
, a l,

d, (d
a ) . , I.
.
, [ ].

:
I I
 J dS = I , J=
2lr
r E=
,
2lr
.
r
S

98
 . , - 1, (2007/2008)

r
I d E1

x Et

d d E2

2.5
I 1 I x dEt
Et = 2 cos = 2 , = 0, x = d,
2l r l x + d 2 dx

I d I
Et ,max = = .
l 2d 2
2l d

U k Et ,max s , s .

2.7
L -
a .
h (a<<h). -
1, 1 , a. -
2 , 2 .
1 2 . -
U , -
R. : () , () -
, () -
, [ ].

.
2U.

99
 . , - 1, (2007/2008)

()
I od' .
M :

1 4a
x
h 2a h I (z )
M

2 , 2 '
2 , 2 J2 J1' +
U R
2 , 2

h I (z )
z
0 L

(a ) (b ) (c )

2.6

I od' 1 1 J J
J ' = J 1' + J 2' = , E1 = , E2 = ,
2 x 2h x
1 2
2a 2h 2a 2h a
J' J' J
2U = 1
dx + 2
dx +

dx ,
a 2a 2h 2a 1

I od' 1 1 2h a 1 h a
2U = ln 2 + ln + ln ,
1 1 2 (h a ) 2 a

I od' 1
2U ln 2 + 1 ln h .
1 2 a

I od' 2
G' = .
U 1 1 h
ln 2 + ln
1 2 a

100
 . , - 1, (2007/2008)

()
U
: I (z ) = G ' (L z ) U + .
R
()

.

- -
-:

J 1 I ' 1 1
E1 = , D1 = 1E1 = J = 1 od ,
1 1 1 2 x 2h x
'
1 GU 1 1
D1 (x ) = , a x 2a,
1 2 x 2h x

:
2 GU '
1 1
D2 (x ) = , 2a x 2 (h a ) .
2 2 x 2h x

--
:
GU '
1 1 1GU'
s = D1 (a ) = 1 , = D (a ) .
1 2 a 2h a
s 1
2a 1

-
:

'
GU 21 12
s ,12 = D2 (2a + ) D1 (2a ) .
4a 12

2.8
,
.
. 1 2 .
. , [ ].

= .

101
 . , - 1, (2007/2008)

o
1
b a
2.7

1 2
= 0, = 0, = C1 + C2 .
r 2 2

= 0, = 1 , C2 = 1.
2 1
= o , = 2 , C1 = .
o
2 1
( ) = + 1 , E = grad , E = Er r ,
o
1 1 2 1
Er = = .
r o r

1 2 1
J = E, J = E = .
o r

a (1 2 ) a +b dr a (1 2 ) a+b
I = J dS = , I= ln .
o b
r o b

2.9

. , [ ].
:

:
E1t = E 2t = E .

102
 . , - 1, (2007/2008)

a
1
2

2.8

r , :

J 1 = 1 E , J 2 = 2 E .

I =  J dS =
S /2
J1dS +
S /2
J2dS = 2r 2 (1 + 2 )E ,
S
I
E= .
2r (1 + 2 )
2

:

I dr I
o = E dr = Edr = 2 ( 1 + )
2 r 2
=
2 (1 + 2 )a
.
a a a
,
o 1
R= = .
I 2 (1 + 2 )a

2.10
,
, .

103
 . , - 1, (2007/2008)

b 1 .
, [ ].

=0 a

1
b

2.9
:
u r
.
, j
J = 0 .
I
 J dS = J dS + J dS = J 2r = I, J=
2
.
S So Sz
2r 2

J I J I
E1 = = , a r b, E2 = = , b r .
1 21r 2 2r 2
b
I 1 1 I
U = Edr = E dr + E dr = 2
1 2
1
+
a b 2 b ,
a a b

1 b a 1
+ .
U
Ruz = =
I 2 1ab b

2.11

e 1 2 .
, [ ].

104
 . , - 1, (2007/2008)

1 a 2 1 2

J1 J2
E1 E2

2.10
:

.
:
I I
E1t = E 2t = E = 2 = 2 ,
r 1 r 2

(J 1 + J 2 ) r 2 = I , (1E1 + 2E 2 ) r 2 = I ,

I
E= .
(1 + 2 ) r 2

I dr I
o = (
1 + 2 ) r
2
=
(1 + 2 ) a
,
a
1
Ruz = o = .
I (1 + 2 ) a
-*-

1. .
a b,
c.
1 , 2 .
, 1 2 .
U, E, D J ,
,
[ ].

105
 . , - 1, (2007/2008)

2
1
b
a

c (+)
1
2
()

2.11
:
U
J = ,

2 c a b c
r +
ac
1 cb2
J J
E1 = , E2 = , D1 = 1E1, D2 = 2E 2 .
1 2

s1 = D1 (a + ) , s2 = D2 (b ) , s1,2 = D2 (c+ ) D1 (c ) .

v1 = (1 o ) E1 (a ) , v2 = (2 o ) E2 (b ),
v1,2 = (1 o ) E1 (c ) (2 o ) E2 (c ) .

2.
. , ,
1 2 .
a, b, c.
e
, [ ].
I' 2 2
: G' = = = .
U 1 c 1 b 1 1
ln +
1 a 2 c
ln c 1 b 2
ln
a c
()

106
 . , - 1, (2007/2008)

2
1
b
a

c (+)
1
2
()

2.12
3. -
. -
.
:
= Q 4a a 2 r 2 , [ ].

2.13
: R = 1 (8a ) .

4. d
(<<d) h . -
, [ ].

1 d 4h + d
: R= ln .
2 d a 4h + 3d

107
. , - 1, (2007/2008)

2a

2.14

108