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Quigg 2008
Uploaded by
Caue EvangelistaCopyright:
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Special Report
THE COMING REVOLUTIONS
IN PARTICLE PHYSICS
4HE CURRENT 3TANDARD -ODEL OF PARTICLE PHYSICS BEGINS TO UNRAVEL WHEN
PROBED MUCH BEYOND THE RANGE OF CURRENT PARTICLE ACCELERATORS 3O NO
MATTER WHAT THE ,ARGE (ADRON #OLLIDER lNDS IT IS GOING TO TAKE PHYSICS
INTO NEW TERRITORY "Y #HRIS 1UIGG
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something NEW AND PRO
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N 4 HE 3TANDARD -ODEL OF PAR
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TICLE PHYSICS REQUIRES A PAR
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TICLE KNOWN AS THE (IGGS
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BOSON OR A STAND
IN TO PLAY
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ITS ROLE AT ENERGIES PROBED
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TURN POSES DEEP QUESTIONS LiViLi "ViVViv>iVi
OF ITS OWN WHOSE ANSWERS /ii>Vvi}}>Vi>> >>ViV>i}i]>>`i
SHOULD BE FOUND IN THE i]Liwi i`ii ]}iiiivivv
SAME ENERGY RANGE i>>>V>v}>V `>i> vVi] iiV>}i >` i
N 4 HESE PHENOMENA REVOLVE
i>i>iivViv>i>`> }>`i>i>VQiiL>}i
AROUND THE QUESTION OF V`ii>>i`>>i {nR>]vii]ivi`i
SYMMETRY 3YMMETRIES >wiii
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UNDERLIE THE INTERACTIONS iVv}i`vviivv }ii>i>`vii>iivVi i]i
OF THE 3TANDARD -ODEL BUT >i]iv>``V>Vi LivViiiV]>ii
ARE NOT ALWAYS REmECTED IN V>i}i>`i>iv>Vii/i i}vVi7>`}iii
THE OPERATION OF THE MOD
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EL 5NDERSTANDING WHY NOT >`ivLi>>i`i V>}i]V>i`V/>ii>V>
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345$9).' 4(% 7/2,$ WITH A RESO
LUTION A BILLION TIMES lNER THAN
ATOMIC SCALES PARTICLE PHYSI
CISTS SEEK A DEEPER UNDERSTAND
ING OF THE EVERYDAY WORLD AND
OF THE EVOLUTION OF THE UNIVERSE
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vii>}i ii]iivi LVviiiVi>vVi>`>iL>i` &ERMI .ATIONAL !CCELERATOR ,ABORA
TORY WHERE FOR YEARS HE LED THE
i>>Vii}V>i >`vviii/iiiVi>vVi
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THEORETICAL PHYSICS DEPARTMENT (E
/iiiiLi}ivVi>>iV>i` >iV>i`L>>iv>Vi\i] IS THE AUTHOR OF A CELEBRATED TEXT
LiV>>ViV>i`LQii>}i <L]7L>`7qL BOOK ON THE SO
CALLED GAUGE THEO
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ii>*> RIES THAT UNDERLIE THE 3TANDARD
Vi]Li>`v3CIENTIlC !MERI
"REAKING THE -IRROR -ODEL AS WELL AS THE FORMER EDITOR
OF THE Annual Review of Nuclear and
CAN in]>`
ii>*>Vi>` /iiviiiVi>vVi>v
Particle Science. 1UIGGS RESEARCH
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+}}3CIENTIlC !MERI
>i`L-i`>]-ii7iLi}>` ON ELECTROWEAK SYMMETRY BREAKING
CAN nxR L`->>]i Li*i AND SUPERCOLLIDER PHYSICS HIGHLIGHT
>]i->`>` `ii *Vviivv/ii>vVi]V ED THE IMPORTANCE OF THE TERASCALE
->>ViV>`V\i>`vv i`>`>ViLi>`iV>]`i>V (E IS A FREQUENT VISITOR TO #%2.
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DEEPEST WORKINGS OF NATURE HE CAN
]ivvii]iii`i ViVi>}i>ii]ii` BE FOUND HIKING ON ONE OF &RANCES
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W W W 3 C I ! M C O M 3 # ) % . 4 ) & ) # ! - % 2 ) # ! . ),
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What Really Matters
)F YOU LOOK DEEP INSIDE A LUMP OF MATTER IT IS MADE UP OF ONLY A FEW TYPES OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES
DRAWN FROM A PALETTE OF A DOZEN mAVORS 4HE 3TANDARD -ODEL TREATS THE PARTICLES AS GEOMETRICAL
POINTS SIZES SHOWN HERE REmECT THEIR MASSES
35"34!.#% !4/-
0!24)#,%3 /& -!44%2 0!24)#,%3 /& &/2#%
15!2+3 "/3/.3
4HESE PARTICLES MAKE UP PROTONS NEUTRONS AND A VERITABLE ZOO OF LESSER
KNOWN PARTICLES !T THE QUANTUM LEVEL EACH FORCE OF
4HEY HAVE NEVER BEEN OBSERVED IN ISOLATION NATURE IS TRANSMITTED BY A DEDICATED
PARTICLE OR SET OF PARTICLES
50
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%LECTRIC CHARGE
%LECTRIC CHARGE %LECTRIC CHARGE %LECTRIC CHARGE -ASS
-ASS -E6 -ASS 'E6 -ASS 'E6 #ARRIER OF ELECTROMAGNETISM THE QUANTUM
#ONSTITUENT OF ORDINARY MATTER 5NSTABLE HEAVIER COUSIN OF THE UP CON
(EAVIEST KNOWN PARTICLE OF LIGHT ACTS ON ELECTRICALLY CHARGED
TWO UP QUARKS PLUS A DOWN STITUENT OF THE *C PARTICLE WHICH HELPED COMPARABLE IN MASS TO AN ATOM PARTICLES )T ACTS OVER UNLIMITED DISTANCES
MAKE UP A PROTON PHYSICISTS DEVELOP THE 3TANDARD -ODEL OF OSMIUM 6ERY SHORT
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%LECTRIC CHARGE
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#ONSTITUENT OF ORDINARY MATTER 5NSTABLE HEAVIER COUSIN 5NSTABLE AND STILL HEAVIER CHANGE THE IDENTITY OF PARTICLES )TS RANGE
TWO DOWN QUARKS PLUS AN UP OF THE DOWN CONSTITUENT OF THE COPY OF THE DOWN CONSTITUENT IS ONLY ABOUT n METER
COMPOSE A NEUTRON MUCH STUDIED KAON PARTICLE OF THE MUCH STUDIED "
MESON PARTICLE
W W n "/3/.3
7
,%04/.3 %LECTRIC CHARGE OR n
4HESE PARTICLES ARE IMMUNE TO THE STRONG FORCE AND ARE OBSERVED AS ISOLATED INDIVIDUALS %ACH NEUTRINO SHOWN -ASS 'E6
HERE IS ACTUALLY A MIXTURE OF NEUTRINO SPECIES EACH OF WHICH HAS A DElNITE MASS OF NO MORE THAN A FEW E6 -EDIATORS OF WEAK REACTIONS THAT CHANGE
NE NM N
PARTICLE mAVOR AND CHARGE 4HEIR RANGE IS
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)MMUNE TO BOTH ELECTROMAGNETISM AND !PPEARS IN WEAK REACTIONS !PPEARS IN WEAK REACTIONS %IGHT SPECIES OF GLUONS CARRY THE STRONG
THE STRONG FORCE IT BARELY INTERACTS INVOLVING THE MUON INVOLVING THE TAU LEPTON INTERACTION ACTING ON QUARKS AND ON OTHER
AT ALL BUT IS ESSENTIAL TO RADIOACTIVITY GLUONS 4HEY DO NOT FEEL ELECTROMAGNETIC OR
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%LECTRIC CHARGE n %LECTRIC CHARGE n %LECTRIC CHARGE n %LECTRIC CHARGE
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AS THE CARRIER OF ELECTRIC CURRENTS AND THE LIFETIME OF MICROSECONDS DISCOVERED VERSION OF THE ELECTRON WITH A LIFETIME "ELIEVED TO ENDOW W AND Z BOSONS QUARKS
PARTICLES ORBITING ATOMIC NUCLEI AS A COMPONENT OF COSMIC RAY SHOWERS OF PICOSECOND AND LEPTONS WITH MASS
)- 3 # ) % . 4 ) & ) # ! - % 2 ) # ! . & E B R U A R Y
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EVERYWHERE 7HAT ONE PERSON CALLS AN ELECTRON 7 iivi >>VVii> >L
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(IDDEN 3YMMETRY 4HAT 3HAPES /UR 7ORLD
) F THERE WERE NO (IGGS MECHANISM WHAT A DIFFERENT WORLD IT WOULD
BE %LEMENTARY PARTICLES OF MATTER SUCH AS QUARKS AND ELECTRONS
WOULD HAVE NO MASS 9ET THAT DOES NOT MEAN THE UNIVERSE WOULD CON
IN ABOUT MINUTES ON AVERAGE )F QUARK MASSES WERE TO VANISH A
FREE PROTON WOULD DECAY INTO A NEUTRON POSITRON AND NEUTRINO #ON
SEQUENTLY HYDROGEN ATOMS COULD NOT EXIST 4HE LIGHTEST hNUCLEUSv
TAIN NO MASS !N UNDERAPPRECIATED INSIGHT FROM THE 3TANDARD -ODEL IS WOULD BE ONE NEUTRON RATHER THAN ONE PROTON
THAT PARTICLES SUCH AS THE PROTON AND NEUTRON REPRESENT MATTER OF A )N THE 3TANDARD -ODEL THE (IGGS MECHANISM DIFFERENTIATES ELECTRO
NOVEL KIND 4HE MASS OF A PROTON IN CONTRAST TO MACROSCOPIC MATTER IS MAGNETISM FROM THE WEAK FORCE )N THE ABSENCE OF THE (IGGS THE STRONG
ONLY A FEW PERCENT OF ITS CONSTITUENT MASSES )N FACT QUARKS ACCOUNT FORCE AMONG QUARKS AND GLUONS WOULD INDUCE THE DISTINCTION !S THE
FOR NOT MORE THAN PERCENT OF THE PROTONS MASS -OST OF THE MASS STRONG INTERACTION CONlNED THE COLORED QUARKS INTO COLORLESS OBJECTS LIKE
ARISES THROUGH THE ORIGINAL FORM OF !LBERT %INSTEINS FAMOUS EQUATION THE PROTON IT WOULD ALSO ACT TO DISTINGUISH THE WEAK AND ELECTROMAGNET
m = E/c 2, FROM THE ENERGY STORED UP IN CONlNING THE QUARKS IN A TINY IC INTERACTIONS GIVING SMALL MASSES TO THE W AND Z BOSONS WHILE LEAV
VOLUME )N IDENTIFYING THE ENERGY OF QUARK CONlNEMENT AS THE ORIGIN ING THE PHOTON MASSLESS 4HIS MANIFESTATION OF THE STRONG FORCE WOULD
OF PROTON AND NEUTRON MASS WE EXPLAIN NEARLY ALL THE VISI
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