INCENDIARIES T™ 31—201—1 DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY TECHNICAL MANUAL UNCONVENTIONAL WARFARE DEVICES AND TECHNIQUES INCENDIARIES HEADQUARTERS, DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY MAY 1966POOR MAN'S JAMES BOND Vol. 3 275 INCENDIARIES Alarm clock... = O42 198 8, SPONTANEOUS COMBUBTIC ‘Tecamicat Manvat] HEADQUARTERS. ‘Spontaneous combustion. | DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY Inver. oso at ‘No. 81-201-1 Waastwaron, D.C., #0 May 1966 ~ 3 — CHAP Unconventionol Warfare Devices and Techniques INTRODUCTION INCENDIARIES (0001. INCENDIARY SYSTEMS: Fuvene Ter q. This manual covers all sspects of incendiary com. 8 systems, It deseribes useful initiators, igniters, 0002 incendiary materials, delay mechanisms, and spon- 0003 5 ‘taneous combustion deviecs designed for direct use in ou Sabotage and unconventional warfare. ‘oie © 14_b- Ineendiaries are primarily used in sabotage to set 018 18 fire to wooden structures and other combustible targets. 4104 = 21 Certain incendiaries, such as thermite, can be used for B25 ESS2E558 9899288 & 2 £2 G8 8 88 BEE #8 8 & 88 BEE ag eesassaas & & se ‘melting, cutting, or welding metals. ¢. The most basie incendiary system consists of putting a lighted match to an easily combustible material. However, a simple match is not alway effective. There are many important combustible targets that require far more heat for reliable ignition than is available from a match. There are also in- stances where delayed ignition is essential for sabotage success. This manual contains formulations and devices to satiafy the requirements for high ignition heat and predetermined ignition delay times for use in sabotage and other harassment actions. a. Every incendiary aystem consixie of s group of clements starting with an initintor and ending with the main inoendiary material, If the initiator does not produce enough heat for reliable ignition of the com= bustible target, an intermediate or booster incendiary is required. More than due booster is necessary for some targets, The initiator (ch 2) can consist of & simple match, a match and a fuse cord, an scid, or water, The intermediate heat sources are generally called igniters (ch 3). Igniters produce sufficient heat to set the principal incendiary change (ch 4) aflame. ‘Delay mechanisms (ch 5) are frequently used to prevent detection of the saboteur by postponement of the fire for some limited, predetermined time after placement and actuation of the deviee. ¢, Spontaneous eombuston is a good sabotage tool. Favorable conditions can be established for the deliberate employment of ua combustion (ch 6), that is, setting eombustible material aflame ‘without application of direct flame or spark. 4. All ofthe devices and techniques deseribed herein have been thoroughly checked by independent test toPOOR MAN'S JAMES BOND Vol. 3 276 INCENDIARIES make certain that they work a4 intended. Detailed spoons. There should be no difficulty in obtaining any. ions are given for the necessary ingredients and of theni. All of the necessary equipment is described i their preparation. It ia important that these instruc- each paragraph dealing with a particular incendiary tions be followed carefully to be sure that the devices component. wil operate properly. In addition, close attention ta 2. Tt i mportant that the operator follow the diree- ‘the instructions will assure safety, tions given in this manual ezactly as written, They 002, Dern have been worked out carefully to give the desired " reaults with the minimum chance of mishap. Don't Common terms used in connection with incendiary experiment with different procedures or quantities, systema are defined below. Note that the definitions ¢. By ite very nature, the manufacture of incendiaries fre worded so an to eover only incendiaries, Some of is dangerous. It ia the function of inocndiaries to burn the terms have additional meanings in the related with an intense flame under the right conditions. Care Seld of explosives, amaetbe falosn that we fren evut during tho king or @. Delay Mechanism. Chemical, electri Placing of the devices. There are also ot) langers: Pease eis ne Kino delay flemenes addition to the fire basurd. The chemical wed ax be used singly oc heeemtinaiien, ‘de a ingredient may bur the ekin, give off poisonous fumes, area dene They provide a be easily flammable. ‘They must not be eaten, Predetermined, limited time interval before an. ine it condiary starts to burn. by the initistor and produces suficient heat at high temperatura to ignite the main incendiary. sare fast burning and relatively short lived. @. Incendiary Material. A material that burns with a 4, When handled with oare and proper preoautions, Preventing a Fire Hazard 1. Fire prevention is much more important than Igniters fire fighting. Prevent fires from starting. 2. Keep flammable liquids away from open flames. 3. Good housekeeping in the fire prevention. Keep bhot flame for long periods. Its purpose is to set fire to. work areas neat andordeny. Clean away all equipment wooden structures and other combustible targets. 4 Incendiary System, A group of elements that am and material not needed at the moment. Clean up spills a3 soon as possible. amembled to start fires. The system comsista of 4, Store incendiaries in closed containers away from initiator, delay mechanism (if needed), Ff. Initiator, The source that provides the first fire in ‘an incendiary system. A mateh is an initiator. The initiator ia 20 sensitive that it can be set off with little energy. # Spontaneous Combustion. The outbreak of fire in combustible material that occurs without an applica- thon of direct spark or flame. The fire is the result of heat produced by the chemical action of certain oils, 4. Thermite. “An incendiary mixture of iron oxide flakes and aluminum powder that reacts chemically ‘when initiated to form molten iron. Thermite ean be used to bum holes in steel or to weld steel parts together. (€003. TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES 4. The equipment needed for the manufacture of incendiaries consists of simple items. They are all readily available. Required are bottles, jars, pots, and igniter, and heat, Do not store material any longer than necessary. 7 5. In the event of fire, remove the incendiaries from the danger area if this ean be done quickly and safely. Use large quantities of water to fight fires. 6, Horee play is dangerous and absolutely intolerable. Avoiding Chemical Hazards 1, Wear ‘rubber gloves, apron, and glumes when handling concentrated chemieals if at all possible. 2. Avoid inhaling fumes. Perform reactions in a well ventilated area or out of doors because the boiling is often violent and large amounts of fumes are given off ‘that are poisonous if breathed too much, 8, Avoid acid contact with the skin. If chemicals are spilled on a person, wash immediately in running water for several minutes. If they splash in the eyes, wash ‘the open eye in running water for at least 15 minutes. 4, Clean up any acid that is spilled on floor or bench hy flushing with large amounta of water. Acid spilledPOOR MAN'S JAMES BOND Vol, 3 277 ‘on wood ean cause a fire. 1° 5. Always pour concentrated acida into water. (2) Safety fuse M700. Never pour water into concentrated acids because & Zg violent resetion will occus. CHAPTER 2 INITIATORS 0101, FUSE CORD . Deseription. (2) This item consiats of a continuous train of "#™ werrne explosive or faatburning material enclosed in N INCENDTARIES BLACK POWDER CORE WAT ERoROOR Wa: y @) b, Material and Equipment. 8 flexible waterproof cord or cable. It is used for setting off an explosive or a combustible mixture of pow ders by action of the fuse flame on the material to be ignited. Fuse cord ean be initiated by a match flame, using a specific procedure, o with a standard U.3. Army fuse lighter. Fuse cord burns at a uniform rate ing the user to be away from the immedi- seene when the incendiary actually fune- tions. Fuse cord does not directly ignite any in- ‘cendiaries listed in chapter 4 but is e primary initiator for all igniters listed in chapter 3 except: Potassium Permanganate—Glycer in (0206), Powdered Aluminum—Sulfur Pelleta (0207), White Phosphorus (0209), and Sub- igniter For Thermite (0211). Two Standard US. Army fuse cords are area (1) Blasting time fuse. This consists of black powder tightly wrapped with several layers of fabrie aud waterproofing materials, It might be any color, orange ‘being the most common, The diameter of this fuse cord is 0.2 inch (a little Inrger than inch). This fuse burns inside the wrapping at a rate of approximately 40 seconds per foot. It must be tested before use to verify the burning rate. p 1 COVERS ‘This fuse is similar to Blasting Time Fuse snd may be used interchangeably with it. The fuse is o dark green cord 0.2 inch in diameter with » plastic cover, either smooth or with single painted sbrasive bands around the outside at 1 foot or 18 inch intervals and double painted abrasive bands at 5 foot or 90 inch interval depending on the time of manufacture. These bands are provided to make measuring easy. They are abrasive 80 that they ean be felt in the dark, The fuse burns inside the wrapping at a rate of ap- proximately 40 seconds per foot. It must be tested before use to verify the burning rte. Note A commercial item can be substituted for either of the above U.8. Army imue items. The commercia] fuse ia 0.1 inch (about 4% Inch) in diameter and is coated only with waterproofing lacquer. This fuse can be easily ignited by holding the free end in match flame because the outside covering if flammable, ¢. Preparation. None, '8 4. Application. (Q) Generel. (@) Gut and discard & G-inch length from the free end of the fuse roll. Do this to be sure that there is no chance of misfire from a damp powder train because of absorption of moisture from the open air. Then cut off s measured length of fuze to check the Burning rate. Check the burning rate before actual use. (©) Cut the frse long enough to allow s reason- able time delay in initiation of the incendi- ary system, The cut should be made squarely acroes the fuse. (@) Prepare the fuse for ignition by aplitting the fuse at one end to depth of about one inch, Place the head of an unlighted match in the powder train.POOR MAN'S JAMES BOND Vol. 3 @) Insert the other end of the fuse into a quantity of an igniter mixture so that the fuse end terminates near the center of the mixture. Be sure the fuse cond is anchored in the igniter mixture and cannot pull away. In the case of a solid igniter material such 2s Fire Fudge (0202), the fuse ie split to about one-half inch at the end opposite the end containing the match in the powder train, ‘This split fure end is wedged over a sharp ‘edge of the solid igniter material. Be sure the black powder in the fuse firmly contacta the solid igniter. If necessary, the fuse cord con be held firmly to the solid igniter with a au light tape such as transparent adhesive tape. (©) The fuse is initiated by lighting the match hhead inserted in the split end of the fuse with a burning match as shown below. + (D) Two standard fuse lighters, the M2 and M60, are available in demolition kits for Positive lighting of Blasting Time Fuse and Safety Fuse M700 under all weather conditions—even under water if it is properly waterproofed, The devices are manually operated. A pull on the striker retaining pin causes the striker to hit the Percussion primer, thus igniting the fuse. These devices are not recommended where silence ia required because a report is heard when the primer is fired. (2) Ma fuse tighter." ‘The attachment and operation of the M2 Fuse Lighter are as follows: (a) Slide the pronged fuse retainer over the end of the fuse and firmly seat it. (b) Waterproof the joint between the fuse and INCENDIARIES the lighter, if necessary, by applying » sealing compound (putty or mastie). (2) In firing, bold the barrel in one hand and pull om the release pin with the other hand. (8) B60 fuse Lighter. ‘The attachment and operation of the M60 Fuse Lighter are as follows: 4 (@ Unscrew the fuse holder eap two or three turns, (®) Press the shipping plug into the lighter to release the split grommet, and rotate the plug 4s it is removed. (©) Insert end of fuse in place of the plug until it reste against the primer. (@) Tighten the fuse holder cap sufficiently to hold the fuse tightly in place and thus waterproof the joint. (@ To fire, remove the safety pin, hold the barrel in one hand, and pull on the pull ring with the other hand. 0102, IMPROVISED STRING FUSE 4, Description, . por TER STRING FUSE q This item consists of string, twine, or shoe- Jaces that have been treated with either mixture of potassium nitrate and granulated sugar or potassium chlorate and granulatedFOOR MAN'S JAMES BOND Vol. 3 279 mugar. (2) Improvised string fuse docs not directly ignite any incendiaries listed in chapter 4 but is & primary initiator for all igniters listed in chapter 3 except; Potassium Permanganate —Glycerin (200), Powdered Aluminum— Sulfur Pellets (0207), White Phosphorus (0209), and Subigniter For Thermite (0211). (3) Depending upon the length of the fuse, the user can be away from the immediate scene when an incendiary systém is initiated b. Material and Equipment. String, twine or shoelaces made of cotton or linen, Potassium nitrate or potassium chlorate, Granulated sugar. Small cooking pot. Spoon. Heat scurce such as stove or hot plate. Soap. ¢. Preparation. (1) Wash string or shoelaces in hot soapy water; rinse in fresh water. (2) Dimolve one part potassium nitrate or potassium chlorate and one part granulated sugar in two parta hot water. (3) Soak string or shoelaces in the hot solstion for at leaat five minutes. (4) Remove the string from hot solution and twist or braid three strands of string together. (5) Hang the fuse up to dry. (®) Check actus! burning rate of the fuse by measuring the time it takes for a knawn length to burn. d. Application. (1) This fuse does not have a waterproof costing and it must be tested by burning a measured length before actual use. (2) Cut the fuse long enough to allow a reasonable time delay in initiation of the incendiary aa 16 (3) Insert one end of the fuse in a quantity of an igniter mixture 2o that the fuse end terminates near the center of the mixture. Be sure the fuse cord is anchored in the igniter mixture and cannot pull away. In the case of a solid igniter material such as Fire Fudge (0202), the improvised string fuse is securely wrapped around a piece of solid igniter material. (4) The fuse is initiated by lighting the free end of the fuse with a mateh. IKCENDIARIES use is not recommended where there is the ‘possibility of the fuse getting wet. OV0S. CONCENTRATED SULFURIC ACID {OIL OF ‘VITRIOL) a, Description. (1) This material is a heavy, corrosive, oily, and colorless liquid. Storage is recommended ina glans container with a glass lid or stopper. Commercially available sulfuric acid is ap- proximately 93 percent concentration with a specific gravity of 1.835, This is commonly referred to as concentrated sulfuric acid. (2) Coneentrated malfutic acid chars wood, cotton, and vegetable fibers, usually without causing fire, The addition of water to concentrated sulfurie acid develops much heat which may be sufficient to cause a fire or an explosion. This depends upon the quantity of acid, quantity of water, and rate of addition of water. Caution: Always add concentrated mul- furic acid to water. Never add water to a concentrated seid. (8) Certain igniter materials can be reliably brought to flaming by the addition of con- centrated sulfuric acid. This is brought about by the chemical reaction between the sulfuric acid and the igniter materials, The following igniters ore initiated by concen- trated sulfuric acid: Sugar-Chlorate (0201), Fire Fudge (0202), Sugar—Sodium Peroxide (0203), Aluminum Powder—Sodium Peroxide (0204), Match Head (0205), and Silver Nitrate—Magnesium Powder (0208). (8 The most important use for concentrated sulfuric acid as an initiator is in conjunction with delay mechanisms. The acid is held away from the igniter for a period of time by making use of the corrosive action of the acid to work its way through o barrier. If the delay mechanism is placed in cold environ- ment, the concentrated acid will remain fiuid ‘at extremely low temperatures. The following delay mechanisms are recommended for use with concentrated sulfuric acid: Gelatin Capsule (0402), Rubber Diaphragm (0403), Paper Diaphragm (0404), Tipping, Delay—Filled tube (0408), Tipping Delay— Balancing Stick (0410), and Stretehed Rubber Band (0411), &, Material and Equipment, Concentrated sulfuric (8) This fuse does not bum when it ia wet. Its acid.POOR MAN'S JAMES BOXD Vol. 3 280 INCENDIARIES ¢, Preparation. None—It only battery-grade sul- bbe accomplished with @ medicine dropper. furie acid is available (specific gravity 1.200), it must, Keep hands and clothing clear of the igniter; be concentrated before use to a specific gravity of ignition may take place almost instantly 1.825. This is done by heating it in an enameled, with addition of acid. hect-resltent gluse or parvaiain pot wntil dems, white Caution: Do not allow material such a3 sugar, wood, cotton ot woolen fibers to fall into fumes appear. Heat a1 yin a woll ventilated are, the boiling acid, A violent reaction could ‘When dense, white fumes start to appear, remove the occur with splattering of acid. heat and allow acid to cool. Store the conceutrated (b) Since sulfuric acid has = unique freeaing acid in a glass container. point related to acid concentration, the Wd, Application, information shown below is useful when (1) General. Commercial sulfuric acid is avail- this acid is used with delay mechanisms in able in 13 gallon carboys, Smaller quantities low temperature surroundings. Be sure of of this acid are available in chemical labora+ acid concentration by checking with » tory reagent storage containers. It is reeom- hydrometer, mended that 8 small quantity of seid, about so 70. one pint, be secured and stored in a glass container until it ie used. (2) Use with delay mechaniems, (0) Construction of specific delay mechanisms © in described in chapter 5. Within the delay raechanisma, there is container filled with acid. ‘The acid corrodes this container, in absorbed by the container material or is spilled from the container until it eomes in contact with the igniter mixture. (0) Carefully fill the container in the delay mechanism with coneentrated sulfuric acid. This can be sccomplished easily with a ol é ¥ small glass funnel, A medicine dropper in ° 2 30 78 os tweed when the delay mechaniam container gg, ,S0°UNE AIO CONCENTRATION (%4) is small. eons (Hd Sees qrenty Praag ai) Caution: Concentrated sulfurie acid must 00 +33 be handled earefully because it in very cor- tosive. If it in mplashed om clothing, skin or eyes, the affected area must be immediately J ‘available for this purpose. Rubber gloves can be worn to protect the hands. A smiall bottle of water can be carried to Gush emall areas of skin or clothing which may be contaminated with the acid. (8) Manual application. {@) Manual application of concentrated sulfuric ‘seid for direct initiation of an igniter is not 104. WATER recommended when fuse cord is available. a. Description. It is possible to employ this acid for direct (1) Water causes spontaneous initiation of certain initiation by quickly adding three or four igniter mixtures. This ix caused by a chemical drops to the igniter material. ‘This can reaction of the igniter materials in the prewence RaaenennceeeeceeelPOOR MAN'S JAMES BOND Vol. 3 261 of water. The following igniters are initiated ‘by water: Sugar—Sodium Peroxide (0203), Aluminum Powder—Sedium Peroxide (0204), and Silver Nitrate—Magnesium Powder (0208) (@) The most important use for water as an initiator is in conjunction with delay mecha- nisms. Since only s few igniter mixtures are initiated by water and it cannot be used at Jreezing temperatures, its use is limited. When tactics so dictate, water can be reliably used with the following delay mechanisms: Gelatin Capsule (0102), Overfiow (04 Delay—Filled Tube (0408), Balancing Stick (0410), and Stretched Rubber Band (0411) Nowe. Sulfuric atid of any concentration ean be ‘eubstituted for water in the initiation of water uctivated igniters. Water cannot be substituted for concentrated sulfuric acid. INCENDIARIES Concentrated Sulfurie Acid (0103). (8) This simple augar-chlorate mixture closely resembles granulated sugar and should not ordinarily arouse suspicion. It is an excellent igniter. Caution: This mixture is poisonous aud must not he eaten. b. Material and Equipment Granulated sugar (do not use powdered or con- fectioners sugar.) Potassium chlorate or sodium chlorate (no coarser than granulated sugar). Spoon (preferably nonmetallic). Container with tight-Atting lid. Rolling pin o round ste. ¢. Preparation. (1) Using a clean, dry spoon, place granulated sugar in the container to one-quarter container b. Moterial and Equipment, Water. volume. Wipe the spoon with a clean cloth, &. Preparation. None. (2) If the potassium or sodium chlorate is lumpy, 4d. Application. remove all lumps by crushing with a rolling (1) Use with delay mechaniems. Construction of specific delay mechanisms is presented in chapter 5. Within the delay mechanism, there is @ container filled with water. The water dissolves the container or is spilled from the container and comes in contact with igniter mixture, initiating the fire train. (2) Monucl application” Fuse cord, when avail- able, ia recommended in preference to water as an initiator. Water is wed for direct ignition of a specific igniter by adding dropa as with a medicine dropper. Keep hands and clothing clear of the igniter; ignition may take place almost instantaneously with addition of water. a3 CHAPTER 3 ITERS 0201. SUGAR-CHLORATE a. Description. (1) ‘Thin item consists of a mixture of granulated suger and potassium chlorate or sodium chlorate. It can be used to ignite all the incendiaries listed in chapter 4 except Ther- mite (0307). It may be used directly as an incendiary on readily flammable material such as rags, dry paper, dry hay, or in the combustible vapor above liquid fuels. (2) The igniter can be initisted-by.Fuse Cord (0101), Improvised String Fuse (0102), or pin. Using the spoon, add an equal quantity of chlorate to the container. Caution: If this mixtare ia carelessly handled with excessive bumping and scraping, It could be « fire karard to the user. As a precaution, remove any mixture adhering to the lip o edge of the Jar before tightening (8) Tighten the lid of the jar, tum the jar on its side and slowly roll until the two powders are completely mixed. ‘The mixture ia now ready for use. It may be stored for months in a tightly sealed container. @. Application. @) Carefully pour or spoon the mixture, in a single pile, on the incendiary. Prepare the mixture for ignition with Fuse Cord (0101) or Improvised String Fuse (0102) in the normal manner. ‘The fuse cord should terminate near the center of the igniter mixture. Concen- trated Sulfuric Acid (0103) can be used as an initiator, but ia generally less convenient. Ignition takes place almost immediately on contact with the acid. Acid is recommended for use with mpecific delay mechanisms found in chapter 5. {2) I only battery-grade sulfuric acid ia available, it must be eoncentsated before use to & specific gravity of 1.835 by heating it in an enameled, heat-resistant glass or porcelain potPOOR MAN'S JAMES BOND Vol. 3 ‘until dense, white fumes start to appear. See paragraph 0103 for details. ‘When used to ignite @ammeble liquids, wrap ‘8 quantity of the mixture in a nonabsorbont ‘material and auspend it inside the container ‘near the open top. ‘The container rust remain ‘open for easy ignition and combustion of the flaminable liquid. ‘To minimize the bazsrd of premature ignition of flammable liquid vapor, allow at least two feet of fuse length to extend from the top ‘edge of an open container of flammable liquid before lighting the fuse a) “ 0202, FIRE FUDGE 1, Deecription. (1) This itom consists of a mixture of ougar and Potassium chlorate in & hot water solution ‘which solidifies when cooled to room tempera- tore. It can be used to ignite all the ineen- dlinties Hated in chapter 4 except Thermite (0307). It may be used directly as an incendiary on readily flammable material, rch 8 rags, dry paper, dry hay, or in the combustible vapor above liquid Fuss. ‘The igniter can be initiated by Fuse Cord (0101), Improvised String Fuse (0102), or ‘Concentrated Sulfuric Acid (0103). Fire fudge resembles a white augar fudge raving a smooth, hard surface. ‘The ad- ‘vantage of this igniter material over Sugar- Chlorate (0201), moldabiity. The Cy @ 26 procedure for preparation must be followed closely to obtai with « hard surface, Causion: This material is poisonous and ‘must aot be eaten. , Material and Equipment. Granulated sugar (do not use powdered or coa- fectioners sugar) Potassium chlorate (ao coarser than granulated sugar). ‘Metallic, glass or enameled ps ‘Measuring container (ize of this container determines quantity of fnished produet) Spoon (preferably nonmetallic) ‘Thermometer (lo read in the range 200° F. to 250° F.) Heat source. smooth, uniform material . Preparation. (Q) Clean the pan by boiting some clean water init for about five minutes, Diteard the water, 2az INCENDIARIES our one measureful of clean water into the pan and warm it. Dry the messuriog eon fainer and add one measureful of sugar Stir the Hquid unt the sugar dissolves, Boil the solution until a feily thick eyrup is obtained. Remove the pan from the source of heat to « ditance of at east ax fet and abut off heat, Rapidly add two measurefuls of potaatium chlomte. Btir gently for a minute to mix the ymup and powder, then pour oF apoon the ‘mixture into appropriate molds. Tf the mold ia paper, it can usually bo poeled off when the fire fudge cools and kardens, Piecex of eard= Z ‘board or paper adhering to the igniter will not impair ite use, Pyrex glass or ceramic molds ‘ean be weed when a clear, smooth murftce is desired. It is recommended that section thickness of molded fire fudge be at least ‘one-half inch. If desired, molded fie fudge ‘ean be safely broken with the fingers. ‘Thin material ia moderately hard immediately after cooling. Tt will become harder after 24 hours, “When kept in a tightly senled ‘container, it will retain ite offectivences for ‘months. Caution» If this igniter material ia care- beesly handled with excemive bumping or ‘raping, it could be a fre hazard to the user. @ @ ® ad. Application (0) Place & pioce of fire fudge on top of the incendiary. Minimum size should be about ‘one inch square and one-half inch thick Prepare the fire fudge for ignition with Fuse Cord (0101) or Improvised String Fuse (0102) fn the normal manner. Concentrated Sul- uric Acid (0103) can be used as un initiator bbut is generally less convenient, Acid ia recommended for use with specific delay ‘mechanisms found in chapter 5. (2) Tronly battery-grade sulfuric acid ia available, it must be concentrated before us to a specific gravity of 1.835 by honting it in an ‘enameled, heat resistant glass or porrelain pot until dense, white fumes start to appear, See Paragraph O103 for details. 2 (8) When used to ignite flammable iquide, wrap a quantity of the igaiter mixture in a non- absorbent material and suspend it inside thePOOR MAN'S JAMES BOND Vol. 3 283 ‘container near the open top. The container must remain open for easy ignition and combustion of the fammable liquid. (4) To minimize the hazard of premature ignition of flammable liquid vapors, allow at least two feet of fuse Jength to extend from the top edge of an open container of flammable liquid before lighting the fuse 0203. SUGAR—SODIUM PEROXIDE a. Description. (1) This item consists of a mixture of sodium peroxide and granulated sugar. It can be used to ignite all the incendiaries listed in chapter 4 except Thermite (0307). It may be used directly as an incendiary on readily flammable material euch as rags, dry paper dry hay, or in the combustible vapor above liquid fuels. (2) The igniter can be initiated by Fuse Cord 101), Improvised String Fuse (0102), Con- centrated Sulfuric Acid (0103), or Water (0104). Caution: This mixture is unstable and can ignite at high humidity or whem wet slightly bby drops of water, perspiration, etc. 2. Moterial and Equipment. Granulated sugar (do not use powdered or con- fectioners sugar). Sodium peroxide (no coarser than granulated sugar) ). 2 Bpoon. Container with tight fitting lid for mixing and storage. © Preparation. (1) Using a clean, dry spoon, place granulated ‘sugar in the container to one-quarter container volume, (2) Wipe the spoon with a clean, dry cloth, and add an equal amount of sodium peroxide to the dry mixing container. Tighten the lid on the sodiurn peroxide container, and remove it at least six feet from the working ares, (@) Tighten the lid on the mixing container. Turn the container on ite side and slowly roll until the two powders are completely mixed. The mixture is wow ready for use. (8) A good practice is to keep the granulated sugar and sodium peroxide in separate sir- tight containers and mix just before use. Caution: De uot store this mixture langer thes three days because decomposition may INCENDIARIES eceur and camse spontaneous combustion. Be sure that the storage comiainer is air-tight. @. Application. @) Carefully pour or spoon the mixture, in a. ingle pile, on the incendiary. Prepare the mixture for ignition with Fuse Cord (0101) or Improvised Btring Fuse (0102) in the normal manner. The fuse cord should terminate near the center of the igniter mixture, Concentrated Sulfuric Acid (0103) ‘and Water (0104) can be used as initiators, but are generally leas convenient. Ignition takes Place almost immediately on contact with the acid or water, These fiquid initiators are con- ‘venient for use with spevific delay mechanisms found in chapter 5. (2) When used to ignite flammable Tiquids, wrap & quantity of the mixture in a non-absorbent material and suspend it inside the container near the open top. The container must remain open for easy iguition and combustion of the flammable liquid. (3) To minimize the hazard of premature ignition of fammable liquid vapors, allow at least two feet of fuse length to extend from the top of an open container of flammable liquid before lighting the fuse. 0204. ALUMINUM POWDER—SODIUM PEROXIDE a. Description. (1) This Hem consists of a mixture of sodium peroxide and powdered aluminum. It ean be used to ignite all the incendiaries listed in chapter 4 except Thermite (0307). It may be used directly ax an inecndisry on resdily fammoble material, such as rags, dry paper, dry hay or in the combustible vapor shove liquid fuels. (2) The igniter can be initiated hy use Cord (0101), Improvised String Fuse (0102), Con- centrated Sulfuric Acid (0103), or water (0104), Caution: This mixture is unstable and can ignite at high humidity or when wet slightly ‘by drops of water, perspiratian, ete. a b, Material and Equipment. Powdered aluminum (no coarser than granulated sugar). Sodium peroxide (no coarser than granulatedPOOR MAN'S JAMES BOND Vol. 3 284 sugar). Spoon. Container with tight fitting lid for mixing and storage. «Preparation, (1) Using @ clean, dry spoon. place powdered aluminum in the eontainer to one-quarter container volume. (2) Wipe the spoon with a clean, dry cloth, and add an equal amount of sodium peroxide ta the dry mixing container. Tighten the lid an the sodium peroxide container, and remove it (8) Tighten the lid of the mixing container. Turn the container on its side and slowly roll until the two powders are completely mixed. The mixture is now ready to use, (4) A good practice is to keep the powdered aluminum and sodium peroxide in separate containers and mix just before use. Caution: Do not store this mixture longer than three days beeause decomposition may ‘occur and cause spontaneous combustion. ‘Be sure that the storage container is air-tight. 4, Application, (2) Carefully pour or spoon the mixture, ins single pile, on the incendiary. Prepare the mixture for ignition with Fuse Cord (0101) or Improvised String Fuse (0102) in the normal manner. ‘The fuse cord should terminate near the center of the igniter mixture. Con- eentrated Sulfurie Acid (0103) and Water (0104) can be used as initiators, but are gencrally lex convenient. Ignition takes place almost immediately on contact with the acid or water. ‘These liquid initistors are convenient for use with specifie delay mecha- nisms found in (chapter 5.) (2) When used to ignite flammable liquids, wrap 8 quantity of the mixture in a nonabsorbent, ‘material and auspend it inside the container nearthe open top. The container must remain open for essy ignition and combustion of the flammable liqui (8) To minimize the hazard of premature ignition of flammable liquid vapors, allow at least two feet of fuse length to extend from the top edge of an open container of flammable liquid before lighting the fuse, 0205. MATCH HEAD a. Deseription. 4, Application. INCENDIARIES (1) This item consists of a quantity of match heads, prepared by breaking the heads off their match sticks and grouping the match hhende together to form the desired quantity of igniter. Any kind of friction match will do. ‘Tt cam be used to ignite the following in- cendiaries listed in chapter 4: Napalm (0301), Gelled Gasoline (exotic thickeners) (0302), Gelled Gasoline (improvised thiekeners) (0303), Paraffin-Sawdust (0304), and Flam- able Liquids (0308). It may be used directly as an incendiary on readily flammable mu- terial such na rags, dry paper, dry hay or in the combustible vapor above liquid fuels. (2) The igniter can be initiated by a match flame, Fuse Cord (0101), Improvised String Fuso (0102), or Concentrated Sulfuric Acid (0103). ’, Materia! and Equipment. Razor blade or knife. Container with tight-Btting lid. Matehes, friction. ¢. Preparation. (1) Using a kmife or razor blade, cut off the match heads, (2) Prepare the desired quantity of igniter and store it in an airtight container until ready for use. (1) Pour or spoon the mateh heads, in a single pile, on the incendiary. Prepare the match heads for ignition with Fuse Cord (0101) or Lnprovised String Fuse (0102): in the normal manner. The fuse cord should terminate near the center of the match head pile. Concentrated Sulfuric Acid (0163) or a match flame can also be used as an initiator. Ignition takes place almost immediately on contact with the acid or the match fame. Acid is recommended for use with specific delay mechanisms found in chapter 5. (2) H only battery-grade sulfurie acid is available, ‘it must be concentrated before we to a specific gravity of 1.835 by heating it in an enameled, heat-resistant glass or porcelain “ pot until dense, white fumes start to appear. See paragraph 0103 for details. (3) When used to ignite flammable liquids, wrap 8 quantity of the match heads in a non- ‘absorbent material and suspend it inside the container near the open top. The eontainerPOOR MAN'S JAMES BOND Vol. 3 must remain open for easy ignition and combustion of the flammable liquid. (4) To minimize the hasard of premature ignition ‘of flammable liquid vapors, allow at lesst two feet of fuse length to extend from the top ‘edge of an open container of flammable liquid before lighting the fuse. (0206. POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE—GLYCERIN . Description. (1) This item consists of a small pile of potassium permanganate crystals which are ignited by the chemical action of glycerin on the cryatals, Tt ean be used to ignite all the incendiaries listed in chapter 4 except Thermite (0307). Tt may be weed directly as an incendiary on readily flammable material, such as rags, dry paper; dry hay, or in the combustible vapor above liquid fuels, Ignition is accomplished by causing a few drops of glycerin to contact the potassium permanganate crystals. A hotter flame is produced when powdered magnesium or powdered aluminum is mixed with the the potastium permanganate crystals. Ignition time, after addition of the glycerin, increases sa temperature decreases. This igniter is not reliable below 50° F. b. Material and Equipmat Potassium permanganate crystals (no coarser than, granulated suger). Glycerin. One small container with tight-fitting lid for the glycerin. One larger container with tight-fitting lid for the potassium permanganate crystals. Powdered magnesium or powdered aluminon (no coarser than granulated sugar’. ¢, Preparation. (1) Put some glycerin in the small container and cap tightly. @) Fill the larger container with potassium @) @ permanganate crystals and esp tightly If powdered magnesium or powdered alumi- num is available, mix 85 parts potassium per- manganate crystals and 15 parts powdered magnesium or powdered aluminum and store this mixture in the large bottle Keep these containers tightly sealed and the material in the containers will remain effective for a long period of time. @. Application. Pour out a quantity of the potassium, @ 285 INCENDIARIES Permanganate crystals (with or without powdered aluminum or powdered magnesium}, in a single pile on the imendiary. Manual ignition is accomplished by causing a few drops of glycerin from a medicine dropper to come in contact with the potassium per- ‘mangsnate crystals. Keep hands and clothing elear of the igniter; ignition may take place almost instantly with addition of the glycerin. ‘This igniter is convenient for use with specific delay mechanisms found in chapter 5. 36 0207. POWDERED ALUMINUM—SULFUR PELLETS 4, Description. FUSE 6MITER MK PELLET (1) This igniter consista of finely powdered aluminum, sulfur and stareh which have been thoroughly mixed and shaped into hardened cylindrical pellets. It can be used to ignite all the incendiaries listed in chapter 4. It isan exeellent igniter for Thermite (0307). It may be used directly as an incendiary on readily flammable material such as rags, dry paper, dry bay, or in the combustible vapor above liquid fuels. The igniter can be initiated by Fuse Cord (0101) or Improvised String Fuse (0102). A. hole is made in one pellet to receive a fuse and a small quantity of another more easily started igniter mixture. A number of un- modified pellets are attached to the first pellet to increase the quantity of hest after com- bustion occurs. 4, Material and Equipment, Finely powdered aluminum (no coarser than cake flour). - Finely powdered sulfur (no coarser than cake flour). Finely powdered starch (no coarser than cake flour) Water. Cylindrieal tube about 4 inches long and 34 inch inside diameter made of metal, wood, glass or plastic. Rod which fits into the above tube. Red about 34 inch in diameter (should be about @POOR MAN'S JAMES BOND Vol. 3 one-half the inside diameter of the 4-inch long tube). Mixing bowl. Tablespoon ‘Teaspoon. Stove or hot plate. Knife. Measuring container. ©. Preparation, (1) Place six tablespoons of aluminum powder in a mixing bowl then add 15 tablespoons of powdered sulfur. Mix the two powders gently with the spoon for a few minutes until no unmixed particles of sulfur are visible. In a separate pot add two teaspoons of Taundry starch to about 6 ounces of water and boil gently for a few minutes. Stir until the starch is dissolved and allow the solution to cool to room temperature, ‘When cool, take about one-half of the starch solution and add it to the mixture of alz- minura and sulfur powder. @) @) a) Mix with a spoon tntil the whole mass is a smooth, evenly mixed, putty-like paste. Fill the cylindrical tube with this paste, place one end of this tube on a hard surface and tamp the paste with the 34 inch diameter rod ‘to squeeze out the air bubbles and consolidate ‘the paste. Push the paste out of the tube with the larger rod, which just fits the tube, eo that it forms cylinder, then eut the damp oylinder into 154 inch lengths using the knife. Dry these pieces at 90° F- for at least 24 hours before using. The drying time ean be reduced by using a drying oven at a maximum tem- perature of 150° F. Form a hole at least 34 inch in diameter ap- proximately half-way into one end of an igniter pellet. Put one of the following igniter into the eavity to roughly one-half its depth: Sugar-Chiorate (0201) ‘Sugar—Sodium Peroxide (0203) Aluminum Powder—Sodium Peroxide (0204) Silver Nitrate—Magnesium Powder (0208) (11) Insert o length of fuse into the hole so that it makes eontact with the igniter mix. Fill the remainder of the hole with igniter mix and ‘tamp down to hold the fuse firmly. ©) 6) 7 @ @ 0) 286 INCENDIARIES (12) Tape the fuse cord in place to prevent it from working loose and falling out. (43) Tape two or more pellets without holes to the ‘one with the fuse, (14) Btore all the pellets in a dry, closed container until required for use. d. Application. " (1) For ignition of thermite, a cluster of at least three pelleta should be used, Bury the cluster of igniter pellets just below the surface of the thermite, with the fuse extending for ignition. by a match flame. Large quantities of thermite may require a cluster of more than three pellets for satisfactory ignition. For use as an igniter of a solid incendiary, place a cluster of pellets on top of the in- cendiary. ‘When used to ignite fammable liquids, wrap a cluster of igniter pellets in a nonabsorbent material and suspend it inside the container near the open top. The container must Temain open for easy ignition and combustion of the flammable liquid. To minimize tho hazard of premature ignition of flammable liquid vapors, allow at least two feet of fuse length to extend from the top edge of an open container of flammable liquid before lighting the fuse. (0208. SILVER NITRATE—MAGNESIUM POWDER 4, Description. (1) This item consists of a mixture of eilver nitrate erystals and magnesium powder. It ean be used. to ignite all the incendiaries listed in chapter 4 except Thermite (0307), It may be used directly aa an incendiary on readily flammable material such as rags, dry paper, dry hay, or in the combustible vapor above liquid fuels. (@ 3) “ (2) The igniter can be initiated by Fuse Cord (0101), Improvised String Fuse (0102), Con- centrated Sulfurie Acid (0103), or Water (0104). Caration: This mixture is unstable and may ignite at high humidity or when wet slightly Iby drops of water, perspiration, ete. b, Material ond Eguigrnent, Silver nitrate crystals (no coarser than granulated suger). Magnesium powder or filings (no coarser thanPOOR MAN'S JAMES BOND Vol. 3 287 0209. WHITE PHOSPHORUS a. Description. granulated sugar). Spoon. Container with tight-fitting lid. ¢. Preparation, (1) Using clean, dry spoon, place magnesium powder or filings into the dry mixing eontainer to one-quarter container volume. If magne- sium flings are used, they should be free of grease. (2) Wipe the spoon with a elean, dry cloth, then add an equal quantity of silver nitrate crystals to the dry mixing container. Tighten the lid on the silver nitrate container, and remove it at least six feet from the working ares. (8) Tightly close the lid on the mixing container. ‘Turn the container on its side and slowly roll until the two powders are completely mixed. ‘The mixture is now ready for use. (4) A good practice ia to keep the silver nitrate cerystals and the magnesium powder or filings in separate air-tight containers and mix just before use. n Caution: This mixture should be kept our of ditect sunlight to avoid decomposition of the silver nitrate which could render this ig- niter mixture ineffective. 4. Application, (1) Carefully pour or spoon the mixture, in a single pile, on the incendiary. Prepare the mixture for ignition with either Fuse Cord (0101) or Imprevised String Fuse (0102) in the normal manner, The fuse cord should termi- nate near the center of the igniter mixture. Concentrated Sulfuric Acid (0103) and Water (0104) can be used a8 initiators but are gen- erally Jess convenient. Ignition takes place almost inimediately on eontact with the acid or water, These liquid initistons are conven- ent for use with specific delay mechanisms found in chapter 5. (2) When used to ignite fammable licnuids, wrap ‘8 quantity of the mixture in a nonabsorbent material and suspend it inside the container near the open top. The container must re- ‘main open for easy ignition and combustion of the fammable liquid. (8) To minimize the hazard of premature ignition of flammable liquid vapors, allow at least two feet of fuse length to extend from the top edge of an open container of fammable liquid before lighting the fuse. INCENDIARIES (1) This item consists of white phosphorus dis- solved in carbon disulfide. It can be used vo 42 ignite the following incendiaries listed in chapter 4: Napalm (0301), Gelled Gasoline {exotic thickeners) (0302), Gelled Gasoline {improvised thickeners) (0303), and Paraffin- Sawdust (0304). It may be used directly as an incendiary on readily flammable material such as rage, dry paper, dry hay, or in the combus- tible vapor above liquid fuels (2) Ignition is achieved when the volatile solvent, carbon disulfide, evaporates and the white phosphorus comes in contact with air. Caution: Never touch white phosphorus directly or allow any of its solutions to touch the skin. Painful burns which heal very slowly may result. White phosphorus sticks minst cheays be stored completely under water. If any of the phosphorus solution ia accidently spilled on the skin, immediately flush the affected area with water; then decomtaminate the affected area by dabbing with copper sulfate solution. Material and Equipment. White phosphorus sticks (sometimes called yellow phosphorus). Carbon disulfide. Copper sulfate solution. Tweezers or tongs. ‘Two glass containers about 8-ounce capacity with lids or stoppers made of glass, earthenware, or metal, Do not use a rubber lid or stopper (carbon disulfide will attack rubber), . Preparation. (1) Prepare some copper sulfate solution by adding one spoonful of copper sulfate crystal “a to one of the glass containers. Fill the con tainer with water, place the stopper in the open mouth of the hottie and shake until the crystals dissolve (2) Pour carton disulfide into the other glass container ta one-quarter container volume, Caution: Carbon disulfide fumes are poisonous. Always cap an open container of carbon disalfide as soon as possible. Work in a well ventilated area. (3) With a psir of tweezers remove some sticks of white phosphorus from their storage container.POOR MAN'S JAMES BOND Vol. 3 288 Totally submerge them immediately in the carbon disulfide to bring the level up to one- half ful. Be sure that all the phosphorus left in the original container is completely sub- merged in water before putting the container away. Wash the tweezers immediately in the copper sulfate solution. (4) Securely stopper the bottle containing the white phosphorus and carbon disuléde and allow t stand untit the white phosphorus dissolves. This usually takes about eight hours. The time required to dissolve white phosphorus can be reduced by shaking the bottle, Be sure that the bottle top does not came off. () Do not store in direct sunlight because the solution will become ineffective. This solution should never be stored more than three days. Note. If carbon disulfide is not available, benzene (bensol) may be used to dissolve the phosphorus. It requires considerable shaking and overnight snaking to get an appreciable amount of phosphorus dissolved in benzene. Do not sttemtt to use réd_ phosphorus for preparing thia igniter because it does not behave like white phosphorus. d. Application. (2) To ignite readily flammable material, pour the white phosphorus solution directly onto the material; it will ignite when the solvent evaporates, exposing the white phosphorus to the air. Once the solution is poured, the empty bottle should be discarded immediately because any solution remaining on the bottle will ignite when the solvent evaporates, Do not cover the goaked fammable material because the carbon disulfide must evaporate for ignition to occur. (2) The incendiaries mentioned under Description above can be ititisted by first impregnating crumpled paper cr absorbent paper towels with the white phosphorus solution and placing impregnated paper on the material to be (8) Delay times of the phosphorus solution may be varied by the addition of gasolina or toluene (toluol), Add a amall quantity of either solvent to the original white phosphorus solution and test the solution each time until the desired delay time is achieved. Delay times of 20 to 30 minutes may be obtained in this manner. (4) Check the delay time under conditions ex- pected at the target. Air currents hasten the INCENDTARIES evaporation of the solvent and decrease delay time. A high ambient temperature will also decrease delay time whereas a low ambient temperature will in¢tase the delay time ‘This igniter is not reliable at or below freezing ‘temperatures (32° F.) jeendiary paper, soak strips of iting paper in the phosphorus- earbon disulfide for a few minutes. Remove the paper with a pair of tweezers or tongs and place in a vinl filled with water, Be sure to wash off the tweezers immediately in copper sulfide solution. Cap the vial and store until ready to use. To use this incendiary paper, remove the strips of paper with a pair of tweezers, and place among the material to be ignited. () 0210. MAGNESIUM POWDER—BARIUM PEROXIDE 4, Description. (Q) This item consists of a mixture of finely powdered magnesium and finely powdered ‘barium peroxide. Tt can be used to ignite all the incendiaries listed in chapter 4 and is particularly suited for ignition of thermite, Tt may be used directly as an incendiary on readily fammeble materia! such as rags, dry paper, dry hay, or in the combustible vapor iquid fuels. r can be initiated by Fuse Cord (0101) or Tmprovised String Fuse (0102). (2) 2, Material ond Equipment. ‘Magnesium powder (no coarser than table salt). Barium peroxide (no coarser than table salt). Spoon. Container with tight-fitting lid. % ¢. Preparation. (1) Using a clean, dry spoon, place powdered magnesium into the dry mixing container to ‘one-quarter container volume, (2) Wipe the spoon with clean, dry cloth, then add powdered barium peroxide to the dry mixing container to three-quarters container volume, Tighten the lid on the barium peroxide container, and remove it at least six feet from the working area. (8) Tightly close the lid on the mixing container. Turn the container on its side and slowly roll until the two powders are completely mixed. ‘The mixture is now ready for uae.FOOR MAN'S JAMES BOND Vol. 3 289 (4) A good practice is to keep the powdered mag nesium and powdered barium peroxide in separaie containers and mix just before use, 4, Application. (1) Carefully pour or spoon the mixture, in & single pile, onto the incendiary, Prepare the mixture for ignition with Fuse Cord (0101) or Im- provised String Fuse (0102) in the normal manner. ‘The fuse cord should terminate near the center of the igniter mixture. mixture to a depth of at least 44 inch on the top surface of the thermite which is held in an assembly described under Application of Thermite iticendiary (0307). The fuse cord will initiate the thermite igniter which wil, in tum, ignite the thermite. (8) When used to ignite flammable liquids, wrap fe quantity of the mixture in @ nonabsorbent material and auspend it inside the container near the open to” ‘The container must remain open for easy ignition and combustion of the fiammable liquid. (4) To minimite the hazard of premature ignition of flammable liquid vapors, allow at least two feet of fuse length to extend from the top edge of an open container of flammable liquid before lighting the fuse. 0211. SUBIGNITER FOR THERMITE a. Description, (1) This item consists of a mixture of a metal powder and an oxidizing agent. Two metal powder alterns'es and four oxidizing agent alternates are specified. In the eonibustion process, the mctal powder is oxidized, re sulting in the literation of a large quantity of heat. (2) This subigniter ix a substitute for Magnesium Powder—Barium Peroxide Igniter (0240), ‘and should be used only if that Igniter is not available, The disadvantage of this sub- igniter is that it cannot be dircetly initiated by fuse cord. To use this wubigniter for initiating thermite, it is necessary to use another igniter mixture to initiate the sub- igniter, preferably Sugar-Chlorete (0201). The fuse cord will initiate tne sugar-chlorate, which will, in turn, ignite the subigniter and, thereby, initiate the thermite. (@) This subigniter can be directly initiated by INCENDIARIES all the igniters listed in chapter 3 except White Phosphorus (0200). a }. Materiat and Equipment. Either aluminum or magnesium filings or powder (no coarser than granulated sugar). one of the following oxidizing agents: sodium dichromate, potassium permanganate, potas- sium nitrate, or potassium dichromate (no comrser than granulated sugar). Container with tight-fitting lid. ©. Preparation. (2) ‘Using a clean, dry spoon, place one of the metal powders or filings in the container to one-third container volume. If metal flings are used, they should be free of grease. (2) Wipe the spoon with a clean, dry cloth and add an equal quantity of one of the above oxidizing agents. (8) Tighten the lid on the mixing container, turn the container on its side and slowly roll until the two powders ate completely mixed. ‘The mixture is now ready to use and may be stored for months in this tightly sesled con ‘tainer. d. Application. (1) ‘To use this subigniter, spread the ma- terial to 2 depth of at least 14 inch on the top surface of the thermite which is held in an assembly described under Application of ‘Thermite Incendiary (0307). Spread another igniter, preferably Sugar-Chlorate (0201) on top of this subigniter to about the same depth. Prepare the mixture for ignition with Fuse Cord (0101) or Improvised String Fuse (0102) in the normal manner. ‘The fuse card should terminate nen che contr of the igniter 4 mixture. The fuso cord initiates the sugar- chlorate igniter which ignites the thermite subigniter which then ignites the thermite. (2). For delay times longer than those conveniently ‘obtained with fuse cord in ignition of thermite by this subigniter method, refer to chapter 5. Caution: Never attempt to ignite thermite subigniter without at least a few seconds delay fase. It burms extremely fast and bot, and the user could be seriously burned if he were too close when ignition occurred. 0 CHAPTER 4 INCENDIARY MATERIALSPOOR MAN’S JAMES BOND Vol. 3 290 0901. NAPALM a. Description, (1) This item consists of a liquid fuel which is gelled by the addition of roap powder or soap chips. It is easily prepared from readily available materials. (2) This ineendiary can be directly initiated by a match flame. However, if delay is required, the incendiary can be reliably initiated by & delay systera consisting of any igniter listed in chapter 3 coupled with a delay mechanisms found in chapter 5. (8) Napalm incendiary is easily ignited and long burning, and is suitable for setting fire to large wooden structures and other large combustible targets, It adheres to objects, even on vertical surfaces. b. Material and Equipment. Somp powder or chips (bar soap can be easily shaved or chipped). Detergents cannot be used. Any of the following liquid hydrocarbon fuel gusoline, fuel oil, diesel oil, kerosene, turpentine, benzol or benzene, toloul or toluene. A double boiler made from any material with the upper pot having a capacity of at least two quarts, n ‘A spoon or stick for stirring. A source of heat such as s stove or hot plate, A knife or grater if only bar soap is available, An air-tight container. ¢. Preparation. (1) Fill bottom of double boiler with water and heat until the water boils, Shut off source of heat. (2) Place upper pot on top of bottom pot and remove both containers to a point several feet from the beat source. (8) Pour soap chips or powder into the upper pot of the double boiler to one-quarter of pot volume. (4) Pour any one of the liquid hydrocarbon fuels listed under Material and Bquipment above into the upper pot containing the soap chips or powder until the pot is one-half full. Caution: Keep these fuels away from open flames. (8) Stir the mixture with stick or spoon until it thickens to a paste having the consistency of jam. Do this in a well ventilated room where the vapors will not concentrate snd bum or explode from a flame or spark. INCENDIARIES (6) If the mixture has not thickened enough after about 18 minutes of stirring, remove the upper pot and put it several feet from the heat souree, Again bring the water in the lower pot to a boil. Shut off heat source, place upper pot in lower pot at a location several feet from the heat source and repeat stirring until the napalm reaches the recom- mended consistency. (1) When the propel consistency ia obtained, store the finished napalm in a tightly sealed container until used. Napalm will keep for months when stored this way. d, Application. GQ) To we napalm most effectively, it should be spread out over the surface of the material to be bumed. This will start s large area burning atonce, A match can be used to directly initi- ate this incendiary. A short time delay in ignition can be obtained by combining Fuse Cord (0101) or Improvised String Fuse (0102) and one of the igniter mixtures found in chapter 3, (Por example, several spoonfuls of Sugar-Chlorate mixture (0201) are placed in a nonabeorbent wrapping material. Fuse cord is buried in the center of the igniter mixture and the fuse is taped to the wrapping material. ‘This assembly is placed directly on the napalm. Delay times are determined by the length of fuse. Suitable delay mechanisms are given in chapter 5 for delay times longer than those practical with fuse cord.) (2) Napalm made with the more volatile fuels should not ordinarily be used with a delay longer than one hour because the liquid fuel evaporates and this can reduce its effective- ness. In very hot weather, or if the napalm is exposed to the direct rays of the sun, it ia recommended that napalm be made with fuel oil. In extremely cold weather, it ia recom- mended that napalm be made with gasoline, (8) The destructive effect of napalm is increased when charcoal is added. The charcoal will reudily ignite and fhe porsatent fre from the charcoal will outlast the burning napalm. It is recommended that at least ome quart of napalm be used to ignite heavy wooden structures and large wooden sections. A minimum of one-half quart is recommended for wooden structures of small cross section. 0902. GELLED GASOLINE (EXOTIC THICKENERS)