Seminar on

Finite Element Analysis and Design

of RC Buildings

25-26th May 2005

Multi Media Theater, UNIMAS Main Campus

Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia

Organized By

Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software

, School of Civil Engineering, Asian Institute of Technology (AIT)
Bangkok, Thailand

JOintly organized by

Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering

University Malaysia Sarawak

The Institution of Engineers, Malaysia

Sarawak Branch

 Dr. Naveed Anwar ~

Asian Institute of Technology, AIT ~

Finite Element Analysis

and Design of RC Buildings'

May 25-26, 2005

Multi Media Theater, UNIMAS Main Campus

Kota Samarahan, Sarawak

'~---------------------------------,
[ Outline
Overview of Computer Aided Analysis and Design of

Buildings

Structural Systems: Types, Selection and Behavior

Modeling and Analysis of Buildings in 3D
Design of Gravity Load Resisting Systems
Design of Lateral Load Resisting Systems
Special Modeling Techniques for Shear Walls, Transfer

Girders, Deep Beams, Foundation Systems and Long

Columns

Analysis, Design and Detailing of Foundations

Dynamic and Non-linear Analysis for Wind and Earthquake
Loads
Pushover Analysis for Performance Based Design
Staged Construction Analysis

Finite Element Analysis and Design of RC Buildings - 1

 Dr. Naveed Anwar ~
. . ACECOMS
ASian Institute of Technology, AIT

~~------------------------------------.

[ Building Systems
Building is an assemblage of various Systems
- Basic Functional System
- Structural System
- HVAC System
- Plumbing and Drainage System
- Electrical, Electronic and Communication System
- Security System
- Other specialized systems

Finite Element Analysis and Design of RC Buildings - 2

...

Dr. Naveed Anwar ~

Asian Institute of Technology, AIT ~

The Building Structural System Physical

Diaphragm
Frame and Shear Walls
Lateral Load Resisting System
Floor Slab System
Gravity Load Resisting System

I
,

The Building Structural System Conceptual

The Gravity load Resisting System (GLRS)
- The structural system (beams, slab, girders, columns, etc)
that act primarily to support the gravity or vertical loads

The Lateral Load Resisting System (LLRS)

- The structural system (columns, shear walls, bracing, etc)
that primarily acts to resist the lateral loads

The Floor Diaphragm (FD)

- The structural system that transfers lateral loads to the
lateral load resisting system and provides in-plane floor
stiffness
6
~

'.
Finite Element Analysis and Design of RC Buildings - 3
 Dr. Naveed Anwar ~
. . ACECOMS
ASian Institute of Technology, AIT

_ _ _ _ -_ _ _ _
__ ._.__.. .._......-......... .__..
....._._._. .... .. ...... .. ..... _.._._._._._._....-...
.. . - - -....--..-.-..- ..- ..--.---
- -_ .. -_ _ -_._.__.__ ........ ... .... ..... - ._ .... ..... __.. _-_......__....___...._ --_-.-- -- -- - -.--.--..
.. .. .. - ~-

[r----st~r~tural System - Analysis Model

STRUCTURE

EXCITATION RESPONSES
Loads Displacements
Vibrations ~ Strains
Settlements ~ Stress
Thermal Changes Stress Resultants

Structural
\

'I I

Model

Finite Element Analysis and Design of RC Buildings - 4

 Dr. Naveed Anwar ~

~
-. Asian Institute of Technology, All

~~--------------------------------~

[ The Structural System

STRUCTURE

EXCITATION
.. P.
6
RESPONSES

Static Elastic Linear

Dynamic Inelastic Nonlinear

9
~SJ

,~------------------------------~

[ Analysis of Structures

P.
Real Structure is governed by
"Partial Differential Equations" of
various order
Direct solution is only possible for:
Simple geometry
Simple Boundary
Simple Loading.
10

Finite Element Analysis and Design of RC Buildings - 5

 Dr. Naveed Anwar ~
. . ACECOMS
ASian Institute of Technology, AIT

,~--------------------------------~

[ The Need for Modeling

A - Real Structure cannot be Analyzed:
It can only be "Load Tested" to determine
response
B - We can only analyze a "Model" of the
Structure
C - We therefore need tools to Model the
Structure and to Analyze the Model

II

----_ .. _-_ .

.... __ ..___ . - ....

.. -. -. ..--..... - .-.- . -..- . - -... --.---.-.- -- .-.----~-~ .. ---

Finite Element Method: The Analysis Tool

Finite Element Analysis

(FEA)

- "A discretized solution to a

continuum problem using FEM"

Finite Element Method

(FEM)

- "A numerical procedure for

solving (partial) differential

equations associated with field

problems, with an accuracy

acceptable to engineers "

12

Finite Element Analiysis and Design of RC Buildings - 6

 Dr. Naveed Anwar ~
. . ACECOMS
ASian Institute of Technology, AIT

~~-------------------------------------.
[ Continuum to Discrete Model
I

Pv ~

3D-CONTINUM CONTINUOUS MODEL DISCRETE MODEL

MODEL OF STRUCTURE OF STRUCTURE
(Governed by partial (Governed by either (Governed by algebraic
differential equations) partial or total differential equations)
equations)
13

- _ _--
..

[,----~F~m C'lassical to FEM Solution

. ------- --------- -- ----- - -....

Classical FEM

Actual Structure Structural Model

- - Kr=R
"Algebraic
"Partial
... Differential
Equations "
Equations"
.
fo'edY =JP!iICW+ Jp!iiils K = Stiffness
r = Response
(Principle of Virtual Work) ; R = Loads
\4

Finite Element Analysis and Design of RC Buildings - 7

 Dro Naveed Anwar ~

Asian Institute of Technology, AIT ~

~~------------------------------~
[ Simplified Structural System

A
Deformations (D)

D K
,'+--oJ,
F-

F=KD
15

-- .--..... _ - - - - - .. _ .. ..
_ 0_ _ _0"___ - ._ __

~~--~----------~--------------~

[ The Structural System

STRUCTURE

EXCITATION. RESPONSES
A
Pv

Static Elastic Linear

Dynamic Inelastic Nonlinear

16

- - _ _------_ _--
.. ..... -_.

Finite Element Analysis and Design of RC Buildings - 8

 Dr. Naveed Anwar ~

Asian Institute of Technology, AIT ~

~~----~------------------------~
[ The Equilibrium Equations
1. Linear-Static Elastic OR Inelastic
Ku=F
2. Linear-Dynamic Elastic

3. Nonlinear - Static Elastic OR Inelastic

4. Nonlinear-Dynamic Elastic OR Inelastic

17
Mi(t)+CU(t)+Kf{t}+F{t)NL=F(t) ~

~--------------------------------~
[ Analysis Type
The type of Analysis to be carried out depends on
the Structural System

The Type of Excitation (Loads)

- The Type Structure (Material and Geometry)
- The Type Response

18

Finite Element Analysis and Design of RC Buildings - 9

 Dr. Naveed Anwar ~

Asian Institute of Technology, AIT ~

~~-------------------------------------.
[ Some More Solution Types
Non-linear Analysis
- P-Delta Analysis

- Buckling Analysis

- Static Pushover Analysis

- Fast Non-Linear Analysis (FNA)

Large Displacement Analysis

Dynamic Analysis
- Free Vibration and Modal Analysis

Response Spectrum Analysis

Steady State Dynamic Analysis

19

[~----~'~-S-t-at-ic-V-S-D-y-n-am--iC--------~

Static Excitation
When tbe Excitation (Load) does not vary rapidly with Time
- When the Load can be assumed to be applied "Slowly"
Dynamic Excitation
- Wben tbe Excitation varies rapidly witb Time

- When tbe "Inertial Force" becomes significant

Most Real Excitation are Dynamic but are

considered"Quasi Static"

Most Dynamic Excitation can be converted to

"Equivalent Static Loads"

20

Finite Element Analysis and Design of RC Buildings - 10

 Dr. Naveed Anwar ~

Asian Institute of Technology, AIT ~

,~------------------------------------~

[ Elastic Vs Inelastic
Elastic Material
Follows the same path during loading and unloading and returns
to initial state of deformation, stress, strain etc. after removal of
load! excitation
Inelastic Material
Does not follow the same path during loading and unloading and
may not returns to initial state of deformation, stress, strain etc.
after removal of load! excitation

Most materials exhibit both, elastic and inelastic

behavior depending upon level of loading.

21

Linear Vs Nonlinear
Linearity
- The response is directly proportional to excitation
- (Deflection doubles if load is doubled)
Non..Linearity
- The response is not directly proportional to excitation
- (deflection may become 4 times ifload is doubled)
Non..linear response may be produced by:
- Geometric Effects' (Geometric non-linearity)

Material Effects (Material non-linearity)

- Both

Finite Element AnalysiS and Design of RC Buildings - 11

 Dr. Naveed Anwar ~
. . ACECOMS
ASian Institute of Technology, AIT

"'

[ Basic Analysis Types

excitation Structure Response
Static Elastic Linear

Static Elastic Nonlinear

Static Inelastic Linear

Static Inelastic Nonlinear

Dynamic Elastic Linear

Dynamic Elastic Nonlinear

Dynamic Inelastic Linear

Dynamic Inelastic Nonlinear

23
~SJ

....... - - -
............

- - _ _._ .... .. .. ....... .. __..._-- _ ......_.. __ ...__.._-.._...._. ___ __

... . .. ........ _---- _............. __ . _ .-...... - .... _. ......... ._._... .......... _..._.

[r----~'Some More Solution Types

Non-linear Analysis
- P-Delta Analysis

- Buckling Analysis

- Static Pushover Analysis

- Fast Non-Linear Analysis (FNA)

- Large Displacement Analysis

Dynamic Analysis
- Free Vibration and Modal Analysis

- Response Spectrum Analysis

- Steady State Dynamic Analysis

24

--- .... _ .. --......._... ._--_.................__._.........._ ..._._ ... ..........-....- ................- ..... -

- .. .... ......
~ -- . . ..

Finite Element Analysis and Design of RC Buildings - 12

 Dr. Naveed Anwar ~

Asian Institute of Technology, AfT ~

[ Elastic Vs Inelastic ]
Elastic Material
- Follows the same path during loading and unloading and returns
to initial state of deformation, stress, strain etc. after removal of
loadl excitation
Inelastic Material
- Does not follow the same path during loading and unloading and
may not returns to initial state of deformation, stress, strain etc.
after removal of loadl excitation

Most materials exhibit both, elastic and inelastic

behavior depending upon level of loading.

25

,,---------------------------------------,
[ Linear Vs Nonlinear
Linearity
- The response is directly proportional to excitation
- (Deflection doubles if load is doubled)
Non-Linearity
- The response is not directly proportional to excitation
- (deflection may become 4 times ifload is doubled)
Non-linear response may be produced by:
- Geometric Effects (Geometric non-linearity)

- Material Effects (Material non-linearity)

- Both

Finite Element Analysis and Design of RC Buildings - 13

 Dr. Naveed Anwar ~

Asian Institute of Technology, AIT ~

Elasticity and Linearity

o e o e
linear, but Inelastic Elastic. but nonlinear

27

,~------------------------------~
[ L~ads to Actions
Loads

,
Load Cases

Load Combinations

28
,
Design Envelopes

Design Actions

Finite Element Analysis and Design of RC Buildings ~ 14

 I

I Dr. Naveed Anwar ~

Asian Institute of Technology, AIT ~

I
I [
~~------------------------------~
Load Cases
I Load cases are defined by the user and
used for analysis purpose only

I Static Load Cases

- DeadLoad
I Live Load
- Wind Load

I Earthquake Load Cases

- Response Spectrum Load Cases

I - Time mstory Load Cases

Static Non-Linear Load Cases

29

I
I

I
~~------------------------------~

I [ Load Combinations
The Load Combinations may be created by the
I program, user defined or a combination of both.

Some Examples: [Created by the program]

I - 1.4rOL
- 1.4rOL + 1.7(LLL + rRLL)

I
- O.75[1.4rOL + 1.7(LLL + rRLL) + l.7WL]

- O.75[1.4rDL + 1.7(LLL + rRLL) 1.7WL]

- O.9rOL + 1.3WL
I - O.9rOL - 1.3WL
- 1.1 [1.2rOL + O.5{LLl + rRLl) + 1.0E]

I
30
- 1.1 [1.2rOL + O.5{LLl + rRlL) 1.0E]

I
Finite Element Analysis and Design of RC Buildings - 15

I
 I
Dr. Naveed Anwar
Asian Institute of Technology, AIT
~

~
I
I
[
~~----------------------------------

Obtaining Envelop Results

I

Combi Comb2 Comb3 ~ombN I

4oad Case1

load Case 2

load Case 3

Envelop Results
I

load Case M

. Totiit]~
I

II P2
I

.'P3.4p.-: I> PN _ {Max,p}

Pi Min,P
I
I
31

I
I
I
Can Envelop Results be Used for Design?
I
Actions Interact with each other,
P
effecting the stresses
I

For Column Design: P, Mx, My

For Beam Design:
For Slabs:
Mx, Vy, l z
Mx, My, Mxy
I
At least 3 Actions from each combination

must be considered together as set

I
Therefore, Envelop Results Can Not be

Used

Every Load Combinations must be used

I,
for design with complete "Action Set"

32

I
I
Finite Element Analysis and Design of RC Buildings - 16 I

I .
Dr. Naveed Anwar
.
~
ACECOMS
ASian Institute of Technology, AIT

I
I [
~~--------------~~----------------~

Design Actions For Static Loads II

I For static loads,

Combinations
Design Actions are

I
1/1
obtained as the ..J---+---+--+----1lllra
cumulative result .A----t---+--+----1 u
'0
from each load ..J---+---+--+----1g
I combination, as set
for all interacting
..J

actions
I
The final or critical
Combinations
I results from design of
all load combinations
33 are adopted
I
I

Static, Dynamic and Nonlinear Results

I For a Single Action:

I Static Load Case

+
I Response Spectrum Load Case
Load
Combination
1 for each Time Step

I Time History Load Case OR 1 for envelop

Table

1 for each Load Step

I Static Non-linear Load Case
OR 1 for Envelop

I 34

I
Finite Element Analysis and Design of RC Buildings - 17
 I
Dr. Naveed Anwar ~ 'I
Asian nstltute 0f TI ec hno Iogy, AIT
I ACECOMS

I
[
~~--------------------------~--------~

Special Load Cases I

Response Spectrum Cases I
- All response spectrum cases are assumed to be earthquake
load cases
I
- The output from a response spectrum is all positive.

- Design load combination that includes a response spectrum

I
load case is checked for all possible combinations of signs
(+, -) on the response spectrum values I
35
- A 3D element will have eight possible combinations of

P, M2 and M3 and eight combinations for M3, V, T

I
I
I
I
Response Spectrum Results for Action Set
Design Actions needed for Columns:
I
+P, +Mx, +My
I

...
+P,+Mx,-My

Maximum Results obtained by:

SRSS, CQC, etc.

+P, -Mx, +My

+P, -Mx,-My
I
.
' .. f------t

P,Mx,My>
-P, +Mx, +My
-P, +Mx, -My
-P, -Mx, +My
I
-P, -Mx, -My I
I
36
I
I
Fini,te Element Analysis and Design of RC Buildings - 18 I
 I
I Dr. Naveed Anwar
. .
Asian Institute of Technology, AIT
3>
ACECOMS

I
I L
'---~~--
me-H-is-to-ry-A-n-al-YS-iS-Re-s-u-lt-s - - - - 0

I option - 2:

Design For All Values
(At each time step)

I ,-

t
.. .
.....~~i\;.o~) Lt:'~L...wjl~~~j~-.l It...i...;~~ Option -1:
Max Val

I ~1 ,.ll'.rnl.~I'.nln
.at.J.I'Jrll'rJ~1
Envelope Design

7."II7""f'!r-~~~~ r~""~r)""r.!l~f!'!'p::!~

I Min Val

Response Curve for One Action

I
37

I
I - - _ . _ -- -

I ~~-----------------------------------~

I [ Time History Results

The default design load combinations do not
include any time history results
I Define the load combination, to include time
history forces in a design load combination

I Can perform design for each step of Time

History or design for envelops for those resultsr-;;:;;;;;:;;;=;::;;:;;:;;;;:;;;:;;::;;;:;;;;;;;;

I For envelope design, the design is for the

maximum of each response quantity (axial

load, moment, etc.) as if they occurred

simultaneously.

Designing for each step of a time history gives

correct correspondence between different
response quantities
38

I Finite Element Analysis and Design of RC Buildings - 19

I
 Dr. Naveed Anwar ~
. . ACECOMS
ASian Institute of Technology AIT
I

I
[
"--~------------------------------------,
Time History Results
I

- ...:. The program gets a maximum and a minimum value for each
response quantity from the envelope results for a time history

I
- For a design load combination any load combination that
I

includes a time history load case in it is checked for all possible

combinations of maximum and minimum time history design

values.
I
- If a single design load combination has more than one time
history case in it, that design load combination is designed for

the envelopes of the time histories, regardless of what is

specified for the Time History Design item in the preferences

I
39

I
I
I
[~--~" Static Non Linear Results
- The default design load combinations do not include any

I
Static Nonlinear results

I
- Define the load combination, to include Static Nonlinear

Results in a design load combination

I
For a single static nonlinear load case the design is
performed for each step of the static nonlinear analysis. I
I

40

Finite Element Analysis and Design of RC Buildings - 20 I

I
I Dr. Naveed Anwar
Asian Institute of Technology, AIT
~

Wind load Cases

At least 3 basic Wind Load Cases
should be considered
- Along X-Direction

I - Along Y Direction
- Along Diagonal
Each Basic Wind Load Case should
I be entered separately into load
combinations twice, once with (+ve)
and once with (-ve) sign

I Total of 6 Wind Load Cases should

considered in Combinations, but
only 3 Load Cases need to be
defined and analyzed
I 41
Wx~

I['---~' Wind load Combinations

I

I
(t) Is the load factor specified for Example:
Wind in the design codes Comb = O.75(1.4D + 1.7W) will

I Six Additional Load Combinations

are required where ever "Wind" is
need Six Actua]' Combinations

Combl= O.75(1.4D + 1.7Wx)

Comb2 = O.75(1.4D - 1.7Wx)

I
mentioned in the basic Load!

Combinations
Comb3 = O.75(1.4D + 1.7Wy)
Comb4 = O.75(1.4D - 1.7Wy)

Comb5 = O.75(1.4D + 1.7Wxy)

Comb6 = O.75(1.4D - 1.7Wxy)

I
42

I Finite Element Analysis and Design of RC Buildings - 21

I
 -

I
Dr. Naveed Anwar ~ I
Asian nstltute 0f Tec hnoIogy, AIT
I ACECOMS

I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
~~-----------------------------------, I

[ The Building Structural System

The Gravity Load Resisting System (GLRS)
I
- The structural system (beams, slab, girders, columns, etc)

that act primarily to support the gravity or vertical loads

I
The 'lateral Load Resisting System (LLRS)
- The structural system (columns, shear walls, bracing, etc)
that primarily acts to resist the lateral loads
I
The Floor Diaphragm (FD)
- The structural system that transfers lateral loads to the
I

lateral load resisting system and provides in-plane floor

stiffness

I
I
I
Finite Element Analysis and Design of RC Buildings - 22 I
I
 I
I Dr. Naveed Anwar
Asian Institute of Technology, AIT
~

~
I
I [
~~----------------------------------~

Main Slab Types: Usage

I Buildings
- Flat Slabs, One way Slabs, Two way Slabs
I - Isolated Footings, Combined Footings, Rafts
- Pre-cast slab panels, hollow core slabs

I Bridges and Highways

Deck Slab on Girders
- Box Girder Slabs
I - Slab on Grade: Pavements, Approach Slabs,
Water Retaining Structures

I - Retaining Wall Systems

- Tank Roof and Floor slabs
45

I
I

I
~~------------------------------------~

I [ Basic Definition
Plate
I - Any member, or part of member whose thickness is much
less than its other dimensions
Slab
I - A plate resting on supports, generally horizontal and
transferring vertical loads directly.
Slab System
I A combination of various components, such as slabs, beams,
drop panels, stiffeners, joists, girders, ribs, all acting
together to transfer the loads to supports
I
I 46

I
Finite Element Analysis and Design of RC Buildings - 23

II