Cc dng bi ton Este Ho 12

Chng 1:

ESTE LIPIT
A. Cng thc tng qut
Este c to bi axit cacboxylic no, n chc mch h v ancol no, n chc, mch h (este no,
n chc, mch h): CmH2m+1COOCmH2m+1 hay CnH2nO2 (m 0; m 1; n 2 ).
Este a chc c to bi axit cacboxylic a chc v ancol n chc: R(COOR)n
Este a chc c to bi axit cacboxylic n chc v ancol a chc: (RCOO)nR
Este a chc c to bi axit cacboxylic a chc v ancol a chc (cng c n nhm chc):
R(COO)nR
Tm li, c th t CTTQ ca este : CxHyOz (x, z 2; y l s chn, y 2x)

B. Cc dng bi tp v cc ch khi gii bi tp

Dng 01: Bi ton v phn ng thu phn este
1. Thu phn mt este n chc
- Trong mi trng axit: Phn ng xy ra thun nghch
H+, to
RCOOR + HOH RCOOH + ROH
- Trong mi trng kim (phn ng x phng ho): Phn ng mt chiu, cn un nng
RCOOR + NaOH t0
RCOOH + ROH
Mt s nhn xt :
Nu nNaOH phn ng = nEste Este n chc.
Nu RCOOR (este n chc), trong R l C6H5- hoc vng benzen c nhm th
nNaOH phn ng = 2neste v sn phm cho 2 mui, trong c phenolat:
VD: RCOOC6H5 + 2NaOH RCOONa + C6H5ONa + H2O
Nu nNaOH phn ng = .neste ( > 1 v R khng phi C6H5- hoc vng benzen c nhm th) Este
a chc.
Nu phn ng thu phn este cho 1 anehit (hoc xeton), ta coi nh ancol (ng phn vi andehit)
c nhm OH gn trc tip vo lin kt C=C vn tn tai gii v t CTCT ca este.
Nu sau khi thy phn thu c mui (hoc khi c cn thu c cht rn khan) m mmui = meste +
mNaOH th este phi c cu to mch vng (lacton):
O
C = O + NaOH HO-CH2CH2CH2COONa

Nu gc hidrocacbon ca R, mt nguyn t C gn vi nhiu gc este hoc c cha nguyn

t halogen th khi thy phn c th chuyn ha thnh andehit hoc xeton hoc axit cacboxylic
VD: C2H5COOCHClCH3 + NaOH t0
C2H5COONa + CH3CHO
CH3-COO
CH + NaOH CH3-COO Na + HCHO
CH3-COO
Bi ton v hn hp cc este th nn s dng phng php trung bnh.

Bi 1: Thc hin phn ng x phng ho cht hu c X n chc vi dung dch NaOH thu c mt
mui Y v ancol Z. t chy hon ton 2,07 gam Z cn 3,024 lt O2 (ktc) thu c lng CO2 nhiu
hn khi lng nc l 1,53 gam. Nung Y vi vi ti xt thu c kh T c t khi so vi khng kh
bng 1,03. CTCT ca X l:
A. C2H5COOCH3 B. CH3COOC2H5 C. C2H5COOC3H7 D. C2H5COOC2H5
Gii :
- Theo bi: X n chc, tc dng vi NaOH sinh ra mui v ancol X l este n chc: RCOOR.
Mt khc: mX + mO2 = m CO 2 + m H 2O 44. nCO 2 + 18. n H 2O = 2,07 + (3,024/22,4).32 = 6,39 gam
V 44. n CO 2 - 18. n H 2O = 1,53 gam n CO 2 = 0,09 mol ; n H 2O = 0,135 mol
n H 2O > n CO 2 Z l ancol no, n chc, mch h c cng thc: CnH2n+1OH (n 1)

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Cc dng bi ton Este Ho 12

n H 2O n 1 0,135
T phn ng t chy Z = = n = 2.
nCO2 n 0,09
Y c dng: CxHyCOONa T: CxHy+1 MT = 12x + y + 1 = 1,03.29
x 2
C2H5COOC2H5 p n D
y 6

Bi 2: un 20,4 gam mt cht hu c A n chc vi 300 ml dung dch NaOH 1 M thu c mui
B v hp cht hu c C. Cho C phn ng vi Na d thu c 2,24 lit H2 (ktc). Nung B vi NaOH rn
thu c kh D c t khi i vi O2 bng 0,5. Khi oxi ha C bng CuO c cht hu c E khng phn
ng vi AgNO3/NH3. Xc nh CTCT ca A?
A. CH3COOCH2CH2CH3 B. CH3COO-CH(CH3)2 C. C2H5COOCH2CH2CH3 D. C2H5COOCH(CH3)2
Gii:
Cht C tc dng vi Na sinh ra kh H2 C l ancol. Oxi ha C ra E khng phn ng vi AgNO3 C
khng l ancol bc 1. Cc p n cho A l este n chc. Vy B l mui ca Na.
Nung B vi NaOH rn to ra D c MD = 32.0,5 = 16. Vy D l CH4 Gc R trong D l CH3-.
t cng thc ca A l RCOOR
CH3COOR + NaOH CH3COONa + ROH
ROH + Na RONa + H2
Ta c: nH 2 = 0,1 mol nAncol = 2.0,1 = 0,2 mol
nNaOH = 0,3 mol > nAncol NaOH d, este phn ng ht.
nEste = nAncol = 0,2 mol Meste = 20,4/0,2 = 102
R = 102 59 = 43 gc R l C3H7- v ancol bc 2 p n B ng
Bi 3: X l mt cht hu c n chc c M = 88. Nu em un 2,2 gam X vi dung dch NaOH d,
thu c 2,75 gam mui. Cng thc cu to thu gn ca cht no sau y ph hp vi X:
A. HCOOCH2CH2CH3. B. CH3CH2CH2COOH. C. C2H5COOCH3. D. HCOOCH(CH3)2.
Gii:
* Nhn xt: Vi lp lun X l cht hu c no, n chc, phn ng vi dung dch NaOH nn X l axit
hoc este (loi kh nng l phenol v Mphenol 94 > 88 ( M C6 H 5OH = 94)).
V nguyn tc ta c th gii tm ra kt qu (p n B).
Tuy nhin, nu lu mt cht ta c th tm ra p n m khng cn li gii:
Do X n chc phn ng vi NaOH d nn nmui = nX. M li c mmui > mX nn Mmui > MX
Vy R < MNa = 23. Vy R ch c th l H- hoc CH3-. Vy ch c p n B ng.
!Lu : + Nu bi cho bit X (c th l axit hoc este, c cng thc RCOOR) phn ng vi NaOH,
m mmui > mX th R < MNa = 23. R ch c th l H- hoc CH3-
+ Nu cho r X l este m c mmui > meste th n phi l este ca ancol CH3OH (MR = 15, R
l CH3-)
VD: Cho 4,2 g este n chc no E tc dng ht vi dung dch NaOH ta thu c 4,76 g mui natri. Vy
cng thc cu to ca E c th l:
A CH3 COOCH3 B. HCOOCH3 C. CH3COOC2H5 D. HCOOC2H5
Gii:
Ta thy: Khi thy phn este m mmui >meste vy gc R l CH3- loi p n C v D
V RCOOR RCOONa
Theo phng php tng gim khi lng: C 1 mol este phn ng th khi lng mtng = 23 15 = 8
Khi lng tng thc t l 4,76 4,2 = 0,56 g
neste = nmui = 0,56/8 = 0,07 (mol) Mmui = 4,76/0,07 = 68
R = 68 67 = 1 (R l H). Vy p n B ng.
Bi 4: X l mt este no n chc, c t khi hi i vi CH4 l 5,5. Nu em un 2,2 gam este X
vi dung dch NaOH (d), thu c 2,05 gam mui. Cng thc cu to thu gn ca X l:
( khi B 2007)
A. C2H5COOCH3. B. HCOOCH2CH2CH3. C. CH3COOC2H5 D. HCOOCH(CH3)2.
Gii:
Meste = 5,5.16 = 88 neste = 2,2/88 = 0,025 mol
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Cc dng bi ton Este Ho 12

nEste = nmui = 0,025 mol Mmui = 2,05/0,025 = 82

R=82 67 = 15 R l CH3- p n C ng
* Ch : Ta c th dng phng php loi tr tm p n:
T bi: meste > mmui X khng th l este ca ancol CH3OH p n A loi.
T phn ng thy phn ta ch xc nh c CTPT ca cc gc R v R m khng th xc nh c
cu to ca cc gc do B v D khng th ng thi ng do ta loi tr tip B v D.
Vy ch c p n C ph hp
Bi 5: Cho 20 gam cht hu c X (ch cha C, H, O v mt loi nhm chc) c t khi hi so vi O2
bng 3,125, tc dng vi 0,3 mol NaOH. C cn dung dch sau phn ng thu c 23,2 gam b rn.
CTCT ca X c th l:
A. CH3COOCH=CH-CH3. B. C2H5COOCH=CH2. C. CH2CH=CHCOOCH3. D. CH2=CHCOOC2H5.
Gii:
* Nhn xt: T cc p n ta thy chng u l este.
t cng thc este l RCOOR
Meste = 3,125.32 = 100 neste = 20/100 = 0,2 mol nNaOH p = neste = 0,2 mol
nNaOH d = 0,3 0,2 = 0,1 mol mNaOH = 0,1.40 = 4 g
mmui = 23,2 4 = 19,2 g Mmui = 19,2/0,2 = 96 R = 96 67 = 29 R l C2H5-
Vy p n ch c th l B.
* Ch : Nu khng xt s chuyn ha ca ancol khng bn ta c th cng thc ancol l RCOOR
(hoc chi tit hn t cng thc X l RCOOCxHy).
RCOOCxHy + NaOH RCOONa + CxHy+1O Cx H y 1O
p dng BTKL: meste + mNaOH (ban u) = mb rn + m Cx H y 1O m Cx H y 1O = 20 + 40.0,3 23,2 = 8,8 g
n Cx H y 1O = nX = 0,2 mol M Cx H y 1O = 8,8/0,2 = 44
12x + y = 27 x 2 gc Hidrocacbon R: CH=CH2 ch c p n B ph hp.
y 3
Bi 6: un nng 0,1 mol este no, n chc mch h X vi 30 ml dung dch 20% (D = 1,2 g/ml) ca
mt hiroxit kim loi kim A. Sau khi kt thc phn ng x phng ho, c cn dung dch th thu c
cht rn Y v 4,6 gam ancol Z, bit rng Z b oxi ho bi CuO thnh sn phm c kh nng phn ng
trng bc. t chy cht rn Y th thu c 9,54 gam mui cacbonat, 8,26 gam hn hp CO 2 v hi
nc. Cng thc cu to ca X l:
A. CH3COOCH3 B. CH3COOC2H5 C. HCOOCH3 D. C2H5COOCH3
Gii :
X l este no, n chc, mch h : CnH2n+1COOCmH2m+1 ( 0 n; 1 m)
Ta c: nX = nAOH (p) = nZ = 0,1 mol MZ = 14m + 18 = 4,6 = 46 m = 2
0,1
Mt khc:
30.1,2.20 = 2. 9,54 M = 23 A l Na n 7,2
nA = A NaOH (ban u) = 0,18 mol
100.( M A 17) 2M A 60 40

C H COONa: 0,1 mol Na2 CO3

Y n 2n1 CO2
O2 ,t 0

NaOH d-: 0,18 0,1 0,08 mol

H 2 O
Vy: mY + m O2 ( p /-) = m Na2CO3 mCO2 m H 2O
Hay 0,1(14n+68) + 0,08.40 + (3n 1) .0,1.32 = 9,54 + 8,26 n = 1 X : CH3COOCH3 p n A
2

2. Thu phn hn hp cc este

Bi 7: Mt hn hp A gm 2 este n chc X, Y (MX < My). un nng 12,5 gam hn hp A vi
mt lng dung dch NaOH va thu c 7,6 gam hn hp ancol no B, n chc c khi lng phn
t hn km nhau 14 vC v hn hp hai mui Z. t chy 7,6 gam B thu c 7,84 lt kh CO2 (ktc) v
9 gam H2O. Phn trm khi lng ca X, Y trong hn hp A ln lt l:
A. 59,2%; 40,8% B. 50%; 50% C. 40,8%; 59,2% C. 66,67%; 33,33%

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Cc dng bi ton Este Ho 12

Bi gii :
T bi A cha 2 este ca 2 ancol ng ng k tip
t cng thc chung ca ancol l Cn H 2n1OH
nCO 2 = 7,84/22,4 = 0,35 mol; nH2O = 9/18 = 0,5 mol nB = nH 2O - nCO2 = 0,5 0,35 = 0,15 mol
nCO2
= 2,33. Vy B 2 5
C H OH : 0,1 mol
n =
nB C3 H 7OH : 0,05 mol
t cng thc chung ca hai este l RCOOR neste = nNaOH = nmui = nY = 0,15 mol
10,9
mZ = 12,5 + 0,15.40 7,6 = 10,9 g M mui = M R + 67 = =72,67 M R = 5,67
0,15
Nh vy trong hai mui c mt mui l HCOONa
Hai este X, Y c th l:
HCOOC3 H 7
(I)
HCOOC 2 H 5
hoc (II)
C x H y COOC 3 H 7 Cx H y COOC2 H 5
x 1
- trng hp (I)
y 3
- trng hp (II) 12x + y = 8 ( loi)
X : HCOOC2 H 5 : 59,2%
Vy A n n A
Y : CH3 COOC H
3 7 : 40,8%
3. Thu phn este a chc
+ R(COOR)n + nNaOH R(COONa)n + nROH , nancol = n.nmui
+ (RCOO)nR + nNaOH nRCOONa + R(OH)n , nmui = n.nancol
+ R(COO)nR + nNaOH R(COONa)n + R(OH)n, nancol = nmui
Bi 8: Cho 0,01 mol mt este X ca axit hu c phn ng va vi 100 ml dung dch NaOH 0,2
M, sn phm to thnh ch gm mt ancol Y v mt mui Z vi s mol bng nhau. Mt khc, khi x
phng ho hon ton 1,29 gam este bng mt lng va l 60 ml dung dch KOH 0,25 M, sau khi
phn ng kt thc em c cn dung dch c 1,665 gam mui khan. Cng thc ca este X l:
A. C2H4(COO)2C4H8 B. C4H8(COO)2C2H4 C. C2H4(COOC4H9)2 D. C4H8(COO C2H5)2
Gii:
Ta c: nZ = nY X ch cha chc este
n 0,1.0,2
S nhm chc este l: NaOH = = 2 CT ca X c dng: R(COO)2R
nX 0,01
T phn ng thy phn: naxit = nmui = 1 nKOH = 1 .0,06.0,25 = 0,0075 mol
2 2
M mui = MR + 83.2 = 1 , 665 = 222 MR = 56 R l: -C4H8-
0,0075
Meste = 1,29 = 172 R + 2.44 + R = 172 R = 28 (-C2H4-)
0,0075
Vy X l: C4H8(COO)2C2H4 p n B.
Bi 9: un nng 7,2 gam este X vi dung dch NaOH d. Phn ng kt thc thu c glixerol v 7,9
gam hn hp mui. Cho ton b hn hp mui tc dng vi H2SO4 long thu c 3 axit hu c no,
n chc, mch h Y, Z, T. Trong Z, T l ng phn ca nhau, Z l ng ng k tip ca Y. Cng
thc cu to ca X l:
A. CH2 OCOC2H5 B. CH2 OCOCH2CH2CH3
CH OCOCH2CH2CH3 CH OCOC2H5
CH2 OCOCH(CH3)2 CH2 OCOCH(CH3)2
C. CH2 OCOCH2CH2CH3 D. A hoc B
CH OCOCH(CH3)2
CH2 OCOC2H3
Gii :
V Y, Z l ng ng k tip v Z, T l ng phn ca nhau
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Cc dng bi ton Este Ho 12

c th t cng thc chung ca este X: C3H5(OCO C n H 2n1 )3

(1) C3H5(OCO C n H 2n1 )3 + 3NaOH 3 C n H 2n1 COONa + C3H5(OH)3
7,2 7,9
Theo (1), ta c : nmui = 3neste .3
41 3(45 14n) 14n 68
Y : C2 H 5COOH
n 2,67 CTCT cc cht: Z : CH CH CH COOH p n D
3 2 2
T : CH(CH ) COOH
3 2

Dng 02: Bi ton v phn ng este ho.

2 4 H SO , t0
RCOOH + R'-OH RCOOR' + H2O
c im ca phn ng este ho l thun nghch nn c th gn vi cc dng bi ton:
Tnh hng s cn bng K:
RCOOR' H2O
Kcb =
RCOOH R'OH
Tnh hiu sut phn ng este ho:
l-lng
ng este thuc
este thu - ctheo
theothc
thctt. 100%
H=
l- ngeste
lng thuc
estethu - ctheo
theol lthuyt
thuyt
Tnh lng este to thnh hoc axit cacboxylic cn dng, lng ancol
* Ch : Nu tin hnh phn ng este ha gia mt ancol n chc vi m axit cacboxylic n chc th s
n(n 1) n(n 1)
n , mn
este ti a c th thu c l: 2 2 (C th chng minh cc cng thc ny
m 2(m 1)( n 1) , m n
v mt ton hc)
Bi 1: Hn hp A gm axit axetic v etanol. Chia A thnh ba phn bng nhau.
+ Phn 1 tc dng vi Kali d thy c 3,36 lt kh thot ra.
+ Phn 2 tc dng vi Na2CO3 d thy c 1,12 lt kh CO2 thot ra. Cc th tch kh o ktc.
+ Phn 3 c thm vo vi git dung dch H2SO4, sau un si hn hp mt thi gian. Bit hiu
sut ca phn ng este ho bng 60%. Khi lng este to thnh l bao nhiu?
A. 8,80 gam B. 5,20 gam C. 10,56 gam D. 5,28 gam
Bi gii:
n a b 2n H 0,3 mol a 0,1 mol
Hn hp A 3 A
CH COOH: a mol 2

C2 H 5OH : b mol a 2n CO 0,1 mol
2
b 0,2 mol
V a < b ( hiu sut tnh theo axit) s mol este thc t thu c: n = 0,1.60% = 0,06 mol
Khi lng este thc t thu c: m = 0,06.88 = 5,28 gam p n D
Bi 2: t chy hon ton 1 mol axit cacboxylic n chc X cn 3,5 mol O 2. Trn 7,4 gam X
vi lng ancol no Y (bit t khi hi ca Y so vi O2 nh hn 2). un nng hn hp vi H2SO4 lm
xc tc. Sau khi phn ng hon ton thu c 8,7 gam este Z (trong Z khng cn nhm chc no khc).
Cng thc cu to ca Z l:
A. C2H5COOCH2CH2OCOC2H5 B. C2H3COOCH2CH2OCOC2H3
C. CH3COOCH2CH2OCOCH3 D. HCOOCH2CH2OCOH
Bi gii:
y y
Phn ng chy: CXHyO2 + (x + -1)O2 xCO2 + H2O (1)
4 2
y y x 3 X : C2H5COOH
Theo (1), ta c : x + -1= 3,5 x + = 4,5
4 4 y 6
Ancol no Y : CnH2n+2-m (OH)m (1 m n) este Z : (C2H5COO)mCnH2n+2-m
8,7
Meste = 73m + 14n + 2 m = .m hay 14n + 2 = 15m (2)
0,1

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Cc dng bi ton Este Ho 12

Mt khc d Y O2 < 2 hay 14n + 2 + 16m < 64 30m + 2 < 64 (v m n) m < 2,1
T (2) n 2 ancol Y : C2H4(OH)2
m 2
Z : C2H5COOCH2CH2OCOC2H5 p n A.

Dng 03: Bi ton v phn ng t chy este

- t cng thc ca este cn tm c dng: CxHyOz ( x, z 2; y l s chn; y 2x )
y z y
Phn ng chy: C x H y O z ( x )O2 t0
xCO2 H 2 O
4 2 2
Nu t chy este A m thu c n H 2O = n CO 2 Este A l este no, n chc, mch h
Nu t chy axit cacboxylic a chc hoc este a chc, s c t 2 lin kt tr ln n H 2O <
n CO 2
Phn ng t chy mui CnH2n+1COONa: 2CnH2n+1COONa + (3n+1)O2 Na2CO3 + (2n+1)CO2 +
(2n+1)H2O
Bi 1: t chy hon ton mt lng hn hp hai este X, Y, n chc, no, mch h cn 3,976 lt oxi
(ktc) thu c 6,38 gam CO2. Cho lng este ny tc dng va vi KOH thu c hn hp hai
ancol k tip v 3,92 gam mui ca mt axit hu c. Cng thc cu to ca X, Y ln lt l
A. C2H5COOC2H5 v C2H5COOC3H7 B. C2H5COOCH3 v C2H5COOC2H5
C. CH3COOCH3 v CH3COOC2H5 D. HCOOC3H7 v HCOOC4H9
Bi gii :
t cng thc trung bnh ca 2 este X, Y l: CnH2n+1COO Cm H 2m1
V X, Y u l este n chc, no, mch h nn: n H 2O = n CO 2 = 6,38/44 = 0,145 mol
meste + mO2 = 44. n CO 2 + 18. n H 2O meste = 3,31 gam
Ta c : mO (trong este) = meste mC mH = 3,31 12.0,145 2.1.0,145 = 1,28 g
nO = 1,28/16 = 0,08 mol neste = 0,04 mol
nmui = neste = 0,04 mol Mmui = 14n + 84 = 3,92/0,04 = 98 n = 1
Mt khc: M este = 3,31/0,04 = 82,75 12.1 + 46 + 14 m = 82,75 m = 1,77
Vy: X l CH3COOCH3 v Y l CH3COOC2H5 p n C

Bi 2: t chy 0,8 gam mt este X n chc c 1,76 gam CO2 v 0,576 gam H2O. Cho 5 gam X
tc dng vi lng NaOH va , c cn dung dch sau phn ng c 7 gam mui khan Y. Cho Y tc
dng vi dung dch axit long thu c Z khng phn nhnh. Cng thc cu to ca X l:
O
O
C O O
C O
C
A. B. CH
3 C. O D. CH2=CH-COOC2H5
Bi gii :
Cng thc X: CxHyO2 ( 2 x; y 2x )
1,76.12 0,576.2
Theo bi: mc = 0,48 gam; mH = 0,064 gam mO (X) = 0,256 gam
44 18
x : y : 2 = 0,04 : 0,064 : 0,016 = 5 : 8 : 2
Cng thc ca X: C5H8O2
V X l este n chc (X khng th l este n chc ca phenol) nX = nY = nz = nNaOH = 0,05 mol
Ta c : mX + mNaOH (p) = 5 + 0,05.40 = 7 gam = mmui Y
E l este mch vng p n C

Dng 04: Bi ton hn hp este v cc cht hu c khc ( ancol, axit cacboxylic, ...)
Khi u bi cho 2 chc hu c khi tc dng vi NaOH hoc KOH m to ra:
+ 2 mui v 1 ancol th c kh nng 2 cht hu c l
RCOOR v RCOOR c nNaOH = nROH
Hoc: RCOOR v RCOOH c nNaOH > nROH
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Cc dng bi ton Este Ho 12

+ 1 mui v 1 ancol c nhng kh nng sau

RCOOR v ROH
Hoc: RCOOR v RCOOH
Hoc: RCOOH v ROH
+ 1 mui v 2 ancol th c nhng kh nng sau
RCOOR v RCOOR
Hoc: RCOOR v ROH
* c bit ch : Nu ni cht hu c ch c chc este th khng sao, nhng nu ni c chc
este th chng ta cn ch ngoi chc este trong phn t c th c thm chc axit hoc ancol!
Bi 1: Hn hp A gm ba cht hu c X, Y, Z n chc ng phn ca nhau, u tc dng c vi
NaOH. un nng 13,875 gam hn hp A vi dung dch NaOH va thu c 15,375 gam hn hp
mui v hn hp ancol c t khi hi so vi H2 bng 20,67. 136,50C, 1 atm th tch hi ca 4,625 gam
X bng 2,1 lt. Phn trm khi lng ca X, Y, Z (theo th t KLPT gc axit tng dn) ln lt l:
A. 40%; 40%; 20% B. 40%; 20%; 40% C. 25%; 50%; 25% D. 20%; 40%; 40%
Bi gii :
1.2,1 4, 625
Ta c : nX = = 0, 0625mol MX = = 74
0, 082(273 +136,5) 0, 0625
Mt khc: X, Y, Z n chc, tc dng c vi NaOH X, Y, Z l axit hoc este
x = 3
CTPT dng: CxHyO2, d dng
y = 6
nA = a + b + c = 0,1875mol
X : C2 H 5COOH : a mol a = 0, 075

Vy A Y : CH 3COOCH 3 : b mol d 32b + 46c b = 0, 0375 p n B
ancol / H 2 = = 20, 67
2(b + c )
Z : HCOOC2 H 5 : c mol c = 0, 075
mmuoi = 96a + 82b + 68c = 15,375 gam

Dng 05: Bi ton xc nh cc ch s ca cht bo: ch s axit, ch s x phng ho, ch s este, ch

s iot...
lm cc bi tp dng ny, cn nm vng cc khi nim sau:
Ch s axit (aaxit): l s mg KOH cn trung ho axit bo t do c trong 1 gam cht bo
Ch s x phng ho (axp): l s mg KOH cn x phng ho glixerit v trung ho axit bo t do c
trong 1 g cht bo
Ch s este (aeste): l s mg KOH cn x phng ho glixerit ca 1 gam cht bo
Ch s iot (aiot): l s gam iot c th cng vo ni i C=C ca 100 gam cht bo
Ch s peoxit (apeoxit): l s gam iot c gii phng t KI bi peoxit c trong 100 gam cht bo.

Bi 1: x phng ho 35 kg triolein cn 4,939 kg NaOH thu c 36,207 kg x phng. Ch s axit

ca mu cht bo trn l:
A. 7 B. 8 C. 9 D. 10
Bi gii :
36, 207.1000
Theo bi: nRCOONa (x phng) = = 119,102 mol nNaOH (dng x phng ho) = 119,102
304
mol
4,939.1000
nNaOH ( trung ho axit bo t do) = - 119,102 = 4,375mol
40
nKOH ( trung ho axit bo t do) = 4,375 mol
4,375.56
mKOH (trong 1 g cht bo) = .1000 = 7 mg
35000
ch s axit = 7 p n A

Bi 2: Mt loi cht bo c ch s x phng ho l 188,72 cha axit stearic v tristearin. trung

ho axit t do c trong 100 g mu cht bo trn th cn bao nhiu ml dung dch NaOH 0,05 M
A. 100 ml B. 675 ml C. 200 ml D. 125 ml
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Cc dng bi ton Este Ho 12

Bi gii :
axp = 188,72.10-3 phn ng vi 100 g cht bo cn mKOH = 188,72.10-3 .100 = 18,872 g
18,872
nKOH = 0,337(mol ) nNaOH = 0,337 mol
56
n naxit 3ntristearin 0,337mol n 0,01mol
NaOH axit
mchtbo 284naxit 890ntristearin 100g n tristearin 0,109mol
Vy: Trong 100 g mu cht bo c 0,01 mol axit t do nNaOH (p) = 0,01 mol
Vdd NaOH = 200 ml p n C

C. Bi tp vn dng

I. Hon thnh s phn ng

Cu 1. Vit cc phng trnh phn ng di dng tng qut v ly VD hon thnh cc phn ng sau:
1. Este + NaOH 1 mui + 1 ancol 2. Este + NaOH 1 mui + 2 ancol
3. Este + NaOH 2 mui + 1 ancol 4. Este + NaOH n (phn t) mui + m (phn t)
ancol
5. Este + NaOH 1 mui + 1 andehit 6. Este + NaOH 1 mui + 1 xeton
7. Este + NaOH 2 mui + nc. 8. Este + NaOH 2 mui + 1 ancol + nc
9. Este + NaOH 1 sn phm duy nht
Cu 2. Hon thnh cc phn ng theo s sau (di dng cng thc cu to).
1. C3H4O2 + NaOH (A) + (B)
2. (A) + H2SO4 (long) (C) + (D)
3. (C) + AgNO3 + NH3 + H2O (E) + Ag + NH4NO3
4. (B) + AgNO3 + NH3 + H2O (F) + Ag + NH4NO3
Cu 3. Hon thnh cc s phn ng sau:

II. Bi tp trc nghim

Bi 1: Thu phn 11,18 gam este X n chc, mch h (c xc tc axit) n khi phn ng hon ton thu
c hn hp hai cht hu c Y v Z. Cho Y, Z phn ng vi dung dch AgNO3/NH3 d thu c 56,16
gam Ag. Cng thc cu to ca X l:
A. HCOOC(CH3)=CH2 B. CH3COOCH=CH2 C. HCOOCH=CHCH3 D.
HCOOCH2CH=CH2
Bi 2: Este X no n chc lu ngy b thu phn mt phn to ra 2 cht hu c Y v Z. Mun trung
ho lng axit to ra t 13,92 gam X phi dng 15 ml dung dch NaOH 0,5 M. x phng ho lng
este cn li phi dng thm 225 ml dung dch NaOH 0,5 M. Nu oxi ho Y s c mt anehit c
mch phn nhnh. Khi ho hi 0,4 gam Z c th tch bng th tch ca 0,214 gam O2. Cng thc este
X l:
A. CH3COOCH2CH2CH2CH3 B. CH3COOCH2CH(CH3)2
C. CH3COOCH(CH3)CH2CH3 D. C2H5COOCH2CH(CH3)2
Bi 3: X phng ho 3,52 gam este X c to ra t axit n chc v ancol n chc bng dung dch
NaOH va c mui Y v ancol Z. Nung nng Y vi oxi thu c 2,12 gam Natri cacbonat, kh
CO2 v hi nc. Ancol Z c chia lm hai phn bng nhau. Phn 1 cho tc dng vi Na va thu
c kh H2 c s mol bng s mol ancol phn ng v 1,36 gam mui. Phn 2 cho tc dng vi CuO
d, nung nng c cht hu c T c phn ng trng bc. Cng thc cu to ca X l:
A. HCOOC2H5 B. CH3COOCH=CH2 C. CH3COOC2H5 D. C2H5COOCH3

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Cc dng bi ton Este Ho 12

Bi 4: X phng ho este X n chc, no ch thu c mt cht hu c Y cha Na. C cn, sau thm
NaOH/CaO ri nung nng thu c mt ancol Z v mt mui v c. t chy hon ton ancol ny thu
c CO2 v hi nc theo t l v th tch l 2 : 3. Cng thc phn t ca este X l:
A. C4H6O2 B. C3H6O2 C. C2H4O2 D. C3H4O2
Bi 5: Hai este n chc X, Y l ng phn ca nhau. Khi ho hi 7,77 gam X thu c th tch hi
ng bng th tch ca 3,36 gam O2 (o cng iu kin). Cng thc cu to thu gn ca X, Y ln lt
l:
A. HCOOC2H5 v CH3COOCH3 B. C2H3COOC2H5 v C2H5COOC2H3
C. HCOOCH2CH2CH3 v CH3COOC2H5 D. C2H5COOCH3 v HCOOCH(CH3)2
Bi 6: X phng ho hon ton 9,7 gam hn hp hai este n chc X, Y cn 100 ml dung dch NaOH
1,5 M. Sau phn ng, c cn dung dch thu c hn hp hai ancol ng ng k tip v mt mui duy
nht. Cng thc cu to thu gn ca 2 este l:
A. H-COO-CH3 v H-COO-CH2CH2CH3. B. CH3COO-CH3 v CH3COO-CH2CH3.
C. C2H5COO-CH3 v C2H5COO-CH2CH3. D. H-COO-CH3 v H-COO-CH2CH3.
Bi 7: Hn hp A gm ba cht hu c n chc X, Y, Z. Cho 4,4 gam hn hp A phn ng va vi
250 ml dung dch NaOH 0,2 M. C cn dung dch thu c 4,1 gam mt mui khan v thu c 1,232
lt hi mt ancol duy nht ( 27,30C; 1 atm). Cng thc ca X, Y, Z ln lt l:
A. CH3COOH; CH3CH2OH; CH3COOC2H5 B. HCOOH; CH3CH2OH; HCOOC2H5
C. C2H5COOH; CH3CH2OH; C2H5COOC2H5 D. CH2 =CH-COOH; CH3CH2OH; CH2 =CH-
COOC2H5
Bi 8: Ho hi 2,64 gam hn hp hai este X, Y ng phn ca nhau thu c th tch hi bng th tch
ca 0,84 gam kh nit cng iu kin, nhit , p sut. Nu un hn hp X, Y vi mt lng dung
dch NaOH d n khi phn ng hon ton, thu c 2,32 gam hn hp hai mui ca hai axit k tip
nhau trong dy ng ng. Cng thc cu to ca X, Y ln lt l:
A. HCOOC3H7 v CH3COOC2H5 B. HCOOC3H7 v HCOOC3H7
C. HCOOC3H7 v CH3COOC2H3 D. C A, B u ng
Bi 9: Hn hp X gm 2 cht hu c mch h, cha cng mt loi nhm chc ho hc. Khi un nng
47,2 gam hn hp X vi lng d dung dch NaOH th thu c mt ancol n chc v 38,2 gam hn
hp mui ca 2 axit hu c n chc, k tip nhau trong dy ng ng. Mt khc, nu t chy ht
9,44 gam hn hp X cn va 12,096 lt kh O2, thu c 10,304 lt kh CO2. Cc kh o ktc. Cng
thc cu to ca cc cht trong X l:
A. HCOOCH2-CH=CH2 v CH3COOCH2-CH=CH2 B. CH3COOCH2-CH=CH2 v C2H5COOCH2-
CH=CH2
C. CH2=CHCOOCH2CH3 v CH3CH=CHCOOCH2CH3 D. CH2=CHCOOCH3
v CH3CH=CHCOOCH3
Bi 10: un nng 7,66 gam hn hp A gm X, Y l hai cht hu c n chc, c cng loi nhm chc,
vi 95 ml dung dch NaOH 1 M. Sau khi phn ng xy ra hon ton, c cn dung dch thu c hn hp
hai mui ca hai axit k tip nhau trong dy ng ng v mt ancol Z, c t khi so vi khng kh bng
1,59. Phn trm khi lng ca X, Y ln lt l:
A. 48%; 52% B. 45,60%; 54,40% C. 50%; 50% D. 48,30%; 51,70%
Bi 11: Hn hp X gm hai este n chc, l ng phn ca nhau. cng iu kin v nhit , p
sut, t khi hi ca X so vi khng kh l 3,03. Nu x phng ho hon ton 22 gam X bng 250 ml
dung dch KOH 1,25 M (H = 100%) thu c dung dch Y. C cn dung dch Y thu c 29,75 gam
cht rn khan. Cho lng cht rn tc dng vi axit HCl d thu c hn hp hai axit k tip nhau trong
dy ng ng. Thnh phn % v khi lng cc este trong hn hp X ln lt l:
A. 50%; 50% B. 60%; 40% C. 45; 65% D. 75%; 25%
Bi 12: X l este mch h do axit no A v ancol no B to ra. Khi cho 0,2 mol X phn ng vi NaOH thu
c 32,8 gam mui. t chy 1 mol B cn dng 2,5 mol O2. Cng thc cu to ca X l:
A. (C2H5COO)2C2H4. B. (HCOO)2C2H4. C. (CH3COO)2C2H4. D. (HCOO)3C3H5.
Bi 13: Cho hp cht X (cha C, H, O), c mch C khng phn nhnh, ch cha mt loi nhm chc tc
dng va ht 91,5 ml dung dch NaOH 25% (D = 1,28 g/ml). Sau khi phn ng xy ra hon ton thu
c dung dch Y cha mt mui ca axit hu c, hai ancol n chc, no ng ng lin tip trung
ho hon ton dung dch Y cn dng 153 ml dung dch HCl 4 M. C cn dung dch sau khi trung ho th
thu c hn hp hai ancol c t khi hi so vi H2 l 26,5 v 47,202 gam hn hp mui khan. Hp cht
X c cng thc cu to l:

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Cc dng bi ton Este Ho 12

A. C3H7OOC-C4H8-COOC2H5 B. CH3OOC-C3H6-COO-C3H7
C. C3H7OOC-C2H4-COOC2H5 D. C2H5OOC-C3H6-COO-C3H7
Bi 14: X l mt este a chc to bi mt ancol no, mch h, ba chc Y v mt axit Z khng no, n
chc l dn xut ca mt olefin. Trong X cacbon chim 56,7% khi lng. Cng thc cu to ca X l:
A. (CH3CH=CHCOO)3C3H5 B.
(CH2=CHCOO)3C3H5
C. [CH2=C(CH3)COO]3C3H5 D. A hoc C
Bi 15: un nng 0,05 mol X vi lng va dung dch NaOH thu c 6,7 gam mui ca axit hu
c a chc B v 4,6 gam ancol n chc C. Cho ancol C bay hi 1270C v 1 atm s chim th tch
3,28 lt. CTPT ca X l:
A. CH(COOCH3)3 B. C2H4(COOCH3)2 C. (COOC3H5)2 D. (COOC2H5)2
Bi 16: un nng 21,8 g cht hu c X (cha C, H, O) vi 1 lt dung dch NaOH 0,5 M thu c 24,6 g
mui ca axit n chc Y v 1 lng ancol Z. Nu cho lng ancol Z bay hi 136,50C v 1,5 atm,
th tch kh thu c l 2,24 lt. Lng d NaOH c trung ho bng 2 lt dung dch HCl 0,1 M. Cng
thc cu to ca X l:
A. (CH3COO)3C3H5 B. (C2H5COO)3C3H5 C. (HCOO)3C3H5 D. CH(COO)3C3H5
Bi 17: Khi x phng ho 5,45 gam X c cng thc phn t C9H14O6 dng 100 ml dung dch NaOH
1 M thu c ancol no Y v mui ca mt axit hu c. trung ho lng xt d sau phn ng phi
dng ht 50 ml dung dch HCl 0,5 M. Bit rng 23 gam ancol Y khi ho hi c th tch bng th tch ca
8 gam O2 (trong cng iu kin). Cng thc ca X l:
A. (C2H5COO)2-C3H5(OH) B. (HCOO)3C6H11
C. C2H5COO-C2H4-COO-C2H4COOH D. (CH3COO)3C3H5
Bi 18: X l este ca axit A v ancol n chc B. un nng 32,34 g X vi dung dch NaOH d n khi
phn ng hon ton. C cn dung dch thu c cht rn Y v ancol B. un ancol B vi H2SO4 c thu
c 12,0736 lt kh Z 27,30C, 1 atm v dZ/B = 0,609. Nung Y vi vi ti xt thu c 5,488 lt kh T
duy nht c t khi so vi hiro bng 8. Cng thc cu to ca X l:
A. CH2(COOC2H5)2 B. CH2(COOCH3)2 C. (COOC2H5)2 D. CH3-COO-C2H5
Bi 19: t chy a gam mt este X cn 11,76 lt O2 (ktc), sau phn ng thu c hn hp CO2 v hi
nc. Dn hn hp ny vo bnh ng dung dch Ca(OH)2 d thy khi lng bnh tng 26,04 gam v
thy xut hin 42 gam kt ta trng. Bit este ny do mt axit n chc v ancol n chc to nn. Cng
thc phn t ca X l:
A. C4H8O2 B. C2H4O2 C. C3H6O2 D. C5H10O2
Bi 20: Khi t chy hon ton 2,75 gam hp cht hu c X n chc thu c sn phm chy ch gm
2,8 lt CO2 (ktc) v 2,25 gam H2O. Nu cho 2,75 gam X tc dng vi NaOH va n khi phn ng
hon ton thu c 3 gam mui ca axit hu c Y v cht hu c Z. Tn ca X l:
A. Metyl propionat B. Etyl propionat C. Etyl axetat D. Isopropyl axetat
Bi 21: t chy hon ton 3,7 gam cht hu c X cn va 3,92 lt O 2 (ktc) thu c CO2 v H2O
c t l mol l 1 : 1. Bit X tc dng vi KOH to ra hai cht hu c. Cng thc phn t ca X l:
A. C3H6O2 B. C3H4O2 C. C2H4O2 D. C4H8O2
Bi 22: t chy hon 0,1 mol este X thu c 0,3 mol CO2 v 0,3 mol H2O. Cho 0,1 mol X tc dng
ht vi NaOH th thu c 8,2 gam mui. Cng thc cu to ca X l
A. HCOOC2H5 B. CH3COOC2H5 C. CH3COOCH3 D. HCOOC2H3
Bi 23: t chy hon ton m gam este X to bi ancol no, n chc, mch h v axit khng no, mch
h, n chc (thuc dy ng ng ca axit acrylic, CH2=CHCOOH) thu c 3,584 lt CO2 (ktc) v
2,16 gam H2O. Gi tr ca m l:
A. 1,72 g B. 4 g C. 7,44 g D. 3,44 g
Bi 24: t chy hon ton m gam hn hp cc este no, n chc, mch h. Sn phm chy c dn
vo bnh ng dung dch Ba(OH)2 d thy khi lng bnh tng 151,9 gam. Khi lng kt ta to ra l:
A. 245 gam B. 482,65 gam C. 325 gam D. 165 gam
*Bi 25: t chy hon ton 6,24 gam mt este X (MA < 180) cn 6,272 lt kh oxi (ktc). Sn phm
chy c hp th hon ton vo dung dch nc vi trong d thy c m gam kt ta, khi lng dung
dch nc vi trong gim 12,8 gam. Cng thc phn t ca X l:
A. C4H6O2 B. C7H10O2 C. C7H8O4 D. C7H10O4

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Cc dng bi ton Este Ho 12

Bi 26: Hn hp X gm axit fomic v axit axetic (t l mol 1 : 1). Ly 6,36 gam X tc dng vi 6,9 gam
ancol etylic (xc tc H2SO4) thu c 7,776 gam hn hp este, hiu sut ca cc phn ng este ho bng
nhau. Gi tr ca H l:
A. 60% B. 80% C. 85% D. 50%
Bi 27: Hn hp X gm axit HCOOH v axit CH3COOH (t l mol 1 : 1). Ly 5,3 gam hn hp X tc
dng vi 5,75 gam C2H5OH (c xc tc H2SO4 c) thu c m gam hn hp este (hiu sut ca cc

phn ng este ho u bng 80%). Gi tr ca m l:

A. 10,12. B. 6,48 C. 8,10 D. 16,20.
Bi 28: Cho 0,1 mol glixerol phn ng vi 0,15 axit axetic c xc tc H2SO4 c, thu c m gam este
B (khng cha chc khc) vi hiu sut phn ng l 80%. Gi tr m l:
A. 8,72 g B. 14,02 g C. 13,10 g D. p n khc.
Bi 29: Khi cho 58,5 gam mt cht bo c thnh phn chnh l tristearin phn ng vi dung dch iot th
thy cn mt dung dch cha 9,91 gam iot. Ch s iot ca mu cht bo trn l:
A. 16,93 B. 16,39 C. 19,63 D. 13,69
Bi 30: Khi x phng ho 0,9 gam cht bo cn 24 ml dung dch KOH 0,25 M. Ch s x phng ho ca
mu cht bo l:
A. 37,333 B. 3,733 C. 0,3733 D. 373,33

III. p n bi tp trc nghim

1C 2B 3C 4D 5A 11A 12C 13S 14B 15D 21A 22C 23D 24B 25C
6D 7A 8A 9A 10D 16A 17D 18A 19A 20A 26B 27B 28A 29A 30D

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