Quản Lý Mạng Viễn Thông

TP ON BU CHNH VIN THNG
HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG

Bi ging
QUN L MNG VIN THNG

(Lu hnh ni b)
H NI - 2009
HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG

Bi ging
QUN L MNG VIN THNG
Bin son: TS. Nguyn Tin Ban (ch bin)

ThS. Hong Trng Minh
ThS. Nguyn Th Thu Hng
ThS. Dng Th Thanh T
KS. Nguyn nh Long
H NI - 2009
Li ni u
LI NI U
Cng vi s pht trin mnh m ca cc gii php cng ngh h tng mng
truyn thng, hng lot cc yu cu mi c t ra i vi cc vn khai thc v
trin khai h thng trong mi trng mng thc tin. Bi ton qun l mng vin thng
lun l mi quan tm hng u v l mt trong nhng vn quan trng nht cn gii
quyt ca cc nh khai thc vin thng. Ty thuc vo cc gii php cng ngh v cc
ng dng trin khai m cc nh khai thc la chn v xy dng cc h thng qun l
mng thch hp nng cao hiu qu vn hnh v khai thc mng. V vy, cc gii
php qun l mng lun l mt bi ton mang tnh ng v st vi cng ngh mng
li. Nhm cung cp cho hc vin nhng kin thc c bn trong qun l mng vin
thng, bi ging ny cung cp cho sinh vin nhng kin thc c bn v qun l mng
vin thng qua hiu c cc c ch, k thut cng nh giao thc qun l v
gim st mng vin thng.
Vi mc tiu t ra nh vy, ni dung ca ti liu c chia thnh 4 chng.
Chng 1 gii thiu cc vn c bn nht ca qun l mng, bao gm cc
khi nim, yu cu v kin trc ca cc m hnh qun l mng.
Chng 2 cung cp cc c tnh, ng dng v phng thc hot ng ca giao
thc qun l mng n gin SNMP nhm a ti ngi c cc kin thc nn tng ca
giao thc qun l mng trong mi trng hi t trn nn IP.
Chng 3 trnh by cc nguyn tc gim st mng thng dng vi cc nguyn
l gim st v iu khin mng t xa.
Chng 4 trnh by cc gii php qun l mng thc tin i vi mt s cng
ngh in hnh ang c trin khai trn th gii cng nh Vit nam, cc nguyn tc
v phng php ny s gip ngi c c c nhng kin thc tip cn vi thc tin
qun l mng vin thng hin nay.
Qun l mng vin thng l mt ni dung rt quan trng, cn c nghin cu
k lng nng cao hiu qu vn hnh v khai thc mng. Yu cu i vi hc vin
sau khi hc xong mn hc ny l phi nm bt c cc yu cu chung v qun l
mng, cc thc th vt l cng nh cc thc th chc nng trong mng qun l vin
thng, cc giao din v chc nng qun l, cch thc qun l v iu hnh mng thng
qua cc giao thc qun l khc nhau.
Ti liu c bin son trong khong thi gian tng i ngn nn khng
trnh khi cn nhiu thiu st. Nhm tc gi rt mong nhn c cc kin ng gp
ca c gi v nhng ngi quan tm.
Nhng kin ng gp xin gi v :
B mn Mng vin thng- Khoa Vin thng 1- Hc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh vin thng
T: 84-4-33515484 Fax: 84-4-33511405
H Ni, thng 12 nm 2009
i
Qun l mng vin thng Mc lc
MC LC
LI NI U........................................................................................................................ i
THUT NG VIT TT..................................................................................................... iv
CHNG 1........................................................................................................................... 1
TNG QUAN V QUN L MNG .................................................................................. 1
1.1 GII THIU CHUNG ............................................................................................... 1
1.2 CC YU CU QUN L MNG............................................................................ 3
1.2.1 Cc kch bn qun l mng .................................................................................. 4
1.2.2 Cc chc nng qun l mng ............................................................................... 6
1.3 CC CCH TIP CN TRONG QUN L MNG ............................................. 12
1.3.1 Cc phng php tip cn qun l mng .......................................................... 12
1.3.2 Quan im qun l Manager Agent................................................................ 20
1.3.3. M hnh quan h Manager-agent ..................................................................... 20
1.4 KIN TRC QUN L MNG............................................................................... 22
1.5 MNG QUN L VIN THNG ........................................................................... 24
1.5.1 Gii thiu chung ................................................................................................ 24
1.5.2 Kin trc chc nng .......................................................................................... 24
1.5.3 Kin trc vt l ................................................................................................... 26
1.6 TNG KT CHNG 1 ......................................................................................... 31
CHNG 2......................................................................................................................... 32
GIAO THC QUN L MNG N GIN SNMP ....................................................... 32
2.1 GII THIU CHUNG V SNMP ........................................................................... 32
2.2 QUN L TRUYN THNG TRONG SNMP ....................................................... 34
2.2.1 B phn qun l (manager) ........................................................................... 34
2.2.2 Agent.............................................................................................................. 35
2.2.3 C s thng tin qun l - MIB ....................................................................... 36
2.2.4 M hnh giao thc SNMP ............................................................................. 36
2.3 CU TRC V C IM NHN DNG CA THNG TIN QUN L MIB 40
2.4 C S THNG TIN QUN L MIB ...................................................................... 41
2.4.1 Cu trc ca MIB .............................................................................................. 41
2.4.2 Truy nhp thng tin qun l MIB ................................................................. 44
2.4.3 Cc i tng ca MIB ................................................................................. 46
2.5 SNMPv2 .................................................................................................................... 51
2.5.1 Cu trc bn tin SNMPv2............................................................................. 52
2.5.2 C s thng tin qun l MIB trong SNMPv2 ............................................... 56
2.5.3 Nguyn tc hot ng ca SNMPv2 ............................................................. 57
2.6 SNMPv3 ................................................................................................................... 60
2.6.1 Khun dng bn tin SNMPv3 ....................................................................... 62
2.6.2 Cc ng dng ni b ca SNMPv3 ............................................................... 65
2.6.3 Nguyn tc hot ng ca giao thc SNMPv3 ............................................. 65
2.6.4 H tr bo mt v nhn thc trong SNMPv3 .............................................. 67
2.6.5 ng dng thc tin ca SNMPv3 ................................................................. 72
2.7 TNG KT CHNG 2 ......................................................................................... 74
CHNG 3........................................................................................................................ 78
3.1 NGUYN L CHUNG ............................................................................................ 78
3.2 CC PHNG PHP GIM ST MNG ........................................................... 79
3.2.1 Gim st mng b ng...................................................................................... 79
3.2.2 Gim st mng ch ng .................................................................................. 80
3.3 GIM ST T XA RMON .................................................................................... 82
3.3.1 Gii thiu chung ................................................................................................ 82
3.3.2 Cc thnh phn ca RMON .............................................................................. 85
ii
Qun l mng vin thng Mc lc
3.3.3 iu khin thit b RMON ................................................................................ 86
3.4 TNG KT CHNG 3 ......................................................................................... 96
CHNG 4......................................................................................................................... 97
QUN L CC MNG THC TIN ............................................................................... 97
4.1 QUN L MNG IP ................................................................................................ 97
4.1.1 La chn phng php qun l ......................................................................... 97
4.1.2 La chn phng php cu hnh ...................................................................... 97
4.1.3 Truy nhp v th hin d liu tiu chun ha .................................................. 99
4.1.4 Mt s vn thch thc ca qun l mng IP .............................................. 100
4.2 QUN L MNG MPLS....................................................................................... 103
4.2.1 Cc ng dng c bn ca MPLS..................................................................... 103
4.2.2 Cc i tng qun l trong MPLS ................................................................. 104
4.3 QUN L MNG QUANG ................................................................................... 109
4.3.1 Khung lm vic ca qun l mng quang........................................................ 109
4.3.2 Giao din v cc dch v lp quang ................................................................ 110
4.3.3 Qun l li v hiu nng mng quang ............................................................. 112
4.3.4 Mng truyn thng d liu v bo hiu .......................................................... 115
4.4.2 Cc module MIB ca GMPLS ........................................................................ 117
4.4 TNG KT CHNG 4 ...................................................................................... 122
TI LIU THAM KHO .............................................................................................. 124
iii
Thut ng vit tt
THUT NG VIT TT
API Application Programming Interface Giao din lp trnh ng dng

ARP Address Resolution Protocol Giao thc phn gii a ch
ASN Abstract Syntax Notation Ch c php rt gn
ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode Phng thc truyn d b
ATMF ATM Forum Din n ATM
BDI Backward Defect Indicator Ch th li hng v
BGP Border Gateway Protocol Giao thc cng bin
B-ISDN Broadband ISDN ISDN bng rng
BML Business Management Layer Lp qun l kinh doanh
CBC- Cipher Block Chaining - Data Giao thc m ho ma trn
DES Encryption Standard
CCITT Consultative Committee for y ban t vn v in thoi v in bo
International Telegraph and Telephone quc t (Tin thn ca ITU)
CLI Command Line Interface Giao din dng lnh
CMIP Common Management Information Giao thc thng tin iu hnh chung
Protocol
CMIS Common Management Information Giao thc dch v thng tin qun l
Services chung
CORBA Common Object Request Broken Kin trc CORBA
Architecture
DCN Data Communication Network Mng thng tin d liu
DES Data Encryption Standard Tiu chun mt m ho d liu
DML Data Management Language Ngn ng x l d liu
DTL Designated Transit List Danh sch chuyn tip mong mun
ERO Explicit Route Object i tng nh tuyn hin
ETSI European Telecommunications Vin tiu chun vin thng Chu u
Standards Institute
FDI Forward Defect Indicator Ch th li hng i
FR Frame Relay Chuyn tip khung
FTP File Transfer Protocol Giao thc truyn file

GDMO Guideline for Definition of Managed Gi xc nh cc i tng iu
Objects hnh
GMPLS General Multi Protocol Label Cng ngh chuyn mch nhn a giao
iv
Thut ng vit tt
Switching thc tng qut
GUI Graphic User Interface Giao din ngi dng ho
HMMP Hypermedia Management Protocol Giao thc qun l a phng tin
IAB Internet Architecture Board T chc kin trc Internet
ICMP Internet Control Message Protocol Giao thc kim sot thng bo Internet
ID Identification Nhn dng
IETF Internet Engineering Task Force T chc h tr k thut Internet
INMF Internet Network Management Khung cng vic qun l mng Internet
Framework
IP Internet Protocol Giao thc Internet
ISDN Integrated Service Digital Network Mng s a dch v
ISO International Standard Organisation T chc tiu chun ho quc t
ITF Information Transfer Function Chc nng truyn ti thng tin
ITU International Telecommunications Hip hi vin thng quc t
Union
ITU-T ITU-Telecommunication Sector Tiu ban vin thng Hip hi vin
thng quc t
LAN Local Area Network Mng ni ht
LSP Label Switch Path ng chuyn mch nhn
MAC Media Access Control iu khin truy nhp phng tin
MD Mediation Device Thit b trung gian
MF Mediation Function Chc nng trung gian
MIB Management Information Base C s thng tin qun l
MOM Manage Of Manager Qun l ca qun l
MPLS Multi Protocol Label Switching Chuyn mch nhn a giao thc
NE Network Element Phn t mng
NEF Network Element Function Chc nng phn t mng
NEML Network Element Management Layer Lp qun l phn t mng
NGN Next Generation Network Mng th h k tip (sau)
NMF Network Management Forum Din n iu hnh mng
NML Network Management Layer Lp qun l mng
NMS Network Management System H thng qun l mng
Network Management Station Trm qun l mng
OS Operating System H iu hnh
OSI Open System Interconnection H thng lin kt m
PDU Protocol Data Unit n v d liu giao thc
v
Thut ng vit tt
QAF Q Adapter Function Chc nng thch ng Q

QoS Quality of Service Cht lng dch v
RARP Reverse Address Resolution Protocol Giao thc phn gii a ch ngc
RED Random Early Detection K thut loi b sm ngu nhin
RMON Remote Network Monitoring Kim sot mng t xa
RSVP Resource ReServation Protocol Giao thc ginh trc ti nguyn
SAME System Application Management Thc th qun l ng dng h thng
Entity
SGMP Simple Gateway Monitoring Protocol Giao thc kim sot cng n gin
SLA Service Level Agreement Tho thun mc dch v
SMI Structure of Management Information Cu trc thng tin qun l
System Management Information Thng tin qun l h thng
SML Service Management Layer Lp qun l dch v
SNMP Simple Network Management Giao thc qun l mng n gin
Protocol
SONET Synchronous Optical Network Mng quang ng b
SS7 Signalling System Number 7 Mng bo hiu s 7
TCP Transmission Control Protocol Giao thc iu khin giao vn
TCP/IP Transmission Control Chng giao thc TCP/IP
Protocol/Internet Protocol (Suite)
TDM Time Division Multiplexing Ghp knh phn chia theo thi gian
TMN Telecommunication Management Mng qun l vin thng
Network
UDP User Datagram Protocol Giao thc d liu ngi dng
UML Unified Modeling Language M hnh hng i tng s dng
VACM View-based Access Control Model M hnh iu khin kt ni da trn cc

View
VPN Virtual Private Network Mng ring o
WAN Wide Area Network Mng din rng
WDM Wave Division Multiplexing Ghp knh quang theo bc sng
WS Work Station My trm (trm lm vic)
WSF Work Station Funtion Chc nng trm lm vic
vi
Chng 1: Tng quan v qun l mng
CHNG 1
TNG QUAN V QUN L MNG
1.1 GII THIU CHUNG

S pht trin v hi t mng tin ti mng th h k tip NGN (Next Generation
Network) trong nhng nm gn y tc ng mnh m ti tt c cc kha cnh ca
mng li, thm ch c v nhng nhn thc nn tng v phng php tip cn Qun l
mng cng l mt trong nhng lnh vc ang c nhng s thay i v hon thin mnh
m trong c n lc tiu chun ho ca cc t chc tiu chun ln trn th gii v yu
cu t pha ngi s dng dch v. Mt khc cc nh khai thc mng, nh cung cp
thit b v ngi s dng thng p dng cc phng php chin lc khc nhau cho
vic qun l mng v thit b ca mnh. Mi nh cung cp thit b thng a ra gii
php qun l mng ring cho sn phm ca mnh. Trong bi cnh hi t mng hin
nay, s lng thit b v dch v rt a dng v phc tp to ra cc thch thc ln
trong vn qun l mng.
Nhim v ca qun l mng rt r rng v mt nguyn tc chung, nhng cc bi
ton qun l c th li c phc tp rt ln. iu ny xut pht t tnh a dng ca
cc h thng thit b v cc c tnh qun l ca cc loi thit b, v xa hn na l chin
lc qun l phi ph hp vi kin trc mng v p ng yu cu ca ngi s dng.
Mt lot cc thit b in hnh cn c qun l gm: My tnh c nhn, my trm,
server, my vi tnh c nh, my vi tnh c ln, cc thit b u cui, thit b o kim,
my in thoi, tng i in thoi ni b, cc thit b truyn hnh, my quay, modem,
b ghp knh, b chuyn i giao thc, CSU/DSU, b ghp knh thng k, b ghp v
gii gi, thit b tng thch ISDN, card NIC, cc b m ho v gii m tn hiu, thit
b nn d liu, cc gateway, cc b x l front-end, cc ng trung k, DSC/DAC,
cc b lp, b ti to tn hiu, cc thit b chuyn mch, cc bridge, router v switch,
tt c mi ch l mt phn ca danh sch cc thit b s phi c qun l.
Ton cnh ca bc tranh qun l phi bao gm qun l cc ti nguyn mng cng
nh cc ti nguyn dch v, ngi s dng, cc ng dng h thng, cc c s d liu
khc nhau trong cc loi mi trng ng dng. V mt k thut, tt c thng tin trn
c thu thp, trao i v c kt hp vi hot ng qun l mng di dng cc s
liu qun l bi cc k thut tng t nh cc k thut s dng trong mng truyn s
liu. Tuy nhin s khc nhau cn bn gia truyn thng s liu v trao i thng tin
qun l l vic trao i thng tin qun l i hi cc trng d liu chuyn bit, cc
giao thc truyn thng cng nh cc m hnh thng tin chuyn bit, cc k nng
chuyn bit c th thit k, vn hnh h thng qun l cng nh bin dch cc thng
1
tin qun l v bo li, hin trng h thng, cu hnh v bo mt.
Khi mng hi t tin ti h tng mng th h k tip NGN, mt khung lm vic
v cc khi nim chung c cc t chc tiu chun ha quc t a ra nh T chc
vin thng quc t ITU (International Telecommunication Union), Vin tiu chun
vin thng Chu u ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute), T
chc c trch k thut internet IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force)... Trong ,
theo quan im ca tiu ban chun ho vin thng trong ITU (ITU-T), chc nng qun
l mng lin quan ti mt tp chc nng iu hnh v qun l mng cho php trao i
thng tin qun l gia mt bng qun l v cc ngun ti nguyn, dch v v cc mt
bng khc. Khuyn ngh ITU-T M.3060/Y.2401 (03/2006) nh ngha v cc yu cu
chung ca qun l mng NGN gm c mt s cc c im c bn nh sau:
Cung cp kh nng qun l ngun ti nguyn NGN trn c mng li, mng truy
nhp, cc thnh phn lin kt ni, mng khch hng v thit b u cui.
Cung cp kh nng qun l ngun ti nguyn dch v c lp vi ti nguyn
truyn ti, cho php h tr phn bit cc dch v ngi s dng u cui.
Cho php kh nng kin to dch v mi cho ngi s dng trn mi trng
kin to dch v ca NGN.
Cung cp kh nng qun l mng ti cc dch v ring ca ngi s dng (bo
co li, bn ghi cc trc tuyn).
m bo truy nhp an ton cc thng tin qun l.
H tr cc mng gi tr eBussiness da trn cc lut kinh doanh (khch hng,
nh cung cp dch v, cc i th cnh tranh, nh cung cp).
Cho php nhng ngi dng c nhn hoc cc t chc a lut ring vo trong
mi trng mng chung.
a ra nhn nhn tng th v cc ngun ti nguyn nhm che du phc tp
v s a dng ca cc cng ngh.
H tr vn thu thp d liu cc cho ngi iu hnh mng trn c hai
phng thc online v offline.
Cung cp kh nng khi phc mng khi mng li, gim st mng khch hng,
cung cp dch v tch hp t u cui ti u cui v t ng ch nh ngun ti
nguyn.
Cung cp kh nng iu hnh mng da trn cht lng dch v.
Kh nng trao i cc thng tin qun l qua cc vng bin mng: Gia vng
dch v v vng truyn ti, gia mt bng iu khin v mt bng qun l v
gia cc vng qun l.
C cc giao din qun l trn cc phn t mng tiu chun, d pht trin cho c
nh cung cp dch v v ngi s dng dch v.
2
C kh nng iu khin, phn tch v tm kim cc thng tin qun l thch hp.
Trong kin trc phn lp cu NGN, tng dch v NGN cung cp cc chc nng
iu khin v qun l dch v mng ti tng ng dng v ngi s dng u cui.
Tng truyn ti truyn cc thng tin gia cc thc th v vng qun l gm cc mt
bng qun l thng tin, chc nng v kha cnh vt l ca cc thc th NGN. Cc
chc nng ca tng truyn ti c m t chi tit trong NGN-FG II v nm ngoi
phm vi ca ti liu ny. Cc chc nng qun l h thng l nn tng iu hnh ca
NGN, cc chc nng cung cp kh nng qun l NGN cung cp cc dch v NGN
vi cht lng, bo mt v tin cy mong mun ca ngi s dng dch v NGN.
Cc cng ngh ny c b tr phn tn trong cc thc th chc nng FE (Function
Entity) v chng tng tc vi cc chc nng qun l phn t mng NE (Network
Element), qun l mng v qun l dch v. Cc chc nng qun l thc hin iu hnh
trn tng truyn ti v tng dch v. Trong cc tng ny cc chc nng c bn gm 5
vng c bn: Qun l li, qun l cu hnh, qun l ti khon, qun l hiu nng v qun
l bo mt.
1.2 CC YU CU QUN L MNG

Cc c ch qun l mng c nhn nhn t hai gc , gc mng ch ra h
thng qun l nm ti cc mc cao ca m hnh OSI v t pha ngi iu hnh qun l
h thng. Mc d c rt nhiu quan im khc nhau v m hnh qun l nhng chng
u thng nht bi ba chc nng qun l c bn gm: gim st, iu khin v a ra
bo co ti ngi iu hnh.
Chc nng gim st c nhim v thu thp lin tc cc thng tin v trng thi
ca cc ti nguyn c qun l sau chuyn cc thng tin ny di dng cc
s kin v a ra cc cnh bo khi cc tham s ca ti nguyn mng c qun
l vt qu ngng cho php.
Chc nng qun l c nhim v thc hin cc yu cu ca ngi qun l hoc
cc ng dng qun l nhm thay i trng thi hay cu hnh ca mt ti nguyn
c qun l no .
Chc nng a ra bo co c nhim v chuyn i v hin th cc bo co di
dng m ngi qun l c th c, nh gi hoc tm kim, tra cu thng tin
c bo co.
Trong thc t, tu theo tng cng vic c th m cn c mt vi chc nng khc
c kt hp vi cc h thng qun l v cc ng dng qun l c s dng nh qun
l k hoch d phng thit b, dung lng, trin khai dch v, qun l tm tt ti
nguyn, qun l vic phn phi ti nguyn mng/ cc h thng, qun l vic sao lu v
khi phc tnh trng h thng, vn hnh qun l t ng. Phn ln cc chc nng phc
tp k trn u nm trong hoc c xy dng da trn nn tng ca ba chc nng
3
qun l lp cao l gim st, iu khin v a ra bo co.
Di gc ca ngi iu hnh qun l mng, mt s yu cu c bn thng
c t ra gm:
Kh nng gim st v iu khin mng cng nh cc thnh phn ca h thng
thit b t u cui n u cui.
C th truy nhp v cu hnh li t xa cc ti nguyn c qun l.
D dng trong vic ci t, vn hnh v bo dng h thng qun l cng nh
cc ng dng ca n.
Bo mt hot ng qun l v truy nhp ca ngi s dng, bo mt truyn
thng cc thng tin qun l.
C kh nng a ra cc bo co y v r ngha v cc thng tin qun l.
Qun l theo thi gian thc v hot ng qun l hng ngy c thc hin mt
cch t ng.
Mm do trong vic nng cp h thng v c kh nng tng thch vi nhiu
cng ngh khc nhau.
C kh nng lu tr v khi phc cc thng tin qun l.
1.2.1 Cc kch bn qun l mng
Nhim v qun l mng lun gn lin vi kin trc mng thc tin, v vy rt
nhiu kch bn khc nhau c trin khai trn cc nn mng thc tin. Mt s yu
cu qun l c ch ra sau y gm: mng khch hng, lu tr d liu phn tn, h
thng bn s tp trung v cc h thng ti liu chia s, v h thng tr gip iu
hnh.
A, Yu cu qun l khch hng
Mt h thng cung cp dch v ti khch hng ca cc nh cung cp thng c
phn cp theo hp ng v theo dch v gn vi cc k thut khc nhau. Thng tin
qun l t mt s ngun ti nguyn mc thp yu cu s dng dch v, cc b to bo
co li, gim st hiu nng v qun l cc dch v c cung cp ti mc cao nht ca
mi quan h gia khch hng v nh cung cp.
Qun l mng khch hng nh ngha s chuyn dch t vn qun l phn t ti
vn qun l lin quan ti dch v. Mt s yu cu c bn c ch ra di y:
Mi nh cung cp dch v phi qun l c mng ca h v mt phn tch hp
trong l qun l thnh phn, lin quan ti vic gim st kh dng, mc
s dng dung lng, bo mt v xc nh li cc phn t. Thm vo l cc
nhim v qun l lin quan ti chc nng ca ton mng nh nh tuyn, ghp
knh, gim st cc knh.
Ti im truy nhp ti mng, cc dch v cung cp thng c da trn tha
thun mc dch v th hin cht lng dch v cung cp. Ti , nhim v qun
4
l c thc hin da trn vic gim st cht lng dch v. Cc giao din
khch hng-nh cung cp cng bao gm cc th tc bo co li, tng thch
dch v hoc cung cp dch v.
Trong kch bn ny, cc khch hng c th truy nhp cc thng tin qun l c
th, v d nh cht lng dch v, kh nng s dng dch v pht trin cc dch v
gia tng gi tr hoc dch v mi. C s thng tin qun l MIB (Management
Information Base) do khch hng s dng phi phn nh c cc dch v v tho
thun mc dch v.
B, Lu tr d liu phn tn
Mt kch bn thng s dng cho lu tr d liu ca cc h thng l lu tr d
liu phn tn ti cc v tr khc nhau. Cc h thng lu tr d liu nh vy l mt phn
ca h thng d liu phc tp, c cc h thng file v cho php truy nhp d liu. Nu
mt mng gm cc h thng c cu trc khc nhau hoc c cung cp bi cc nh
cung cp dch v khc nhau th h thng s c b sung thm mt s chi tit nh cc
tham s h thng khc nhau m ngi iu hnh mng thit lp qua qun l. m bo
tnh ring t v tnh tun t ca d liu cng l cc yu cu cn t ra trong kch bn
ny. Kha cnh bo mt chu trch nhim cho tnh ring t ca d liu k c cc d
liu d phng, cp nht v lu tr. Cc chnh sch c ng dng trong cc h thng
di chuyn d liu t cc vng khc nhau ti cc mc phn cp d liu khc nhau.
C, Bn s tp trung
Mt h thng tm kim khc cung cp chc nng qun l mng hon ton khc
bit l h thng bn s tp trung. H thng c s d liu bn s cn mt s
nhim v qun l nh sau:
Thit lp mt cu trc th mc thch hp gm cc dch v th mc.
To cc my ch lu tr tm thi truy nhp nhanh ti trung tm.
Tch hp cc chin lc cache v cho php chng thay i.
nh ngha v iu hnh cc th tc truy nhp c lp vi h tng.
m bo tnh bo mt thng qua cc th tc nhn thc, trao quyn v m kha.
Bo v cc vng mng ring thng qua tng la hoc cc phng php ring
thch hp.
D, H thng chia s ti liu
H thng chia s ti liu gm h thng lu tr v h thng tm kim nhanh vi
kh dng ln ti 98% trong thi gian lm vic. Cc nhim v qun l trong kch bn
ny gm:
Gim st cc tham s QoS ph hp vi cc yu cu SLA.
Qun l ng dng (phn tn phn mm, tham s cung cp cho cp nht h thng
tm kim, hot ng iu hnh cc ng dng tm kim phn tn)
5
Qun l h thng v mng: bo mt ca hot ng h tng v cp nht d liu.
Qun l ngi s dng v bo co cc thng tin lin quan ti QoS.
E, H thng tr gip ngi iu hnh

Gim st li l mt tin trnh phc tp v tiu tn thi gian do phc tp ca
cc h thng phn tn v cc dch v truyn thng. Cc nh cung cp h tng thng
a ra cc h thng tr gip, ng dy nng, cc my ch cuc gi tr gip iu
hnh. Cc b cng c khc nhau thng c c sn trong h thng tr gip, cng c
tch cc s dng gim st hoc iu khin mt h thng phn tn, cng c th ng
h tr cc trung tm cuc gi gm cc h thng ti liu v cc bo co li.
1.2.2 Cc chc nng qun l mng
Cc t chc tiu chun v cc nh cung cp thit b a ra cc h thng mng
khc nhau, v vy cc chc nng qun l mng cng rt a dng v bin i theo tng
mi trng qun l thc t. Di gc tng quan, cc chc nng qun l mng
thng c tham chiu v trin khai theo m hnh kt ni h thng m OSI (Open
System Interconnection). Cc chc nng qun l h thng c phn lp v c nh
ngha bi cc nh qun l mng. Tp chc nng ny ph thuc vo yu cu qun l v
gn lin vi cc ng dng. H thng qun l mng theo OSI l mt tp cc tiu chun
qun l mng do t chc tiu chun quc t ISO (International Standard Organization)
thc hin. Mt lot cc khuyn ngh c t chc ny a ra bao hm c khung qun
l, giao thc v dch v truyn thng qun l, v cu trc ca thng tin qun l (serial
X.7xx). M hnh trao i thng tin qun l c thc hin trong 3 vng phn cp: qun
l h thng, qun l lp v iu hnh lp.
Nhim v qun l h thng c thc hin t lp ng dng v s dng khi
nim thc th qun l ng dng h thng SAME (System Application Management
Entity) qun tr h thng. Cc giao thc lp ng dng lun l giao thc quan trng
nht trong m hnh ny, chng c kh nng trao i cc thng tin qun l p ng cc
yu cu qun l v l cch tip cn nhanh nht ca ngi qun l h thng vi h thng.
Nhim v qun l lp ca m hnh OSI thc hin qun l cc i tng thuc lp v
trao i thng tin qua h thng giao thc ti cc lp k cn.
i tng b qun l nm trong cc lp khc nhau thuc m hnh OSI v thng
tin qun l nm trong c s d liu thng tin qun l MIB (Management Information
Base). MIB c coi l mt dng c s d liu, ni dung ca c s d liu ny khng
cha i tng b qun l m ch cha cc thng tin lin kt vi cc i tng ny. H
thng qun l lp thc hin duy tr mi lin kt gia i tng b qun l v thng tin
trong c s d liu. V vy, nu xut hin li ti lp qun l th thng tin trong c s
d liu khng phn nh ng thc trng qun l ca h thng.
6
Hnh 1.1: M hnh h thng qun l theo OSI

Cc kha cnh qun l ca m hnh OSI c ch ra gm: thng tin, t chc, chc
nng v truyn thng.
- Kha cnh thng tin ca m hnh qun l h thng ch ra phng php trao i
thng tin v phng php truy nhp ti nguyn qun l ca cc lp. i tng
b qun l c th hin qua cc c tnh nguyn thy ca i tng v hnh vi
ca i tng.Cc i tng b qun l c nh ngha nh l cc thc th lp,
cc u ni, cc thit b phn cng. H thng qun l s ch xem xt ti cc c
tnh ca i tng qun l thc hin chc nng qun l h thng.
- M hnh qun l theo OSI c t chc theo nguyn tc tp trung, mt khi
qun l c th qun l v iu hnh mt s i din qun l (Agent). Mi trng
qun l OSI c th phn vng qun l theo chc nng, v tr a l hoc cng
ngh mng. V vy, cc nh qun tr mng c th hon ton a ra cc cu hnh
khc nhau trong cch thc qun l ca h.
Hnh 1.2: Quan h qun l i tng

- Kha cnh truyn thng trong m hnh qun l OSI c nh ngha trong
chun giao thc dch v thng tin qun l chung CMIS (Common Management
Information Services). CMIS nh ngha cc dch v c bn nh: khi phc
thng tin qun l, thay i c tnh ca i tng b qun l (thng qua agent),
xo b v to ra cc i tng qun l mi, bo co cc s kin trong qu trnh
qun l.
Cc yu cu c bn trong kha cnh truyn thng gm: kh dng, kh nng
hot ng lin kt, kh nng di chuyn v kh nng phn cp.
7
kh dng th hin kh nng d dng ci t, vn hnh v bo dng
ca mt h thng qun l. N cng bao hm c n nh v hiu nng.
Kh nng hot ng lin kt th hin kh nng trao i thng tin qun l
mt cch trong sut gia c s qun l vi cc agent b qun l hay gia
cc h thng qun l ngang hng.
Kh nng di chuyn din t s n nh ca c s qun l hay cc ng
dng ca cc h thng qun l khi b thay i mi trng (c s tnh
ton) hay ni cch khc, c s qun l hay cc ng dng ca cc h
thng qun l khng b thay i hay s thay i l ti thiu khi c s thay
i mi trng tnh ton.
Kh nng nng cp l kh nng p ng khi h thng nng cp, m rng
phm vi qun l, bin ng ca ngi s dng, cc chc nng qun l m
khng thay i ton b thit k ban u.
- Kha cnh chc nng ca m hnh qun l c chia thnh 5 vng gm c:
Qun l cu hnh, qun l hiu nng, qun l li, qun l bo mt v qun l ti
khon. Kin trc qun l theo ISO c th hin trn hnh 1.3.
Hnh 1.3: Cc khi chc nng ca kin trc qun l theo ISO
Qun l cu hnh gm cc tin trnh xc nh v x l cc tham s thay i ca
cc thit b v phng tin truyn thng nhm duy tr hot ng chc nng ca
mng. Cc tham s c th t, khi to li, hoc n gin ch l hin th tham s
cho ngi qun l. Cc h thng qun l thng qua giao thc iu khin qun l
a ra cc lnh ti cc thit b qun l.
Qun l li l mt tin trnh pht hin li, xc nh li, cch ly li v sa li.
Bc quan trng nht trong qun l li l pht hin cc iu kin bt bnh thng
ca cc thit b. Pht hin li c th c thc hin bng nhiu phng php
8
gm vic t ngng cho cc kiu cnh bo khc nhau hoc t cc thng tin t
pha ngi s dng dch v. Bc cui cng ca qu trnh qun l li c th lin
quan ti tin trnh thay i cc tham s cho ph hp trong qun l cu hnh.
Qun l hiu nng gm mt s tc v yu cu nh gi mc s dng ca cc
thit b mng v phng tin truyn dn v t cc tham s ph hp vi yu cu
thc t. Qun l hiu nng s dng cc thng tin gim st thit b hoc thng qua
c s d liu trong qu trnh thng k. Qun l hiu nng lin quan mt thit vi
qu trnh quy hoch mng.
Qun l bo mt m t mt tp cc tc v nhm m bo nhn thc ngi s
dng v thit b, nn d liu, phn b kho bo mt, duy tr v gim st bn ghi
bo mt, pht hin v ngn chn cc xm phm khng cho php.
Qun l ti khon lin quan ti qu trnh tnh cc v ho n s dng dch v,
qun l ti khon cung cp phng php tnh ph hp cc yu cu ca ngi s
dng v hin trng mng.
1.2.3 Kha cnh t chc ca qun l mng

Vn qun l cc h tng cng ngh truyn thng khng ch xem xt t cc gc
k thut m cn l gii php tch hp cho ton b cc c tnh ca mng. Tip cn
tch hp gm cc gii php trong cc lp ca m hnh qun l, tng thch vi cu trc
ca t chc qun l nh:
nh ngha tin trnh qun l h tr tin trnh kinh doanh vi nhiu lut khc
nhau.
nh ngha cc vng c cc chnh sch qun l v th tc qun l ring bit.
Xc nh cc giao din gia cc vng nhm trao i thng tin qun l v cc
hot ng qun l.
Quy hoch v thit lp h tng qun l nhm nh ra cc th tc ci thin tin
trnh qun l v cc cng c qun l cn thit.
Thit lp mt cu trc t chc v iu hnh thc hin qun l. Bao gm cc
h thng iu hnh, qun tr, lp k hoch, phn tch v tr gip iu hnh.
Thut ng iu hnh c s dng tham chiu ti cc iu kin c th ca
vn qun l k thut trong mi trng mng. Khi nim iu hnh nh ngha cc
ng dng qun l phn tn cng vi cc nhim v, cng vic c ch nh cho cc
n v ca t chc, cc th tc v lung thng tin.
Cc h tng thng tin c th c cu trc thnh cc vng (phn vng logic)
da trn:
9
S khc bit ca cc t chc hoc cng ty l cc phn ca mi trng qun l.
V d cc nh khai thc, nh cung cp dch v internet, nh cung cp cng c
qun l v cc t chc ngi s dng.
Cu trc c t chc ca mt cng ty gm cc nhm, khi v cc vng iu
hnh.
Cc iu kin a l
Cc lnh vc kinh doanh
Cc kha cnh x l d liu
Cc kiu ti nguyn, v d nh: phn cng, h thng phn mm, cc phn mm
ng dng, d liu, h tng k thut.
Thit lp cc vng cng c ngha to ra cc nhm ca i tng b qun l. Cc
nhm ny c gn cc cng vic khc nhau nh lp k hoch, la chn, thu thp
thng tin, cung cp v ci thin, iu hnh, bo dng v tng thch.
Khi mt t chc qun l c cung cp, n gm cc vn lin quan ti trch
nhim ca cc n v trong t chc. S phn b cc chc nng nhim v ng vai tr
quan trng xc nh yu t truyn thng cn thit cho qun l cng nh l phc
tp ca vn bo mt trong qun l. Mt vi m hnh thng dng gm qun l tp
trung, phn cp v phn tn thng c ng dng trong cc m hnh t chc qun l.
1.2.4 Kha cnh thi gian ca qun l mng
Kha cnh thi gian l mt vn lun c t ra v quan tm trong cc hot
ng qun l mng. Yu t thi gian tc ng ti hng lot cc vn nh lp k
hoch, cung cp, iu hnh v thay i cc nhim v qun l mng.
Trong giai on x l lp k hoch, mt lot bc x l khc nhau thng c
t ra nh sau:
- Phn tch ng dng: Bc ny xc nh loi hnh dch v s c cung cp. Cc
dch v c c trng bi cc nh ngha theo chc nng v cht lng dch
v.
- Phn tch mc u tin yu cu: Phn tch mc u tin ch ra cch thc phn b
ti nguyn h thng cho ngi s dng v lin quan ti cu hnh v cc mi
quan h lu lng.
- Phn tch kch thc yu cu: Bc x l ny xc nh kh nng phn b d
liu t mt mc thi gian v mc tng trng theo thi gian.
- Phn tch thnh phn: Phn tch thnh phn thit lp kiu v s lng cc thnh
phn c a vo h thng phn tn gm cc c tnh giao din v phn mm.
- Phn tch cc iu kin khc: Mt s cc iu kin khc c th nh hng ti
vn lp k hoch v la chn sn phm bao gm: bo v u t, thi gian
10
kh dng, cc yu cu bo v d liu, kh nng m rng, gi thnh, pht trin
cng ngh, chin lc th trng v tiu chun ha.
- Lp k hoch a h thng vo hot ng: y l mt tin trnh x l gm rt
nhiu vn : kim ta cc th tc iu hnh, xc lp tnh tng thch trong lu
t chc, lp k hoch lp t phn cng v phn mm, v.v. Giai on kim
tra tnh tng thch tc ng ngc ti cc giai on lp k hoch khc. Cc
thng s kim tra c phn hi trong cc mch vng hi tip ti cc giai on
khc ca tin trnh lp k hoch. Kha cnh thi gian ca ca cc i tng b
qun l c th nhn thy qua cc mch vng hi tip kt qu (hnh 1.4).
B: Kt qu iu khin Z: Trng thi ca i tng b qun l

F: Cc lut phn tch v o cho gim st V: Hnh v i tng b qun l
E: B h tr quyt nh iu hnh t: Thi gian
S: Tin trnh iu khin
Hnh 1.4: Kha cnh thi gian ca i tng b qun l

Cc ngun ti nguyn c iu khin thng qua s thay i cc tham s nhn
c trong qu trnh qun l. Kt qu o c nh gi bi ngi qun l hoc h
thng qun l (bao gm c phn tch s kin v phn tch ngng) c th s dng
khi to mt quy trnh qun l mi.
Cc hot ng khc nhau c t trong cc khong thi gian khc nhau trong
giai on iu hnh h thng c th gn vo trc thi gian nh trn hnh 1.5.
- Phm vi ngn hn: Cc nhim v ngn hn gm cc php o c thc hin
trong thi gian tnh bng giy hoc pht. Cc nhim v ny gm cc nhim v
gim st trong thi gian ngn m bo cc mc tiu iu hnh nh m bo
tnh bo mt hoc kh dng, hoc x l bn tin li v thay th ti nguyn d
phng.
- Phm vi trung hn: Cc nhim v trung hn c thc hin theo chu k tnh
bng gi. Trong khi cc nhim v ngn hn thng c x l bi cc h thng
qun l t ng th nhim v trung hn thng do cc chuyn gia qun l m
trch. V d cc nhim v chn on li, kim tra h thng, thay i cu hnh,
kch hot v dng hot ng cc module, thu thp v nh gi d liu o ngn
hn.
11
- Phm vi di hn: Thi gian di hn c tnh theo tun hoc thng. Mc tiu
ca cc nhim v di hn l s dng kinh nghim thu nhn c qua thi
gian ci thin iu hnh trong tng lai. Lp k hoch chnh l kha cnh
then cht trong phm vi di hn ny. Cc nhim v di hn thng l nhim v
bo dng, phn tch chin lc v lp k hoch dung lng.
Cc dch v ti mc gim st c th xc nh cc kiu li ngn hn, cc dch v

ti mc can thip iu khin s nm trong giai on trung hn. Mc iu khin c
a vo gia mc gim st v mc can thip i vi mt s dch v. Cc dch v di
hn c coi l cc mc chin lc.
Hnh 1.5: Kha cnh thi gian v cc hot ng qun l
Vic phn chia thi gian khng ch nhn dng cc hot ng qun l m cn ng
vai tr quan trng cho cc qu trnh to cng c v c s d liu. V vy, i vi rt
nhiu nhim v gim st, cc chu k gim st c quy nh bi khung thi gian.
Khung thi gian ny xc nh nhng im c bn ca cc gii php vi cc tham s
chun v tnh tun t tc ng ti kch thc b m, kch thc b m, tn sut o,
chnh xc ca php o v cc th tc phn tch. N cng nh hng ti kha cnh
truyn thng v phn phi thng tin qun l. Thi gian qun l cng nh hng ti cc
vn qun l s liu lu tr.
1.3 CC CCH TIP CN TRONG QUN L MNG

1.3.1 Cc phng php tip cn qun l mng
Kin trc h thng qun l mng rt phc tp v ch yu ph thuc vo kin trc
h thng mng, khng c mt lut hoc mt k thut c th no c coi l bt buc
i vi cc h thng mng. Mt s hng tip cn c ch ra sau y:
12
A, Qun l hin
Nu h thng qun l c con ngi khi to v qun l, phng php qun l
mng ny c gi l qun l hin. Ngi qun l s khi to qu trnh v thc hin
qun l trong sut thi gian qun l, c th c mt s chc nng t ng h tr cho
cng tc qun l ca ngi iu hnh h thng nhng vn c coi l phng php
qun l hin. Mt u im ca phng php qun l hin l khng cn thit phi thit
k chi tit cc chc nng qun l trong giai on thit k h thng, cc vn thc t
s c ngi iu hnh ra quyt nh tu thuc vo cc mc tiu v iu kin c th
trong qu trnh khai thc. Nh vy, tin trnh thit k h thng s gim bt phc tp
v thi gian. Qun l hin hu dng trong vic gii quyt cc vn khng mong
mun xy ra trong qu trnh hot ng thc t ca h thng, ng thi yu cu cc gii
php tt nht c a ra t pha ngi iu hnh. Qun l hin rt ph hp vi chc
nng qun l li. Nhc im ca qun l hin l b gii hn kh nng x l v s
lng li t chnh ngi iu hnh h thng. Mc d gim bt c chi ph trong khu
thit k h thng nhng li lm tng chi ph ca giai on iu hnh h thng.
B, Qun l n
Khi h thng t khi to v iu hnh, phng php qun l ny c gi l qun
l n, tt c cc chc nng qun l c thc hin bi cc module phn cng v phn
mm mt cch t ng. S khc bit vi phng php qun l hin l phng php
thi hnh. V mt nguyn tc, hon ton c th thc hin hai phng php qun l trong
cng mt h thng. Vi cc h thng thng minh v h thng chuyn gia h tr cho
phng php qun l n, ranh gii gia hai phng php qun l c thu hp li. Mt
s vn li cn phi c gii quyt bng c hai phng php ng thi trong c qu
trnh pht hin v sa li.
Trong giai on thit k v iu khin, cc chc nng qun l mng c nhn
nhn di cc gc khc nhau. Khi giai on vn hnh h thng c bt u, ngi
s dng v nh qun tr mng phn bit cc chc nng nguyn thu v cc chc nng
qun l nhm la chn phng php qun l theo thc t.
C, Qun l tp trung
Trong tip cn ny ch c mt thit b qun l thu nhn cc thng tin v iu
khin ton b cc thc th mng, v d cc thng tin lin quan ti cc ng dng c
lu tr ti mt h thng qun l n nh ch ra trn hnh 1.4. Cc chc nng qun l
c thc hin bi manager (thit b qun l), kh nng ca h thng ph thuc rt ln
vo mc thng minh ca manager. Kin trc ny thng c s dng rt nhiu
trong mng hin nay, nht l vi cc m hnh doanh nghip c h tng mng ring v
c trung tm qun tr mng.
qun l iu hnh cc chc nng s cp, agent c t vo cc h thng b
qun l thc hin cc chc nng s cp nhm h tr cc chc nng khi to, gim
13
st v sa i cc hnh vi ca chc nng s cp. So vi cc chc nng thuc manager,
chc nng Agent thng rt n gin, thng tin trao i t manager ti cc agent
thng qua cc giao thc thng tin qun l nh giao thc qun l mng n gin SNMP
(Simple Network Management Protocol) v giao thc thng tin qun l chung v dch
v thng tin qun l chung CMIS/CMIP (Common Management Information
Protocol), cc giao thc ny s c tho lun chi tit trong chng 2. H thng qun
l tp trung thng t trong mt trm lm vic, nu manage li hoc hng th ton b
h thng qun l s b t lit, nu li ch xy ra trong mt phn mng, th mt s phn
t mng trong vng mng li s khng c qun l. Thm vo , h thng qun l
tp trung rt kh m rng v mc phc tp ca h thng tng ln rt nhanh.
Hnh 1.6: M hnh qun l tp trung

Mt bin th ca h thng qun l tp trung da trn tip cn nn gm mt mt
bng qun l 2 tng: Nn tng qun l mng v ng dng qun l mng. Nn qun l
mng lin quan ti th tc thu thp thng tin v cc tnh ton n gin, trong khi
ng dng qun l vic s dng cc dch v cung cp bi nn qun l ra quyt nh
x l v h tr cc chc nng lp cao. u im ca tip cn ny l cc ng dng
khng ph thuc qu nhiu vo phc tp ca giao thc v s phc tp ca thnh
phn mng. Tuy nhin, nhc im cn tn ti trong m hnh ny xut pht t kh
nng m rng ca vic qun l tp trung. Mt s c im c bn ca m hnh ny nh
sau:
Nn tng qun l mng c t trn mt h thng my tnh n.
d phng h thng cn c lu tr bn sao ti mt h thng khc.
H thng qun l c th truy nhp v chuyn cc s kin ti bn iu hnh hoc
h thng khc.
Thng c s dng cho cnh bo v s kin li trn mng, cc thng tin
mng v truy nhp ti cc ng dng qun l.
14
u im:
Quan st cnh bo v cc s kin mng t mt v tr
Bo mt c khoanh vng n gin
Nhc im:
Li h thng qun l chnh s gy tc hi ti ton b mng.
Tng phc tp khi c thm cc phn t mi vo h thng.
Tn ti cc h thng hng i ch x l khi c nhiu yu cu x l t cc thit
b.
Hnh 1.7: M hnh qun l phn cp

D, Qun l phn cp
Trong tip cn ny, h thng c chia thnh cc vng tu theo nhim v qun l
to ra mt h thng phn cp qun l. Trung tm x l t ti gc ca cy phn cp, v
cc h thng phn tn c t ti cc nhnh ca cy. H thng x l trung tm truy
nhp ti tt c cc h thng nhnh v ch ra cc nhim v phn tn ca nhnh. Kin
trc phn cp s dng khi nim qun l ca qun l v qun l theo vng. Mi mt h
thng qun l vng chu trch nhim qun l trong chnh vng v khng lin quan
ti cc vng khc.
Trong kin trc phn cp, khng c cc thng tin trao i trc tip gia cc
manager vng. Kin trc ny rt d m rng theo c chiu rng ln chiu su ca cy
phn cp. Cc c im c bn ca h thng phn cp nh sau:
H thng qun l vng thng l h thng my tnh a chc nng: truy nhp ti
my ch trung tm v ng vai tr hot ng nh mt client.
H thng qun l khng ph thuc vo mt h thng n.
Phn tn cc chc nng qun l mng.
Chc nng gim st mng c b tr phn tn.
Lu tr thng tin tp trung.
15
u im:
C kh nng m rng h thng qun l nhanh.
Nhc im:
Thu thp thng tin phc tp v tn thi gian.
Danh sch thit b qun l bi cc client phi c xc nh v cu hnh trc.
Hnh 1.8: M hnh qun l phn tn

E, Qun l phn tn
H thng qun l phn tn cn gi l h thng qun l ngang cp v khng c h
thng trung tm. Cc khi qun l a chc nng chu trnh nhim trn tng vng mng
v trao i thng tin ti cc h thng qun l khc qua cc giao thc ngang cp. Cc
thit b qun l sn sng a ra cc quyt nh i vi cc chc nng c s. Bng cch
qun l phn tn ti cc trm lm vic trn ton mng, cng tc qun l mng tng
tin cy v hiu nng h thng trong khi gi truyn thng v tnh ton gim xung. Tt
c cc h thng qun l u thc hin cng mt kiu chc nng c s v tng ng
nhau.
Cc c tnh ca h thng qun l phn tn l tn ti cc h thng ngang cp
chy ng thi trn mng s liu. Trong giai on khi to mng, mi mt manager
qun l vng qun l mt phn ca h thng, v vy nu s lng h thng ln, phng
php iu khin hin khng th thc hin c v vy qun l phn cp thng s
dng h thng qun l n. Kin trc ny l tng ca cc h thng tiu chun ISO v
TMN.
Vn xc nh li tng th v x l li song song l cc c tnh mu cht ca
h thng qun l phn tn. Mt h thng qun l phn tn s dng lin kt ni v cc
phn t x l c lp trnh cc im li n. Vi h thng qun l phn tn, t s
hiu nng / gi thnh, mm do, kh nng m rng, tnh kh dng v tin cy
c nng cao nh vo cc chc nng c module ho. Cc dch v phn tn c
th trong sut vi ngi s dng dch v v h khng cn phn bit u l dch v ti
16
ch hoc dch v truy nhp t xa. iu ny yu cu h thng qun l phi m bo tnh
cht ch, an ton cao, xc nh li tng th nhanh chng v thi gian thc hin nm
trong mt gii hn cho php.
Mt nhc im c bn ca h thng qun l phn tn xut pht t s phc tp
trong vn thay i chc nng qun l sau khi giai on iu hnh c khi to, v
vic thay i cc chc nng lin quan ti quyt nh qun l, iu yu cu sa i
mt s lng ln ti nguyn ca cc h thng mng. Trong trng hp thiu cc gii
php qun l chi tit trong qu trnh thit k, tip cn qun l phn tn gp rt nhiu kh
khn trong vn ng b h thng qun l.
Tuy nhin trong giai on vn hnh, c bit l i vi mt s kiu li mng cn
phi xc nh th t u tin x l v khng ph thuc vo mt h thng c th no
ra quyt nh, phng php qun l phn tn em li hiu nng hn rt nhiu so vi
phng php qun l tp trung. V vy, kin trc mng thc t thng c kin trc tch
hp v c cc c im thng thy nh sau:
T hp kin trc qun l tp trung v kin trc phn tn.
S dng mt s cc h thng qun l mng ngang hng trong mi nt ngang
hng c mt c s d liu hon chnh, lu tr thng tin c t ti mt v tr
v cho php truy nhp c s d liu t cc v tr.
Phn tn cc nhim v qun l v nhim v gim st ton mng.
F, Phng php qun l lai ghp (hybrid)
Phng php qun l lai ghp c xy dng trn nguyn tc t hp ca kin trc
phn tn v kin trc phn cp. Kin trc ny rt thng dng v th hin qua kin trc
mng. M hnh phng php qun l hybrid c ch ra trn hnh 1.9.
Hnh 1.9: M hnh qun l lai ghp
17
Kin trc qun l mng hybrid s dng phng php qun l gm: cc thnh phn
qun l trn tng vng v qun l cc qun l MOM (Manage Of Manager). Trn
nguyn tc phn cp v mi quan h gia cc thnh phn qun l vng, thnh phn
qun l vng c th thc hin nhim v qun l cho gia cc vng. V vy, m hnh lai
ghp rt thch hp vi mi trng c tnh bin ng ln do c tnh mm do ca m
hnh ny.
G, Qun l hng i tng
- Qun l hng i tng c xut bi t chc tiu chun quc t ISO v t
chc c trch k thut Internet IETF. Mc tiu ca qun l hng i tng tp
trung vo gii quyt cc vn c bit trong qun l ti nguyn phn tn nhm
to ra mt h thng qun l mng m chung i vi cc ngun ti nguyn.
Trong m hnh thng tin, thut ng i tng qun l c s dng nhm
tru tng ho cc ngun ti nguyn vt l v logic ca thnh phn qun l v b
qun l. Vic truy nhp n cc ngun ti nguyn b qun l phi thng qua cc
i tng qun l v i din qun l.
i tng qun l
Giao thc qun l

i tng b qun l
Agent
i tng ti nguyn qun l
Hnh 1.10: M hnh qun l hng i tng

Cc tp i tng c bn gm:
- i tng qun l: i tng qun l cung cp iu khin qun l thng minh
thc thi cc lnh v iu khin ti nguyn phn tn.
- i tng Agent: i tng i din cho thnh phn b qun l trong ng cnh
qun l, Agent cung cp giao din truyn thng ti i tng qun l.
- i tng b qun l: Cc i tng b qun l cung cp cc thng tin ti
nguyn mu cht ti i tng qun l. Giao din thuc i tng b qun l
c tiu chun ho, gm cc lut chung to v xo cc c tnh ca i
tng b qun l. i tng b qun l chu trch nhim nhn cc gi tr c tnh
v t cc gi tr c tnh cho cc thc th b qun l.
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- Cc i tng ti nguyn b qun l: Cc i tng ti nguyn b qun l l cc
thc th c th trong mng. ISO v IETF khng nh ngha c th ti tng giao
din thc th v s a dng v bin ng ca cc thc th.
H, Qun l tch hp
Tip cn qun l tch hp da trn t hp ca qun l phn cp, phn tn v qun
l hng i tng bng cch p dng kin trc CORBA (Common Object Request
Broken Archictecture). Kin trc CORBA gi thit cc tp i tng phn mm c
phn tn trong cc thc th c kh nng t iu khin v kt hp vi nhau gii
quyt cc li trong h thng. Cc i tng ny c x l qua cc ngn ng hng
i tng (v d nh Smalltalk, C++ hoc JAVA). Tp i tng phn mm truyn
thng vi nhau thng qua cc cng ngh phn tn nh CORBA hoc mi trng ngn
ng m OLE (Open Language Environment).
Trong cch tip cn ny, cp qun l trung gian c gi l SubManager hot
ng nh mt phn t trung gian gia Manager v Agent hng v pha Agent.
SubManager c th kim tra c lp cc gi tr qun l ca cc c s d liu thng tin
qun l MIB (Management Information Base) bng cc giao thc qun l. SubManager
thu nhn cc thng tin nguyn thu t cc Agent v thc hin tnh ton, x l cc gi
tr cn thit cho Manager. Phng php ny gim lu lng thng tin mc cao phi
chuyn ti Manager.
Hnh 1.11: M hnh qun l tch hp

Khi p dng kin trc CORBA vo tip cn qun l tch hp, n cho php trao i
thng tin qun l trc tip ti cc Agent. CORBA coi ton b cc SubManager v
Agent l i tng qun l, trong tng trng hp c th m cc quyt nh c a
19
ra qua SubManager hoc khng nhm trnh cc hin tng tc nghn khi h thng
trong iu kin bt thng.
1.3.2 Quan im qun l Manager Agent
Cc quan im v qun l u cho rng chc nng quan trng nht trong qun l
chnh l s truyn thng gia thc th qun l v thc th b qun l. V iu ny c
thc hin da trn m hnh yu cu-phn hi. Khi qun l s yu cu i din qun l
(Agent) gi cc thng tin qun l c trng v thc th b qun l thng qua agent, s
phn hi li bng mt bn tin cha y thng tin c yu cu. Nu truyn thng
yu cu-phn hi c s dng lin tc tm kim mi agent v cc i tng b
qun l tng ng th c ch ny c gi l polling. C ch ny ln u tin c ng
dng qun l trong mi trng internet da trn giao thc qun l mng n gin
SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol).
Hnh 1.12: M hnh truyn thng Manager-agent

C ch yu cu - phn hi c coi l mt c ch truyn thng ng b. iu ny
c ngha l, manager s ch s phn hi t agent trong mt khung thi gian gii hn
no trc khi n tin hnh bt k mt s kin no tip theo. Nu qu thi gian cho
php m khng nhn c phn hi, manager s tin hnh pht li yu cu.
Bn cnh c ch yu cu-phn hi cn c mt c ch na cho s truyn thng
gia manager v agent, l c ch thng bo. C ch thng bo l mt c ch khng
ng b. Trong c ch ny, agent s gi thng bo n manager nhng thay i quan
trng v trng thi ca cc ti nguyn b qun l v yu cu manager lu n hay can
thip vo.
1.3.3. M hnh quan h Manager-agent
Mt h thng qun l mng xy dng trn m hnh Manager-Agent c xy
dng khng ch da trn m hnh truyn thng m cn lin quan ti hng lot cc m
hnh khc nh: m hnh kin trc, m hnh t chc, m hnh chc nng v m hnh
thng tin (hnh 1.13).
M hnh kin trc s dng thit k, cu trc cc thnh phn tham gia vo tin
trnh qun l. Trong m hnh kin trc, Manager ng vai tr nh l mt c s qun l
bao gm mt c cu qun l v mt b cc ng dng qun l cung cp cc chc nng
qun l thc s nh qun l cu hnh, qun l li v qun l hiu nng.
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M hnh vn hnh nh ra giao din ca ngi s dng vi h thng qun l
trong ch r trng thi cng nh kiu nh dng ca cc tng tc ti ngi s dng
nh iu khin cc i tng c qun l, hin th v tm kim cc s kin, cc bn
tin hay cnh bo ti ngi iu hnh.
M hnh chc nng nh ra cu trc ca cc chc nng qun l gip cho h
thng qun l thc hin cc ng dng qun l. M hnh chc nng c cu trc phn lp
m nhim cc chc nng c bn nh qun l cu hnh, hiu nng, li v cc tc v h
tr qun l mc cao. cc lp bc cao trong m hnh chc nng u l cc ng dng
thc hin cc chc nng phc hp nh tng quan cc s kin/ cnh bo, cc h thng
chuyn gia v qun l t ng.
Hnh 1.13: M hnh quan h Manager-Agent

M hnh t chc lin quan cht ch n cc chnh sch qun l v th tc vn
hnh. M hnh ny s xc nh cc min qun l, s phn chia quyn iu hnh cng
nh quyn truy nhp ca ngi s dng vo h thng qun l chung cng nh h thng
qun l mng khch hng. M hnh ny th hin kh nng trao i vai tr gia cc
manager v cc agent cng nh s hp tc ton cc gia manager ny vi cc manager
khc hay vi cc ng dng qun l.
M hnh thng tin l m hnh ct li ca vn qun l. M hnh thng tin a
ra cc tm tt v cc ngun ti nguyn c qun l di dng thng tin chung m cc
manager v agent u c th hiu c. M hnh thng tin cng xy dng mt c s
d liu nh dng, t tn v ng nhp cc ngun ti nguyn c qun l. Trong
m hnh thng tin, thut ng i tng qun l c s dng nhm tru tng ho
cc ngun ti nguyn vt l v logic b qun l. Vic truy nhp n cc ngun ti
nguyn b qun l phi thng qua cc i tng qun l. C s d liu cha cc thng
tin qun l c gi l MIB. Khi tham kho ti mt MIB c bit no c ngha l th
21
tc tham kho n min hay mi trng c t chi tit nh dng ca cc i tng
qun l. nh dng ca i tng qun l c chun ho. Da trn c s chun ho
thng tin ny, manger tin hnh thc hin qun l qua cc giao thc chuyn bit v
truyn thng vi cc agent phn tn trn cng mt MIB.
1.4 KIN TRC QUN L MNG

1.4.1 Kin trc qun l mng
Qun l mng gm mt tp cc chc nng iu khin, lp k hoch, lin kt,
trin khai v gim st ti nguyn mng. Qun l mng c th c nhn nhn nh mt
cu trc gm nhiu lp:
Qun l kinh doanh: Qun l kha cnh kinh doanh ca mng v d nh: ngn
sch/ ti nguyn, k hoch v cc tha thun.
Qun l dch v: Qun l cc dch v cung cp cho ngi s dng, v d cc
dch v cung cp bao gm vic qun l bng thng truy nhp, lu tr d liu v
cc ng dng cung cp.
Qun l mng: Qun l ton b thit b mng trong mng.
Qun l phn t: Qun l mt tp hp thit b mng, v d cc b nh tuyn truy
nhp hoc cc h thng qun l thu bao.
Qun l phn t mng: Qun l tng thit b n trong mng, v d b nh
tuyn, chuyn mch, Hub.
Kin trc ny l tip cn top to down vi cc thnh phn tru tng nm ti lp
cao ca kin trc v cc thnh phn c th nm ti lp thp. i vi cc thnh phn
tru tng, cc c tnh qun l cng c thc hin trong ng cnh tru tng v d
nh chnh sch. Trong khi , cc lp thp c qun l qua cc bin v tham s.
Hnh 1.14: Phn cp kin trc qun l mng

Qun l mng c th chia thnh hai chc nng c s: truyn ti thng tin qun l
qua h thng v qun l cc phn t thng tin qun l mng. Cc chc nng ny gm
22
cc nhim v khc nhau nh: Gim st, cu hnh, sa li v lp k hoch c thc
hin bi nh qun tr hoc nhn vin qun l mng.
1.4.2 C ch qun l mng
C ch qun l mng bao gm c cc giao thc qun l mng, cc giao thc qun
l mng cung cp cc c ch thu thp, thay i v truyn cc d liu qun l mng qua
mng. Hai giao thc thng c dng ph bin hin nay l: giao thc qun l mng
n gin SNMP v giao thc thng tin qun l chung CMIP. Trong , giao thc qun
l mng SNMP thng c s dng ph bin hn giao thc CMIP trong cc h thng
qun l cho mng cng cng v mng thng mi. Thng qua cc cu lnh, giao thc
SNMP thc hin qu trnh thu thp thng tin v t cc by cnh bo cho thit b (cc
chc nng chi tit ca SNMP c th hin trong chng 2). Cc tham s truy nhp
qua SNMP c nhm vo trong cc bng c s thng tin qun l MIB. CMIP cng
thc hin qu trnh thu thp v ci t tham s tng t nh SNMP nhng cho php
nhiu kiu iu hnh hn v v vy cng phc tp hn SNMP.
Cc c ch gim st nhm xc nh cc c tnh ca thit b mng, tin trnh
gim st bao gm thu thp c v lu tr cc tp con ca d liu . D liu thng
c thu thp thng qua polling hoc tin trnh gim st gm cc giao thc qun l
mng.
X l d liu sau qu trnh thu thp thng tin qun l mng l bc loi b bt
cc thng tin d liu khng cn thit i vi tng nhim v qun l. S th hin cc
thng tin qun l cho ngi qun l cho php ngi qun l nm bt hiu qu nht cc
tnh nng v c tnh mng cn qun l. Mt s k thut biu din d liu thng c
s dng di dng k t, th hoc lu (tnh hoc ng).
Ti thi im x l thng tin d liu, rt nhiu cc thng tin cha kp x l c
lu tr ti cc vng nh lu tr khc nhau. Cc c ch d phng v cp nht lu tr
lun c xc nh trc trong cc c ch qun l mng nhm trnh ti a tn tht d
liu.
Cc phn tch thi gian thc lun yu cu thi gian hi p ti cc thit b qun
l trong khong thi gian ngn. y l iu kin nh i gia s lng c tnh v
thit b mng vi lng ti nguyn (kh nng tnh ton, s lng thit b tnh ton, b
nh, lu tr) cn thit h tr cc phn tch.
Thc hin nhim v cu hnh chnh l ci t cc tham s trong mt thit b mng
iu hnh v iu khin cc phn t. Cc c ch cu hnh bao gm truy nhp trc
tip ti cc thit b, truy nhp t xa v ly cc file cu hnh t cc thit b . D liu
cu hnh c thng qua cc cch sau:
Cc cu lnh SET ca SNMP
Truy nhp qua telnet v giao din dng lnh
23
Truy nhp qua HTTP
Truy nhp qua kin trc CORBA
S dng FTP/TFTP ly file cu hnh
1.5 MNG QUN L VIN THNG
1.5.1 Gii thiu chung

TMN (Telecommunication Management Network) l mng qun l vin thng
cung cp cc hot ng qun l lin quan ti mng vin thng. ITU-T cng b t
nm 1988 mt lot khuyn ngh v cc h thng qun l iu hnh mng vin thng
M.3xxx. TMN c nh ngha trong khuyn ngh ca ITU-T M.3100 nh sau: TMN
l mt mng ring lin kt cc mng vin thng ti nhng im khc nhau gi/nhn
thng tin i/n mng v iu khin cc hot ng ca mng. Ni mt cch khc,
TMN s dng mt mng qun l c lp qun l mng vin thng bng cc ng
thng tin ring v cc giao din c chun ho. Mng qun l vin thng TMN
gm mt hoc nhiu h iu hnh, mng thng tin d liu v nhng phn t qun l
nhm qun l trng thi thc hin chc nng cc phn t mngvin thng (nh h
thng chuyn mch, h thng truyn dn ). Mng thng tin d liu ca TMN c
s dng truyn ti thng tin qun l trong ni b mng hoc ti cc mng qun l
khc. Mng qun l vin thng cung cp cc chc nng qun l v truyn thng cho
vic khai thc, qun l, bo dng mng v cc dch v vin thng trong mi trng a
nh cung cp thit b. Mng qun l vin thng thng nht vic iu hnh qun l cc
mng khc nhau trong cc thng tin qun l c trao i qua cc giao din v giao
thc chun ho.
TMN khng ch qun l s a dng ca mng vin thng m cn qun l mt
phm vi ln v thit b, phn mm v nhng dch v trn mi mng.
1.5.2 Kin trc chc nng

Kin trc chc nng ca TMN bao gm mt tp cc khi chc nng, mt tp cc
im tham chiu v mt tp cc chc nng. Khi chc nng l thc th logic trnh din
chc nng qun l quy chun. Cc im tham chiu hay cn gi l im tiu chun
phn chia gia hai khi chc nng v hai khi chc nng thng tin vi nhau thng qua
im tham chiu. Mt hoc nhiu hn cc chc nng thnh phn to ra mt khi chc
nng, vic truyn thng tin gia cc khi l chc nng thng tin s liu.
Chc nng ca TMN l cung cp cc phng tin truyn ti v x l cc thng
tin c lin quan n vn qun l mng vin thng v dch v. Ta xem xt cc thnh
phn di y:
Mt tp cc chc nng qun l gim st, iu khin v kt hp mng.
Mt tp cc phn t mng c qun l.
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Hnh 1.15: Cc khi chc nng v im tham chiu ca TMN

Kh nng cho ngi s dng TMN truy nhp hot ng qun l v nhn c
s th hin v kt qu ca hot ng.
A, Chc nng phn t mng NEF
NEF (Network Element Function) l mt khi chc nng thng tin ca TMN
nhm mc ch gim st hoc iu khin. NEF cung cp cc chc nng vin thng v
h tr trong mng vin thng cn c qun l. NEF bao gm cc chc nng vin
thng - l ch ca vic qun l. Cc chc nng ny khng phi l thnh phn ca
TMN nhng c th hin i vi TMN thng qua NEF.
B, Chc nng h iu hnh OSF
OSF (Operation System Function) cung cp cc chc nng qun l. OSF x l cc
thng tin qun l nhm mc ch gim st phi hp v iu khin mng vin thng.
Chc nng ny bao gm:
H tr ng dng cc vn v cu hnh, li, hot ng, tnh ton v qun l bo
mt.
Chc nng to c s d liu h tr: cu hnh, topology, tnh hnh iu khin,
trng thi v ti nguyn mng.
H tr cho kh nng giao tip gia ngi v my thng qua thit b u cui
ca ngi s dng.
Cc chng trnh phn tch cung cp kh nng phn tch li v phn tch hot
ng.
Khun dng d liu v bn tin h tr thng tin gia hai thc th chc nng
TMN hoc gia hai khi chc nng TMN ca cc thc th bn ngoi (ngi s
dng hoc mt TMN khc).
25
Phn tch v quyt nh, to kh nng cho p ng qun l. C hai kha cnh: h
tr cho phn t c qun l bi OSF, cung cp cc chc nng vin thng l cc
i tng qun l cho mng vin thng cn c qun l. S qun l ny c
th hin i vi TMN thng qua cc chc nng h tr lu lng. Cc chc
nng cu trc khng phi l mt phn ca TMN, tuy nhin cc chc nng h tr
li l mt phn bn thn TMN.
C, Chc nng trm lm vic WSF
WSF (Work Station Function ) cung cp chc nng cho hot ng lin kt gia
ngi s dng vi OSF. WSF c th c xem nh chc nng trung gian gia ngi
s dng v OSF. N chuyn i thng tin ra khi OSF thnh khun dng c kh nng
th hin c vi ngi s dng. V tr ca WSF nh mt cng giao tip nm trn
ranh gii ca TMN.
D, Chc nng thch ng Q
QAF (Q Adapter Function) cung cp s chuyn i kt ni NEF hoc OSF ti
TMN, hoc nhng phn t mng khng thuc TMN vi TMN mt cch c lp.
Chc nng thch ng Q c s dng lin kt ti cc phn t TMN m chng
khng h tr cc im tham chiu TMN chun.
E, Chc nng trung gian MF
MF (Mediation Function) hot ng truyn thng tin gia OSF v NEF, cung
cp chc nng lu tr, lc, bin i... trn cc d liu nhn c t NEF. Chc nng
trung gian hot ng trn thng tin truyn qua gia cc chc nng qun l v cc i
tng qun l. MF cung cp mt tp cc chc nng cng ni (Gateway) hay chuyn
tip (Relay), n lm nhim v ct gi (lu), bin i ph hp, lc phn nh v tp
trung thng tin. V MF cng bao gm cc chc nng x l v truyn ti thng tin, do
khng c s phn bit ln gia MF v OSF. Cc chc nng ca MF gm:
Cc chc nng truyn ti thng tin ITF (Information Tranfer Funtion) gm:
Bin i giao thc, bin i bn tin, bin i tn hiu, dch/ nh x a ch, nh
tuyn v tp trung d liu.
Cc chc nng x l thng tin gm: Thc hin, hin th, lu gi, lc thng tin.
1.5.3 Kin trc vt l

Kin trc vt l TMN ch r gii hn ca cc nt mng v cc giao din thng tin
gia cc nt. Cc nt (nh OS v cc phn t mng) v cc s lin kt gia cc nt c
th c nh x ti c nhng thc th phn cng v phn mm. TMN bao gm nm
loi nt khc nhau v 4 loi lin kt. Mi nt c k hiu bi chc nng cung cp bi
nt . Mi ng lin kt c k hiu bi giao din gia hai nt.
Nt trong TMN c th l mt h thng phn cng, mt h ng dng phn mm
26
hoc kt hp c hai.
Cc thnh phn
chc nng
Kin trc Cc khi Cc im

chc nng chc nng tham chiu
Kin trc vt l Cc thnh

phn vt l Giao din
Hnh 1.16 : Quan h gia m hnh chc nng v kin trc vt l

Cc chc nng qun l c th c thc hin trong cc thnh phn khc nhau ca
cc cu hnh vt l. Mi quan h ca cc khi chc nng ti thit b vt l c trnh
by bng 1.1. N nh r cc khi vt l qun l theo tp cc khi chc nng m mi
khi ny c cho php cha ng. i vi mi khi vt l, c mt khi chc nng
m l c im ca n v c tnh cht bt buc cha ng. Ni cn tn ti cc
chc nng khc tu chn cho cc khi vt l bao hm.
A, H iu hnh OS
OS l h thng m thc hin cc chc nng h iu hnh OSF nh miu t
trong kin trc chc nng TMN. OS c th cung cp tu chn v QAF v cc WSF.
Trong thc t n x l thng tin c lin quan ti qun l vin thng nhm mc ch
theo di iu khin v gim st mng vin thng. OS cung cp kh nng ch yu ca
h thng qun l TMN, OS cung cp kh nng gim st hoc kh nng iu khin cho
p ng qun l. Mt OS c th c kt ni vi OS khc, vi c mt TMN ging n
hoc mt TMN khc.
Cu hnh ca OS ph thuc cu hnh ca OSF. Mt OSF dch v c lin quan ti
cc kha cnh dch v mng v thc hin hu ht cc qui tc ca giao din khch hng.
Mt OSF l mt mng c s ng dng TMN, chu trch nhim cung cp mc thng tin
mng cho OSF dch v. N lin lc vi NEF hoc MF mang theo cc chc nng
qun l trn phn t mng.
Cu trc vt l ca OS c kh nng thc hin cc vic phn phi hoc tp hp.
Mt OS tp hp b chc nng OS hon chnh trong mt h thng n. Mt OS phn
phi c th c chc nng phn phi dc theo s lng ca cc OS.
Yu cu thi gian thc cho la chn giao thc TMN, y l mt nhn t rt quan
trng trong kin trc vt l ca OS. S la chn phn cng ph thuc rt nhiu vo
vic c hay khng mt OS cung cp dch v thi gian thc, gn thi gian thc hay
27
khng phi thi gian thc.
B, Phn t mng NE
Phn t mng NE bao gm thit b vin thng (hoc cc nhm/cc phn ca thit
b vin thng) v thit b tr gip hoc bt k mc hoc cc nhm, cc mc tnh ton
lin quan ti mi trng vin thng m thc hin cc NEF.
Bng 1.1: Mi quan h ca khi vt l v khi chc nng qun l

NEF MDF QAF OSF WSF
NE M* O O O O
MD M O O O
QA M
OS O O M O
WS M
M: Bt buc; O: Tu chn
Phn t mng NE c th bao gm bt k tu chn ca cc khi chc nng qun l

theo cc yu cu thc hin ca n. NE c mt hoc nhiu hn cc giao din loi Q tiu
chun v c th c tu chn cc giao din F v B2B/C2B.
NE tn ti nh thit b m khng c mt giao din tiu chun s ginh c s
truy cp ti c s h tng qun l thng qua mt chc nng tng thch Q. Chc nng
tng thch Q ny s cung cp chc nng cn thit bin i gia giao din qun l
tiu chun v khng tiu chun.
C, Thit b trung gian MD
Mt MD thc hin chc nng trung gian nh nh ngha trong kin trc chc
nng TMN. Nhim v ca chc nng trung gian l x l thng tin truyn gia OS v
phn t mng m bo lm cho thng tin ph hp. Chc nng ti nhng im ny c
th l lu tr, chuyn i, lc, xp xp v phn loi thng tin.
Chuyn i thng tin. Chuyn i gia cc m hnh thng tin l mt loi x l,
qu trnh chuyn i thng tin s chuyn i rt nhiu m hnh thng tin thnh
m hnh thng tin ng nht, bin i thng tin t MIB ni ht tun theo m
hnh thng tin ng nht.
Lin kt lm vic. Qu trnh ny cung cp giao thc thit lp v dn xp kt
ni bng cch duy tr phm vi thng tin.
X l d liu. Qu trnh ny cung cp tp trung, la chn d liu, t khun
dng cho d liu v bin dch d liu.
Ra quyt nh. Qu trnh ny bao gm truy nhp trm lm vic, xp xp, lu tr
d liu, nh tuyn d liu, truy nhp kim tra.
28
Lu tr d liu. Qu trnh ny bao gm lu tr c s d liu, cu hnh mng,
phn loi thit b, d tr b nh.
Chc nng trung gian c th thc hin nh mt thit b trung gian. Trong trng
hp ng mt mnh, nhng giao din trc ca NE, QA, v OS l giao din c bn ca
Qx v Q3. Khi trung gian l mt phn ca NE, ch nhng giao din c th trc OS s
l giao din chun. Chc nng trung gian c th cng c thc hin nh mt vai tr
thay th cho thit b trung gian, thit b trung gian c xem nh thnh phn khng r
rng nht ca TMN. Trong thc t mt thch ng Q thng c cp ti nh l
thit b trung gian.
D, Trm lm vic WS
WS l h thng thc hin cc chc nng trm lm vic WSF. Cc chc nng trm
lm vic dch thng tin im tham chiu f ti mt khun dng c th hin th im
tham chiu giao din ngi my v ngc li.
Mt trm lm vic TMN c th tr thnh u cui kt ni thng tin s liu ti
mt OS hay mt MD. Thit b kt ni u cui ny c kh nng bin dch thng tin
im tham chiu f c m t trong m hnh thng tin TMN thnh khung hin th
cho ngi s dng im tham chiu g hay ngc li. Thit b u cui s c lu gi
d liu, x l d liu v h tr giao din. Mt trm lm vic thc hin hai loi chc
nng: chc nng hin th v chc nng WSF.
Chc nng hin th cung cp cho ngi s dng u vo, u ra vt l v nhng
phng tin xm nhp, hin th v sa i nhng chi tit ca thng tin bn trong
ca mt TMN. Chc nng ny cng cung cp s h tr cho giao din ngi-my, c
gi l im tham chiu g. Giao din ngi-my c th l mt dng lnh, ng dn
hay ca s c s.
OS
Chc nng
trm lm vic
NSD
Chc nng
OS hin th
Hnh 1.17: Trm lm vic WS

Chc nng trm lm vic WSF cung cp cho ngi s dng nhng chc nng
chung ti thit b u cui x l u vo, u ra ca d liu n hay i t thit b
29
u cui ca ngi s dng. Nhng chc nng ny bao gm an ton truy cp ti thit
b u cui, phn tch v xc nhn tnh hp l u vo; t khun dng v xc nhn
tnh hp l ca u ra; duy tr c s d liu, h tr danh mc, mn hnh, ca s v
thanh cun. Mt trm lm vic phi c mt giao din f v khng cha chc nng OSF.
Nu OSF v WSF c kt hp lm mt th trm lm vic c coi l h iu hnh
OS.
E, Thnh phn thch ng QA
Thch ng Q c th l mt phn cng, phn mm hoc l s kt hp c hai. N
thc hin chc nng thch ng (QAF) ti ni chuyn i mt giao din phi TMN thnh
giao din TMN. Mt QAF bin i giao din cho giao din lp Q3 v Qx. Mt thch
ng Q c th gm mt hay nhiu QAF.
Thch ng Q phn nh s nh hng ln nhau ca TMN v nhng h thng
tn ti. l iu lun kh c chng minh xy dng thch ng Q do kh khn
trong vic sp xp gia giao din TMN v nhng giao din khc.
Gn y trong nn cng nghip, rt nhiu ngi s dng thut ng thit b trung
gian thay cho ngha thch ng Q. Trn thc t s s dng rt thng dng, thut ng
thit b trung gian bao hm ngha ca thch ng Q. Mt QAF thc hin hai chc
nng c bn: chuyn i thng tin v chuyn i giao thc.
F, Mng thng tin d liu (DCN)
Thc hin y chc nng thng tin d liu (DCF) ca kin trc chc nng
TMN v cung cp s kt ni gia cc nt TMN. c bit mt DCN lin kt nhng
phn t mng, thch ng Q, thit b trung gian ti OS qua giao din Q3 v lin kt cc
thit b trung gian ti nhng phn t mng v nhng thch ng Q qua giao din Qx.
Mc d DCN c th l mt mng tch ri, nhng trong thc t DCN thng l mt h
thng c qun l bi TMN.
G, Cc im tham chiu
im tham chiu l im mang tnh khi nim trao i thng tin gia cc chc
nng khng chng ln nhau. im tham chiu c th tr thnh mt giao din khi: Cc
khi chc nng kt ni vi n l cc thit b ring bit v mt vt l. Cc im tham
chiu bao gm: q; f; x; g v m.
Cc im tham chiu xc nh ranh gii dch v gia hai khi chc nng qun l.
Mi im tham chiu yu cu v cc c tnh giao thc truyn tin khc nhau, n c
nh ngha khi qut th tc trao i thng tin gia cc khi chc nng khc nhau.
Trong 5 loi im tham chiu trn, TMN c 3 loi im tham chiu c nh ngha
nh sau:
q Gia OSF, QAF, MF v NEF
f Gia OSF hoc MF vi WSF
30
x Gia OSF ca hai TMN
Ngoi ra hai im tham chiu phi TMN (non-TMN) c nh ngha l :
g Gia WSF v ngi s dng (users)
m Gia QAF v thc th non-TMN b qun l
Giao din TMN m bo kh nng tng tc ca cc h thng c kt ni vi
nhau nhm thc hin chc nng qun l/lp k hoch TMN. Giao din TMN nh
ngha bn tin tng thch chung cho tt c cc chc nng qun l, lp k hoch TMN
m khng ph thuc vo loi thit b hoc nh cung cp thit b.
1.6 TNG KT CHNG 1

Chng 1 gii thiu cc vn c bn nht ca qun l mng, bao gm cc khi
nim, yu cu v cc cch thc tip cn trong qun l nh qun l hin, qun l n, qun
l tp trung hay phn cp, phn tn, hng i tng hay tch hp. Chng cng a
ra cc kin trc qun l mng v gii thiu v mng qun l vin thng TMN vi kin
trc chc nng v vt l in hnh.
31
Chng 2: Giao thc qun l mng n gin SNMP
CHNG 2
GIAO THC QUN L MNG N GIN

SNMP
GII THIU CHNG

Chng 2 gii thiu v giao thc qun l mng n gin SNMP. SNMP l giao
thc ng dng ca IETF dnh cho qun l mng n gin da trn nn giao thc
TCP/IP (mng Internet). Cho ti nay c nhiu phin bn SNMP c ng dng
rng ri, mi nht l phin bn th 3. Chng ny cng gii thiu c th v ng dng
v phng thc hot ng ca giao thc qun l mng n gin SNMP nhm a ti
ngi c cc kin thc nn tng ca giao thc qun l mng trong mi trng IP v
cc mi trng mi trong lnh vc truyn thng nh mi trng hi t trn nn IP.
SNMP v RMON (tho lun trong chng 3) l cc chun v mng c mi lin h kh
cht ch, chng cho php bt c nhng thng tin thi gian thc trn ton b mng
li.
2.1 GII THIU CHUNG V SNMP

Vo u nm 1988, T chc kin trc Internet IAB (Internet Architecture Board)
nhn thy s cn thit c b cng c qun l cho TCP/IP nn cho ra i RFC 1052.
RFC 1052 l cc yu cu tiu chun ho qun l mng v tp trung vo cc vn
qun l mng phi thc hin:
m bo tnh m rng
m bo tnh a dng pht trin
m bo tnh a dng trong qun l
Bao trm nhiu lp giao thc
Da trn tng ca giao thc iu khin cng n gin SGMP (Simple

Gateway Protocol) mt s RFC tip tc c ra i trong nm 1988.
RFC 1065 - Cu trc v nhn dng thng tin qun l cho TCP/IP da trn
internet.
RFC 1066- C s thng tin qun l cho qun l mng TCP/IP.
32
RFC 1067 Giao thc qun l mng n gin.
Vo nm 1991, Phin bn SNMPv1 c vit li t RFC 1067 v b sung thm

mt s cc chc nng gm cc RFC sau:
RFC 1155
Cu trc v nhn dng thng tin qun l cho TCP/IP da trn

Internet.
Cu trc v hng dn nhn dng thng tin thng tin qun l cho cc
tn i tng.
M t thng tin qun l theo cu trc hnh cy.
t ra mt s hn ch cho php giao thc n gin.
a cc lut ng k tn cho cc i tng
RFC 1212
nh ngha c s thng tin qun l v hon thin cc nh ngha ca

1155.
RFC 1213
C s thng tin qun l cho qun l mng ca TCP/IP MIB-II.
Lit k cc bin s dng trong m hnh qun l mng, trng thi ca

cc h thng iu hnh mng.
RFC 1157
nh ngha cc bn tin c th trao i gia h thng qun l vi cc

thc th b qun l c hoc cp nht gi tr.
nh ngha bn tin TRAP c gi i t h thng.
nh ngha khun dng bn tin v chi tit giao thc truyn thng.
Cc nhm lm vic khc cng pht trin v m rng cc giao thc h tr MIB
cho cc kiu thit b mng (Cu ni, chuyn mch, b nh tuyn, cc giao din WAN,
DS1, DS3) v cc giao thc qun l ring ca nh cung cp thit b.
Thng 4 nm 1993, SNMPv2 tr thnh tiu chun qun l mng n gin thay
th SNMPv1. SNMPv2 b sung mt s vn m SNMPv1 cn thiu nh nhn thc
v bo mt. Tuy nhin, SNMPv2 kh phc tp v kh tng thch vi SNMPv1.
Nm 1997, SNMPv3 ra i nhm tng thch vi cc giao thc a phng tin
trong qun l mng, pht trin trn nn java v a ra kin trc v giao thc mi nh
33
giao thc qun l a phng tin HMMP (Hypermedia Management Protocol).
Thng 4 nm 1999 v thng 12 nm 2002, nhng ci tin, b sung nhm lm
hon thin hn SNMPv3 c trnh by trong cc ti liu RFC2570-RFC2576 (nm
1999) v RFC3410-RFC3418 (nm 2002). Cc ti liu t RFC3410 n RFC3418
trnh by mt cch chi tit v y nht v SNMPv3, c s thng tin qun tr
SNMPv3, cu trc thng tin qun tr SNMPv3, s tng thch gia SNMPv1,
SNMPv2, SNMPv2c v SNMPv3...
Mc ch chnh ca SNMPv3 l h tr kin trc theo kiu module c th d
dng m rng. Theo cch ny, nu cc giao thc bo mt mi c m rng chng c
th c SNMPv3 h tr nh l cc module ring. C s thng tin qun tr v cc
dng bn tin s dng trong SNMPv3 cng hon ton tng t nh SNMPv2.
2.2 QUN L TRUYN THNG TRONG SNMP

H thng qun l mng da trn SNMP gm ba thnh phn: b phn qun l
(manager), thit b chu s qun l cn gi l i l (agent) v c s d liu gi l C
s thng tin qun l (MIB). Mc d SNMP l mt giao thc qun l vic chuyn giao
thng tin gia ba thc th trn, song n cng nh ngha mi quan h client-server (ch
t). C s d liu do agent SNMP qun l l i din cho MIB ca SNMP. Hnh 2.1
minh ha mi quan h gia ba thnh phn SNMP ny.
Hnh 2.1: Mi quan h gia cc thnh phn SNMP
2.2.1 B phn qun l (manager)

B phn qun l l mt chng trnh vn hnh trn mt hoc nhiu my tnh trm.
Ty thuc vo cu hnh, mi b phn qun l c th c dng qun l mt mng
con, hoc nhiu b phn qun l c th c dng qun l cng mt mng con hay
mt mng chung. Tng tc thc s gia mt ngi s dng cui (end-user) v b
34
phn qun l c duy tr qua vic s dng mt hoc nhiu chng trnh ng dng m,
cng vi b phn qun l, bin mt bng phn cng thnh Trm qun l mng (NMS).
Ngy nay, trong thi k cc chng trnh giao din ngi s dng ha (GUI), hu
ht nhng chng trnh ng dng s cho ra giao din s dng con tr v chut phi
hp hot ng vi b phn qun l to ra nhng bn ha v biu cung cp nhng
tng kt hot ng ca mng di dng thy c.
Qua b phn qun l, nhng yu cu c chuyn ti mt hoc nhiu thit b chu
s qun l (hnh 2.2). Ban u SNMP c pht trin s dng trn mng TCP/IP v
nhng mng ny tip tc lm mng vn chuyn cho phn ln cc sn phm qun l
mng da trn SNMP. Tuy nhin SNMP cng c th c chuyn qua NetWare IPX
v nhng c cu vn chuyn khc.
Hnh 2.2 Truyn thng gia manager v agent trong SNMP [6]
2.2.2 Agent
Thit b chu s qun l (Agent) l mt nt mng h tr giao thc SNMP v thuc
v mng b qun l. Thit b c nhim v thu thp thng tin qun l v lu tr phc
v cho h thng qun l mng. Nhng thit b chu s qun l, i khi c gi l
nhng phn t mng, c th l cc b nh tuyn v my ch truy nhp (Access
Server), switch v bridge, hub, my tnh hay l my in trong mng.
Mi thit b chu s qun l bao gm phn mm hoc phn sn (firmware) di
dng m phin dch nhng yu cu SNMP v p ng ca nhng yu cu . Phn
mm hoc phn sn ny c coi l mt agent. Mc d mi thit b bt buc bao gm
mt agent chu qun l trc tip, nhng thit b khng tng thch vi SNMP cng c
th qun l c nu nh chng h tr mt giao thc qun l c quyn. thc hin
c iu ny phi c agent y nhim (proxy agent). Proxy agent ny c th c coi
nh mt b chuyn i giao thc v n phin dch nhng yu cu SNMP thnh giao
thc qun l c quyn ca thit b khng hot ng theo giao thc SNMP.
Mc d SNMP ch yu l giao thc p ng thm d (poll-respond) vi nhng
35
yu cu do b phn qun l to ra dn n nhng p ng trong agent, agent cng c
kh nng xng ra mt p ng t nguyn. p ng t nguyn ny l iu kin
cnh bo t vic gim st agent vi hot ng c nh ngha trc v p ng
ny cnh bo vic agent ti ngng nh trc. Di s iu khin SNMP, vic
truyn cnh bo ny c gi l ci by (TRAP).
2.2.3 C s thng tin qun l - MIB

Mi thit b chu s qun l c th c cu hnh, trng thi v thng tin thng k
nh ngha chc nng v kh nng vn hnh ca thit b. Thng tin ny rt a dng, c
th bao gm vic thit lp chuyn mch phn cng, nhng gi tr khc nhau lu tr
trong cc bng ghi nh d liu, b h s hoc cc trng thng tin trong h s lu tr
cc file v nhng bin hoc thnh phn d liu tng t. Nhn chung, nhng thnh
phn d liu ny c coi l C s thng tin qun l ca thit b chu s qun l. Xt
ring, mi thnh phn d liu bin i c coi l mt i tng b qun l v bao
gm tn, mt hoc nhiu thuc tnh v mt tp cc hot ng (operation) thc hin
trn i tng . V vy MIB nh ngha loi thng tin c th khi phc t mt thit
b chu s qun l v cch ci t thit b m h thng qun l iu khin.
2.2.4 M hnh giao thc SNMP

SNMP s dng cc dch v chuyn ti d liu thng qua cc giao thc UDP/IP.
Mt ng dng ca Manager phi nhn dng c Agent cn thng tin vi n. Mt ng
dng ca Agent c nhn dng bi a ch IP ca n v mt cng UDP. Mt ng
dng Manager ng gi yu cu SNMP trong mt UDP/IP, UDP/IP cha m nhn
dng cng ngun, a ch IP ch v m nhn dng cng UDP ca n. Khung UDP s
c gi i thng qua thc th IP ti h thng chu s qun l, ti khung UDP s
c phn phi bi thc th UDP ti Agent. Tng t, cc bn tin TRAP phi c
cc Manager nhn dng. Cc bn tin s dng a ch IP v m nhn dng cng UDP
ca Manager SNMP.
SNMP s dng 3 lnh c bn l Read, Write, Trap v mt s lnh ty bin
qun l thit b (hnh 2.3).
Lnh Read: c SNMP dng c thng tin t thit b. Cc thng tin ny
c cung cp qua cc bin SNMP lu tr trn thit b v c thit b cp nht.
Lnh Write: c SNMP dng ghi cc thng tin iu khin ln thit b bng
cch thay i gi tr cc bin SNMP.
Lnh Trap: Dng nhn cc s kin gi t thit b n SNMP. Mi khi c

mt s kin xy ra trn thit b mt lnh Trap s c gi ti NMS.
SNMP iu khin, theo di thit b bng cch thay i hoc thu thp thng tin
qua cc bin gi tr lu trn thit b. Cc Agent ci t trn thit b tng tc vi
36
nhng chip iu khin h tr SNMP ly ni dung hoc vit li ni dung.
Giao thc SNMP s dng kiu kt ni v hng (connectionless) trao i
thng tin gia cc phn t v h thng qun l mng (c th l UDP - User Datagram
Protolcol - Giao thc d liu ngi s dng). UDP truyn cc gi tin theo cc khi
ring bit. Tuy vy c th ty s dng cc giao thc khc truyn cc gi tin
SNMP. Khi gi cc gi tin qua mng, cc phn t mng hay h thng qun l mng
vn gi nguyn nh dng ca SNMP.
B phn qun l SNMP SNMP Agent
Cc ti nguyn c qun l
ng dng qun l
Cc i tng
ng dng qun c SNMP qun l
l cc i tng
GetNextRequest
GetNextRequest
GetReponse
GetRequest
SetRequest
SetRequest
GetReponse
GetRequest
Trap
Trap
SNMP Manager SNMP Agent
UDP Cc thng bo UDP

SNMP
IP IP
Cc giao thc Cc giao thc

ph thuc mng ph thuc mng
Mng hoc
Internet
Hnh 2.3 M hnh giao thc hot ng SNMP

Hnh 2.4 cho thy v tr giao thc SNMP trong m hnh chng giao thc TCP/IP.
Ta thy, SNMP thuc v lp ng dng trong m hnh giao thc, n s dng UDP lm
giao thc lp vn chuyn trn mng IP.
Qun l lin lc gia manager vi cc agent
Nhn trn phng din truyn thng, manager v cc agent cng l nhng ngi
s dng, s dng mt giao thc ng dng. Giao thc qun l yu cu c ch vn
chuyn h tr tng tc gia cc agent v manager.
Manager trc ht phi xc nh c cc agent m n mun lin lc. C th xc
nh c ng dng agent bng a ch IP ca n v cng UDP c gn cho n. Cng
UDP 161 c dnh ring cho cc agent SNMP. Manager gi lnh SNMP vo mt
tiu UDP/IP. Tiu ny cha cng ngun, a ch IP ch v cng 161. Mt thc
37
th IP ti ch s chuyn giao gi UDP ti h thng b qun l. Tip , mt thc th
UDP ti ch s chuyn pht n ti cc agent. Tng t nh vy, lnh TRAP cng cn
xc nh nhng manager m n cn lin h. Chng s dng a ch IP cng nh cng
UDP dnh cho SNMP manager, l cng 162.
Lp ng dng (Application layer)
NFS
Ping SMTP FTP Telnet NNTP ... RPC
DNS SNMP BOOTP ...
Lp vn chuyn TCP UDP

(Transport layer)
OSPF ICMP IGMP BGP RIP
Lp lin mng IP
(Internet layer)
ARP RARP
Lp truy cp mng Data link

(Network Access layer)
Media
(physical)
Hnh 2.4 V tr ca SNMP trong chng giao thc TCP/IP

C ch vn chuyn thng tin gia manager v agent
Vic la chn c ch vn chuyn l c lp vi giao thc truyn thng . SNMP
ch i hi c ch vn chuyn khng tin cy d liu (datagram) truyn a cc
PDU (n v d liu giao thc) gia manager v cc agent. iu ny cho php s nh
x ca SNMP ti nhiu nhm giao thc. M hnh vn chuyn datagram gim c
phc tp ca nh x tng vn chuyn. Tuy nhin, vn c mt s la chn cho tng vn
chuyn. Cc tng vn chuyn khc nhau c th s dng nhiu k thut nh a ch
khc nhau. Cc tng vn chuyn khc nhau c th a ra nhng hn ch quy m ca
PDU. nh x tng vn chuyn c trch nhim phi x l cc vn nh a ch, hn
ch quy m PDU v mt s tham s tng vn chuyn khc.
Trong phin bn th hai ca SNMP, ngi ta n gin ha qu trnh nh x ti
cc chun vn chuyn khc nhau. Giao thc qun l c tch khi mi trng vn
chuyn v iu ny cng c khuyn khch s dng cho bt c nhm giao thc no.
Bo v truyn thng lin lc gia manager v cc agent khi s c
Trong iu kin mng thiu n nh v tin cy th vic truyn thng qun l cng
tr nn quan trng. Lm th no cc manager lin lc vi cc agent mt cch tin
cy? Vic SNMP s dng c ch UDP lin lc lm thiu i tin cy v UDP
hot ng theo kiu d liu . SNMP li cho chng trnh manager hon ton chu
38
trch nhim v x l vic mt thng tin. Cc lnh GET, GET-NEXT v SET u c
phc p bng mt lnh GET-RESPONSE. H thng c th d dng pht hin ra vic
b mt mt lnh khi khng nhn c lnh tr li. N c th lp li yu cu mt ln
na hoc c nhng hnh ng khc. Tuy nhin, cc bn tin TRAP do agent to ra li
khng yu cu phc p. Khi b tht lc bn tin TRAP, cc chng trnh agent s
khng bit c iu (tt nhin l manager cng khng hay bit v iu ny).
Thng thng cc bn tin TRAP mang nhng thng tin ht sc quan trng cho
manager, do vy manager cn ch v cn bo m vic vn chuyn chng mt cch
tin cy.
Mt cu hi t ra l lm th no vn chuyn m trnh c mt mt, tht lc
cc bn tin TRAP? Ta c th thit k cho cc agent gi lp li bn tin TRAP. Bin s
MIB c th c s ln lp li theo yu cu. Lnh SET ca manager c th t cu hnh
cho bin s ny. C mt cch khc l agent c th lp li lnh TRAP cho n khi
manager t bin s MIB chm dt s c. Tuy nhin, c hai phng php trn u
ch cho ta nhng gii php tng phn. Trong trng hp th nht, s ln lp li c th
khng m bo lin lc mt cch tin cy. Trong trng hp th hai, mt s c
mng c th dn n vic hng lot bn tin TRAP b mt ty thuc vo tc m cc
agent to ra chng. iu ny lm cho s c mng tr nn trm trng hn. Trong c hai
trng hp, nu ta cn chuyn nhng bn tin TRAP ti nhiu manager th c th xy
ra tnh trng khng nht qun gia cc manager hoc xy ra hin tng tht lc thng
tin rt phc tp. Nu cc agent phi chu trch nhim thit k cho vic phc hi nhng
bn tin TRAP th cng lm tng thm phc tp trong vic qun l cc agent trong
mi trng a nh ch to.
Ngi ta cng c gng ci tin c ch x l bn tin s c cho phin bn th
hai ca SNMP. Th nht l n nguyn TRAP c b i v thay th n bng mt
lnh GET/RESPONSE. Lnh ny do agent to ra v chuyn n cho manager by ti
cng UDP-162. iu ny phn nh quan im l b phn qun l s c c th thng
nht cc bn tin s c ri tr li cho cc yu cu o. Bng cch b i mt n th, giao
thc c n gin ha. Ngi ta cng b sung thm mt c s thng tin qun l c
bit TRAP MIB thng nht vic x l s c, cc manager nhn bn tin v cc s c
ny v vic lp li c thc hin ci thin tin cy trong vic vn chuyn thng
tin.
nh hng ca tng vn chuyn ti kh nng qun l mng
Vic s dng mng b qun l h tr cc nhu cu thng tin lin lc qun l
(qun l trong bng) gy ra nhiu vn th v. Vic qun l trong bng v ngoi
bng c lp vi vic la chn giao thc qun l. Qun l trong bng c th dn n
tnh trng mt lin lc vi mt agent ng lc agent cn s ch v qun l (ty
thuc vo ngun ca s c). Ngi ta c th lm gim nh c vn ny nu chnh
cc thc th m agent qun l li bo v ng truy nhp ti cc agent ny.
39
C mt nh hng nh v kh nng qun l xut hin trong vic nh a ch tng
vn chuyn. V d: c th xc nh duy nht mt agent SNMP bng a ch IP v s
cng UDP. iu ny c ngha l vi mt a ch IP cho trc th ta ch c th tip cn
c mt agent duy nht. Hn th na agent ny li ch duy tr mt c s thng tin
qun l MIB duy nht. Do vy, vi mt a ch IP duy nht ch tn ti mt MIB. Vic
gn kt MIB vi a ch IP c th hn ch c phc tp ca bin s liu m agent
cung cp. Xem xt trong cng mt hon cnh trong h thng yu cu nhiu MIB
qun l cc thnh phn khc nhau ca n. Cn phi thng nht cc MIB khc nhau ny
di mt cy MIB tnh duy nht c th truy nhp chng thng qua mt agent duy
nht. Trong mt s hon cnh nht nh, vic thng nht khng th thc hin c.
Trong nhng trng hp nh vy, mi MIB i hi phi c ring mt nhm giao thc
SNMP/UDP/IP. iu ny lm tng phc tp trong vic t chc qun l (cc thng tin
tng quan t nhiu MIB thuc mt h thng cho trc) cng nh vic truy nhp n
(thng qua nhiu a ch IP).
C mt cch khc l mt agent duy nht trong mt h thng c th gi vai tr
nh mt proxy m rng cho cc agent ph ng gi nhng c s d liu MIB khc
nhau cng lin quan ti mt phn h cho trc. Cc phin bn m rng SNMPv2 h
tr phng php ny x l nhu cu truyn thng ca manager. Cc phin bn m
rng ny cho php agent ng vai tr nh mt manager ca cc agent con ti ch, do
vy cho php tip cn hng lot cc agent con.
2.3 CU TRC V C IM NHN DNG CA THNG TIN QUN

L MIB
Thng tin qun l h thng SMI (System Management Information) nh ngha
mt c cu t chc chung cho thng tin qun l. SMI nhn dng cc kiu d liu trong
MIB v ch r cch thc miu t v t tn cc ti nguyn trong c s d liu thng tin
qun l MIB. SMI m phng su loi d liu, l b m, kiu (gauge), tch tc thi
gian (Time Ticks), a ch mng, a ch IP v s liu m khng trong sut (opaque).
B m c s dng din t s ly mu tch t ca chui thi gian. Kiu (gauge)
din t cc mu ca chui thi gian, tch tc thi gian c s dng o thi gian
tng i, cn loi s liu khng trong sut th c s dng m t mt chui bt
bt k. Ngi ta cng s dng cc loi d liu c s chung nh s nguyn chui octet,
c im nhn dng vt th xc nh s liu b qun l. Vic gii hn cc loi d liu
trong SMI v hn ch quy m ca cc hng mc s liu trong MIB lm gim nhiu
phc tp ca vic t chc lu tr, m ha, gii m s liu.
SMI duy tr tnh n gin v kh nng m rng trong MIB. V th MIB ch lu
nhng loi d liu n gin gm cc i tng v hng v cc mng hai chiu ca
cc i tng v hng. SMI khng cung cp cch to hoc truy xut cc cu trc d
liu phc tp. Cc MIB s cha cc loi d liu do nh cung cp to ra. Thng tin
qun l h thng h tr cho lin iu hnh trong qun l mng da trn cc c s thng
40
tin qun l MIB, n c t v hin th cc thng tin ti nguyn trong MIB cng nh tiu
chun k thut nh ngha cho cc i tng n l khc.
cung cp phng php tiu chun biu din thng tin qun tr, SMI cn thc
hin nhng cng vic sau:
Cung cp k thut tiu chun nh ngha cu trc ca MIB c bit.
Cung cp k thut tiu chun nh ngha cc i tng n l, bao gm c

php v gi tr ca mi i tng.
Cung cp k thut tiu chun m ho cc gi tr i tng.
S m t cc i tng b qun l c SMI thc hin thng qua ngn ng m t

ASN.1. Vic nh ngha loi i tng gm 5 trng:
Object: Tn ca i tng, cn c coi nh l phn m t i tng cho mi
loi i tng cng vi phn nhn dng i tng tng ng ca i
tng.
Syntax: C php cho loi i tng. c th l mt trong cc loi c php

n gin nh: Integer, Octet String, Object Identifier, Null hay mt c
php ng dng nh: a ch mng, b m, kiu gauge, Time Ticks,
dng d liu khng trong sut, hay cc loi d liu ng dng m rng
(c th xem thm trong RFC 1155 bit thm chi tit).
Definition: Cc nh ngha m t ng ngha ca loi i tng.
Access (Truy nhp): Phng php truy nhp c th l: ch c, c-ghi hay

khng th truy nhp.
Status (Trng thi): C th l cng ch, ty chn hay khng cn hiu lc.
2.4 C S THNG TIN QUN L MIB

2.4.1 Cu trc ca MIB
Cc i tng qun l trong mi trng SNMP c sp xp theo cu trc hnh
cy c th bc. L ca cy l i tng qun l thc, mi thnh phn trong i tng
ny biu th cho ti nguyn, s hot ng hoc cc thng tin lin quan c qun l.
SNMP tn dng cy ng k ca OSI nh l mt th mc thng tin b qun l. Cc cy
con c s dng biu th ni dung logic, cn cc bin s b qun l c lu tr ti
cc l cy. Ngi ta s dng cc bin s ny biu din cc thi im ca thc th
tng ng. Cu trc cy c s d liu ny c cc nh thit k MIB nh ra theo kiu
tnh. Cn s thay i m rng ch c trong cc gi tr ca c s d liu v trong vic
to ra hay xa i cc hng ca bng.
Nh minh ha trn hnh 2.5, ngi ta s dng cy ng k nh du cc nh
41
ngha ca cc tiu chun khc nhau. Mi nt ca cy c nh du bng mt tn (c
im nhn dng chung) v mt con s (c im nhn dng tng i). Mt nt c
xc nh duy nht bng cch ni cc con s t gc n nt . V d: mt cy con c
nhn Internet c xc nh bng ng 1.3.6.1. Cy con ny c t trong t chc
Internet ghi li cc tiu chun ca n. Cy Internet c ba cy con lin quan n
qun l, l qun l (management), thc nghim (experimental) v c nhn (private).
Cc cy con ny c s dng ghi li cc MIB khc nhau theo tiu chun Internet
(MIB-II).
Hnh 2.5: Cy ng k ca OSI

Mi dng i tng lin kt trong mt MIB l mt nhn din ca kiu ASN.1
OBJECT IDENTIFIER. Vic nhn dng phc v cho vic t tn ca i tng v
cng phc v cho vic nhn din cu trc ca cc dng i tng. Nhn din i
tng l mt nhn din duy nht i vi mt lot i tng c th. Gi tr ca n bao
gm mt dy cc s nguyn. Tp cc i tng nh ngha c cu trc hnh cy vi
gc ca cy l i tng da vo chun ASN.1. Hin ti, hai phin bn ca MIB
c pht trin l MIB-I v MIB-II. Trong MIB-II l s m rng ca MIB-I.
Nm 1990, MIB-I c cng b theo RFC 1156, MIB-I phn tch i tng
qun tr thnh tm nhm l: System, Interfaces, Address Translation, IP, ICMP,
TCP, UDP, v EGP.
Nm 1991, MIB-II c a ra theo RFC 1213, MIB-II l siu tp ca MIB-I,

c b sung mt vi i tng v nhm. MIB-II phn tch i tng qun tr
thnh 10 nhm.
Vi mc tiu qun l cc nhm giao thc trong m hnh TCP/IP v mng

Internet, mt m hnh cy c tn gi MIB II (RFC1213) c nhnh Internet c chia ra
thnh 4 nhm ln: Th mc, qun l, thc nghim v vng ch s c nhn.
42
Nhm th mc (Directory): H tr cc th mc trong OSI X.500
Nhm qun l (Management): Gm cc i tng ca Internet
Nhm thc nghim (Experimental): S dng cho qu trnh thc nghim trc
khi chuyn sang nhm qun l.
Nhm c nhn (Private) : Gm cc c t ca cc nh cung cp thit b v cc

vng gia tng gi tr.
Hnh 2.6 Cu trc cy MB-II

Theo nhnh nhm qun l, MIB-II a ra cc bin s qun l cc giao thc
gm 11 cy chc nng con (Hnh 2.6). Cc cy con ny li tip tc c chia ra thnh
cc cy con cp thp hn nh i tng h thng v cc bng con tng ng vi cc
l. L c s dng nh du cc bin s b qun l thuc mt loi nht nh. Mt
s l nh m t h thng sysDesc ch nh du mt thi im duy nht ca bin s b
qun l v ch i hi mt phn t lu tr duy nht. Nhng l khc nh m t trng
thi mt ng kt ni TCP tcpConnState c th ch dn nhiu thi im khc nhau.
Cc thi im khc nhau ny c t chc thnh cc ct ca t bo. Cc ct ny to
thnh mt bng m cc hng ca bng ny biu din nhng thi im khc nhau ca
mt thc th (nh mt ng kt ni TCP hoc mt giao din).
43
Vic nh s theo th t hnh cy em li li th cho qu trnh truy nhp thng
tin trng thi chnh xc nhng kh phc tp v mt ch dn do th hin trng thi ca
cng mt i tng ti cc thi im khc nhau l khc nhau. V vy, phng php ch
dn theo bng s h tr cc ch dn i vi cc i tng c s thay i. Agent c th
b sung thm hoc xa i cc u mc mi. Bng cc ct cha kha ngi ta c th
xc nh duy nht mt u mc ca bng thng qua vic s dng ni dung ca cc ct
cha kha lm ch dn. Bng giao din a ra mt ch dn c bit ng vai tr nh
cha kha. Gi tr lu tr trong ct ny cho php ta xc nh cc hng ct mt cch duy
nht.
2.4.2 Truy nhp thng tin qun l MIB

C th nhn nhn MIB nh mt ngn ng i hi vi cy MIB. Chng trnh
qun l s dng cc n nguyn GET, GET-NEXT truy xut d liu t MIB. p
li hai n nguyn ny l GET-RESPONSE tr li d liu di dng cp bin s. Ta
c th s dng c hai n nguyn truy xut nhiu bin s b qun l.
Lnh GET trc tip ch ra tp hp cc bin s b qun l thng qua c im nhn
dng ng dn ca chng. iu ny rt hu ch cho vic truy xut d liu dng thng
thng (khng theo dng bng) bi v ng truy nhp l tnh v bit trc.
GET-NEXT c s dng i li trn cy v p dng cho s liu dng bng. Ta
c th t truy xut s liu bng cch i li trn cy MIB. Theo quy nh ca th t ny
th h thng truy xut s liu ti nt m trc ri mi n nt con t tri qua phi.
Trong bng, cc ct c nh th t t tri qua phi v cc hng c th t t trn
xung di. Th t ny c gi l th t tin t (preorder).
GET v GET-NEXT cho ta phng tin truy xut d liu MIB. Bng n
nguyn SET ta c th iu khin c cch ng x ca thit b. SET thng c s
dng khi to hnh ng ca agent lm hiu ng b xung i vi nhng thay i
ca MIB. V d: ta c th khi ng mt th tc kim tra chun on bng cch t
trng thi hnh chnh ca thit b (thng qua SET) l th nghim. iu ny c ngha l
cc agent phi ch ng gim st nhng thay i ca MIB v khi to cc hnh ng
cn thit. iu ny khng ging vi cc h thng c s d liu th ng m s
cp nht s liu ch n thun l vic ghi li s liu. C mt nhc im ca vic truy
xut s liu bng lnh GET-NEXT trong SNMP, l h thng cn phi truy nhp
mt hng ti mt thi im. iu ny c th lm chm qu trnh i li trn cy, c
bit trong trng hp bng c kch thc ln. Thng th h thng phi qut v truy
cp ton b bng. khc phc nhc im ny, trong phin bn th hai SNMPv2
ngi ta thay lnh GET-NEXT bng lnh GET-BULK. Lnh GET-BULK truy
cp mt s hng lin tc va vo mt khung UDP. Ta c th nhn nhn vic ny nh l
vic tng hp cc lnh GET-NEXT ci thin thi gian truy cp i vi d liu dng
bng.
44
Cu trc thng tin qun l (SMI) cho ta mt m hnh n gin v s liu b qun
l. M hnh ny c nh ngha bng ngn ng m phng c php d liu ASN.1.
Trong mi trng agent c ngun ti nguyn hn ch th s n gin ha v vic iu
khin ngun ti nguyn hn ch gi mt vai tr trung tm trong vic thit k SNMP.
SMI cng bao gm mt Macro m rng c bit ca ASN.1 l OBJECT-TYPE.
Macro ny phc v nh mt cng c chnh xc nh cc vt th b qun l ti l ca
cy MIB. Macro OBJECT-TYPE cho ta phng tin nh ngha bin s b qun l
v gn cho n mt loi d liu, mt phng php truy nhp (c, vit, c/vit), mt
trng thi (bt buc, ty ) v mt v tr cy MIB tnh (c im nhn dng ng).
nh ngha ca Macro OBJECT-TYPE v ca cc bin s b qun l c trnh by
trong bng vi phn th nht ca nh ngha MIB cho ta cc c tnh nhn dng ng
ny i vi cc nt bn trong ca cy MIB v c gn vo nhiu loi d liu nhn
dng vt th. Ta c th xc nh c im nhn dng ca mt nt bng cch buc mt
con s vi c im nhn dng nt m ca n. Khi cc nt bn trong c xc nh,
bng Macro OBJECT-TYPE h thng c th to ra cc nt ti l cy. Cc nt ti l cy
ny xc nh loi d liu (c php) ca cc bin s b qun l m chng lu tr. Cc
nt l cy cng iu khin vic truy nhp, xc nh trng thi v ng c im nhn
dng vt th truy nhp bin s b qun l.
Di y l mt s im hu ch cn lu v cc nh ngha ny v cch s
dng chng:
1. Cc c im nhn dng vt th xc nh v tr ca cc nt bn trong (nh
system, interface) hoc l trn cy MIB (sysDescr, ifInError). Ta c th to
ra c im nhn dng ng bng cch ghp ng m vi nhn ca nt (v d
sysDescr={system 1}).
2. Cc bng c to nn di dng chui ca cc hng. Cc hng xc nh ra cc

ct ca bng. V d: bng to giao din c thit lp t cc ct c dnh ring
cho cc tham s giao din khc nhau (ifSpeed, ifInError). Cc tham s ct khc
nhau ny c ng k nh l di cy con ifEntry m t trong bng.
3. Cc nh ngha cu trc MIB ch n gin cho ta mt cu trc v c php. Hai

phin bn trin khai thc hin MIB khc nhau c th din gii ngha ca mt s
bin khc nhau. i khi ta khng th m bo vic tun th cc ng ngha.
4. H thng c th s dng cc nh ngha chnh thc ca MIB to ra MIB v

cu trc truy nhp chng. B phin dch s dng cc nh ngha ny to ra
cu trc c s d liu cho vic lu tr MIB. iu ny lm n gin ha qu
trnh pht trin MIB.
5. Vic trin khai thc hin MIB l r rng. Ta c th lu tr cc s liu khng
45
phi dng bng trong cu trc d liu tuyn tnh c nh. H thng cn to kh
nng cho s liu dng bng thu nh hoc m rng khi cc hng ca bng b xa
i hay c b sung. Ta c th dng cu trc ca mt danh sch lin kt hoc
cy biu din cc s liu ng nh vy (cc bn ghi ca bng c lu tr ti
l cy).
Chng ta cn nhn nhn cu trc MIB theo cc h thng c s d liu truyn

thng. Ngi ta c th s dng ngn ng x l d liu (DML) to ra h thng c s
d liu v m t cu trc ca c s d liu. Ta c th coi m hnh SMI hoc cc phin
bn m rng ca ASN.1 nh l ngn ng DML xy dng MIB. B bin dch MIB
cng tng t nh b bin dch DL, c s dng to ra cu trc c s d liu t
mt chng trnh tru tng. Ta cng c th coi cc n nguyn truy nhp giao thc
nh ngn ng x l d liu DML. Nhn trn quan im h thng c s truyn d liu
truyn thng th ta c th coi SNMP nh l mt h thng c s d liu th bc n
gin m bn cht ca n do cc ngn ng DL (SMI) v DML xc nh (cc n
nguyn giao thc).
2.4.3 Cc i tng ca MIB

MIB-II phn tch i tng qun tr thnh 11 nhm i tng. Bng 2.3 s trnh
by chi tit v cc nhm i tng ny.
Bng 2.3: Cc nhm i tng trong MIB-II
STT Nhm ng i Vai tr
1 System {1.3.6.1.2.1.1} Nhm h thng m t tng quan v h thng b

Group qun l di dng vn bn k t ASCII. Nhm
ny bao gm OID, di thi gian t thi im
ti khi ng thc th qun l mng v nhng
chi tit qun l khc.
Nhm h thng gm 7 i tng s dng m

t thng tin cu hnh cc thit b b qun l. Cc
i tng n l trong cng mt h thng c th
c nhn dng nhm theo h thng system n (n
c gi tr:1..7). Cc m t chi tit v 7 i tng
ny c trong ph lc A.1.
sysDescr {1.3.6.1.2.1.1.1} M t thit b
sysObjectID {1.3.6.1.2.1.1.2} Nhn dng

phn cng, phn mm hoc ti nguyn
sysUptime {1.3.6.1.2.1.1.3} di thi
46
STT Nhm ng i Vai tr
gian tnh t khi Agent khi to
sysContact {1.3.6.1.2.1.1.4} Tn i din

ca nt hoc thit b
sysName {1.3.6.1.2.1.1.5} Tn nt hoc

thit b
sysLocation {1.3.6.1.2.1.1.6} V tr vt l
ca thit b
sysServices {1.3.6.1.2.1.1.7} M nhn

dng tp dch v do thit b cung cp.
2 Interface {1.3.6.1.2.1.2} Nhm giao din: D liu giao din phn cng
Group trn thit b chu s qun l khi khai thc ng v
tnh. Thng tin ny c trnh by di dng
bng. Nhm giao din gm 23 nhn dng i
tng cung cp cc thng tin nh: hiu nng,
cu hnh v trng thi cho tt c cc loi giao
din. Mc d cc thng tin chung c th cung
cp trong chnh hot ng ca cc giao din
nhng cc thng tin ny vn cha c coi l
y trong bi ton qun l, v khng th hin
r c hiu nng tng th ca ton b h thng.
Khi mng c rt nhiu thit b cn phi qun l,
mt c ch nhn dng thit b c thm vo
cy qun l v c trnh by di dng bng.
i tng u tin (ifNumber) ch s giao din
trn thit b. Mi giao din s c mt dng
tng ng trong bng vi 22 ct/dng. Cc ct
mang thng tin v giao din nh: tc giao
din, a ch (phn cng) vt l, trng thi vn
hnh hin thi v thng k v gi tin qua giao
din (M t chi tit c trong ph lc A.2).
3 Address {1.3.6.1.2.1.3} Nhm phin dch a ch gm bn a ch IP

Translation v a ch thun vt l (phn cng) phin dch
Group gia hai a ch ny (c trong MIB-I nhng b
phn i trong MIB-II). Phn i ngha l
MIB-II vn c nhm ny tng thch vi
MIB-I, song c l s b loi tr trong nhng
47
STT Nhm ng i Vai tr
phin bn sau. Trong MIB-II v nhng phin

bn sau, mi nhm giao thc s cha bng phin
dch ring ca n. Bng chuyn i bin dch
gm c 3 ct tng ng vi s giao din, a ch
vt l v a ch mng (IP). Trong m hnh
TCP/IP s dng giao thc phn gii a ch ARP
(Address Resolution Protocol). Thc t, nhm
bin dch cha c bng a ch vt l v a ch
mng vi cc ch s tng ng cho php tm
kim v nh x t bt k bng no.
4 IP Group {1.3.6.1.2.1.4} Nhm giao thc Internet ny l bt buc vi tt

c cc nt v cung cp thng tin trn cc my
trm v router s dng IP. Nhm ny cha 19
i tng v hng cung cp s liu thng k
d liu lin quan ti IP v ba bng sau: bng
a ch (ipAddrTable), bng phin dch a ch
IP sang a ch vt l (ipNetToMediaTable) v
bng hng i IP (ipForwardTable). RFC 1354
nh ngha ipForwardTable, thay th
ipRoutingTable trong MIB-II. Ni dung chi tit
ca cc i tng nhm IP c trong ph lc A3.
5 ICMP Group {1.3.6.1.2.1.5} Nhm giao thc bn tin iu khin Internet l

thnh phn bt buc ca IP v c nh ngha
trong RFC 792. Nhm ICMP cung cp cc bn
tin iu khin ni mng v thc hin nhiu vn
hnh ICMP trong thc th b qun l. Nhm
ICMP gm 26 i tng v hng duy tr s
liu thng k cho nhiu loi bn tin ICMP nh
s lng cc bn tin ICMP Echo Request nhn
c hay s lng bn tin ICMP Redirect gi
i.
Do giao thc ICMP l k thut bo co li,
ngi qun l mng c th s dng cc gi tr
i tng ICMP xc nh kiu li. Thm vo
, ICMP cn s dng cc bn tin nh k t
li ngng cnh bo da trn s lng bn tin.
6 TCP Group {1.3.6.1.2.1.6} Nhm giao thc iu khin truyn ti l bt buc
48
STT Nhm ng i Vai tr
v cung cp thng tin lin quan ti vn hnh v

kt ni TCP. Nhm ny c 14 i tng v
hng v mt bng. Nhng i tng v hng
ny ghi li cc tham s TCP v s liu thng k,
nh s lng kt ni TCP m thit b h tr,
hoc tng s lng phn on (segment) TCP
truyn. Bng tcpConnTable cha thng tin lin
quan ti kt ni TCP c th.
Thm vo , qua cc phn hi ca i tng
giao thc TCP, ta c th xc nh cc thng tin
v li ti lp 4 trong m hnh OSI v ch ra
hng i ti cc li c xc nh.
7 UDP Group {1.3.6.1.2.1.7} Nhm giao thc d liu ngi s dng l

bt buc v cung cp thng tin lin quan ti hot
ng UDP. V UDP l kt ni v hng nn
nhm ny nh hn nhiu so vi nhm TCP c
hng. N khng phi bin dch thng tin ca
nhng n lc kt ni, thit lp, ti lp Nhm
UDP cha bn i tng v hng v mt bng.
Nhng i tng v hng ny duy tr thng k
d liu lin quan ti UDP, v d: s lng d
liu gi t thc th ny. Bng udpTable cha
thng tin a ch v cng.
8 EGP Group {1.3.6.1.2.1.8} Nhm giao thc cng ngoi l bt buc vi

mi h thng c trin khai EGP. EGP truyn t
thng tin gia cc h thng t tr (autonomous
systems) v c m t chi tit trong RFC 904.
Nhm EGP gm 5 i tng v hng v mt
bng. Nhng i tng v hng ny duy tr cc
s liu thng k bn tin lin quan ti EGP. Bng
egpNeighTable cha thng tin EGP ln cn.
9 CMOT {1.3.6.1.2.1.9} Trong qu trnh pht trin ca Khung cng vic

(OIM) Group qun l mng Internet (Internet Network
Management Framework), c lc SNMP c
c gng s dng lm mt bc chuyn tip
trong hon cnh thc bch c chun qun l
mng, v to Giao thc thng tin qun l
49
STT Nhm ng i Vai tr
chung (CMIP) trn nn TCP/IP (CMOT) vi

gii php di hn tng thch OSI
(OSIcompliant). Kt qu l, nhm CMOT c
t trong MIB-II. Tuy nhin, kinh nghim cho
thy l SNMP khng phi l gii php chuyn
tip, v giao thc qun l mng lin quan ti OSI
ch yu cu cc MIB. V vy, khng chc chn
l bn s gp nhm OIM (OSI Internet
Management) trong bt k thit b qun l hoc
agent SNMP thng mi no trn th trng.
Tuy nhin, nhm CMOT c gi ch
{1.3.6.1.2.1.9 } trong MIB-II. RFC 1214 chi tit
ha cy con ny. . Hin ti, RFC 1214 c xp
loi l giao thc lch s.
10 Transmission {1.3.6.1.2.1.10} Nhm truyn dn cha cc i tng lin quan

Group n vic truyn dn d liu. RFC 1213 khng
nh ngha nhng i tng ny r rng. Tuy
nhin, RFC ny cho bit l nhng i tng
truyn dn ny s nm trong cy con thc
nghim {1.3.6.1.3} cho ti khi chng c s
dng trong nhm qun l.
11 SNMP Group {1.3.6.1.2.1.11} Nhm SNMP cung cp thng tin v cc i

tng SNMP. C tng cng 30 i tng v
hng trong nhm ny, bao gm nhng thng
k bn tin SNMP, s lng i tng MIB khi
phc (retrieved) v s lng by (trap) SNMP
gi.
By nhn thc: Khi mt trm c cu hnh
ng, n cho php m mt nhn dng i tng
by nhn thc cc i tng bn tin truy nhp.
Cc bn tin truy nhp bt hp php s b ngn
nga ti cc giao din. Trong mt s trng hp,
by nhn thc to ra mt s lng ln lu lng
thng tin iu khin gia cc nh iu hnh
mng.
m lu lng n: SNMP gm 17 nhn dng
i tng m lu lng n, trong m t
50
STT Nhm ng i Vai tr
cc s lng bn tin SNMP, hin th iu kin

li, tng kt cc cu lnh c x l v chp
nhn bi Agent v hin th s lng by c
chp nhn v x l.
m lu lng i: Tng t nh m lu lng
n, nhm SNMP gm 10 nhn dng i tng
c s dng gim st lu lng i khi thit
b. Cc i tng chia thnh hai nhm con:
Nhm con m lu lng v nhm con m li.
Cc i tng ny cung cp thng tin v s
lng bn tin i, o lu lng cho cc kiu iu
kin li khc nhau v lu lng bn tin ra theo
kiu.
Mi nhm i tng trn m t mt cch tng quan v thuc tnh i tng.

Bng 2.4 cho ta ni dung chi tit v nhm h thng .
Bng 2.4: Nhm h thng trong MIB-II
Cy con nhm h thng Ni dung
1.2.1.1.2 (SysObject)
sysDescr (1) M t vn bn ca mt h thng b qun l
sysObjectID (2) Nhn dng nh ch to ca h thng di dng cy con

MIB thu ring
sysUpTime (3) Thi gian theo thang 1/100 giy tnh t khi bt u
qun l mng ca h thng
sysContact (4) Thng tin v tn v truy nhp ca ngi chu trch

nhim
sysName (5) Tn h thng
sysLocation (6) V tr h thng
sysServices (7) Cc dch v h thng
2.5 SNMPv2
SNMPv2 tch hp kh nng lin iu hnh t manager ti manager v hai n v
d liu giao thc mi. Kh nng lin kt iu hnh manager-manager cho php SNMP
51
h tr qun l mng phn tn trong mt trm v gi bo co ti mt trm khc.
h tr tng tc tt nht, SNMPv2 thm cc nhm cnh bo v s kin vo
trong c s thng tin qun l MIB. Nhm cnh bo cho php t ngng thit lp cho
cc bn tin cnh bo. Nhm s kin c a ra khi thng tin Trap xc nh cc gi tr
phn t MIB.
Hai n v d liu giao thc PDU (Protocol Data Unit) l GetbulkRequest v
InformRequest. Cc PDU ny lin quan ti x l li v kh nng m ca SNMPv2.
X l li trong SNMPv2 i km vi cc i tng yu cu cho php trm qun l lp
trnh t cc phng php khi phc hoc dng truyn bn tin. Kh nng m trong
SNMPv2 s dng b m 64 bit (hoc 32) duy tr trng thi ca cc lin kt v giao
din.
2.5.1 Cu trc bn tin SNMPv2

Cc bn tin trao i trong SNMPv2 cha cc n v d liu giao thc PDU. Hnh
2.7 m t cu trc chung cc bn tin ny.
Trng phin bn (Version) th hin phin bn ca giao thc SNMPv2.
Trng Community l mt chui password xc nhn cho c tin trnh ly v

thay i d liu. SNMP PDU cha kiu iu hnh (get, set), yu cu p ng
(cng s th t vi bn tin gi i) - cho php ngi iu hnh gi ng thi
nhiu bn tin. Bin ghp gm cc thit b c c t trong RFC 2358 v cha
c gi tr t ti i tng.
Trng n v d liu giao thc (PDU) gm c cc trng con: Kiu n v d

liu giao thc, nhn dng cc yu cu (Request ID), trng thi li, ch s li, cc
gi tr v i tng.
SNMPv2 Message
Version Community SNMPv2 PDU
Error Status Error Index

PDU Request Object1, Object2, .....
or Or
Type ID Value1 Value2
Non-Rptr Max-Reps
Variable
Hnh 2.7 Cu trc dng bn tin SNMPv2
52
- Cc kiu n v d liu giao thc PDU th hin cc bn tin s dng trong
SNMPv2 gm c:
GetRequest: Cu lnh GetRequest c s dng gia Manager ti Agent. Cu

lnh ny c s dng c bin MIB n hoc danh sch cc bin MIB t cc
Agent ch. GetRequest yu cu s dng hai a ch, a ch u l a ch ca
manger hoc agent, a ch th hai th hin v tr ca bin hoc i tng. Cy
cu trc MIB trnh by trong phn 2.4 nh ngha cc a ch ca bin MIB.
GetNextRequest: Cu lnh GetNextRequest tng t nh cu lnh

GetRequest, tuy nhin tu thuc vo agent trong khon mc k tip ca MIB.
Cc bin c lu trong thit b v c coi nh i tng b qun l. V vy,
cu lnh GetNextRequest m rng cc bin v c c theo tun t.
SetRequest: Cu lnh SetRequest l cu lnh c gi i t Manager ti

Agent nh hai cu lnh trn. SetRequest tm kim cc thng tin m rng trong
bng MIB v yu cu Agent t gi tr cho cc i tng qun l hoc cc i
tng cha trong cu lnh. S thnh cng ca cu lnh ny ph thuc vo mt s
yu t gm s tn ti ca cc i tng b qun l v cc phng thc truy nhp.
GetResponse: Cu lnh GetResponse l cu lnh t Agent ti Manager. Cu

lnh ny cung cp c ch p ng cho cc cu lnh GetRequest, GetNextRequest
v SetRequest. Cc thng tin trong cu lnh GetResponse gm mt s trng
chc nng cho php p ng cc cu lnh nhn trc .
Trap: Trap l cu lnh c lp, khng ph thuc vo p ng hoc yu cu t

cc Manager hoc cc Agent. Trap a ra cc thng tin lin quan ti cc iu
kin c nh ngha trc v c gi t cc Agent ti Manager.
GetBulkRequest: Chc nng ca cu lnh GetBulkRequest tng t nh cu

lnh GetNextRequest ngoi tr vn lin quan ti s lng d liu c ly ra.
GetBulkRequest cho php Agent gi li Manager d liu lin quan ti nhiu i
tng thay v tng i tng b qun l. Nh vy, GetBulkRequest c th gim
bt lu lng truyn dn v cc bn tin p ng thng bo v cc iu kin vi
phm.
InformRequest: Cu lnh InformRequest cung cp kh nng h tr cc

Manager b tr theo cu hnh phn cp.Cu lnh ny cho php mt Manager trao
i thng tin vi cc Manager khc. Cc cnh bo v s kin c gi i trong
cu lnh InformRequest pht hin v khi to li cc tuyn truyn bn tin.
Mt trm qun l c th thng tin ti cc trm qun l ln cn bit cc iu kin
quan trng trong vng qun l.
53
- Cc cu lnh c th hin trong trng PDU Type, cc gi tr th hin nh
trong bng 2.5:
Bng 2.5: Cu lnh v gi tr trong trng PDU
Cu lnh Gi tr trong trng

PDU
GetRequest 0
GetNextRequest 1
Response 2
SetRequest 3
GetBulkRequest 4
InformRequest 5
SNMPv2-Trap 6
Report 7
- Trng nhn dng yu cu cho php SNMP gi v nhn ng thi nhiu bn

tin, phn bit cc bn tin thng qua cc ch s nhn dng.
- Trng error-status (trng thi li) c s dng trong cc dng bn tin nh

trong bng 2.6 .
Bng 2.6: S dng trng trng thi li trong cc bn tin
SNMPv2 Error Get GetNext GetBulk Set Inform
noError x x x x x
tooBig x x x x
noSuchName1
badValue1
readOnly1
genErr x x x x
noAccess x
wrongType x
54
SNMPv2 Error Get GetNext GetBulk Set Inform
wrongLength x
wrongEncoding x
wrongValue x
noCreation x
inconsistentValue x
resourceUnavailable x
commitFailed x
undoFailed x
authorizationError x2 x2 x2 x2 x2
notWritable x
inconsistentName x
Ch : Vi 1: Khng c s dng bi i tng SNMPv2 (ch c nng lc u

quyn). Dng tng thch vi SNMPv1.
Vi 2: Khng s dng n trong SNMPv2 ch tng thch vi SNMPv1
- Trng error-index: Khi trng error-status khc 0, gi tr error-index th

hin bin (i tng) trong danh sch lin kt bin gy ra li. Bin u tin
trong danh sch c ch mc l 1. Bin th hai c ch mc l 2
- Trng cc bin lin kt: Trng ny cho php mt ton t n c p

dng trong mt nhm phin bn i tng. N bao gm mt chui cc cp,
phn t u tin l nhn dng i tng v phn t th hai l mt trong s
sau:
value: gi tr lin quan vi mi phin bn i tng; c m t trong

mt PDU yu cu.
unspecified: gi tr NULL khi s dng trong yu cu ly thng tin.
noSuchObject: th hin mt Agent khng th thc hin vi i tng

c tham chiu bi s nhn dng ca i tng .
55
noSuchInstance: phin bn i tng khng tn ti cho ton t ny.
endOfMibView: th hin mt c gng tham chiu n mt nhn dng i

tng bn ngoi phn cui ca MIB ti Agent.
2.5.2 C s thng tin qun l MIB trong SNMPv2

MIB trong SNMPv2 nh ngha cc i tng m t tc ng ca mt phn t
SNMPv2. MIB ny gm 3 nhm:
Nhm h thng (System group): l mt m rng ca nhm system trong MIB-II
gc, bao gm mt nhm cc i tng cho php mt Agent SNMPv2 m t cc i
tng ti nguyn ca n. Cc i tng mi trong phn m rng c tn bt u bng
sysOR, chng lin quan n ti nguyn h thng v c s dng bi mt Agent
SNMPv2 m t cc i tng ti nguyn m vic iu khin chng tu thuc vo
cu hnh ng bi mt b phn qun l.
Nhm SNMP (SNMP group): mt ci tin ca nhm SNMP trong MIB-II gc,
bao gm cc i tng cung cp cc cng c c bn cho hot ng giao thc. N c
thm mt s i tng mi v loi b mt s i tng ban u. Nhm SNMP cha
mt vi thng tin lu lng c bn lin quan n ton t SNMPv2 v ch c mt trong
cc i tng l b m ch c 32-bit.
Nhm cc i tng MIB (MIB objects group): mt tp hp cc i tng lin

quan n cc SNMPv2-Trap PDU v cho php mt vi phn t SNMPv2 cng hot
ng, thc hin nh trm qun tr, phi hp vic s dng ca chng trong ton t Set
ca SNMPv2.
Phn u ca nhm ny l mt nhm con, snmpTrap, bao gm hai i tng lin

quan n Trap:
- snmpTrapOID: l nhn dng i tng ca Trap hoc thng bo c gi hin
thi. Gi tr ca i tng ny xut hin nh mt varbind
(variable binding) th hai trong mi SNMPv2-Trap PDU v
InformRequest PDU.
- snmpTrapEnterprise: l nhn dng i tng ca t chc lin quan n Trap -

c gi hin thi. Khi mt Agent u quyn SNMPv2 nh x
mt Trap PDU sang mt SNMPv2-Trap PDU, bin ny xut
hin nh mt varbind cui cng.
Phn th hai ca nhm ny l mt nhm con, snmpSet, bao gm mt i tng

n snmpSerialNo. i tng ny c s dng gii quyt hai vn c th xut
hin khi s dng ton t Set: Th nht l mt qun tr c th s dng nhiu ton t Set
56
trn cng mt i tng MIB. Cc ton t ny cn thc hin theo mt trt t c a
ra thm ch khi chng c truyn khng theo th t. Th hai l vic s dng ng
thi cc ton t Set trn cng mt i tng MIB bi nhiu manager c th gy ra mt
s mu thun hoc lm cho c s d liu b sai.
i tng snmpSet c s dng theo cch sau: Khi mt manager mun t mt
hay nhiu gi tr i tng trong mt Agent, u tin n nhn gi tr ca i tng
snmpSet. Sau n gi SetRequest PDU c danh sch bin lin kt bao gm c i
tng snmpSet vi gi tr nhn c ca n. Nu nhiu manager gi cc
setRequestPDU s dng cng mt gi tr ca snmpSet, bn tin n Agent trc s
c thc hin (gi s khng c li), kt qu l lm tng snmpSet; cc ton t set cn
li s b li v khng ph hp vi gi tr snmpSet. Hn na, nu mt manager mun
gi mt chui cc ton t set v m bo rng chng c thc hin theo mt trt t
nht nh th i tng snmpSet phi c gp vo trong mi ton t.
2.5.3 Nguyn tc hot ng ca SNMPv2

Hnh 2.8 cho ta thy nguyn tc hot ng ca SNMPv2.
Hnh 2.8 Gi v nhn bn tin trong SNMPv2

i, Truyn mt bn tin SNMPv2
Qui tc gi v nhn bn tin ca Manager v Agent c th hin trong bng 2.7.

Bng 2.7 : Quy tc truyn v nhn mt bn tin trong SNMPv2
SNMPv2 Agent Agent Manager Manager

PDU Generate Receive Generate Receive
GetRequest x x
57
GetNextRequ
x x
est
Response x x x
SetRequest x x
GetBulkRequ
x x
est
InformReques
x x
t
SNMPv2-
x x
Trap
Mt phn t SNMPv2 thc hin cc hnh ng sau truyn mt PDU cho mt

phn t SNMPv2 khc:
S dng ASN.1 m t mt PDU.
PDU ny c chuyn sang dch v xc nhn cng vi cc a ch ngun v

ch ca truyn thng v mt tn truyn thng. Dch v xc nhn sau thc
hin nhng bin i bt k theo yu cu cho s trao i ny nh m ho
hoc thm m xc nhn v tr li kt qu.
Phn t giao thc sau to ra bn tin gm trng s hiu phin bn, tn

truyn thng vo kt qu ca bc trn.
i tng ASN. 1 mi ny sau c m ho s dng BER v gi n

dch v vn chuyn.
ii, Nhn mt bn tin SNMPv2
Mt phn t SNMPv2 thc hin cc hnh ng sau nhn mt bn tin

SNMPv2:
Kim tra c php c bn ca bn tin v loi b bn tin nu c php sai.
Kim tra s hiu phin bn v loi b bn tin nu khng tng hp.
Phn t giao thc sau chuyn trn ngi s dng, phn PDU ca bn tin
v cc a ch ngun v ch ca bn tin ti dch v xc nhn. Nu xc nhn
b sai, dch v xc nhn bn tin cho phn t giao thc SNMPv2 ni to ra
58
Trap v loi b bn tin. Nu xc nhn hon thnh dch v xc nhn tr li
mt PDU theo dng ca mt i tng ASN.1.
Phn t giao thc thc hin kim tra c php c bn ca bn tin v loi b
bn tin nu c php sai. Ngc li dng truyn thng theo tn, chnh sch
truy cp SNMPv2 tng ng s c chn v tip n l x l PDU.
iii, Cc trng thi thch ng cho SNMPv2
Mc ch ca cc trng thi thch ng l nh ngha mt thng bo dng ch

r gii hn thp nht c th chp nhn khi thc hin mc thng thng. C 4 macro
c nh ngha:
Macro OBJECT-GROUP: Macro ny dng ch r mt nhm i tng
c qun l c lin quan v l n v c bn ca tnh thch ng. N cung
cp mt phng thc cho mt nh sn xut m t tnh thch ng v cp
ca n bng cch ch ra nhng nhm no c b sung. Macro OBJECT-
GROUP gm 4 mnh chnh sau:
- Mnh OBJECTS: lit k cc i tng trong nhm c gi tr mnh

MAX-ACCESS l accessible-for-Notify, read-Only, read-write hoc
read-create.
- Mnh STATUS: ch ra nh ngha ny l hin thi hay qua.
- Mnh DESCRIPTION: cha mt nh ngha nguyn bn ca nhm

cng vi mt m t ca bt k quan h no vi nhm khc.
- Mnh REFERENCE: dng gp tham chiu qua li vo mt nhm

c nh ngha trong mt vi khi thng tin khc.
Macro NOTIFICATION-GROUP: c dng nh ngha mt tp hp cc

thng bo cho cc mc ch thch ng, gm cc mnh chnh sau:
- Mnh NOTIFICATIONS: Lit k mi thng bo cha trong nhm

thch ng.
- Cc mnh STATUS, DESCRIPTION v REFERENCE: c ngha

tng t nh trong macro OBJECTS-GROUP
Macro MODULE-COMPLIANCE: Ch ra mt tp nh nht ca cc yu cu

lin quan n vic thm mt hay nhiu khi MIB. Cc mnh STATUS,
DESCRIPTION, v REFERENCE c ngha tng t nh trong cc macro
OBJECTS-GROUP v NONTIFICATION-GROUP.
59
Macro AGENT-CAPABILITIES: Dng cung cp thng tin v cc kh
nng c trong mt phn t giao thc Agent SNMPv2. N c s dng
m t mc h tr c bit m mt Agent yu cu, lin quan n mt nhm
MIB. V bn cht, cc kh nng th hin nhng ci tin hoc bin i nht
nh lin quan n cc macro OBJECT-TYPE trong cc khi MIB.
2.6 SNMPv3
SNMPv3 da trn vic thc hin giao thc, loi d liu v u quyn nh
SNMPv2 v ci tin phn an ton. SNMPv3 cung cp an ton truy nhp vo cc thit
b bng cch kt hp s xc nhn v m kho cc gi tin trn mng. Nhng c im
bo mt cung cp trong SNMPv3 l:
Tnh ton vn thng tin : m bo cc gi tin khng b sa trong khi truyn.
S xc nhn: Xc nhn ngun ca thng tin gi n.
M kho: o ni dung ca gi tin, ngn cn vic gi thng bo t ngun

khng c xc nhn.
SNMPv3 cung cp c m hnh an ton v cc mc an ton. M hnh an ton l

thc hin vic xc nhn c thit lp cho ngi s dng v nhm ngi s dng hin
c. Mc an ton l mc bo m an ton trong m hnh an ton. S kt hp ca m
hnh an ton v mc an ton s xc nh c ch an ton khi gi mt gi tin.
Tuy nhin vic s dng SNMPv3 rt phc tp v cng knh d n l s la chn
tt nht cho vn bo mt ca mng. Vic s dng s tn rt nhiu ti nguyn do
trong mi bn tin truyn i s c phn m ha BER. Phn m ha ny s chim mt
phn bng thng ng truyn do lm tng ph tn mng.
Mc d c coi l phin bn ngh cui cng v c coi l y nht
nhng SNMPv3 vn ch l tiu chun d tho v vn ang c nghin cu hon
thin.
Kin trc thc th SNMPv3 (RFC257) c th hin trn hnh 2.9 gm c cu
SNMP v cc ng dng.
60
Hnh 2.9 Kin trc thc th ca SNMPv3

C cu SNMPv3 gm 4 thnh phn:
iu phi (Dispatcher).
Phn h x l bn tin (Message Processing Subsystem).
Phn h bo mt (Security Subsystem).
Phn h iu khin truy nhp (Access Control Subsystem).
Phn h iu phi bn tin x l bn tin gi v nhn, khi nhn c bn tin phn

h ny s xc nhn phin bn ca SNMP v gi bn tin ti phn h x l bn tin tng
ng. Phn h x l bn tin chia thnh 3 khi (module) nh sau:
Hnh 2.10 Phn h x l bn tin trong SNMPv3

Module SNMPv3 tch phn d liu ca bn tin gi ti phn h bo mt gii
nn v nhn thc. Phn h bo mt cng c nhim v nn d liu. Cu trc module
ca phn h bo mt nh sau:
61
Hnh 2.11 Cu trc module ca phn h bo mt trong SNMPv3

SNMPv3 tng thch hon ton vi SNMPv1 v SNMPv2, n gm m hnh bo
mt da trn ngi dng v m hnh bo mt chung x l SNMPv1, SNMPv2. Cu
trc module n gin khi thm vo cc module bo mt dng khc trong qu trnh pht
trin. Khi s liu tch ra khi PDU v n s c gi ti ng dng thch hp qua phn
h iu khin truy nhp. Phn h iu khin truy nhp chu trch nhim xc nh i
tng b qun l v cch thc truy nhp ti n. Hin nay ch c mt m hnh iu
khin truy nhp nhng n c th m rng trong tng lai (RFC2575).
Hnh 2.12 Cu trc phn h iu khin truy nhp trong SNMPv3

M hnh iu khin truy nhp c th nhn thy (RFC 2575) quyt nh ngi
dng c th truy nhp (c hoc t trng thi) cho i tng qun l.
2.6.1 Khun dng bn tin SNMPv3

RFC 2572 nh ngha cc khun dng bn tin SNMPv3. Khun dng bn tin
SNMPv3 c phn chia trong trong bn phn (Hnh 2.13).
D liu chung (Common data)- Trng ny xut hin trong tt c cc bn tin
SNMPv3.
Bo mt m hnh d liu (Security model data)- Vng ny c ba phn: phn

chung, phn dnh cho s chng thc v phn cho d liu ring.
62
Context Hai trng nhn dng v tn c dng cung cp context cho
PDU no s phi x l.
PDU Vng ny cha mt SNMPv2c PDU.
Hnh 2.13 Khun dng bn tin SNMPv3

MessageVersion
Trng u tin trong bn tin l trng phin bn SNMP.Trng ny cung cp

tnh tng thch vi cc phin bn khc nhau. Gi tr 3 trong trng ny ch ra y l
mt bn tin SNMPv3. Gi tr 2 v 1 tng ng vi SNMPv2 v SNMPv1.
MessageID
Nhn dng bn tin l mt s c s dng gia hai thc th cho bn tin tng
quan. n v d liu giao thc PDU cha trng nhn dng yu cu v c s dng
nhn dng trong SNMPv1 v SNMPv2c, nhng t SNMPv3 c m ha PDUs,
message ID u nm bn trong tiu .
MaxMessageSize
Kch thc bn tin ln nht MaxMessageSize l kch thc ln nht ca bn tin

c h tr bi bn gi bn tin. y l gi kch thc ln nht giao thc vn
chuyn c th mang m khng cn phn on. Bn pha thu s dng gi tr
MaxMessageSize bo m s tr li ca n vn nm trong phm vi kch thc cho
php.
MessageFlags
C nh du bn tin c di 1 byte, xc nh s thit lp chng thc v t

ring cho bn tin. N cng thng bo khi bn tin yu cu mt s p li t pha my
thu. C ba bit c s dng khi vic m ha khng thnh cng.
Khng c chng thc v khng c s ring l (gi tr bit 000).
Chng thc v khng c s ring l (gi tr bit 001).
Chng thc v ring l (gi tr bit 011).
63
C ba trng hp trn u c th t cnh bo ty chn.
MessageSecurity
Bo mt bn tin l mt i tng s nguyn c t bo mt cho bn tin. Phm

vi ca nhng gi tr h tr nh sau:
0 c dnh cho any (bt k).
1 c dnh cho SNMPv1.
2 c dnh cho SNMPv2c.
3 c dnh cho USM (User-based Security Model).
4-555 c dnh cho nhng m hnh bo mt tiu chun khc.
Cc gi tr ngoi 255 c th c dng cho m hnh bo mt tiu chun. Bn thu

cng phi dng cng m hnh bo mt khi x l bo mt hot ng. Phn h bo
mt iu khin qu trnh x l ny ca bn tin SNMPv3.
M hnh bo mt d liu chung
Phn chung ca m hnh bo mt d liu bao gm cc trng sau:

EngineID: S nhn dng duy nht ca engine SNMPv3.
EngineBoots: l khong thi gian m engine SNMP bt u up hoc reset gi

tr ca usmUserTable cui cng b sa i.
EngineTime: S giy m gi tr EngineBoots cui c sa i.
UserName: Tn ca ngi dng.
Nhng trng trn i trc cc vng d liu chng thc v ring l. EngineID v
UserName c dng to mt ch s trong mt bng gi l usmUserTable. Bng
ny lu gi d liu m hnh bo mt cho EngineID v cp ngi dng.
M hnh bo mt d liu qua chng thc
Hai giao thc chng thc h tr trong SNMPv3 l MD5 v SHA. C hai giao
thc cng phc v cho mc ch: xc nhn thng bo SNMPv3. Thut ton MD5 tnh
ton 16 byte (128 bit) digest v 12 byte u tin (96 bit) bao gm cc thnh phn ca
bn tin bn trong cc trng chng thc. Ngi dng phi chn mt cha kha b mt
16-octet (byte) dng cho thut ton MD5. Nu ngi dng chn thut ton chng
thc SHA th thut ton tnh ton 20 byte (160 bit) digest v mt ln na 12 byte u
tin (96 bit) bao gm nhng thnh phn ca bn tin chng thc. Ngi dng phi chn
mt cha kha b mt 20-octet dng thut ton SHA.
D gii thut no c dng th trng giao thc chng thc l mt chui 12
64
byte c dng lm nhn dng chng thc bn tin. Khi mt thc th SNMPv3
(manager) mun gi mt yu cu cho thc th khc (agent) phi dng mt cha kha
b mt cho c hai pha.
M hnh bo mt d liu qua giao thc ring
Trng ca giao thc ring l l chui 18 byte octet dng cho thut ton tiu
chun m ha d liu DES (Data Encryption Standard). M ha dng kha 16 byte. 8
octet u tin ca kha b mt 16 octet dng nh kha DES. 8 octet tip theo c
dng nh mt vector khi to. C hai dng mt kha ring b mt m ha v gii
m bn tin.
2.6.2 Cc ng dng ni b ca SNMPv3

Cc ng dng ni b ny thc hin cng vic nh to ra cc bn tin SNMP, p
ng li cc bn tin nhn c, nhn cc bn tin v chuyn tip cc bn tin gia cc
phn t. Hin c nm loi ng dng c nh ngha:
Cc b to lnh (Command Generator): To ra cc lnh SNMP thu thp hoc
thit lp cc d liu qun l.
Cc b p ng lnh (Command Responder): Cung cp vic truy cp ti d liu

qun l. V d cc lnh Get, GetNext, Get-Bulk v Set PDUs c thc hin bi
cc b p ng lnh.
Cc b to bn tin (Notification Originator): Khi to Trap hoc Inform.
Cc b nhn bn tin (Notification Receiver) Nhn v x l cc bn tin Trap hoc

Inform.
Cc b chuyn tip u nhim (Proxy Forwarder): Chuyn tip cc thng bo

gia cc phn t SNMP.
2.6.3 Nguyn tc hot ng ca giao thc SNMPv3

i, Gi mt bn tin hoc mt yu cu
Qu trnh gi mt bn tin hoc mt yu cu gm cc bc sau:

To ra cc yu cu ng dng
- Nu gi tr messageProcessingModel khng miu t mt m hnh x l bn

tin c bit ti t b iu vn th gi tr errorIndication c tr li cho ng
dng gi ti v khng c hnh ng no c x l na.
B iu vn to ra sendPduHandle cho qu trnh x l tip theo.
- B iu vn bn tin gi yu cu ti module x l bn tin phin bn c trng

v c xc nh bi messageProcessingModel
65
- Nu statusInformation biu th li, th gi tr errorIndication c tr li cho
ng dng gi ti v khng c hnh ng no c x l na.
- Nu statusInformation biu th s chp thun, th sendPduHandle c tr v

ng dng v outgoingMessage c gi i. Truyn thng c s dng
gi outgoingMessage c tr v qua destTransportDomain v a ch m n
gi c tr v qua destTransportAddress.
Qu trnh x l mt bn tin gi i hon tt.
ii, Gi mt p ng ti mng
Qu trnh gi mt p ng mt bn tin din ra nh sau:

To ra mt ng dng cha yu cu s dng
B iu vn bn tin s gi yu cu ti m hnh x l bn tin thch hp c

nhn bit qua gi tr messageProcessingModel. Khi mt p ng chun b
c gi i
Nu kt qu (result) l errorIndication th errorIndication s tr li ng dng gi

ti v khng c hnh ng no c x l na.
Nu kt qu c chp nhn th outgoingMessage c gi i. Truyn thng

c s dng gi outgoingMessage c tr v qua destTransportDomain v
a ch m n gi c tr v qua destTransportAddress.
iii, Qu trnh iu phi bn tin ca bn tin SNMP nhn c
Gi tr snmpInPkts c tng ln.
Nu gi tin khng phn tch c y phin bn ca bn tin SNMP hoc nu

phin bn khng c h tr th gi tr snmpInASNParseErrs c tng ln v
bn tin nhn c b loi b v khng x l na.
Ngun gc ca transportDomain v transportAddress c xc nh.
Bn tin chuyn qua m hnh x l bn tin v thnh phn d liu tru tng c
tr v bi b iu vn:
Nu result l errorIndication khng thch hp th bn tin b hu b v qu trnh

x l kt thc.
Tip theo, tu vo gi tr ca sendPduHandle l rng hay khng rng ta c hai

hng x l tip.
iv, iu phi PDU ca bn tin SNMP nhn c
66
Nu sendPduHandle l rng th bn tin nhn c l mt yu cu hoc mt bn
tin. Qu trnh x l nh sau:
Gi tr ca contextEngineID v pduType c phi hp quyt nh xem ng
dng ng k cho mt bn tin hay mt yu cu.
Nu khng c ng dng no c ng k:
o snmpUnknownPDUHandlers c tng ln.
o Mt p ng c chun b to ra
o Nu kt qu l thnh cng th bn tin chun b c gi i. Qu trnh x l

kt thc.
Trng hp cn li: Pdu c x l
Bn tin n l mt p ng:
Gi tr sendpduHandle c xc nh. ng dng ang i p ng ny c

xc nh thng quan sendpduHandle.
Nu khng c ng dng no i, bn tin b hu b v qu trnh x l kt thc.

stateReference c gii phng. snmpUnknownPDUHandlers c tng ln. Qu trnh
x l kt thc.
Nu xut hin ng dng ang i th p ng c tr v.
2.6.4 H tr bo mt v nhn thc trong SNMPv3

Mt trong nhng mc tiu chnh nu khng coi l mt mc ch chnh chnh
khi pht trin SNMPv3 l thm c tnh bo mt cho qun l SNMP. Xc thc v
bo v thng tin, cng nh xc thc v iu khin truy cp, c nu r trn.
Cu trc SNMPv3 cho php s dng linh hot bt c mt giao thc no cho xc
thc v bo v thng tin. D sao, nhm IETF SNMPv3 a ra m hnh bo mt
ngi dng. Chng ta s tm hiu thm v cc kha cnh chung v bo mt kt hp vi
cc kiu ca cc mi e do bo mt, m hnh bo mt, nh dng d liu bn tin
iu tit cc tham s bo mt v s dng cng nh qun l ca cc kho trong phn
ny.
Cc mi e do bo mt.
C 4 mi e do n thng tin qun l mng khi mt thc th qun l c truyn

n thc th khc l:
Thng tin c th b thay i bi mt ngi dng khng c php no
trong khi truyn.
67
Ngi dng khng c php c gng gi trang nh ngi dng c php.
Thng tin SNMP c chia lm nhiu gi nh truyn i theo nhiu hng

v pha nhn phi sp xp li. V vy n c th b ngi no lm tr 1 gi
tin, b gi li do mt ngi khng c php to ra ... lm thay i thng tin
ca bn tin
B ngn chn hoc b l bn tin.
t nht c 2 mi e do trn thng xy ra vi kt ni d liu truyn thng,

nhng vi m hnh bo mt ngi dng SNMP th n c coi l khng c mi e
do. Th nht l t chi dch v, mt xc thc ngi dng s b t chi dch v bi
thc th qun l. N khng b coi nh mi e do, khi mng li c th l l do ca s
t chi, v mt giao thc s thc thi mc ch ny. Th hai l thng k lu lng bi
mt ngi dng khng xc thc. Nhm IETF SNMv3 xc nh rng khng c thun
li quan trng no t c bng cch chng li s tn cng ny.
M hnh bo mt
Trong iu kin hot ng bnh thng, m hnh x l bn tin tc ng vi m
hnh phn h bo mt. v d hnh 2.9 v kin trc thc th ca SNMPv3, chng ta
thy rng bn tin gi i s c to bi mt ng dng v kim sot u tin bi b
giao vn, sau bi m hnh x l bn tin, cui cng l m hnh bo mt. Nu bn tin
cn c xc thc, m hnh bo mt s xc thc n v chuyn tip n m hnh x l
bn tin. Tng t vi bn tin n, m hnh x l bn tin yu cu dch v ny ca m
hnh bo mt xc thc ch s ngi dng. Hnh 2.14 ch ra cc dch v c cung
cp bi 3 module module xc thc, module ring v module nh thi trong m
hnh bo mt ti m hnh x l bn tin.
Phn h bo mt
Ton vn d liu
Module xc thc
Xc thc d liu gc
M hnh x
D liu b mt Module ring
l bn tin
Bn tin nh thi v Module nh thi

gii hn bo v gi li
Hnh 2.14 M hnh bo mt

M hnh bo mt ngi dng SNMPv3
68
Phn h bo mt
Thng tin MPM Kho m ho
D liu mo u Bo mt scopedPDU
D liu bo mt ngi Module
Tham s ring ring
scopedPDU dng
X l
bn tin scopedPDU
c m ho
Kho xc thc
(Xc thc/m ho)
ton b bn tin Ton b bn tin
Module
xc thc
di bn tin Ton b bn tin
xc thc
Tham s bo mt
Hnh 2.15 Dch v ring v xc thc cho bn tin i

M hnh bo mt trong SNMPv3 l m hnh bo mt ngi dng (User-base
Security Model vit tt l USM). N phn nh khi nim tn ngi dng truyn thng.
Nh chng ta nh ngha giao din dch v tru tng gia cc phn h khc nhau
trong thc th SNMP, by gi chng ta s nh ngha giao din dch v tru tng
trong USM. Cc nh ngha ny bao trm ln khi nim v giao din gia dch v
ging USM v xc thc khng ph thuc v dch v ring. Hai primitive c kt hp
vi mt dch v xc thc, mt to ra bn tin xc thc i, v mt kim tra bn tin xc
thc n. Tng t, 2 primitive c kt hp vi cc dch v ring: encryptData
m ho bn tin i v decryptData gii m bn tin n.
Cc dch v c cung cp bi module xc thc v module ring trong phn h
bo mt cho bn tin i v bn tin n. M hnh x l bn tin dn chng cho USM
trong phn h bo mt. Da trn mc bo mt gn trn bn tin, USM ln lt c dn
qua module xc thc v module ring. Kt qu c a tr li m hnh x l bn tin
bi USM.
69
Hnh 2.15 ch ra s x l mt bn tin i v hnh 2.16 cho thy s x l ngc li
ca 1 bn tin n i qua xc nhn hp l trc sau s c gii m ho bi module
ring.
Phn h bo mt
Thng tin MPM Kha m ha
D liu mo u Bo mt Ton b bn tin
(nhn t mng) Module
Tham s bo mt ngi dng
scopedPDU
Tham s xc thc
xc thc
X l
Xc thc ton
bn tin b bn tin
Kha gii m
M ha PDU
scopedPDU Tham s ring Module

ring
( gii m) Gii m
scopedPDU
Hnh 2.16 Dch v ring v xc thc cho bn tin n

Cc giao thc bo mt.
Nn tng cho bo mt s dng xc thc v bo v ring l cc kho b mt c
dng chung bi ngi gi v ngi dng - mt ngi xc thc v ngi kia m ho v
gii m. Ban u, cc kho b mt ca USM l mt khu. Hai thut ton c khuyn
ngh trong SNMPv3 l HMAC-MD5-96 v HMAC-SHA-96.
Kho xc thc. Kho b mt cho xc thc c xut pht t mt khu c ngi
dng la chn. Ngi dng y l cc cng c SNMP khng xc thc, n to ra h
thng qun l mng. Trong hai thut ton MD5 v SHA-1, mt khu c lp li cho
n khi c dng 220 octet (1048576 octet), xo ln lp cui nu thy cn thit.
Th tc m ho HMAC. M MAC di 96 bit xut pht t vic s dng th tc

HMAC (RFC 2104, RFC 2274).
Qun l kho. Ngi dng (h thng qun l mng) ch c mt mt khu v do

ch c mt kho b mt, digest1 ( cp trong phn kho xc thc). Tuy nhin, n
kt ni vi tt c cc cng c SNMP xc thc (tt c cc agent trn mng). Thng tin
chia s thm vo s b mt gia 2 cng c kt ni. Khi nim kho cc b c a ra
trnh s lu tr kho khc nhau trn cc cng c xc thc vi lin kt ngi dng.
Thut ton bm - ging nh s dng to ra kho b mt - c s dng to ra
kho cc b.
70
Pht hin. Mt trong nhng chc nng quan trng ca h thng qun l mng l
pht hin ra nhng agent trn mng. Pht hin c hon thnh bng cch ra cc bn
tin yu cu vi mc bo mt l khng cn xc nhn v khng c kho ring, c tn l
khi to (initial), mt SNMP engine ID xc thc c di bng khng v varBin l
rng. Cng c xc thc s hi p bng bn tin hi p bao gm engine ID v in vo
tham s bo mt. Thng tin thm ny c c qua bn tin pair-wise.
Giao thc m kho.

M kho to ra cc k t khng c c (ciphertext) t cc t c c
(plaintext). SNMP khuyn ngh d liu tin cy nn s dng giao thc m ho ma trn
CBC-DES (Cipher Block Chaining - Data Encryption Standard). USM ch r yu cu
scopedPDU chia r phn bn tin cn m kho. Gi tr b mt kt hp vi gi tr nh
thi s to ra kho m ho/gii m v vecto khi to (IV). Mt khc, gi tr b mt da
trn ngi dng, do s kt hp c th vi h thng qun l mng.
iu khin truy cp
Trong hai phn trc, chng ta ni n s bo mt trong qun l mng vi s
quan tm n tnh ton vn d liu, bn tin xc thc, d liu tin cy v nh thi ca
bn tin. By gi chng ta s cp n iu khin truy cp, n gii quyt vn ai c
quyn truy cp vo cc phn t mng v h c th truy cp nhng g. Trong SNMP v1
v SNMPv2, vn ny c cp trong phn chnh sch truy cp da trn
truyn thng. Trong SNMPv3, iu khin truy cp bo mt hn v mm do hn
bi m hnh iu khin kt ni da trn cc View (View-based Access Control Model
vit tt l VACM).
VACM nh ngha cc giao din m ng dng trong mt agent c th s dng
hp thc cc cu lnh yu cu v cc b nhn thng bo. N hp thc ngun gi v
quyn truy cp i vi cc lnh yu cu. Mt trong nhng gi nh c to ra l xc
thc ca ngun c thc hin bi module xc thc. thc hin cc dch v ny,
d liu cc b bao gm cc quyn v chnh sch truy cp, c gi l lu tr d liu
cu hnh cc b (LCD), c to ra trong thc th SNMP. LCD ny c trng trong
mt agent hoc trong mt chc nng qun l trong vai tr ca mt agent khi n kt ni
vi mt manager khc.
LCD cn thit cho vic cu hnh t xa v cn nhc bo mt cn c quan tm, v
vy module MIB cho VACM c a ra.
Cc phn t ca m hnh
VACM gm 5 phn t: (1) cc nhm, (2) mc bo mt, (3) ng cnh, (4) cc

view MIB v h cc view, (5) chnh sch truy cp.
Cc nhm. Mt nhm, groupName, gm 1 cp vacmSecurityModel v
vacmSecurityName (m hnh bo mt v tn bo mt) i din cho cc i tng qun
71
l c th truy cp. Mt tn bo mt l ch c lp vi m hnh bo mt c s dng.
Tt c cc phn t thuc mt nhm c quyn truy cp ging nhau.
Mc bo mt. C cc mc
Khng xc thc khng bo v
C xc thc khng bo v
C xc thc c bo v
Ng cnh. Ng cnh SNMP l s thu thp cc thng tin qun l c th truy cp ca

cc thc th SNMP (agent). Mt thc th SNMP truy cp n tim nng hn mt ng
cnh. Mi cng c SNMP c mt bng ng cnh lit k cc ng cnh cc b c th
bng cc contextName.
Cc view MIB v h cc view. Trong SNMPv1 v SNMPv2, quyn truy cp ti

ng cnh c iu khin bi cc view MIB. Mt view MIB c nh ngha cho mi
nhm v chi tit ca kiu i tng qun l (v tu chn, trng hp r rng ca cc
kiu i tng). Mt view MIB phc tp xy ra khi tt c cc i tng ca ct da
trn khi nim hng ca bng xut hin trn cc cy con khc nhau, mi ct mt view
vi nh dng nh nhau. V nh dng nh nhau nn yu cu ca cy con phi tp hp
vo mt cu trc, c gi l h cc cy con view. Mt h cc cy con view l mt
cp ca gi tr OBJECT IDENTIFER (c gi l tn ca h) cng vi mt gi tr
chui bit (c gi l mt n h). Mt n h cho bit nhn dng con ca tn h kt hp
l du hiu nh ngha h. Mt h ca cc cy con view c th bao gm hoc loi
tr mt view MIB.
Quyn truy cp. Xc nh quyn truy cp cc i tng nh quyn c, ghi v

thng bo.
2.6.5 ng dng thc tin ca SNMPv3

Mt s vn thc tin qun l mng
Cng vi s pht trin a dng ca cc cng ngh mng, cc thch thc i vi
h thng qun l mng ngy cng ln nht l i vi cc mng ln, cc kiu lu lng
v s tng trng lu lng tip tc tng khng ngng. Vi cc yu cu m bo cht
lng dch v trong mi trng a dch v, h thng qun l mng phi c kh nng
qun l t u cui ti u cui, gim gi thnh qun l qua cc tho thun cht lng
dch v SLA (Service Level Agreement), cc h thng qun l mng ca cc nh sn
xut thit b v s dng phn mm qun l hiu qu. Di y s phn tch mt s vn
ny sinh khi s dng giao thc qun l mng n gin SNMP.
i, Chuyn cc d liu qun l vo m lnh
72
D liu lin kt v m l cc khi nim tnh ton c bn, n tp trung vo vng
qun l mng trn c s cc thc th mng NE (Network Element) chuyn d liu
qun l ti trm qun l. Khi chuyn d liu thnh cc m c mt s vn sau:
Cc i tng b qun l nm trn rt nhiu Agent
Bn sao ca cc i tng qun l nm ti h thng manager
S thay i d liu trn cc Agent s lm thay i d liu bn sao trn

manager.
C s thng tin qun l MIB cung cp mt h tng qun l v phi d phng cc

khng gian nh cho nhng thay i ca i tng qun l. Mt khc, s pht trin v
phc tp ca thc th mng (NE) tng ln khng ngng trong khi qu trnh truyn
v nhn d liu t Agent l th tc bt buc ca SNMP, v vy vic chuyn cc d liu
thnh m nh th no l mt vn thch thc ca h thng qun l mng. Hn na,
h thng qun l c nn i hi tt c d liu agent hay khng? Trong thc t, iu ny
ch chp nhn c trn nhng mng nh nhng khng th thc hin c trn cc
mng ln. Khi cc NE tr thnh phc tp hn th gnh nng li t ln h thng qun
l.
ii, S tng trng ca MIB
Cc bng c s thng tin qun l lu tr cc tham s ca i tng qun l, khi s

lng NE ln ng ngha vi vic m rng bng MIB. S phc tp gia tng khi nhiu
nh cung cp cung cp nhng module MIB cho cc NE ca h theo dng file vn bn.
Nhng file ny c th hp nht vo trong mt h thng mng qun l NMS v dng
phi hp vi b duyt MIB. MIB cha nh ngha i tng qun l v dng dn
xut m hnh c s d liu cho NMS. M hnh c s d liu NMS cha s lng ln
cc bng, v d mt bng ct gi nhng ng dn chi tit, bng khc cho cc mch
o,v.v. H thng qun l mng NMS theo di v sa i nhng gi tr ca NE, qun l
cc i tng v lu gi n trong c s d liu ca mnh.
Vic tch hp cc h thng thit b thnh cc phn t mng ln cng mang li
mt s kh khn trong h thng qun l mng, v cc chc nng c tch hp rt kh
qun l ng thi cc h thng qun l phi h tr rt nhiu tng tc trong FCAPS.
iii, phc tp trong trin khai
Vic xy dng h thng qun l cho nhng thit b mng hin nay v trong tng
lai ngy cng gp nhiu kh khn (iu ny l ng vi vic pht trin thit b ca
nhng cng ngh mi nh MPLS hay Ethernet Gigabit l vic thm vo hoc k tha
cc thc th mng-NE lp 2). Mt s nh cung cp c nhng nhm c tch ring
dnh cho thc th mng v vic pht trin h thng qun l nn cn c s truyn thng
gia nhng nhm ny. Ngoi ra vic thit lp cc k nng yu cu ca ngi pht trin
73
phn mm NMS ang tng v bao gm:
Vic pht trin v lm m hnh hng i tng s dng UML (Unified
Modeling Language) cho vic gi nhng yu cu, nh ngha cc hot ng v cc
trng hp s dng sp xp chng vo trong cc lp phn mm.
Pht trin cc phn mm qun l trn Java/C++.
Phn mm Server a x l FCAPS.
c bit h tr cho vic pht trin cc c tnh nh ATM/MPLS.
C s d liu ca vic thit k/nng cp ph hp vi MIB ti gin c s d

liu qua nhiu phin bn phn mm NMS/NE.
Cng ngh lp 2 nh ATM, FR v Gigabit Ethernet.
Cng ngh k tha nh thoi qua TDM v X.25.
Kh nng pht trin m hnh v thnh phn phn mm chung, h thng qun l
c th giu nhiu chi tit nm bn di ca hot ng mng.
Thit k Client/server.
Qun l vic thit k i tng, giai on lm m hnh ca h thng qun l.
Vic thit k MIB cn c i tng mi bn trong thit b qun l h tr h

thng qun l.
S di tr chung ti c s h tng lp 3 l mt l do khc cho vic m rng gia

nhng k nng pht trin sn c v cc c tnh sn phm yu cu. y l mt cch
tip cn khc cho vic pht trin h thng qun l thng qua:
Tp gii php tiu chun.
Phn tn v gii quyt cc vn pht sinh.
X l thng tin thng k.
Bao qut nhng chu trnh pht trin ngn.
Ti gin vic thay i m.
Tng kh nng kim tra.
2.7 TNG KT CHNG 2

SNMP cung cp cch thc qun l mng cc host nh mng ca cc my tnh
trm hoc my ch, router, bridge v hub t my tnh iu khin tp trung chy phn
mm qun l mng.
Cc chun c ho SNMP v nhng giao thc khc nh TCP/IP c n bn trong
74
cc RFC.
SNMP phin bn 1 (SNMPv1) l phin bn chun ca giao thc SNMP. N
c nh ngha trong RFC 1157 v y l chun y ca IETF. bo mt trong
SNMPv1 ch da vo t kha (password).
SNMP phin bn 2 (SNMPv2) c pht trin cung cp chc nng bo mt
m SNMP cn thiu. Phin bn ny c nh ngha trong cc RFC 1905, 1906 v
1907.
SNMP phin bn 3 (SNMPv3) c pht trin cung cp bo mt tt nht
trong qun l SNMP. N c nh ngha trong cc RFC 2571, 2572, 2573, 2574 v
2575.
Thit b c qun l l thit b c chy phn mm SNMP agent.
Cc i tng c qun l l cc c tnh hot ng ca thit b c qun l.
Mt c tnh hot ng n nh phin UDP trn mt thit b qun l n c
coi l mt bin i tng.
C s thng tin qun l (MIB) l c s d liu ca cc i tng c qun l,
n c truy nhp thng qua cc giao thc qun l mng.
SNMP cha hai chun MIB. Chun MIB I c trong RFC 1156 c nh ngha
qun l Internet da trn TCP/IP. Chun MIB II nh ngha trong RFC 1213, c bn
vn da trn MIB I. MIB II l nh ngha c dng hin nay. SNMPv2 bao gm
MIB II v b sung mt s i tng mi khc.
Cc i tng MIB l cc i tng c qun l c phn loi theo cng
vic v m chng thc hin, cc i tng ny nm trong MIB.
S nhn dng i tng l mt sery s nguyn da trn nt trong cy, c
tch bng cc du chm (.). V th iso(1).org(3).dod(6).internet(1) trong dng s nhn
dng i tng c biu din l 1.3.6.1 hay di dng cha l iso.org.dod.internet.
Trong SNMP cc vn hnh yu cu tun theo tun t.
Cu trc thng tin qun l (SMI) l chun s dng ASN.1. SMI c t c php
cho cc loi d liu nh s nhn dng i tng, b m, hng, bng, chui, a ch
mng v cc thnh t SNMP khc sao cho c lp vi c cu SNMP.
Hai nhnh chnh da trn gc Internet l Qun l v MIB c nhn. Cc chun
MIB cng nghip l nhnh qun l iso.org.dod.internet.mgmt.mib vi s nhn dng i
tng l 1.3.6.1.2.1. Cn cc MIB c nhn l nhnh iso.org.dod.internet.private vi s
nhn dng i tng l 1.3.6.1.4.
Trap l cc bn tin (unsolicited) gi t agent ti NMS.
75
SNMPv1 s dng cc hot ng Get, Getnext, Set v Trap.
SNMPv2 s dng cc hot ng Get, Getnext, Set, Trap, GetBulk v Inform.
Cc tha thun s doanh nghip c nhn ca cc cc nhn, hc vin v cc t
chc u do IANA qun l.
Trong SMIv2 phn ch tng ng vi trap trong SMIv1. Trong SMIv1,
trap thng c c t l macro ASN.1 TRAP-TYPE. Trong SMIv2 phn ch c
c t bng macro ASN.1NOTIFICATION-TYPE.
SNMPv2 cung cp hot ng inform cho php truyn thng t NMS n
NMS. Khi inform c gi t mt NMS n NMS khc th NMS bn nhn gi p
ng ti NMS bn gi xc nhn vic nhn c bn tin.
Chng ta c th s dng SNMP inform gi trap ca SNMPv2 t mt agent
ti mt NMS. Trong trng hp ny, agent s c NMS thng bo l trab c
nhn.
Hot ng report c tng cng cho SNMPv2 song n li khng c trin
khai. Tuy nhn n c s dng trong SNMPv3 cho php cc thit b s dng
SNMP truyn thng vi nhau v bo co li nhng s c trong vic x l cc bn tin
SNMP.
Trong SNMPv3, thit b c cu thnh t 4 phn: iu phi (Dispatcher),
Phn h x l bn tin, Phn h bo mt v Phn h iu khin truy nhp.
iu phi l cng vic gi v nhn bn tin. N c gng xc nh phin bn ca
mi bn tin nhn c (v d phin bn 1, 2 hay 3) v nu nh phin bn c h tr
th n s iu khin bn tin ti Phn h x l bn tin. Phn h iu phi cng gi cc
bn tin SNMP ti cc thc th khc.
Phn h x l bn tin chun b cc bn tin gi i v trch d liu t cc bn
tin nhn c. Mt h thng x l bn tin c th gm nhiu khi (module) x l bn
tin. V d: mt phn h c th c module x l cc yu cu SNMPv1, SNMPv2 v
SNMPv3. N cng c th c cc module x l cho cc m hnh khc trong tng lai.
Phn h bo mt cung cp cc dch v c nhn v nhn thc. Nhn thc s
dng hoc l cc chui truyn thng (SNMPv1 v v2) hoc l nhn thc da trn
ngi dng SNMPv3. Nhn thc da trn ngi dng s dng thut ton MD5 hoc
SHA nhn thc nhng ngi s dng m khng cn phi gi t kha. Dch v c
nhn s dng thut ton D m kha v gii m cc bn tin SNMP.
Phn h iu khin truy nhp chu trch nhim iu khin truy nhp ti cc i
tng MIB. Chng ta c th iu khin i tng no m ngi s dng c th truy
nhp cng nh nhng hot ng no m ngi s dng cho php trn nhng i
tng ny. V d: chng ta c th gii hn truy nhp dng c-ghi ca ngi s dng
76
vi mt phn no trong cy mib-2 trong khi vn cho php truy nhp ch c vi
ton b cy ny.
Trong SNMPv3, cc b to lnh to ra nhng yu cu get, get-next, getbulk,
set v x l cc p ng. ng dng ny c NMS thc hin, v vy n c th a ra
nhng yu cu v thit lp yu cu chng li cc thc th trn cc router, switch, cc
my trm Unix, v.v.
Trong SNMPv3, b p ng lnh p li cc yu cu get, get-next, getbulk,
set. Vi SNMPv3, ng dng ny c thc hin bi mt thc th nh router ca
Cisco hoc my trm Unix. (Vi SNMPv1 v v2, b p ng lnh c agent SNMP
thc hin).
Trong SNMPv3, b to cc thng ip ch to ra cc ch v SNMP trap.
ng dng ny c mt thc th trn router hoc my trm Unix thc hin. (Vi
phin bn 1 v 2, b to cc thng ip ch ny l mt phn ca agent SNMP).
Trong SNMPv3, b thu thng ip ch bt v thng bo v cc bn tin. ng
dng ny do mt NMS thc hin.
Trong SNMPv3, b chuyn tip proxy chuyn cc bn tin gia cc thc th.
77
Chng 3: Gim st t xa RMON
CHNG 3
GIM ST T XA RMON
3.1 NGUYN L CHUNG

Gim st mng c tip cn theo hai phng php: gim st t xa mng th
ng v gim st mng ch ng. Mc tiu gim st nhm kim tra v gim st hiu
nng thc t ca dch v mng vi cc tha thun cung cp cht lng dch v.
a. Gim st mng b ng
Cc thit b mng ghi li cc trng thi lu lng mng cung cp cc thng tin
ca mt phn t mng thc t. Cc bn tin thm d (polling) nh k c s dng
thu thp thng tin d liu cho bo co v phn tch. y l mt php o nh ti cc
thit b c lp. Thng tin trng thi mng c th c suy lun t tp cc php o t
cc phn t mng trn. Gim st th ng khng yu cu bt c mt lu lng ph
no s dng cho cc mc ch o.
b. Gim st mng ch ng
Phng php gim st mng ch ng gi cc thng tin gim st vo mng qun
l. Cc lung d liu tng hp gm cc gi tin thm d c gi vo mng nhm gim
st hiu nng mng. Cc nh phn tch thu thp cc lung d liu phn tch v nh
gi hiu nng mng. Phng php gim st mng ch ng cung cp bi o mang tnh
tng th qua mt lot cc phn t mng trong h thng.
Cc h thng gim st b ng hoc ch ng c pht trin do mt s l do
sau:
Mc tiu gim st v bo co: Cc dch v mng c cung cp theo cc mc
tiu tha thun cht lng dch v v d nh: Cc mng ch ng v gim st SLA;
Chin lc di hn lin quan ti s thay i hiu nng SLA v mc hiu nng mng
vi cc mc tiu cht lng dch v c yu cu v cm nhn bi ngi s dng.
Nh mt mch vng hi tip cho tin trnh lp k hoch mng, cc kt qu gim
st ch ng v b ng l c s cho cc bi ton d on, lp ngng trong k hoch
pht trin v quy hoch mng.
i vi cc nh cung cp dch v, gim st b ng v ch ng cung cp cc c
hi cho dch v gia tng gi tr, h tr khch hng c cc thng tin nhm nh gi mc
s dng mng v cch thc tha mn tha thun cht lng dch v SLA.
78
3.2 CC PHNG PHP GIM ST MNG
3.2.1 Gim st mng b ng

T gc cht lng dch v, gim st mng b ng lin quan ti vn gi
thng tin gim st gim st trng thi duy tr cc chc nng QoS ang thc hin.
Phng php gim st mng b ng thng c s dng giao thc qun l mng n
gin SNMP thu thp cc thng tin trong c s d liu thng tin qun l MIB. Cc
kha cnh ca vn thu thp thng tin gm: Tn sut gi thng tin, cc trng thi trn
tng lin kt, gim st h thng v ma trn lu lng li.
a. Tn sut gi thng tin
Trn thc t, tn sut gi thng tin gim st c xc nh trong s cn bng gia
kh nng x l ca h thng qun l mng, ti ca cc thit b v s nh hng ca lu
lng gim st trn mng. Cc thng tin trng thi mng thng nm di dng cc
gi tin v cc byte, cc thng tin ny c th c s dng xc nh cc yu cu lu
lng trung bnh qua cc mu lu lng. Chu k gim st ln c kch thc mu ln
v c th c s dng cho cc mc tiu mang tnh chin lc. Tuy nhin, d liu
gim st c th c gi tr trung bnh trong khong thi gian di v khng th hin c
s thay i trong h thng. V vy, cc chu k ngn c a chung hn v cc php
o a li cc kt qu tt hn mc d phi cn bng vi lu lng ti gim st.
b. Cc trng thi trn tng lin kt
Cc trng thi trn tng lin kt c th s dng vi cc mc ch khc nhau ty
thuc vo v tr trong mng v chia thnh hai kiu: lin kt truy nhp v lin kt li.
Cc lin kt truy nhp c th bao gm c vng phn bit dch v (Differ) v c cng
nh cung cp dch v v khch hng. V vy, trng thi ca lin kt truy nhp c s
dng cho c mc ch pht hin li v bo co trng thi ti khch hng s dng dch
v cng nh ti cc lp QoS ca thit b bin mng. Trn cc lin kt li, trng thi
cht lng dch v c s dng cho c mc ch pht hin li v nh mt tham s
u vo ca tin trnh quy hoch mng li. Cc trng thi trn tng lin kt c xc
nh qua mt s phng php nh: gim st lp, gim st chnh sch, gim st hng
i v mt gi.
Gim st lp : Mc ch s dng chnh ca cc trng thi phn lp l xc
minh lu lng c nm trong lp thch hp hay khng. Cc trng thi lp cn c th
c s dng xc nh hoc suy lun ti cc trng thi khc. Gim st phn lp
c thc hin trn tng lp hoc tp hp cc lp.
Gim st chnh sch : Gim st chnh sch trong phng php gim st th ng
gm kiu p buc tc ti a cho dch v thi gian thc v nh du cc lu lng
trong hp ng lu lng.
Gim st hng i v t l tn tht : Phng php thng thng gim st hng
79
i v t l loi b gi c thc hin theo qua s lng gi truyn pht v tn tht.
Vic gim st t l tn tht c th c thc hin trn s lng gi tin hy b theo
trng s ti phn ui ca lu lng hoc thng qua gim st k thut loi b gi sm
RED (Ramdom Early Detection).
c. Gim st h thng
V mt nguyn tc, cc gi tin loi b c thc hin ti cc nt mng. Ty theo
kin trc ca cc nt mng cc gi tin c th c loi b cc v tr khc nhau theo
cc iu kin rng buc ca h thng. Cc h thng lun c thit k nhm gim
thiu cc lu lng loi b. Mt khc, vn loi b gi tin l mt lun xy ra trn
thc t. V vy, vic gim st cc trng hp nh vy l rt cn thit nhm cung cp
cc thng tin v cc vn gy nh hng ti cht lng dch v cung cp. Mt vi
kiu h thng loi b gi tin in hnh gm : (1) Loi b gi khng lu m khi b
nh m c chia s gia cc hng i trong mt h thng, ti c cc gi tin n
v khng b nh cho cc gi tin v gy tc nghn lu lng ; (2) Loi b gi tin ti
u vo xy ra khi khng khng gian b nh m cho cc gi tin u vo mc d
cc quyt nh chuyn mch v nh tuyn c thc hin. Loi b gi tin u vo
cho thy nng lc chuyn tip gi tin trong h thng cha p ng c cc yu cu
ca ngi s dng. Cc h thng loi b gi tin nh trn cn c gim st qua cc c
s thng tin qun l c bit ca nh cung cp thit b. Thng tin v cc hin tng loi
b gi tin trn s s dng xc nh nguyn nhn loi b gi v trnh s lp li.
d. Ma trn lu lng li
Ma trn lu lng li l mt ma trn ca cc yu cu lu lng u vo v u ra
trong mng li. Ma trn lu lng c th o hoc nh gi t cc trng thi thu thp
c qua cc k thut gim st th ng. Li ch chnh ca ma trn lu lng li l
lp k hoch mng, d on mc tng trng lu lng v m hnh cc kch bn c
th xy ra nhm d on s nh hng ca li trong cc thnh phn mng li ti hiu
nng ton mng.
3.2.2 Gim st mng ch ng
V mt nguyn tc, hon ton c th o v gim st mt lot cc tham s cht lng t
pha ngi s dng qua cc thng tin ti u cui h thng. Tuy nhin, s a dng v
khc bit ca cc giao thc ngi s dng dn ti vic thu thp v x l thng tin
gim st ny rt phc tp. Mt cch tip cn khc thng c s dng l gim st t
mc mng. Gim st ch ng t mc mng s dng mt s lung lu lng trong
c cha cc gi tin thm d (probe) phng to lu lng mng nhm nh gi cc
tham s hiu nng mng. Trong cc mi trng phn bit dch v, gim st mng ch
ng c th s dng o hiu nng ca tt c cc phn lp lu lng.
Gim st mng ch ng yu cu cc h thng thm d tch cc c cc agents gi
v nhn cc thng tin thm d. Cc agent o cc lung lu lng n v gi phn tch
80
trng thi ca cc kt qu o, kt qu ny c th ly nh k t cc thit b o ch ng
qua giao thc SNMP. Thm vo , cc thit b gim st ch ng c th a ra cc
by (trap) nu c cc ngng xc nh trc nhm gim st hiu nng khi cc h
thng qu ti cc lung lu lng. Cc kha cnh quan trng ca gim st ch ng
c trnh by di y.
a. Cc tham s lung lu lng kim tra
Cc c tnh lung lu lng kim tra trong phng php gim st ch ng s nh
hng ti cc c tnh ca mng kim tra. Cc kt qu o ch hu dng khi n th hin
c chnh xc hiu nng ca cc ng dng hoc lp lu lng ca mng. iu ny
dn ti vn cn phi xc nh cc tham s lung lu lng thch hp phn nh
chnh xc cc c tnh mng. Cc phng php o khc nhau s dn ti cc tham s
khc nhau. V vy, di y s m t cc tham s chung nht i vi gim st ch
ng.
Kch thc gi : C hai cch tip cn nhm xc nh kch thc gi tin gim st theo
kch thc gi tin ca lu lng gim st (cng kch thc v khc kch thc). Kch
thc cc gi tin gim st c th nh hng ln ti tr ni tip ca cc lin kt tc
thp, cc gi tin gim st cng kch thc phn nh chnh xc tr ca cc ng
dn. Cc gi tin gim st c kch thc ln c th b loi b ti cc im tc nghn do
trn b m. Trong mi trng c cc lin kt tc thp, cc gi tin gim st c kch
thc nh c s dng v mc tiu kinh t. Hn na, khi tn sut cc gi tin gim st
tng nhm tng chnh xc, s dng cc gi tin gim st kch thc ln s nh
hng ti lu lng mng cn gim st.
Chin lc ly mu : Chin lc ly mu thm d xc inh phn b ca tr t cc gi
tin gim st lin tc gm 3 kiu : nh k, ngu nhin v tng t. Kiu ly mu nh
k gi thng tin theo tng khong thi gian, trong tip cn ny c th khng thu c
cc thng tin s kin trong khong thi gian gia hai ln ly mu. Th tc gi gi tin
gim st ngu nhin c phn b theo mt dng hm mt xc sut nhm a ra
cc mc o ph hp hn vi s phn b lu lng mng. Ly mu theo tng t l s
kt hp ca cc gi tin gim st theo tng nhm v khong cch gia cc nhm c th
theo nh k hoc ngu nhin.
Tc kim tra gim st : Tc kim tra, gim st c xc nh qua s lng gi
tin gi i trong chu trnh kim tra gim st, tc kim tra c th gy xo trn lu
lng trong mng nu c mt lng ln cc gi tin c gi qua cc lin kt c bng
thng thp v gy ra kt qu o sai. Vic xc nh chnh xc tc kim tra thch hp
da trn tnh cn bng gia chnh xc ca cc php o v mc nh hng ti cc
lung lu lng trn mng. Trn thc t, tc ny ph thuc vo cc c tnh ca
ng dng hoc lp ng dng b gim st.
81
Thi gian kim tra v tn sut : Thi gian kim tra v tn sut cn ln nhm m
bo tnh chnh xc ca php o. Ngng thp nht ca (thi gian x tn sut) ch ra mt
ca s p ng xc sut s kin cn gim st, khung ca s cng ln dn ti xc sut
mt s kin cng nhiu. Thm vo , nu cc thit b gim st ch ng lu gi thng
tin trng thi qua cc chu k kim tra, tc kim tra nh hng rt ln ti kt qu o.
b. Cc tham s o ch ng
Cc tham s o lng theo phng php ch ng c th l mt tham s n hoc
mt tp tham s c xc nh qua lung lu lng gim st. Cc tham s thng dng
thng l : tr, bin ng tr, tn tht gi, bng thng v thng qua, s sp xp li,
kh dng v cht lng cm nhn t pha ngi dng QoE.
c. Cc kha cnh trin khai gim st ch ng
Mt h thng o ch ng s dng cc agent gim st ch ng gi v nhn cc gi
tin gim st. Cc agent ny c th gn hoc nhng vi cc thit b mng. Cc agent
gn ngoi c th l phn cng c bit chy phn mm gim st ch ng. Tip cn
ny a ra c cch nhn khch quan nht t pha ngi s dng, tuy nhin n yu
cu b sung cc thit b v lm tng gi thnh. i ngc vi cch tip cn trn, mt
s nh cung cp thit b h tr sn cc agent gim st ch ng trong cc sn phm,
cho php trin khai nhanh cc h thng gim st m khng cn b sung thit b ph
tr. Do cc thng s o t gim st ch ng th hin cc c tnh ng dng nn cc
thit b gim st ch ng cng gn vi cc h thng ng dng u cui cng tt. Tuy
nhin, iu ny ty thuc vo cu hnh mng trin khai trong thc tin v thng c
cc dng cu hnh nh : cu hnh kt ni hnh li y , cu hnh kt ni hnh li
tng phn v cu hnh kt ni hnh li phn cp. Ngoi ra cn mt s vn nh
hng ti m hnh trin khai h thng gim st ch ng nh : o cc ng dn a
ng cn bng gi v dng h ng b cng l nhng vn quan trng nh hng
ti h thng gim st ch ng.
3.3 GIM ST T XA RMON

3.3.1 Gii thiu chung
Gim st t xa RMON (Remote MONitoring) l mt c s thng tin qun l tiu chun
khc vi giao thc qun l mng n gin. Cc thng tin qun l, tp hp v phn tch
ni b, c th truyn n trm qun l t xa v c gim st. Tng t giao thc qun
l mng n gin SNMP, gim st t xa RMON l mt tiu chun m c nh ngha
bi IETF (RFC-1757) v gm hai phin bn RMONv1 (RFC 2819), RMONv2 (RFC
2021). RMONv1 cung cp cc trm qun l mng NMS vi trng thi mc gi ca
ton b mng LAN, MAN hoc WAN. RMONv2 ci thin RMONv1 trn c s b
sung, cung cp trng thi mc mng v ng dng.
82
RMON cung cp cc thng tin tiu chun cho ngi qun tr mng c th s dng
gim st, phn tch v sa li cho mt nhm mng cc b phn tn v kt ni
T1/E1, T2/E3 ti cc trm trung tm. RMON nh ngha cc thng tin c t cho cc
kiu h thng gim st mng. S khc bit ca RMON v SNMP c ch ra di
y :
RMON da trn thit b, trong s dng cc phn cng c bit iu hnh.
RMON gi thng tin theo phng php ch ng nhm s dng ti u bng thng
v cc s kin mng.
RMON c kh nng thu thp d liu chi tit.
Thit b RMON cung cp mt h thng gim st mnh m vi chi ph thp, cc
thm d RMON thng c ci t trong cc lin kt ng trc v my ch.
H thng RMON c th cu hnh cung cp d liu nh :
o Cc thng tin lin quan ti hiu sut mng;
o Cc thng tin thng k cho phn tch trng thi v chin lc mng;
o Thng tin m t truyn thng gia cc h thng v lng d liu trao i.
RMON tr thnh tiu chun nm 1992 vi phin bn RMONv1 cho mng Ethernet.
RMONv2 c hon thin 1997. RMONv1 hot ng ch trn lp lin kt d liu ca
m hnh OSI, RMONv2 thm kh nng thu thp d liu t cc lp cao hn v a ra
nhiu kh nng bo co hn. V d, RMONv2 c th bo co cc s kin xy ra ti lp
lu lng TCP thay v lp IP trong phn on LAN a giao thc. Cc nh qun tr
mng s dng cc b phn tch mng gim st cc vn s dng mng v cc s
kin lin quan. Nhm m bo chnh xc d liu lu lng mng, cc b phn tch
mng c gn vo cc mng ch trnh s lc b thng tin ca cc cu ni. Thm
vo , ci thin hiu nng gim st t xa v chn on lu lng mng, cc b
phn tch ni tip c a vo chuyn tip lu lng d liu ti trung tm x l.
Cng ng ngi s dng vi s tr gip ca IETF nh ngha cc c tnh gim st
tiu chun cho php gim st cc mng khc nhau v cc h thng iu hnh khc
nhau c th trao i cc thng tin gim st mng. Cc c tnh RMON ny nh ngha
mt tp cc trng thi v chc nng c th trao i gia cc khi qun l mng v cc
phn t thm d (probe). RMON a ti ngi qun l mng s la chn ty cc
phn t thm d v gim st ph hp vi mi trng ng dng.
Cc phn t thm d RMON thay th cc thit b phn tch mng t tin c gn
vo cc vng trng yu trong mng. Cc phn t thm d RMON c nhiu dng khc
nhau ph thuc vo kch thc v kiu thit b gim st: Nhng RMON MIB trn
chnh thit b chu s gim st, card ri, thit b hoc my tnh ngoi. Trong , cc
phn cng c bit gn vi cc thit b chu s gim st c li im nh: Thu thp
c cc tham s o chi tit hn agent SNMP v hot ng nh mt b x l thi gian
thc cho qu trnh thu thp thng tin gi ti NMS.
83
Hnh 3.1: V tr RMON trong cy MIB-II

Thng tin qun l h thng RMON v c s thng tin qun l MIB l c s cc nh
cung cp thit b khc nhau cng c tham gia vo h thng gim st. Trong h
thng truyn thng ca thng tin qun l mng, tiu chun chung cho RMON c
nh ngha ti RFC.1757 trn c s c php ASN.1. Cc nhm ca RMON (RMONv1
v RMONv2) thuc vo nt 16 ca cy c s thng tin qun l MIB-II (hnh 3.1). Cc
nhm ca RMONv1 gm 9 nhm c nh ngha trong RFC 1757 v RMONv2 gm
9 nhm b sung c nh ngha trong RFC 2021. RMONv1 nh ngha cc hot ng
ti lp lin kt d liu ca m hnh OSI, trong khi RMONv2 m rng hot ng ti
cc lp cao hn.
Mt s c tnh c bn ca RMON nh sau:
a. iu hnh ngoi tuyn
RMON cho php mt phn t thm d thc hin cc cng tc chn on v thu thp
thng tin lin tc ngay c khi truyn thng vi trm qun l khng kt ni. Phn t
thm d c gng thng bo vi trm qun l khi c cc iu kin bt thng xy ra.
Tuy nhin, khi xy ra li truyn thng, phn t thm d lu tr thng tin v truyn li
trm qun l khi kt ni c khi phc.
b. Gim st ch ng
Vi RMON, thit b gim st t xa (phn t thm d) c mt ngun ti nguyn thc
hin chn on v lu gi thng tin hiu nng mng. V vy, phn t thm d c th
thng bo ti trm qun l li v lu tr thng tin trng thi v li. Thng tin ny c
th c chuyn ti trm qun l thc hin cc chn on xa hn nhm cch ly
nguyn nhn li.
c. Pht hin v bo co li
Phn t thm d c th c cu hnh nhm nhn dng cc iu kin li v kim tra
cc li. Khi mt trong cc iu kin b vi phm, s kin c ghi li v c thng
bo ti cc trm qun l theo mt s cch thc khc nhau.
d. D liu gia tng gi tr
84
Mt khi thit b gim st t xa th hin mt ngun ti nguyn mng khc bit vi cc
chc nng qun l mng v n c xc nh trc tip t phn gim st mng, thit b
gim st t xa c th thm cc gi tr vo d liu thu thp nhm h tr cc phn t
thm d a ra c cc thng tin chnh xc hn ti thit b gim st t xa.
e. a qun l
Mt t chc c th c nhiu trm qun l cho cc n v ca t chc vi cc chc nng
khc nhau nhm cung cp cc thng tin tt nht khi phc li. Do mi trng a
qun l rt ph bin trong thc t, cc thit b gim st t xa cn c chc nng phn
phi thng tin ti nguyn ti cc trm qun l khc nhau.
3.3.2 Cc thnh phn ca RMON
Hnh 3.2 ch ra mt m hnh RMON in hnh. Tng t SNMP, mt kiu cu hnh
RMON gm mt trung tm qun l mng NMS v mt thit b gim st t xa RMON.
Hnh 3.2: Cu hnh RMON in hnh

Trung tm qun l mng NMS c th hot ng trn cc my ch windows,
unix hoc my PC chy cc ng dng qun l mng nhm thc hin cc nhim v tp
hp trng thi qua vic gim st cc gi tin d liu trn mng, lu tr cc thng tin
ph hp vi c tnh ca RMON.
T NMS, ta c th a ra cc cu lnh yu cu thng tin t RMON agent,
RMON agent gi thng tin yu cu ti NMS s c x l v hin th thng tin trn
bn iu khin.
chi tit hn cc c tnh hot ng ca RMON, ta xem xt mt trng hp
gim st mng t xa trn hnh 3.3. Mng c xy dng da trn mng ng trc
FDDI v kt ni ti mng LAN thng qua thit b cu. Cc b nh tuyn cha phn
mm gim st RMON nhm gim st cc thnh phn trong cc phn on mng. Khi
xut hin cc s kin bt bnh thng trong cc phn on mng qun l, RMON gi
thng tin ti h thng gim st mng t xa bo co. M hnh trn hnh 3.2 cng ch
ra li ch ca s dng RMON khi cc agent khng nht thit phi tn ti trong ton b
thi gian qun l h thng mng.
85
Hnh 3.3: V d v mng gim st t xa RMON

Mt s c ch xc nhn li trong mng IP nh gi tin ICMP ping c th b tn tht
trong cc ng truyn thng c khong cch ln. Nht l khi c hin tng tc nghn
lu lng. V vy, cc gi tin thm d RMON c thc hin trong tng mng ni b
v gim st lin tc lm tng tin cy ca bi ton gim st.
3.3.3 iu khin thit b RMON
Do tnh phc tp ca cc hm chc nng trong cc thit b, cc chc nng iu khin
thng yu cu cu hnh t pha ngi s dng. Trong rt nhiu trng hp, chc
nng ny yu cu cc tham s thit lp cc iu hnh thu thp d liu v cc iu
hnh ch c th thc hin khi cc tham s c thit lp y . Nhiu nhm chc
nng trong c s thng tin qun l MIB c mt vi bng thit lp tham s iu khin
hoc s dng lu kt qu ca hot ng iu hnh. Cc bng c s d liu iu
khin l cc bng ghi c (readwrite) trong khi cc bng c s d liu kt qu l cc
bng ch c (read only). Cc tham s trong bng iu khin c s dng m t
d liu kt qu trong bng d liu. Trong mt s trng hp, cc khon mc d liu c
th khng tn ti. V vy, cc tham s iu khin c yu cu sa i nhm nhn
dng cc d liu lin quan trong bng d liu v to ra cc tham s iu khin mi.
Vic xa khon mc iu khin cng l mt phng php thch hp nhm phn nh li
ngun ti nguyn s dng ca cc d liu lin quan.
Mt s i tng trong MIB cung cp mt c ch thc hin cc hot ng ca thit b
gim st t xa. Cc i tng ny c th thc hin cc hot ng khi c s thay i
trng thi ca i tng.
a. Chia s ti nguyn gia cc trm qun l
Khi s dng h thng a trm qun l, ngun ti nguyn c chia s gia cc trm
qun l. V d nh b nh v ngun ti nguyn tnh ton phc v cho cc yu cu chc
nng. Mt s vn tranh chp thng xy ra gm:
86
Hai trm qun l cng mun s dng ngun ti nguyn vt qu kh nng ca

thit b.
Mt trm qun l s dng mt lng ti nguyn nht nh trong mt khong
thi gian di.
Mt trm qun l s dng cc ti nguyn v khng gii phng sau khi s dng.
Mt c ch c cung cp cho mi trm qun l ti MIB nhm trnh cc xung t v
gii quyt khi xung t xy ra. Mi mt hm chc nng c mt nhn nhn dng khi
to. Nhn ny c t bi b khi to nhm tng thch cc kh nng sau:
Mt trm qun l c th xc nh r ngun ti nguyn v yu cu s dng ca
n.
Ngi iu hnh mng c th tm thy cc trm chim gi ti nguyn v tha
thun gii phng ti nguyn.
Ngi iu hnh mng c th quyt nh n phng gii phng ti nguyn vi
cc nh iu hnh mng khc.
Ngay sau khi khi to, mt trm qun l c th nhn dng cc ngun ti nguyn
c s dng trc v c th gii phng khi khng c s dng.
Cc trm qun l v cc phn t thm d cn phi h tr tt c nh dng ca chui
a ra bi cc vng mng. N cha mt hoc mt vi tn sau: a ch IP, tn trm
qun l, tn cc nh qun l mng, khu vc hoc s in thoi. Cc thng tin ny s
gip ngi s dng chia s ti nguyn hiu qu.
Thng thng, mt s chc nng ca thit b v nh qun l phn t thm d mun
c thit lp ngm nh. Cc ti nguyn gn vi cc chc nng ny c s hu bi
chnh bn thn thit b hoc nh qun l mng trong thi gian hot ng. Trong trng
hp ny, thit b hoc nh qun l s t cc i tng s hu lin quan vo mt chui
bt u vi t gim st monitor. Mt trm qun l mng ch thay i cc i tng
ny di s ch o ca ngi qun l phn t thm d.
Cc ngun ti nguyn trn mt phn t thm d c ch nh khi cc hng iu khin
c to ra bi cc ng dng. Khi c rt nhiu cc ng dng cng s dng phn t
thm d cng mt thi im, vic phn b ti nguyn khng hiu qu s dn n s
thiu ht ti nguyn trong phn t thm d. Khi mt trm qun l mng mun s dng
mt chc nng trong mt khi gim st t xa, n qut bng iu khin ca chc nng
tm cc tham s tng t chia s. Cc tham s c bin ng t nht l cc
tham s thuc v khi gim st. Nu mt trm qun l quyt nh chia s ti nguyn
cho nhng trm qun l khc, n cn hiu rng trm qun l s hu cc tham s c th
khng cho php sa i hoc xa b. V vy, mt ng dng qun l quan trng thng
c t trong hng ca khi gim st do s thay i trong hng ny t khi xy ra.
Trong khi , mt hng ca mt ng dng qun l c thi gian sng nh v nh qun l
87
mng thng phn b li ti nguyn t hn l mt hng thuc v khi gim st
c s dng bi nhiu ngi s dng.
b. B sung hng gia cc trm qun l
C ch b sung thm hng c m t trong RFC 1212. Trong c s thng tin qun l
MIB, cc hng thng xuyn c b sung vo trong mt bng cu hnh mt chc
nng. Cu hnh ny thng gm cc tham s iu hnh chc nng. Agent cn kim
tra cc tham s ny m bo chng ph hp vi cc gii hn c nh ngha trong
MIB cng nh gii hn v ti nguyn. Cc khi thc thi Agent c th nhm ln khi
kim tra cc tham s ny v bo li ti trm qun l rng cc tham s ny khng c gi
tr do hai kh nng sau:
Khi mt trm qun l t ring l cc i tng tham s.
Khi trm qun l t mt i tng trng thi khng chnh xc.
Trng hp th hai xy ra khi mt trm qun l c mt vi tham s khng chnh xc v
gy ra li, khi thc thi s la chn cc tham s trc c thm thng tin v trm
qun l. Thm vo , mt vn ny sinh khi nhiu trm cng qun l c gng thit
lp cc thng tin cu hnh bng giao thc SNMP trong cng mt thi im. Khi ,
qu trnh b sung mt hng mi trong cng mt bng iu khin c th dn ti tranh
chp gia cc trm qun l khi cc trm ny cng mun to cng mt khon mc.
trnh tranh chp ny, mi khon mc iu khin nh vy cha mt i tng trng
thi c mt ng ngha c bit dn xp gia cc trm qun l. Nu mt c ch to
hng a ra mt i tng trng thi tng t nh i tng trng thi tn ti th bn
tin bo li c gi ti trm qun l. Khi nhiu trm qun l cng mun to ra mt
hng, ch trm qun l u tin thnh cng v cc trm cn li s nhn c thng bo
li.
Khi mt trm qun l mun to ra mt khon mc iu khin mi, n to ra mt ch
mc cho hng . La chn ch mc c th theo nhiu cch khc nhau nhng u
nhm hn ch ti thiu c hi ca cc trm qun l khc s dng ch mc ny. Nu ch
mc ang c s dng, cc k thut trn y s c s dng chng tranh chp.
Mt s bng trong c s thng tin qun l MIB ny c tham chiu ti cc bng khc
trong cng MIB. Khi to v xa cc khon mc trong cc bng ny, n cho php cc
tham chiu khng n nh tn ti v khng nh ngha th t to hoc xa cc
khon mc trong bng.
3.3.3 RMONv1
Nh gii thiu, RMONv1 gm 9 nhm c nh ngha bi RFC 1757 v
mt nhm m rng cho TokenRing RFC 1513. Cc nhm trong RMONv1 c th
hin qua hnh 3.4.
88
Hnh 3.4: Cc nhm ca RMONv1 v RMONv2

Hai loi d liu c nh ngha trong RMON1 c quy c l chui d liu
ca ngi qun l (OwnerString) v trng thi khon mc (EntryStatus). Hai kiu d
liu ny c s dng bi h thng qun l gim st v thit b chu qun l gim st.
Cc thng tin d liu c biu din qua bng tham s iu khin gim st. Bng iu
khin gim st cho php to, s dng v xa cc tham s nhm thc thi cc hot ng
gim st thng qua d liu OwnerString, OwnerString cn c gi l monitor khi
mt Agent t qun l chnh n.
D liu trng thi khon mc EntryStatus c s dng gii quyt xung t
c th xut hin gia h thng qun l bng phng php nhn cng. i vi mt bng
iu khin nhiu ngi s dng, mt ct c s dng ring cho d liu trng thi
khon mc EntryStatus v gm 4 trng thi: (1) valid, (2) createRequest, (3)
underCreation, v (4) invalid; c biu din trong bng 3.1. Trong trng thi iu
khin c hiu lc (valid), tt c cc h thng qun l s dng thit b RMON c th s
dng hng d liu. Nu d liu trng thi khon mc ch ra l khng hiu lc (invalid)
h thng s mt d liu. Trng thi khng hiu lc cn c c s dng xa
hng. Nu hng mong mun ca thng tin khng tn ti, h thng qun l c th to ra
mt hng qua trng thi createRequest. Trong qu trnh trao i thng tin gia khi
qun l v Agent, trng thi ca khon mc c t vo trng thi underCreation
nhm trnh s s dng hng ca cc khi qun l khc. Sau khi qu trnh to thng tin
d liu hon thnh, trng thi ny c thit lp v trng thi c hiu lc (valid).
89
Bng 3.1. Quy c EntryStatus
Trng thi Th M t
t
Valid 1 Hng tn ti v trong trng thi hot ng.
createRequest 2 Yu cu to hng mi qua i tng ny
underCreation 3 Hng khng trong trng thi kch hot.
Invalid 4 Xa hng bng cch ngt cc lin kt nh x ti khon

mc.
Cc nhm v chc nng RMONv1

RMONv1 thc thi cc chc nng lp lin kt d liu, trong hnh 3.5 m t chi tit
hn v nhm v chc nng RMONv1.
Hnh 3.5: Cc nhm ca RMONv1

T mng b gim st t xa, module thu thp d liu nhn cc thng tin gim st v
chuyn ti tng khi chc nng qun l. Cc d liu c a vo 5 khi chc nng
trong c 3 khi s dng gim st lu lng thng k cho cc kiu mng v thit
b (tokenRing, Ethernet v my trm). Khi chc nng iu khin lch s ca
tokenRing c s dng chung vi Ethernet. Cc u ra ca cc module ny a ra
pha qun l mng cc thng tin thng k di dng bng biu hoc biu . Nhm
chc nng lc bao gm chc nng lc gi theo chui v la chn cc knh tng ng,
khi lc a ra cc thng tin cnh bo hoc cc s kin khi cc d liu vt qu gii
hn hoc khng hp l. Cc thng tin ca nhm lc c th c lu tr trong module
bt gi gi tin phn tch cc mu lu lng hoc cc s kin bt thng trong
mng. Cc nhm i tng ca RMONv1 l cc n v c s thng nht, thit b gim
90
st t xa s dng mt nhm i tng ng ngha vi vic s dng ton b i tng
trong nhm. Tt c cc nhm trong c s thng tin qun l MIB ny u l ty chn,
b sung ca MIB ny u ko theo s b sung nhm giao din v h thng ca MIB-
II. MIB-II cng c th y thc s b sung ca cc nhm ph. Cc nhm ny c nh
ngha cung cp mt phng tin gn nhn dng i tng v cung cp mt phng
php cho cc agents qun l bit i tng no cn c b sung.
Chc nng ca cc nhm i tng ca RMONv1 c ch ra trn bng 3.2 gm:
Thng k trng thi Ethernet (ethernet statistics); iu kin lch s (history control);
lch s Ethernet (ethernet history); cnh bo (alarm); my trm (host); my trm phn
cp cao nht (hostTopN); ma trn (matrix); b lc (filter); bt gi tin (packet capture);
s kin (event).
Bng 3.2. Cc bng v nhm MIB RMON1
Nhm OID Chc nng Bng
Statistics rmon 1 Trng thi mc lin kt -etherStatsTable

-etherStats2Table
History rmon 2 Thu thp d liu trng thi nh k -historyControlTable

v lu tr thng tin. -etherHistoryTable
-historyControl2Table
-etherHistory2Table
Alarm rmon 3 To cc s kin khi mu thu thp -alarmTable

vt ngng.
Host rmon 4 Thu thp d liu trn my trm. -hostControlTable

-hostTable
-hostTimeTable
-hostControl2Table
HostTopN rmon 5 S lng cc my trm sp xp -hostTopNcontrolTable

theo s liu thng k thu thp c.
Matrix rmon 6 Thng k lu lng gia cp my -matrixControlTable

trm. -matrixSDTable
-matrixDSTable
-matrixControl2Table
Filter rmon 7 Chc nng lc cho php bt gi cc -filterTable
91
thng tin cn thit. -channelTable
-filter2Table
-channel2Table
Packet rmon 8 Bt gi tin qua cc knh. -buffercontrolTable

Capture -captureBufferTable
Event rmon 9 iu khin to s kin v cnh bo. -eventTable
Chc nng chi tit ca cc nhm c lit k di y:

a. Nhm thng k Ethernet
Nhm thng k Ethernet cha cc d liu thng k o bi cc phn t thm d trn
mi giao din Ethernet ca thit b. Nhm ny gm bng d liu thng k ethernet
(etherStatsTable). Da trn cng m hnh ny, cc nhm khc c th c nh ngha
cho cc kiu phng tin khc nh FDDI v TokenRing.
b. Nhm iu khin lch s
Nhm iu khin lch s iu khin mu trng thi thng k nh k ca d liu t cc
kiu mng khc nhau. Trong nhm ny gm bng iu khin lch s
(historyControlTable).
c. Nhm lch s Ethernet
Nhm lch s Ethernet ghi li cc mu thng k nh k t mng Ethernet v lu tr t
cc ln ly d liu sau cng. Nhm ny gm bng lch s ethernet (ethHistoryTable).
Cc nhm ny c th nh ngha cho cc kiu phng tin khc nh FDDI v
TokenRing.
d. Nhm cnh bo
Nhm cnh bo nh k a ra cc mu thng k t cc bin trong d liu thm d v
so snh chng vi cc ngng c cu hnh. Mt s kin c to ra nu cc bin
vt qu ngng nh sn. Mt c ch gy tr c thc hin nhm gii hn cc bn
tin cnh bo, trnh s gia tng ca cc bn tin cnh bo gy tc ng xu ti hiu nng
mng. Nhm ny gm bng cnh bo (alarmTable) v cc c ch thc thi s kin.
e. Nhm my trm
Nhm my trm cha cc d liu thng k lin quan ti cc s kin pht hin my
trm trong mng, cha danh sch cc a ch MAC ngun/ch t cc gi tin trong
mng. Nhm ny gm cc bng: bng iu khin my trm (hostControlTable); Bng
my trm (hostTable) v bng thi gian my trm (hostTimeTable).
f. Nhm my trm nh N
92
Nhm hostTopN c s dng cho cc bo co m t gim st cc my trm trn t
trn xung di theo th t thng k gm N my trm. Cc thng k kh dng l cc
mu thng k thu c theo thi gian xc lp bi trm qun l. V vy, mu thng k
ny da trn tc ly mu. Trm qun l cng la chn s lng cc my trm bo
co (N). Nhm ny gm bng iu khin my trm nh (hostTopControlTable), bng
my trm nh (hostTopTable) v yu cu thc hin trong nhm my trm (host
group).
g. Nhm ma trn
Nhm ma trn lu tr d liu thng k lu lng s dng cho nhim v trao i thng
tin gia hai tp a ch. Mt khon mc mi trong bng nh tuyn c to ra khi mt
thit b nhn dng c mt qu trnh trao i. Nhm ny gm bng iu khin ma
trn (matrixControlTable), bng ma trn ngun (matrixSDTable) v bng ma trn ch
(matrixDSTable).
h. Nhm lc
Nhm lc cho php lc cc gi thch hp nhm phc v cho qu trnh gim st. Nhm
ny gm bng lc gi (filterTable) nhm cho php cc gi tin thch hp c chuyn
qua knh truyn v bng knh (channelTable) th hin knh thng tin truyn cc gi
tin gim st.
i. Nhm bt gi
Nhm bt gi cho php cc gi c thu thp sau khi chuyn qua knh truyn. Nhm
ny gm bng iu khin m (bufferControlTable), bng b m bt gi
(captureBufferTable), cc nhim v bt gi gi tin trong b m c thc thi trong
nhm lc gi.
j. Nhm s kin
Nhm s kin iu khin chc nng to v thng bo cc s kin t cc thit b. Nhm
ny gm bng s kin (eventTable) m t cc s kin s c thng bo v bng lu
vt (logTable) lu li lch s cc s kin.
3.3.4 RMONv2
RMONv1 c bn gim st c d liu tch hp ti lp lin kt d liu trong m
hnh OSI. RMONv2 m rng kh nng gim st cho cc mc cao hn, t lp mng ti
lp ng dng. Mc ng dng c s dng trong khi nim SNMP RMON m t mt
lp cc giao thc, v khng hon ton tun th theo m hnh 7 lp OSI. Cc thng k
li trong lp cao bt k u c chuyn xung ti lp mng. V d, cc li lp mng
khng bao gm cc li lp lin kt d liu, nhng cc li lp truyn ti bao trm v
th hin ti lp mng.
93
Kin trc c s thng tin qun l ca RMONv2 gm 10 nhm chc nng c ch ra
trn hnh 3.4 v c tm tt trong bng 3.3 di y.
Bng 3.3. Cc nhm v bng MIB RMONv2
Nhm OID Chc nng Bng
Protocol Rmon 11 Tm tt cc giao thc protocolDirTable

directory
Protocol Rmon 12 Thng k lu lng protocolDistControlTable

distribution tng quan giao thc
trn c s octet v cc
gi
Address map Rmon 13 Bn nh x a ch protocolDistStatsTable

MAC v a ch mng addressMapControlTable
trn cc giao din
Network layer Rmon 14 Lu lng d liu i v addressMapTable

host n mi my trm n1HostControlTable
Network layer Rmon 15 D liu lu lng gia n1Host Table

matrix cc cp my trm n1MatrixControlTable
Application Rmon 16 Lu lng d liu giao n1MatrixSDTable

layer host thc i v n mi my n1MatrixDSTable
trm
n1MatrixTopNControlTable
n1MatrixTopNTable
a1HostTable
Application Rmon 17 Lu lng d liu giao a1MatrixSDTable

layer matrix thc gia 2 my trm
User history Rmon 18 D liu lch s ca usrHistoryObjectTable

collection ngi s dng trn c usrHistoryTable
s cc cnh bo v
thng k serialConfigTable
Probe Rmon 19 Cu hnh cc tham s netConfigTable

Configuration phn t gim st trapDestTable
serialConnectionTable
94
Cc nhm trn y da trn cc n v c s ca phn t gim st. Nu mt thit b
gim st t xa thc hin trin khai trong mt nhm, thit b phi thc thi vi tt c
cc i tng trong nhm . Cc chc nng s lc ca cc nhm gm:
a, Nhm th mc giao thc
Th mc giao thc l mt phng php cho php mt ng dng RMONv2 d dng
lin kt iu hnh vi cc giao thc c trin khai trong cc agent. Nhm th mc
giao thc m t nhn dng cc giao thc thng qua cc tham s c phn t gim st
thu thp (v d, ch s cng UDP) cho tt c cc giao thc lp pha trn lp IP. Cc
tham s cu hnh cho phn t gim st c thay i trong bng th mc giao thc
(ProtocolDirTalbe), mi giao thc c nhn dng thng qua mt ch s ID trn ct
duy nht trong bng. Cc giao thc th hin trong th mc giao thc c nh ngha
trong RFC 2074.
b, Nhm phn phi giao thc
Nhm phn phi giao thc cung cp thng tin v lu lng tng quan gia cc giao
thc khc nhau trn c s cc octet hoc cc gi. Thn vo , nhm phn phi giao
thc thc hin vic nh x cc d liu thu thp c bi phn t gim st v ti tn
giao thc hin th cho ngi qun l mng. Bng d liu phn phi giao thc
(protocolDistControlTable) c cu hnh theo d liu c tp hp v lu tr ti
bng thng k phn phi giao thc (protocolDistStatsTable).
c, Nhm nh x a ch
Nhm nh x a ch thc hin bin dch a ch lp MAC v lp mng thng qua
phn t gim st nhm cung cp thng tin ti ngi qun l mng v nn tng qun l.
nh x a ch c thc hin trn cc giao din thng qua hai bng d liu: bng
thng k phn phi giao thc (protocolDistStatsTable) v bng iu khin nh x a
ch (addressMapControlTable).
d, Nhm my trm lp mng
Nhm my trm lp mng cung cp thng k thng tin lp mng c phn loi theo
a ch mng. Nhm ny gim st v thng k lu lng i/n cc a ch mng thng
qua phn t thm d. Nhm gm mt bng nh x a ch lp mng
(addressMapTable) v bng iu khin my trm (HostControlTable).
e, Nhm ma trn lp mng
Nhm ma trn lp mng lu tr cc thng k lu lng ng dng c truyn thng
gia cc tp a ch lp mng. Nhm ny gm bng iu khin ma trn lu lng
(matrixHostTable) v bng d liu lu lng gia cc cp my ch (hostTable).
f, Nhm lp ng dng ca my trm
95
Cc chc nng lp ng dng trong my trm c chia thnh hai nhm gm nhm lp
ng dng my trm v nhm ma trn lp ng dng. Cc thng tin v ng dng v lu
lng d liu giao thc c th hin qua cc bng ca lp ng dng lu tr s liu
thng k v a ch, lu lng i v n my trm v bng iu khin.
g, Nhm ma trn lp ng dng
Nhm ma trn lp ng dng thng k lu lng giao thc c chuyn gia cc cp
my trm.
h, Nhm thu thp thng tin lch s ngi s dng
Cc thng tin cnh bo v lch s ngi s dng c thu thp trong nhm thu thp
thng tin lch s ngi s dng. Cc chc nng ny c thc hin bi cc h thng
qun l mng. Cc i tng d liu c tp hp trong cc nhm bucket, mi nhm
bucket gn lin vi mt i tng MIB v cc phn t trong nhm l cc trng hp
ca i tng MIB. Ngi dng c th thay i d liu c tp hp bng vic nhp
d liu trong bng iu khin lch s ngi s dng (usrHistoryControlTable), khi
s c kt hp vi cc hng ca cc trng hp trong bng i tng lch s ngi
s dng (usrHistoryObjectTable).
h, Nhm cu hnh phn t thm d
Chc nng ca nhm cho php mt ng dng RMON ca mt nh cung cp thit b c
th cu hnh t xa cc tham s ca phn t thm d thuc v nh cung cp thit b
khc. RMONv2 b sung thm tnh nng tng thch vi cc c tnh bt buc hoc ty
chn nhm h tr cc nh cung cp thit b b sung cc tham s gim st cho cc h
thng gim st t xa. Cc chc nng cu hnh gm: Cu hnh truy nhp ni tip
(modem); cu hnh a ch IP; cu hnh cc kt ni ni tip cho by (trap) v cu hnh
cc tham s by.
3.4 TNG KT CHNG 3

Trong chng 3 trnh by mt s c im c bn ca phng php gim st t xa.
Trn c s nguyn tc chung v gim st t xa, hai phin bn gim st t xa RMONv1
v RMONv2 c m t trn cc kha cnh nguyn l hot ng, v tr v chc
nng ca cc nhm trong cy c s thng tin qun l. Mc d gim st t xa c c
mt lot cc li im nh trnh by, RMON hin vn cn mt s vn cn tip tc
ci thin nh: phc tp trin khai RMON trn cc thit b qun l v agent rt ln,
kh nng ty bin v m rng km v mc ph bin cn hn ch.
96
Chng 4: Qun l mng thc tin
CHNG 4
QUN L CC MNG THC TIN

4.1 QUN L MNG IP
4.1.1 La chn phng php qun l

Trong thc t, cc thit b trong mng IP l rt a dng v phc tp dn ti vic
cn thit phi c mt s lng ln tham s cu hnh. Thm vo , mi mc thit b
mng u yu cu cc c tnh qun l ring v khc nhau. Trong phn ln cc kch
bn qun l, cc tham s ny c t gi tr ngm nh, cc phng php qun l
mng hng ti s thay i cc tham s ny ti u cc chc nng mng trong cc
m hnh c th. Ti mt thi im, rt nhiu cc tc v cn c thc hin nh: gim
st chc nng v hnh vi cc nt, ngun ti nguyn kch hot, lu lng chuyn tip
v cc trng thi tc nghn. Cc vn qun l trn c mt min rng t thng tin
trng thi c bn ca thit b ti cc d liu chi tit lin quan ti cc chc nng bn
trong ca thit b. Cc thng tin cn thit c ly ra t cc thit b c chit xut
theo cc module chc nng hoc cc thnh phn logic.
Kh nng cung cp cc dch v mi cng l mt yu cu qun l quan trng,
yu cu ny c th cn cc ngun ti nguyn chc chn ti mi nt dc theo ng dn
qun l mng. Mng IP c th s dng giao thc bo hiu dnh trc ti nguyn RSVP
(Resource ReSerVation Protocol) thc hin nhim v ny.
Qun l mng l mt min trong hu ht cc nh cung cp dch v Internet
quan tm, c tnh ca cc mng ny l thng xuyn thay i v ng lc thc y
cc loi hnh dch v mi lun c ngi s dng yu cu. S thay i ny dn ti
mt lot s thay i cc b cng c qun l mng v yu cu cc nh cung cp dch v
Internet a ra cc gii php k thut nhm p ng cc yu cu ca khch hng. Thm
vo , nhng khch hng doanh nghip hin nay thng yu cu cung cp cc dch
v ring o, loi hnh dch v chia s ti nguyn kiu ny t ra mt lot cc thch
thc mi i vi kh nng qun l mng.
4.1.2 La chn phng php cu hnh
C rt nhiu cch cu hnh thit b trong mng IP, t cc phng php cu
hnh t ng qua cc giao thc BOOTP v DHCP, ti cc giao din dng lnh, file cu
hnh v cc giao din ngi dng ha. Cc k thut ny c th s dng t hp thng
tin v k thut ca nh sn xut, cc giao thc tiu chun v cc khun dng d liu
tiu chun.
97
Cc giao din dng lnh: Cng c qun l n gin nht i vi cc thit b
mng l s dng cng c dng lnh CLI (Command Line Interface). CLI l mt tp
dng lnh da trn text a ra bi ngi iu hnh ti thit b kt cui qun l. Cc
dng lnh c cc c php c bit c nh ngha bi nh cung cp thit b, cc thit
b ca cng nh cung cp thng c chung cc b cu lnh v ng ngha cu lnh.
iu ny c ngha rng cc nh vn hnh khi qun l cc nt mng t cc nh sn xut
khc nhau phi nhn thc c cc ngn ng lnh cho nt .
Do cc thit b thc hin cng chung cc chc nng cn c thc hin cng
phng php cu hnh, cng nh cc nh cung cp thit b nhn thy cc vn phc
tp ca cc mng qun l xy dng trn cu trc phn cng ca cc nh cung cp khc
nhau. Khuynh hng ca CLI thng s dng l hi t cc c php cu lnh t cc
nh cng nghip ln. iu ny c li ch r rng nhng cng to ra tnh phc tp khi
phi ghi nh cu lnh. Trong m hnh n gin nht, CLI yu cu ngi iu hnh ti
thit b qun l c kt ni trc tip vi thit b b qun l. iu ny khng kh thi
trong cc trng hp mng ln, trong cc b nh tuyn v chuyn mch c phn
tn trong cc vng a l rng. Truy nhp qua bn iu khin t xa c th ng vai tr
nh mt my ch kt cui m ngi s dng kt ni telnet qua n ti thit b c
qun l.
Mt phng php khc c s dng khi thit b h tr giao thc iu khin
truyn ti TCP (Transport Control Protocol) v chy my ch Telnet, ngi iu hnh
c th truy nhp bng Telnet v chy CLI.
Mt trng hp c th xy ra v cn c tnh n khi ngi iu hnh phi
cu hnh thit b trong thi gian thit b khi to li, v vy hu ht cc thit b u lu
tr d liu ca cu hnh trong mt s dng khc nhau, v d trong cng, b nh
flash, trn cc my ch, v..v. Cc thng tin thng c lu tr di dng m nh
phn d dng truy nhp v s dng bi cc phn mm qun l. Dng thng tin ny
cn rt thun li ghi cc cu lnh cu hnh t pha ngi qun l h thng. Tp cu
hnh da trn cc cu lnh c u im ln nht l c th kim tra v qun l t ngi
iu hnh v sa i khi cn thit.
Mt li ch khc ca CLI l d dng a ra cc mc iu khin tinh qua cc
thit b v cho php ngi s dng kim tra chi tit cc hot ng gn nht ca thit b.
Giao din ngi dng ha: Cc giao din ngi dng ha (GUI) l cc
cng c cu hnh thn thin vi ngi dng. Ngi s dng khng cn nh ngn ng
cu lnh m thng qua cc khong trng tham s thc hin cu hnh. Cc gi tr
ngm nh c cung cp t ng trn c s cc tr gip ng cnh c sn. Cc giao
din ha cung cp phng thc (point-and-click) kch hot cc mc qun l,
chut la chn thit b v ko th cc i tng cu hnh.
98
Li ch ln nht ca GIU l phng php thu thp d liu t cc thit b c th
hin th. Mc d ta c th hin th bng c s d liu nh trong CLI, nhng trong ch
ha ca GUI ta c th d dng xem chi tit cc thng tin v thm ch th hin
ng theo tin trnh v thi gian.
Cc giao din ha c kh nng truy nhp v iu hnh t xa thng qua cc
giao din iu hnh m X/open nhng yu cu cc thao tc ha v th hin phc
tp trn cc thit b b qun l.
GUI c th c trin khai qua cc CLI, khi tt c cc cu lnh a ra bi
GUI c nh x vo CLI v gi ti thit b qua telnet. Cc thng tin d liu c thu
thp bi CLI v hin th trn mn hnh ha thch hp. Mt khc, GUI c th s
dng cc giao thc truyn thng v cc khun dng d liu ring trao i vi cc
thit b nhm gim di cc cu lnh iu khin v d liu ra.
Giao din ha cng c kh nng x l cc file cu hnh h thng. Nu GUI
c trin khai trn CLI th vic lu gi file cu hnh c thc hin qua cc cu lnh
CLI. Mt khc, GUI c th c s dng trc tip thng qua cc truy nhp ti cc cu
trc d liu cu hnh lu tr file cu hnh di dng nh phn. Tuy nhin, phng
php ny phc tp hn nhiu so vi phng php s dng cc cu lnh CLI.
Mc d giao din ha a ra cc th hin thn thin vi ngi qun tr h
thng. Nhng cc nh qun tr h thng c kinh nghim thng s dng CLI v CLI c
th a ra cc mc iu khin chi tit hn v a ra lng thng tin ln hn, thm ch
l phng php nhp lnh CLI cng nhanh hn.
4.1.3 Truy nhp v th hin d liu tiu chun ha
Cc nh qun l mng mong mun c mt ng dng n qun l ton b
mng. ng dng ny phi c kh nng iu khin tt c cc thit b trong mng, thu
thp v tch hp cc thng tin v trng thi lu tr trn cc thit b. Nh vy, ngi
qun tr mng c c thng tin tng th mt cch logic v gim thiu cc nhim v
qun l mng phc tp do khng cn s dng nhiu ngn ng lnh i vi cc nh
cung cp thit b khc nhau.
Mt cch tip cn vn ny c theo hng xy dng cng c qun l tng
th phi hp cc module trong cc thnh phn ring bit v nh x vo mt thnh
phn iu khin v hin th chung. iu ny dn ti s kh khn khi vit cc ng dng
qun l khi phi cp nht thng xuyn cc cu lnh mi t mi nh cung cp thit b.
Tuy nhin, gii php ny kh thi khi s dng tip cn theo module.
Mt tip cn khc to ra mt cng c qun l tng th l to ra cc module
do cc nh cung cp thit b chu trch nhim qun l ton b cc thit b ca h v to
ra cc giao din ti ng dng chung. Trong v d c ch ra trn hnh 4.1, ngi iu
hnh thc hin nhim v qun l ti mt h thng qun l mng NMS hoc qua h
thng h tr iu hnh OSS (Telcordia). S dng OSS cho php ngi iu hnh ng
99
dng cc dch v cung cp v tnh ton mt cch chuyn bit, OS s dng ngn ng
Scrip nh TL1 chuyn qua cc cu lnh CLI ti NMS.
NMS
Ngi iu hnh
EMS
EMS EMS
Ngi iu hnh
SNMP, XML,
CORBA
Network
Hnh 4.1: M hnh qun l mng IP

NMS l mt ng dng qun l tng th c th thng tin ti nhiu h thng qun
l phn t EMS, mi EMS c h tr bi nh cung cp thit b nh mt module ring
t hp cc thng tin ti mng qun l tng th. Nh trn hnh 4.1 ch ra, ngi iu
hnh c th phi truy nhp ti cc EMS bng cc giao din CLI v GUI thch hp
iu khin thit b. Nu ngi iu hnh thc hin ti NMS hoc OSS th ti phi
c mt knh truyn thng gia NMS v mi EMS. Hai yu cu c bn ca truyn
thng ny gm: cc bn tin phi m bo tnh tng th v cc d liu phi c th
hin trn khun dng chung. Tiu chun ph bin cho giao tip truyn thng t NMS
ti EMS l CORBA. CORBA cung cp mt phng thc tiu chun ha NMS truy
nhp ti cc i tng d liu c qun l bi mi EMS, v cch thc cho cc nh
cung cp thit b hoc EMS cng khai khun dng c s d liu ti NMS. Cc khun
dng ny c tiu chun ha nhm tr gip cng vic qun l gim thiu phc tp.
Ba k thut cu hnh da trn cc tiu chun thng dng thng c s dng l:
CORBA, SNMP v XML. Nu CORBA c s dng bi EMS qun l cc thit b
ca n, nh x gia NMS v EMS. Tuy nhin, mt khi cc thit b h tr giao thc cu
hnh tiu chun ha th rt t khi s dng EMS, cc thit b ny b sung cc c tnh
qun l c bit ca cc nh cung cp thit b v nhn cc lnh trc tip t NMS.
4.1.4 Mt s vn thch thc ca qun l mng IP
Cng vi s pht trin a dng ca cc cng ngh mng, nhng thch thc i
vi h thng qun l mng ngy cng ln nht l i vi cc mng ln nh mng IP,
trong cc kiu lu lng v s tng trng lu lng tip tc gia tng khng
ngng. Vi nhng yu cu m bo cht lng dch v trong mi trng a dch v,
h thng qun l mng phi c kh nng qun l t u cui ti u cui, gim gi
thnh qun l qua cc tho thun cht lng dch v SLA (Service Level Agreement)
100
nhm nng cao hiu qu qun l. Phn sau s phn tch mt s vn ny sinh khi s
dng giao thc qun l mng n gin SNMP.
- Chuyn cc d liu qun l vo m lnh
D liu lin kt v m l nhng vn lin quan ti cc vn tnh ton, bo
mt v ti u trong qun l mng, cc vn ny thng tp trung vo vng qun l
mng trn c s cc thc th mng NE (Network Element). Vic chuyn d liu qun
l ti trm qun l thng qua c ch chuyn d liu thnh cc m gp mt s vn
sau:
Cc i tng b qun l nm trn rt nhiu Agent
Bn sao ca cc i tng qun l nm ti h thng Manager
S thay i d liu trn cc Agent s lm thay i d liu bn sao
trn Manager.
Nh vy, c s thng tin qun l MIB cung cp mt h tng qun l v phi d
phng cc khng gian nh cho cc thay i ca i tng qun l. Mt khc, s pht
trin v phc tp ca NE tng ln khng ngng trong khi qu trnh truyn v nhn
d liu t Agent l th tc bt buc ca SNMP, v vy vic chuyn cc d liu thnh
m nh th no l mt vn thch thc ca h thng qun l mng. Hn na, h
thng qun l c nn i hi tt c d liu agent hay khng? Trong thc t, iu ny
ch chp nhn c trn nhng mng nh nhng khng th thc hin c trn cc
mng ln. Khi cc NE tr nn phc tp hn th gnh nng li t ln h thng qun l.
- S tng trng ca MIB
Cc bng c s thng tin qun l lu tr cc tham s ca i tng qun l, khi
s lng NE ln ng ngha vi vic m rng bng MIB. S phc tp gia tng khi
nhiu nh cung cp cung cp nhng module MIB cho NEs ca h theo dng file vn
bn. Nhng file ny c th hp nht vo trong mt h thng mng qun l NMS v
dng phi hp vi b duyt MIB. MIB cha nh ngha i tng qun l v dng
dn xut m hnh c s d liu cho NMS. M hnh c s d liu NMS cha s lng
ln cc bng trong c mt bng ct gi nhng ng dn chi tit, bng khc cho
cc mch o,v.v. H thng qun l mng NMS theo di v sa i nhng gi tr ca
NE, qun l nhng i tng v lu gi n trong c s d liu ca mnh.
Vic tch hp cc h thng thit b thnh cc phn t mng ln cng em li
mt s kh khn trong h thng qun l mng, v cc chc nng c tch hp rt kh
qun l ng thi cc h thng qun l phi h tr rt nhiu tng tc trong phn mm
server a x l FCAPS.
- phc tp trong trin khai
Vic xy dng h thng qun l cho nhng thit b mng hin nay v trong
tng lai ngy cng gp nhiu kh khn (iu ny l ng vi vic pht trin thit b
101
ca nhng cng ngh mi nh MPLS hay Ethernet Gigabit l vic thm vo hoc k
tha cc NE lp 2). Mt s nh cung cp c nhng nhm c tch ring dnh cho
NE v vic pht trin h thng qun l nn cn c s truyn thng gia nhng nhm
ny. Ngoi ra vic thit lp cc k nng yu cu ca ngi pht trin phn mm NMS
ang tng v bao gm:
Vic pht trin v lm m hnh hng i tng s dng UML
(Unified Modeling Language) cho vic gi nhng yu cu, nh ngha cc hot
ng v cc trng hp s dng sp xp chng vo trong nhng lp phn
mm.
Pht trin cc phn mm qun l trn Java/C++.
Phn mm Server a x l FCAPS.
c bit h tr cho vic pht trin cc c tnh nh ATM/MPLS.
C s d liu ca vic thit k/nng cp ph hp vi MIB ti gin
c s d liu qua nhiu phin bn phn mm NMS/NE.
Cng ngh lp 2 nh ATM, FR v Gigabit Ethernet.
Cng ngh k tha nh thoi qua TDM v X.25.
Kh nng pht trin m hnh v thnh phn phn mm chung, h
thng qun l c th giu nhiu chi tit nm bn di ca hot ng mng.
Thit k Client/server.
Qun l vic thit k i tng, giai on lm m hnh ca h
thng qun l.
Vic thit k MIB cn c i tng mi bn trong thit b qun l
h tr h thng qun l.
S di tr chung ti c s h tng lp 3 l mt l do khc cho vic m rng gia
nhng k nng pht trin sn c v cc c tnh sn phm yu cu. y l mt cch
tip cn khc cho vic pht trin h thng qun l thng qua:
Tp gii php tiu chun.
Phn tn v gii quyt cc vn pht sinh.
X l thng tin thng k.
Bao qut nhng chu trnh pht trin ngn.
Ti gin vic thay i m.
Tng kh nng kim tra.
102
4.2 QUN L MNG MPLS
4.2.1 Cc ng dng c bn ca MPLS

Hin thi, hai ng dng quan trng nht ca MPLS l k thut lu lng v
mng ring o. Tuy nhin cc ng dng trin vng khc ca MPLS nh VoIP, cc dch
v m phng knh o v dch v mng LAN o qua MPLS cng s cng tn ti. Mc
d mt s ng dng ca MPLS nh TE v VPN hin ang c pht trin trn mt s
giao thc khng da trn MPLS, nhng MPLS vn tha mn c cc mc tiu ca
cc ng dng do s tch bit ca mt bng nh tuyn v mt bng chuyn tip cng
vi cc c ch bo hiu tch hp trong MPLS. V d, vi vic cung cp dch v mng
ring o, MPLS c th thc hin n gin hot ng cu hnh VPN bi yu cu ca
ngi qun l thng qua cc thit b bin kt ni ti mng bin khch hng. Bo hiu
MPLS qun l cc kt ni thc t trong VPN.
Mt v d ca mng MPLS h tr VPN c trnh by trong hnh 4.2.
Mng li MPLS ca nh cung cp

PE
VPN
P
CE
PE
Interne
VPN P t
P
CE PE CE
VPN
CE PE PE
CE CE CE
VPN VPN VPN
Hnh 4.2: V d v cung cp dch v VPN trn MPLS

MPLS h tr k thut lu lng thng qua cc tuyn hin trong qu trnh nh
tuyn to ra mt ng dn c mt s c tnh d liu c bit qua mng. Cc cng
ngh hin thi s dng cc giao thc nh tuyn tm ra cc ng dn c trng s
thp nht. Nh vy, c th xy ra trng hp tn ti nhiu ng dn c trng s bng
nhau v ch mt ng c chn. Mt khc, cc giao thc nh tuyn thng chuyn
tt c cc lu lng vo mt ng dn n c chn v c th gy ra cc im tp
trung lu lng ti cc nt khi c rt nhiu ng dn xuyn qua . Gii php k
thut lu lng c s dng gii quyt hai vn cn tn ti trn thng qua cc
tuyn hin c iu hnh bi ngi qun l. Ngi qun l c th phn cc lung lu
lng trong mng theo cc tuyn khc nhau khng ph thuc vo tin trnh nh tuyn.
Hn na, k thut lu lng cho php ngi qun l mng c th to ra cc tuyn d
103
phng cho cc ng dn. thc hin cc c ch ny, cc ng hm MPLS TE
c thit lp truyn ti cc gi qua mng MPLS. Mt v d v MPLS TE c m
t trn hnh 4.3.
PE Min MPLS
PE
ng dn chn bi giao thc nh tuyn

ng hm k thut lu lng
Hnh 4.3: ng hm k thut lu lng trong MPLS-TE

Vi gi thit cc lin kt c cng gi tr trng s th hai ng dn c trng s
bng nhau s c thc hin cho truyn ti d liu. ng chm m th hin ng
dn ti u c chn bi giao thc nh tuyn, ng chm nht th hin ng hm
MPLS TE c cu hnh qua ng dn chn bi giao thc nh tuyn. iu ny
cho php mt s lu lng i qua cc ng dn ngm nh chuyn hng sang cc
ng lun phin. ng hm TE c cu hnh s dng ng dn lun phin
v cha s dng ti u ngun ti nguyn mng.
4.2.2 Cc i tng qun l trong MPLS
Mt trong cc thch thc ln nht ca vn qun l mng MPLS ny sinh t
c ch bo hiu ca gii php cng ngh ny. MPLS s dng cc k thut nh tuyn
khc nhau thit lp cc ng dn thng qua cc iu kin rng buc to ra cc
ng chuyn mch nhn LSP. LSP c to ra khng nht thit phi tn ti cc c
ch bo hiu nh trong mng IP thun cho d cc phn t mng ca MPLS c th h
tr cc giao thc bo hiu. Thm vo , s lng phn t cn qun l trong mng
MPLS l rt ln v a ti cc th tc qun l c phc tp cao. Cc i tng qun
l c ch ra di y l cc i tng quan trng nht ca vn qun l mng
MPLS.
A. i tng nh tuyn hin (ERO)
i tng nh tuyn hin ERO (Explicit Route Object) l mt danh sch cc
a ch lp 3 trong mt vng mng MPLS. Tng t nh danh sch chuyn tip mong
mun DTL (Designated Transit List) trong ATM, ERO m t mt danh sch cc nt
MPLS c ng hm i qua. ERO c thit lp thng qua giao thc bo hiu dnh
trc ti nguyn h tr k thut lu lng RSVP-TE nhm ch r ng dn cha
ng hm. Trn kha cnh nh tuyn, tuyn hin cn th hin c tnh rng buc ca
104
ng dn, v vy i tng tuyn hin cho php ngi qun l c th cng bc cc
ng dn theo tng bc nhy trn LSP. Mt i tng tuyn hin ERO lu tr trong
bng MIB trn nt khi u LSP v c th dng cho nhiu ng hm ca nt . Do
c tnh h tr lu lng t ng, cc i tng tuyn hin thng khng s dng
phng php cu hnh nhn cng cho cc LSP m thng qua cc giao thc bo hiu
nh RSVP-TE.
B. i tng ti nguyn
Cc gii php h tr k thut lu lng v QoS trong MPLS cho php s dnh
trc ti nguyn trong mng. i tng ti nguyn trong MPLS c cung cp thng
qua cc bn tin dnh trc ti nguyn, ng hm u tin hoc cc ng dn LSP
ngn nht. Trn gc qun l lu lng LSP cho mng MPLS, i tng ti nguyn
ca LSP thng gm mt s thnh phn sau:
Bng tn thu pht ln nht.
Kch c b lu lng ln nht.
di gi.
C. ng hm v ng chuyn mch nhn
Cc ng hm trong MPLS c th hin qua cc i tng gm phn on
vo (In-segment), kt ni cho (Cross connect) v phn on ra (Out-segment). Mt
gi tin c chuyn qua ng hm trn c s ca cc phng php sau:
Chuyn tip da trn c s tra cu nhn MPLS.
Chuyn tip trn c s ti nguyn c sn c nh.
Chuyn tip theo trn c s rng buc theo k thut lu lng.
Cc ng hm v LSP u da trn k thut lu lng xc lp qua cc a ch
IP c bit, cc gi tin trong ng hm c phn bit qua cc a ch IP ti pha u
vo v u ra ca ng hm nhm h tr k thut lu lng. Cc i tng phn
on vo v ra l cc im u vo v u ra lu lng ca mt nt. T cc i tng
ny, nt MPLS s dng i tng kt ni cho nhm quyt nh chuyn mch lu
lng qua nt. Mt bng u ni cho trong mt nt MPLS h tr 3 kiu kt ni gm:
im - im, im - a im v a im - im.
D. Cc giao thc bo hiu
Cc ng dn chuyn mch nhn LSP v ng hm trong MPLS c th s
dng bng phng php nhn cng hoc t ng thng qua giao thc bo hiu. Cc
giao thc bo hiu trong MPLS c th c s dng thit lp cc LSP bao gm hai
giao thc c bn: Giao thc dnh trc ti nguyn h tr k thut lu lng RSVP-TE
v giao thc phn phi nhn rng buc CR-LDP. Cc giao thc bo hiu ny th hin
ti nguyn qun l thng qua cc hot ng cp pht nhn, chn ng dn v thit lp
cc c tnh ng dn.
105
4.2.3 c im MIB trong qun l mng MPLS
A. Mt s vn ca c s thng tin qun l trong MPLS
C s thng tin nh tuyn MIB th hin s phn chia khng gian gia cc i
din qun l v cc nh qun l mng. MIB ng vai tr trung tm trong mng qun l
ca cc kiu mng vin thng bao gm c MPLS, nu MIB a ra cu hnh qun l
thch hp th cc tc v nh ci t, cu hnh v hot ng cc phn t mng NE trong
mt h thng qun l mng NMS s gim thiu c phc tp.
Thng qua giao thc qun l mng n gin, cc khon mc d liu c to ra
trong cc bng MIB di dng cc hng. Mi lin h vi cc ct trong bng c s
thng tin qun l s th hin cc i tng qun l lin quan. Th t cc ct trong bng
v mc kt hp gia ct th hin kh nng kt hp cc khi c tnh ca i tng.
Mt khc, mt khon mc c th c s dng li ti cc bng khc nhm ti u ha
ti nguyn ca cc bng c s d liu. V d, trong mt bng th hin cc ng hm
MPLS gm cc bng bc nhy tuyn hin ERO v bng ti nguyn c dnh trc
u c s dng bi bng ng hm.
Trong kt cu a bng MIB, cc bng c lin kt vi nhau thng qua cc ch
mc s nguyn nhm chia s cc khon mc trong cc bng khc nhau da trn cc
ct. V vy, cc h thng qun l mng thng lu tr d liu cc phn t di dng
cc lu c s d liu quan h.
Cc gi tr i tng trong bng MIB c th c thit lp mc nh nhm to
iu kin thun li trong qu trnh qun l cc kt ni. Mt kt ni thng c c
trng bi mi lin h gia cc bng v c mt s gi tr mc nh c xc nh trc.
Cc gi tr ny c c sn ti cc bng MIB ca cc phn t mng NE v c xc
minh qua cc th tc kim tra nhanh.
Cc gi tr mc nh c th c a vo MIB t cc i tng bn ngoi thng
qua giao thc SNMP. V d, i tng ng hm MPLS gm cc c tnh lin quan
mplstunnelIncludeAffinity trong bng ng hm MPLS. i tng ny c s dng
khi to ra mt ng hm trong ngi s dng mun cng bc cc lu lng qua
mt vng MPLS. Do mt lot cc yu t xc nh c tnh t pha nhn dch v nn
vic cung cp cc gi tr mc nh cho i tng ny c th gim bt s tc ng t
cc Agent, khi xy ra trng hp pha thu nhn s dng mt gi tr khng hiu lc ca
mt ct th gi tr ngoi l s c xc lp bng nhn cng. Mi gi gi tr cho php
ca mplstunnelIncludeAffinity c xc nh bng mt n bt nguyn m t mt gi tr
m mu giao din, v d: 0x00001 cho vng, 0x00010 cho bc, v 0x00100 cho ng.
Mng qun l phi cu hnh cc mu ny trn tt c cc phn t mng NE lin quan.
C th cu hnh h tr cho mu bc v ng trn mt giao din vo ca NE. Sau
mt ng hm c th to ra mt ng cng bc s dng ch vi giao din vi mu
106
bc v ng bi s thit lp mplstunnelIncludeAffinity vo mt n 0x00110. Gi tr
mc nh khng s dng i tng mplstunnelIncludeAffinity trong bng MIB l 0.
Mt bng ng hm trong MPLS c tnh nng tp trung cc mi quan h cc
c tnh ca ng hm. Cc bng n l bn ngoi c s dng to, sa i v
qun l cc ng hm thng qua cc quan h vi bng ng hm. V vy, cc lnh
cung cp v v xc lp kt ni c thc hin n l ti cc bng v gim thiu cc
trng MIB trong h thng qun l mng NMS.
B. Cc trnh duyt MIB

Cc trnh duyt MIB l cc cng c c bit kim tra cc gi tr ca cc
trng hp i tng MIB trn mt Agent a ra. Mt trnh duyt c th l mt ng
dng c giao din ha hoc giao din dng lnh. Trnh duyt MIB c th s dng
kiu bin dch ch ra cu trc cc file MIB v thng k gi tr cho cc i tng kt
hp. Cc c tnh v hnh vi i tng c a ra bi NMS c ngi s dng
tng minh qua trnh duyt MIB.
C. Cc i tng qun l MPLS trong MIB

Thng tin qun l MIB cho MPLS chia cc i tng qun l thnh hai loi:
Cc i tng mc thp: Giao din, kt ni cho, cc bng phn on
v LSP;
Cc i tng mc cao: i tng k thut lu lng ng hm,
cc tuyn hin v ti nguyn.
Cc i tng MIB trong cc b nh tuyn chuyn mch nhn LSR gm cc
bng m t: Cu hnh giao din MPLS, in-segments, out-segments, u ni cho, cc
gii hn lu lng, cc gii hn thc thi.
Cc i tng k thut lu lng MIB gm cc bng m t: ng hm k thut
lu lng, cc ti nguyn ng hm, cc ng hm v b m thc thi ng hm.
Cc i tng thit b MPLS gm cc b nh tuyn chuyn mch nhn, cc b
nh tuyn IP, cc thit b chuyn mch ATM trong ch lun phin v cc chuyn
mch a dch v.
Giao din MPLS c cu hnh trn thit b gm cc thnh phn sau:
Giao din ti b nh tuyn IP
Giao thc nh tuyn ni min IGP (bao gm c giao thc nh tuyn
h tr k thut lu lng)
Giao thc nh tuyn ngoi min EGP (khng cu hnh cng vi IGP
nhm trnh l hng thng tin nh tuyn)
Giao thc bo hiu LDP hoc RSVP-TE.
D. Cc module qun l MPLS trong MIB
107
qun l cc i tng trong MPLS, mt s cc module c s thng tin qun
l c cc t chc tiu chun a ra nhm p ng cc yu cu qun l mng
MPLS. C cu t chc ca cc c s thng tin qun l c m t trn hnh 4.4.
Hnh 4.4: C cu t chc ca cc module MIB cho MPLS

MPLS-TC MIB: c s thng tin qun l MPLS-TC MIB m t chuyn i
chun tc cho cc bng c s thng tin qun l lin quan.
MPLS-LSR MIB: MPLS-LSR MIB m t cc hot ng chuyn tip nhn c
bn ca mt b nh tuyn chuyn mch nhn LSR. MPLS-LSR MIB cng m t cc
giao din m LSR cho php tham chiu cho ti cc giao din MPLS c trong bng c
s thng tin qun l giao din IF-MIB. C s thng tin qun l ny th hin cn c thit
lp cc i tng thc t (i ngc vi TC trong MPLS-TC MIB) c s dng bi
cc MIB khc.
MPLS-TE MIB: C s thng tin qun l TE cung cp ti ngi qun l cc kha
cnh ca cc ng hm k thut lu lng cu hnh v qun l cc c tnh. Nu
mt ng hm cng th hin nh mt giao din trong bng c s thng tin qun l
giao din IF-MIB th ti s tn ti mt khon mc s dng cho tham chiu. MPLS-
TE MIB ph thuc bo bng MPLS-LSR MIB, trong phn mm h thng trong mt
thit b c th c lp trnh lin kt cc LSP hot ng vi mt ng hm.
MPLS-LDP MIB: C s thng tin qun l giao thc phn phi nhn cung cp
thng tin v cc hot ng ca giao thc LDP trn mt LSR. MPLS-LDP MIB ph
thuc vo MPLS-LSR MIB nh x cc bng d liu s dng lin kt cc phin
LDP v cc LSP hot ng. MPLS-LDP MIB cng ph thuc vo bng IF-MIB nhm
th hin min nhn c cu hnh trn cc giao din MPLS.
MPLS-FTN MIB: c s thng tin qun l ghp cc lp lu lng tng ng
vo bc nhy k tip th hin cch thc v hnh vi ca lu lng IP i vo mng
MPLS, v cch thc nh x cc lung lu lng IP vo trong cc LSP hoc cc giao
din ng hm TE. MPLS-FTN MIB ph thuc vo MPLS-LSR-MIB v MPLS-TE
MIB trn quan h ghp lung lu lng IP ti LSP v ng hm TE.
108
MPLS-FTN MIB cng ph thuc vo bng c s thng tin qun l giao din
MPLS do n cho php ngi iu hnh cu hnh FEC- to- NHLFE theo tng giao
din.
PPVPN-MPLS-VPN MIB: c s thng tin qun l mng ring o ca cc nh
cung cp dch v ch ph thuc vo bng chuyn i d liu MPLS-TC MIB. Bng
ny cha cc bin i text chung c s dng bi cc PPVPN-MPLS-VPN MIB v
cc c s thng tin qun l khc. PPVPN-MPLS-VPN MIB cung cp cho ngi iu
hnh kha cnh cu hnh VPN trn cc thit b ca nh cung cp PE. Cng nh l cc
thng tin lin quan nh: thng k, BGP v giao din. Thng tin giao din c th
hin trong bng c s thng tin qun l IF-MIB v v vy PPVPN-MPLS-VPN MIB
ph thuc vo bng IF-MIB.
4.3 QUN L MNG QUANG
4.3.1 Khung lm vic ca qun l mng quang

Trn c s hng lot cc phng php qun l mng c gii thiu trong
chng 1 ca bi ging, cc chc nng qun l mng c th c thc hin theo cc
cu hnh tp trung, phn tn v phn cp. Vi yu cu tc cao trong vn qun l,
cc phng php iu khin tp trung v phn cp rt kh p ng c cc yu cu
ca mng quang nht l i vi cc mng ln. Thm vo , cc mng ln thng
c qun l theo tng vng bi cc nh qun l ring v cc nh qun l thng tin vi
cc nh qun l ca vng khc thng qua chc nng phi hp. Hnh 4.5 ch ra tng
quan ca cc chc nng qun l mng in hnh s dng cho mng quang. Cc chc
nng qun l c phn cp theo nhiu h thng qun l, cc thnh phn ring bit
c qun l gi l cc phn t mng. Cc phn t mng gm: cc u cui ng
quang OLT (Optical Line Terminal), cc khi ghp/tch quang OADM (Optical
Add/Drop Multiplexer), Cc b khuch i quang, cc thit b kt ni cho quang
OXC (Optical cross-connect). Mi phn t mng c qun l bi h thng qun l
phn t EMS. Cc Agent c thng tr trong phn mm ca vi x l trong phn t
mng.
H thng qun l phn t mng EMS thng c kt ni ti mt hoc nhiu
phn t mng v truyn thng vi cc phn t mng khc trong mng qua mng truyn
thng d liu DCN (data communication network). Knh truyn thng bo hiu c
thit lp trong DCN thng c tch bit nhm truyn ti cc thng tin qun l thi
gian thc v d nh knh gim st quang OSC (Optical Supervisory Channel).
qun l ton mng, mt s h thng qun l phn t EMS c xy dng cho
cc h thng thng tin quang phc v cho cng tc qun l. V d, mt nh khai thc
s dng h thng ghp knh phn chia theo bc sng WDM (wavelength division
multiplexing) ca nh cung cp thit b A v kt ni cho ti nh cung cp thit b B
thng s s dng hai EMS: mt s dng qun l h thng ng cp quang v mt
109
cho kt ni cho. Nh trn hnh 4.5, mt EMS thng ch qun l mt phn t mng
ti mt thi im v khng bao hm qun l ton mng, v vy cc kiu phn t mng
khc khng c qun l. EMS thc hin truyn thng vi h thng qun l mng
NMS hoc h thng h tr iu hnh trao i thng tin v qun l ti cc phn t
khc .
Hnh 4.5: M hnh tng quan ca qun l mng quang

4.3.2 Giao din v cc dch v lp quang
Lp quang cung cp cc ng dn quang ti cc lp khc nh SONET, IP
hoc ATM. Trong ng cnh ny, lp quang c th nhn nhn nh mt lp phc v cho
cc dch v t cc lp khc a ti, lp quang ng vai tr server v cc lp dch v
ng vai tr client. T gc ny, mt s c tnh then cht ca lp quang lin
quan ti vn qun l c a ra nh sau:
Cc ng dn quang cn c thit lp v gii php bi cc lp client
cng nh l p ng cc yu cu duy tr mng.
Bng thng cc ng dn quang cn c tha thun gia cc lp client
v lp quang. Thng thng cc lp client a ra cc lng bng thng
cn thit ti lp quang.
Chc nng tng thch c th c yu cu ti u vo v u ra ca
mng quang bin i cc bo hiu client thnh cc tn hiu tng thch
vi lp quang. Chc nng ny thng c thc hin bi b chuyn i
tn hiu (transponder) bao gm c kiu tn hiu, tc bit v cc giao thc
h tr cho kt ni gia client v lp quang.
Cc ng dn quang cn c cung cp cc mc m bo hiu nng,
in hnh l t l li bt khng vt qu 10-12.
110
Cc mc bo v khc nhau cho mng quang cn phi c trin khai v
qun l bao gm c mc u tin, d phng v yu cu thi gian khi
phc cho cc dch v khc nhau.
Hu ht cc ng dn quang hin nay u thit k song hng mc d
cc ng dn quang c th n hng hoc song hng. Tuy nhin, khi
c yu cu khc bit v bng thng, mng vn cn c cu hnh n hng.
Cc yu cu v bin ng tr thng c a ra i vi cc kt ni
SONET/SDH, cng nh yu cu v tr ti a cho mt s kiu lu
lng cng l cc vn cn qun l trong cc ng dn quang.
Qun l li m rng cn c h tr tm ti gc ca nguyn nhn gy ra
cnh bo. iu ny rt quan trng v mt s li n c th kch hot thm
nhiu li v to ra nhiu cnh bo khc nhau.
Gia cc lp client v lp quang hnh thnh mt giao din qun l v iu
khin, giao din ny cho php client ch r tp ng dn quang c thit lp hoc
gii phng cng vi mt s tham s dch v lin quan. Ngoi ra, giao din ny cho
php lp quang cung cp cc thng tin qun l li v hiu nng ti lp client.
Giao din n gin nht thng s dng hin nay l thng qua h thng qun l.
Mt h thng qun l tch bit truyn thng vi EMS ca lp ng dn quang v
EMS qun l lp quang.
Do cc ng dn quang hin nay thng c thit lp trong cc khong thi
gian di, nhng trong tng lai cc ng dn quang s c thit lp ng dn ti
vn giao din bo hiu gia lp client v lp quang s tr nn phc tp. V d, cc
b nh tuyn IP c th bo hiu lin kt ti kt ni quang nhm thit lp v gii
phng cc ng dn quang cng nh p cc c tnh bo v thng qua giao din bo
hiu ny.
Vic tn ti giao din nh giao din bo hiu ph thuc vo cch tip cn ca
cc nh khai thc. Mt s nh khai thc cho rng cn phi tch bit c ch qun l
mng quang ra khi cc lp client khc. Tip cn ny hu ch khi lp quang phi phc
v nhiu i tng dch v khc nhau trong lp client. Ngc li, khi lp quang ch
phc v s t lp client th cc c ch kt hp qun l s em li hiu qu cao, nht l
v thi gian thc hin qun l.
Lp quang l mt thc th phc tp thc hin mt s chc nng nh: ghp
knh bc sng, chuyn mch v nh tuyn bc sng v gim st hiu nng mng
ti cc mc khc nhau trong mng. Kin trc phn lp trong lp quang c ch ra
trn hnh 4.6 c ITU a ra gm 3 lp:
111
Hnh 4.6: Cc phn lp trong lp quang

Lp trn cng l lp knh quang Och lin quan ti nh tuyn t u cui ti
u cui ca cc ng dn quang. Thut ng ng dn quang m t mt chui cc
knh kt ni gia cc nt quang. Mt ng dn quang chuyn qua trn nhiu lin kt
quang v cc b ghp knh mang cc ng dn quang.
Mi lin kt gia OLT hoc OADM th hin qua mt vng truyn ti a bc
sng OMS (carrying multiple wavelength) mang cc bc sng. Mi mt vng truyn
ti a bc sng OMS gm mt vi on lin kt, mi on l mt phn ca lin kt
gia hai im kt ni quang, cc on ny hp thnh phn on truyn dn quang OTS
(optical transmission section). OTS gm vng truyn ti a bc sng v cc thit b
kt ni cho quang.
Trn chnh lp knh quang cng c chia thnh cc phn lp nh hn, mt
on trong sut knh quang Och-TS th hin mt on ca ng dn quang trong
mt phn mng ton quang. Trong on ny, cc ng dn quang c mang trn cc
cp quang m khng c s hin din ca vng in.
Ngay pha trn ca Och-TS l lp on knh quang Och-S, lp ny thm cc
tiu cho ng dn quang thc hin bo hiu cho cc phn mng quang.
Cui cng, lp ng dn knh quang Och-P th hin truyn ti t u cui ti
u cui ca mt ng dn quang qua cc min quang.
V mt nguyn tc, khi cc giao din gia cc lp khc nhau c nh ngha
cung cp cho cc nh cung cp thit b cung cp cc thit b tiu chun ha. Hn
na, cc lp ny to ra cc tip cn qun l tt nht ti cc thit b mng.
4.3.3 Qun l li v hiu nng mng quang
Mc tiu ca qun l hiu nng mng l cung cp m bo cht lng dch v
ti ngi s dng ca mng. iu ny thng yu cu gim st cc tham s hiu nng
cho tt c cc kt ni trong mng v a ra cc hot ng cn thit m bo cc yu
cu hiu nng. Vn qun l hiu nng mng gn vi vn qun l li. Qun l li
gm tin trnh xc nh li v cnh bo ti h thng qun l khi c mt hoc vi tham
s no vt ngng. Qun l li cng gm cc dch v khi phc cc s kin li.
112
Chc nng ny c coi nh chc nng iu khin mng t tr v thng thng cc
ng dng khi phc li c phn tn trong mng.
A. Qun l t l li bit
T l li bit l c tnh hiu nng then cht ca cc ng dn quang. Cc
khung tn hiu trong SONET v SDH bao gm cc byte tiu trong c cha cc
byte kim tra chn l tnh ton t l li bt. Cc tiu ny cung cp php o trc
tip t l li bit. Cc d liu bo hiu cho client c ng gi trong cc khung tiu
ca khung tin SONET/SDH v ta c th o BER v m bo hiu nng trong lp
quang.
Khi lp quang c thit k phc tp, rt kh nh gi chnh xc BER da
trn cc php o gin tip cc tham s nh cng sut tn hiu quang hoc t l tn hiu
trn nhiu. Cc tham s ny c th c s dng nh gi cht lng tn hiu v c
th s dng lm cn c pht hin cnh bo nhng khng nn s dng nh gi
BER.
B. Gim st vt ng quang
Cc ng dn quang i qua nhiu nt v qua nhiu card thit b trong mi nt.
Vic gim st vt ng quang nhm ch ra cc nhn dng duy nht cho mi ng
dn quang. V d, nhn dng ny gm a ch IP ca phn t mng ngun pht cng
vi cc nhn dng ca card chuyn i trong cc phn t mng m ng dn quang
i qua. Nhn dng ny c gi l gim st vt ng quang. Vt ng quang cho
php h thng qun l nhn dng, kim tra v qun l cc kt ni trong ng dn
quang. Thm vo , n cung cp kh nng cch ly li cho h thng qun l mng.
Gim st vt ng dn quang c th s dng trong nhiu lp khc nhau trong
lp quang. V d, mt ng dn quang i qua nhiu nt v cc b ti to tn hiu
quang, ta c th xc nh kt ni t u cui ti u cui ca ng dn quang thng
qua gim st vt ng dn knh quang. Gim st vt ny c a ti u vo ca
ng dn quang v gim st ti cc v tr khc nhau trn ng dn. xc nh v
tr v xc nh kt ni gia cc vng ti to tn hiu quang, ta s dng thm nhn dng
gim st vt cho on knh quang. Trong mt mng con ton quang, ta c th s dng
gim st vt phn on trong sut cho knh quang. Hai kiu gim st vt cui ny
c chn vo v ly ra ti cc b ti to tn hiu quang.
C. Qun l cnh bo
Trong mt mng, mt s kin li n l c th l nguyn nhn to ra rt nhiu
cnh bo qua mng v dn ti cc iu kin li khc. V d, khi mt lin kt hng, tt
c cc ng dn quang qua u li. S kin ny c th c cc nt ti cui ca
lin kt li pht hin v cc nt ny s a ra cc cnh bo cho cc ng dn quang
cng nh l bo co s kin li ti h thng qun l mng. Thm vo , tt c cc nt
m ng dn quang i qua s nhn c cc cnh bo ny. V vy, s lng bn tin
113
cnh bo rt ln. Vic loi b bt cc cnh bo khng cn thit c s dng qua mt
tp cc tn hiu c bit c gi l ch th li hng i FDI (forward defect indicator)
v ch th li hng v BDI (backward defect indicator).
Hnh 4.7: V d v cc tn hiu FDI v BDI trong mng quang

Hnh 4.7 ch ra hot ng iu hnh ca tn hiu FDI v BDI. Khi mt lin kt
li, nt hng xung ca lin kt li s pht hin ra li lin kt v to ra iu kin li.
iu kin li c th c to ra do t l li bit ln trn lung tn hiu n hoc mt
lung tn hiu. Nu li tip tc xut hin trong mt chu k thi gian (vi giy) th nt
s pht cnh bo.
Ngay sau khi xc nh li, nt chn mt tn hiu FDI hng xung nt k tip.
tn hiu FDI cng thng c gi l tn hiu ch th cnh bo AIS (alarm indication
signal). Mt nt pht hin li cng gi tn hiu BDI ti cc nt pha trn n thng
bo chnh n ang li. Nu mt nt khng th gi i c FDI th lin kt gia nt
v nt ng xung cng b li. Vic tch cc tn hiu FDI v BDI rt hu ch cho cc
lp khc nhau trong lp quang. V d, phn bit cc li trn cc ng dn quang
tch bit hoc li trn cc phn on lin kt quang gia cc vng khuch i quang.
Hnh 4.8 ch ra mt trng hp c th ca cc bo hiu ny trong mt mng quang.
Gi thit y c mt lin kt t gia thit b kt cui quang OLT A v thit b kt
cui quang OLT B, khi khuch i quang B pht hin ra li t lin kt, n lp tc
chn tn hiu OMS-FDI hng xung ch ra rng tt c cc knh trong nhm ghp
knh li, v gi tn hiu OTS-BDI hng ln ti OLT A. Tn hiu OMS-FDI c
truyn nh mt phn ca tiu lin kt vi lp OMS v OTS - BDI c truyn
trong lp OTS.
Hnh 4.8: Phn cp tn hiu ch th li trong mng quang

Tn hiu OMS-FDI ch c truyn theo hng xung do cc thng tin li cn
c truyn lan ti cc phn t mng c lp OMS cui cng, trong trng hp ny l
OADM D. B khuch i C ng xung nhn OMS-FDI v chuyn ti OADM D l
114
nt k tip trn ng xung nhn OMS-FDI v xc nh li ca cc ng dn quang
nhm loi b cc ng dn quang li.
i vi mt ng dn quang chuyn qua, OADM to ra cc tn hiu OCh-TS-
FDI v gi theo ng xung. Cc tn hiu OCh-TS-FDI c truyn trong tiu
Och-TS. Ti im cui ca mng con quang OLT E, cc bc sng c tch v kt
cui ti cc b tch sng v ti to tn hiu quang (transponders/regenerators), v vy
lp Och-TS c kt cui ti y. OLT E nhn cc tn hiu OCh-TS-FDI v to ra cc
ch th cnh bo cho tng ng dn quang li, gi trn ng xung ti ch ca cc
ng dn quang trong tiu OCh-P. Nt cui cng s l ni a ra cc cnh bo ti
h thng qun l mng.
Mt l do quan trng khc s dng cc tn hiu ch th li l s dng
chuyn mch bo v. V d, mt nt gn nht ni xy ra s kin li s pht hin li v
thc hin vic chuyn mch bo v ti cc ng dn khc. Ti cng thi im , cc
nt pha trn v pha di lin kt li cng s thc hin cc phng php ti nh
tuyn lu lng nhm trnh i qua lin kt li. Mt nt nhn c tn hiu FDI s
quyt nh c khi to hoc khng khi to chuyn mch bo v. V d, mt phng
php chuyn mch bo v yu cu cc nt gn nht lin kt li ngay lp tc ti nh
tuyn lu lng th cc nt khc nhn tn hiu FDI s khng thc hin chuyn mch
bo v. Mt khc, nu chuyn mch bo v c thc hin bi cc nt kt cui ng
dn quang th mt nt nhn c FDI s khi to chuyn mch bo v nu nt l
nt kt cui ng dn quang.
4.3.4 Mng truyn thng d liu v bo hiu
H thng qun l phn t mng truyn thng vi cc phn t mng khc thng
qua mng truyn thng d liu DCN. DCN thng s dng trn mt mng tiu chun
nh mng TCP/IP hoc OSI. Nu DCN tha mn iu kin m bo kt ni ngay c
khi c li n xy ra trong mng th DCN c th truyn ti theo mt s phng thc
sau:
- Qua cc mng ngoi bng lp quang. Cc nh khai thc c th to ra
mng TCP/IP ring phc v mc ch qun l mng ny. Nu mt mng nh vy
khng c thit lp th c th thay th bng cc ng dy ring (leased line).
Phng thc ny cho php cc phn t mng trong mt trung tm vn phng ln
c sn cc kiu kt ni nh vy m khng qua cc phn t mng nh cc b
khuch i quang.
- Qua knh gim st quang OSC trn cc bc sng ring. Phng thc
ny c sn trong cc thit b WDM, ti ni x l cc phn on quang v cc lp
phn on ghp knh c cc knh gim st quang. Cc b khuch i quang c
qun l theo tip cn ny. Trong khi cc thit b thuc lp quang nh thit b kt
ni cho quang s khng c qun l.
115
- Qua cc knh quan trong bng dnh ring. Phng thc ny c s
dng ch cc thit b thuc lp quang l khng x l ti cc lp phn on truyn
dn v ghp knh quang nh cc kt ni cho quang. Thng qua cc bo hiu s
trong tiu khung quang, tip cn ny ch tn ti khi mng quang c cc vng
in v d nh cc b ti to tn hiu quang v tch sng quang.
Bng 4.1 tng kt cc ty chn mng truyn thng d liu DCN kh dng cho
mi kiu phn t mng quang. Ta gi thit cc OADM l mt phn ca h thng si
quang cha cc thit b kt cui quang OLT v cc b khuch i quang.
Bng 4.1: Cc phng php ng dng DCN cho cc phn t mng
Phn t mng Ngoi bng OSC Tiu
OLT vi b tch sng C C C
OADM C C C
B khuch i Khng C Khng
OXC vi ti to quang C Khng C
OXC ton quang C Khng C
Trong rt nhiu trng hp i vi DCN, cc phn t mng quang cn c mt

kiu bo hiu nhanh. iu ny cho php cc phn t mng trao i cc thng tin quan
trng vi nhau theo thi gian thc. V d, cc tn hiu bo hiu FDI v BDI cn phi
truyn lan nhanh ti cc nt dc ng dn quang, hay cc tn hiu bo hiu s dng
cho chuyn mch bo v. Thng thng, mng bo hiu c thit lp trong DCN c
th s dng cc kt ni c nh ngoi bng, knh gim st quang hoc qua mt trong
cc k thut x l tiu .
4.4 QUN L MNG GMPLS
4.4.1 Gii thiu chung v h thng qun l mng GMPLS
Cng ngh chuyn mch nhn a giao thc tng qut GMPLS chia s mt lot
chc nng qun l trong mt bng truyn ti sang mt bng iu khin. V d, vic thu
thp thng tin v hiu chnh thng tin v trng thi v dung lng lin kt c x l
t ng bi cc giao thc nh tuyn trong GMPLS. Tng t, cc giao thc bo hiu
trong GMPLS to ra cc nhn cung cp cc ng dn chuyn mch nhn LSP v
qun l cc LSP . T gc ca ngi iu hnh qun l h thng, c th c mt s
im khc nhau rt nh gia cc cng c c s dng cho bi ton qun l mng
truyn thng vi GMPLS. Nhng hiu qu hoc phng thc iu hnh trong lp
116
truyn ti l khc bit nhau. Mt bng iu khin GMPLS to s chc chn cho ngi
iu hnh v thng tin cp nht cng nh cc dch v c qun l bi mt bng qun
l. V vy, mt bng qun l l mt phn chnh yu v quan trng trong cc mng
GMPLS.
Mt mng truyn ti in hnh c cu trc t cc thit b ca mt s nh cung
cp thit b khc nhau. Ty thuc vo cc mc tiu di hn v kh nng lin iu hnh
ca cc thit b m ngi qun l mng xy dng cc vng thit b c cng nh cung
cp thit b v a ra cc c ch qun l ring. Cc thit b ca cc nh cung cp thit
b khc nhau c cc c tnh qun l khc nhau thm ch khi cng thc hin chc nng
mng tng t nhau. V vy, cc giao din chun hon v cc giao thc chun ha l
cc iu kin quan trng nht qun l cc thit b truyn ti. iu c ngha ngi
iu hnh cn s dng nhiu ng dng khc nhau hoc ghi nh mt s loi c php
cu lnh khc nhau iu hnh mng. Trong bi cnh cc c tnh qun l thng
c chia s vo cc vng qun l, ngi qun l c th iu khin theo tng vng.
Mc d cc tng tc gia cc ngi qun l phi c s dng m rng vng, cc
tng tc ny c qun l mt cch tru tng ti lp cao v khng yu cu hiu r
cc k thut cu hnh trong tng vng.
Mt thc t khc nh hng ti vn phn tn cc thit b ca ngi qun l
trong mng chnh l s hi t mng. Cc mng nh thng c ti nguyn c cung
cp bi hai nh cung cp thit b v dn ti cc phn nhnh mng. Tuy nhin, chin
lc ny lm tng kch thc ca mng do s lng kt ni cc mng nh tng ln
cung cp cc tha thun dch v gia cc nh cung cp. Thm vo , tip cn ny to
ra cc o hoc cc vng qun l thit b ring t mt nh cung cp dch v.
4.4.2 Cc module MIB ca GMPLS
Giao thc qun l mng n gin GMPLS l giao thc qun l c IETF la
chn, nhng iu khng c ngha l GMPLS buc phi theo hoc khng theo do
GMPLS c rt nhiu cc kiu giao din ngi qun l c th c s dng. Mt khc,
c s thng tin qun l MIB l c s d liu phn tn tng th cho qun l v iu
khin cc thit b c kh nng hot ng vi SNMP. Thm vo , c s thng tin
qun l MIB ca GMPLS c pht trin trn k thut lu lng trong MPLS v m
rng cho GMPLS.
A. Qun l c s thng tin qun l MPLS-TE
Ba module MIB thuc vn qun l thit b trong mng MPLS-TE gm:
Module c s thng tin qun l chuyn i chnh tc, module c s thng tin qun l b
nh tuyn chuyn mch nhn v module c s thng tin qun l k thut lu lng
MPLS.
- Module c s thng tin qun l chuyn i chnh tc (MPLS TC MIB)
cha cc nh ngha c phn loi s dng cho cc module c s thng tin
117
qun l khc. Theo ngha hp, l mt file tiu nh ngha cc kiu v kin trc
c s d liu s dng trong file d liu khc. N gm cc nh ngha nh tc
bt, nguyn tc chuyn i kiu khi th hin cc gi tr nhn dng ng hm, gi
tr nhn dng ng hm m rng, nhn dng ng chuyn mch nhn v cc
nhn MPLS.
- Module c s thng tin qun l MPLS c s dng m hnh ha v
iu khin cc b nh tuyn chuyn mch nhn MPLS. MIB ny cha cc chc
nng li ca mt b nh tuyn chuyn mch nhn LSR (chuyn tip cc gi c
nhn, giao thc phn phi nhn, giao thc dnh trc ti nguyn h tr k thut lu
lng). Trong thc t, c s thng tin qun l MIB c th c s dng cu hnh
nhn cng khi khng c giao thc bo hiu. C 4 khi c s trong c s thng tin
qun l MIB. c mt bng giao din cho MPLS th hin thng tin gi gi v
nhn gi. Mt bng phn on u vo tng ng vi cc nhn nhn c trn cc
giao din hoc hng ln ca cc ng LSP. Mt bng phn on u ra m hnh
ha cc on lin kt ng xung ca LSP, nhn dng qua mt chng nhn u ra
v ch th giao din m gi tin s chuyn qua. Bng cui cng l bng kt ni cho
ch ra mi quan h gia cc phn on u vo v phn on u ra.
- Module c s thng tin qun l k thut lu lng MPLS-TE c s
dng m hnh v iu khin cc ng chuyn mch nhn LSP. Mc tiu chnh
ca module ny cho php ngi qun l cu hnh v kch hot cc ng dn
chuyn mch nhn LSP ti cc u vo LSR, ng thi gim st tt c cc LSP i
qua b nh tuyn chuyn mch nhn LSR. C s thng tin qun l MPLS-TE cha
cc bng s dng cu hnh cc ng hm LSP ng thi cho nhim v chia ti
hoc tun t cho chc nng khi phc. V vy, mt ng hm c mt im gc
trong mplsTunelTable v lin quan ti cc LSP khc. Mi mt LSP trong bng
mplsTunelTable c th hin nh mt trng hp ca ng hm.
Hnh 4.9: Mi quan h gia cc bng d liu trong MPLS-TE MIB

Cc bng khc cho php cu hnh v kim tra ti nguyn s dng cho LSP, tnh
ton, yu cu v xc nh cc ng i ca mt LSP. S ph thuc gia cc module
trong MPLS-TE c th hin trn hnh 4.9.
118
B. Qun l c s thng tin qun l GMPLS
Qun l c s thng tin qun l GMPLS c xy dng trn c s qun l
MPLS-TE nhm ti s dng li mt lot cc c tnh ca MPLS-TE. Hnh 4.10 ch ra
mt s module c ti s dng (mu xm) v cc module mi (mu trng). Nh trn
hnh v th hin, 4 module mi c b sung gm: GMPLS-TC-STD-MIB, GMPLS-
LSR-STD-MIB, GMPLS-TE-STD-MIB v GMPLS-LABEL-STD-MIB.
Hnh 4.10: Mi quan h gia cc bng d liu trong MPLS-TE MIB

Trong , GMPLS-TC-STD-MIB c b sung mt s chuyn i chun tc
cho GMPLS; GMPLS-LSR-STD-MIB v GMPLS-TE-STD-MIB c s dng m
rng cho MPLS-TE, cung cp thm mt lot cc i tng qun l; GMPLS-LABEL-
STD-MIB l module mi nhm x l cc nhn c di vt qu 20 bit c s dng
trong MPLS. N cha mt bng nhn vi cc ch mc n gin nhng c khun dng
phc tp v c tham chiu t cc module khc.
C. Qun l b nh tuyn chuyn mch nhn GMPLS
GMPLS LSR c qun l qua cc bng trong MPLS-LSR-MIB vi mt s
chc nng m rng. Bng giao din MPLS (mplsInterfaceTable) c m rng thnh
bng gmplsInterfaceTable. Mt khon mc trong bng c ch ra giao din s dng
RSVP-TE cho MPLS cng c ngha tng t trong bng mi. Trong trng hp ny,
mt i tng ttrong bng gmplsInterfaceTable nh ngha giao thc bo hiu GMPLS
s dng v mt i tng khc nh ngha chu k bn tin Hello c s dng cho giao
din .
Hiu nng ca chuyn mch nhn trn giao din c ghi li trong bng
mplsInterfacePerfTable v gi nguyn i vi GMPLS. Trong thc t, hai b m
c s dng m tin trnh x l gi v m tun t s ln x l gi khi GMPLS
hot ng trong mi trng gi.
Cc phn on u vo trong MPLS c lu trong bng
mplsInSegmentTable. Trong GMPLS bng ny c th gy nhm ln cc khon mc
khi cc LSP song hng c thit lp. V vy, n gm cc khon mc tham chiu ti
cc hng ca lung d liu khng mang thng tin bo hiu thit lp LSP. Hai hng
119
LSP gm hai bng: Bng phn on u vo In-segment trn giao din ng ln (cho
hng i) v bng phn on u ra trn giao din ng xung (cho hng v).
Bng in-segment c m rng cho GMPLS c tn gi gmplsInSegmentTable s ch
ra khi no mt on c s dng cho hng i hoc hng v ca ng dn LSP
song hng. Bng ny cn cha mt con tr ti bng gmplsLableTable x l m
ha cc nhn phc hp.
Bng nh x phn on u vo mplsInSegmentMapTable cho php ngi
qun l iu hnh to ra cc gim st ngc {giao din, nhn} tm kim phn on
u vo thch hp trong bng mplsInSegmentTable. Chc nng ny c ti s dng
trong GMPLS nhng s phc tp hn mt cht do nhn c th c tm thy trong
mt hng ca gmplsLabelTable. Cc m rng tng t c thc hin vi
mplsOutSegmentTable v c b sung thm mt i tng kim sot mc gim
ca trng thi gian sng ca gi tin TTL (Time to live).
Bng chng nhn MPLS (mplsLabelStackTable) c d phng cho GMPLS,
n cng ch c p dng trong cc mi trng mng gi. Bng ny lit k chng
nhn b sung c p dng cho cc gi ra di nhn bc cao nht. Bng chng nhn
MPLS c ti s dng cho GMPLS cha danh sch cc nhn b sung cho mi trng
GMPLS. Cc nhn ny c ly t bng nhn GMPLS (gmplsLabelTable). Mi quan
h gia cc bng c s thng tin qun l qun l b nh tuyn GMPLS c th
hin trn hnh 4.11.
Hnh 4.11: Mi quan h gia cc bng qun l b nh tuyn GMPLS

C hai bng phn on u vo v phn on u ra u cha cc con tr m
rng cc bng c cha cc tham s m t lu lng ca LSP. Con tr ny c th ch
th mt khon mc trong bng ti nguyn ng hm MPLS trong c s thng tin
qun l MPLS-TE, hoc tr ti mt khon mc trong mt c s thng tin qun l c
nhim v qun l LSP (bng kt ni cho MPLS). Chc nng ny c ti s dng
trong GMPLS v c xu hng qun l cht ch hn cc phn on u vo v phn
on u ra cung cp cc ng LSP qua thit b.
120
D. Qun l ng dn chuyn mch nhn GMPLS-TE
Vn qun l cc ng dn chuyn mch nhn MSP-TE yu cu s lng
bng c s d liu t hn so vi vic qun l b nh tuyn chuyn mch nhn
GMPLS. Nguyn tc chung ca bi ton qun l cc LSP l c thc hin trn bng
ng hm MPLS (mplsTunnelTable), trong c cha cc tham s khi to, kt
thc hoc chuyn tip cc ng hm. Cc khon mc trong bng ng hm khng
nh s theo nhm 5 cp (five-tuple) nh trong nh ngha LSP (gm {ngun, ch,
ch s nhn dng ng hm, ch s nhn dng ng hm m rng, v ch s nhn
dng LSP}) m theo mt tp tham s gm {ch s ng hm, s kin ng hm,
ch s nhn dng LSR u vo, ch s nhn dng LSR u ra}. Ch s ng hm
c nh x ti nhn dng a ch ng hm c gn, s kin ng hm th
hin s phn bit cc LSP ghp thnh ng hm v ch ra cc nhn dng LSP c
gn. Module c s thng tin qun l gi thit rng ngun v ch ca mt LSP s c
m t bi cc nhn dng LSR v nhn dng ng hm m rng s c gn vo ch
s nhn dng LSR u vo nhm cho php hot ng m rng mi trng trong
GMPLS.
Mc ch ca module c s thng tin qun l GMPLS-TE l cho php cc
LSP c th cu hnh v qun l ti cc u vo, cng nh cho php cc LSP c gim
st ti bt k mt im no trong mng. cu hnh mt LSP ta cn c cc tham s
gn ph hp vi cc yu cu rng buc v ty chn ca lu lng trong . Mt tp
i tng chnh c th hin trong mplsTunelTable v m rng cho GMPLS
nhm h tr mt s c tnh sau:
Th hin ng hm trong LSR nh mt giao din khng nh
s;
La chn phng php ghi nhn;
Kiu m ha cho LSP;
Kiu chuyn mch cho LSP;
Kiu bo v lin kt cho LSP;
Nhn dng ti trong LSP;
La chn LSP d phng;
La chn kiu LSP (n hng, song hng);
iu kin cnh bo v cc c tnh khc ca LSP;
Phng php tnh ton ng dn cho cc LSR u vo.
Mt s c tnh chung c s dng trong c MPLS v GMPLS s c t gi
tr cho kiu m ha bng ZERO trong bng gmplsTunnelTable ch th l LSP
ca MPLS. Tt c cc i tng c lit k trc khi LSP c xc nh ti im
chuyn tip hoc u ra LSR. T , c th xc nh cc thit b nhn thng bo v c
trng thi ca ngi qun tr h thng.
121
Hnh 4.12: Mi quan h gia cc bng MIB trong qun l GMPLS-TE LSP
thc hin ghi li hiu nng ca cc LSP trong GMPLS, mt module c
b sung trong bng c s thng tin qun l GMPLS-TE gi l
gmplsTunnelReversePerfTable. iu ny xut pht t cc LSP trong GMPLS c
thit lp song hng trong cc mi trng khng ch l mi trng gi.
Cc yu cu v lng ti nguyn s dng trong GMPLS c lu trong bng
mplsTunnelResourceTable.
Vn qun l LSP-TE lin quan ti c tnh, tnh ton v ghi li cc ng
dn chuyn mch nhn LSP c cung cp trong 3 bng ca module c s thng tin
qun l MPLS-TE gm: mplsTunnelHopTable, mplsTunnelCHopTable,
mplsTunnelARHopTable. Cc bng ny c gi nguyn trong GMPLS.
M rng cui cng trong module c s thng tin qun l GMPLS-TE l bng
ch th li ng hm GMPLS (gmplsTunnelErrorTable). Bng ny ghi li cc li xy
ra khi thit lp LSP hoc khi LSP hot ng li. Hnh 4.12 ch ra cc bng MIB s
dng qun l cc ng dn chuyn mch nhn trong GMPLS-TE cng nh mi
quan h gia chng.
4.4 TNG KT CHNG 4

Trong chng ny ln lt trnh by v cc c im c s ca cc bi ton
qun l trong mng IP, MPLS, mng quang v GMPLS. Mi kiu kin trc v cng
ngh mng yu cu cc phng php qun l khc nhau, nhng tip cn ph bin nht
c thc hin trn nguyn tc tiu chun ha v ti s dng cc h thng c s d
liu cng nh giao thc qun l mng tn ti. Nhng yu cu sa i v m rng
ca cc module c s thng tin qun l MIB c thc hin trn cc yu cu thc t
ca cc mi trng mng. i vi cc mng din rng, phng php phn vng chc
nng qun l nhm thch ng vi cc kiu cu hnh thit b v tnh c th ca mi
122
trng qun l v ang c pht trin v hon thin vi cc c ch qun l lin
vng thch hp. Tip cn ny v s a n mt lot thch thc trong bi ton qun
l mng hin nay v trong tng lai.
123
Tng quan v vin thng Ti liu tham kho
TI LIU THAM KHO
[1] NGN FC books Proceeding, Part II, 2005.

[2] Gilbert Held: Managing TCP/IP Networks. John Wiley & Sons, 2000.
[3] Douglas Mauro, Kevin Schmidt: Essential SNMP, 2nd Edition, O'Reilly,
2005.
[4] Stephen, B.Moris: Network management, MIBs and MPLS, Prentice Hall
2003.
[5] Sebastian Abeck, et all. : Network Management: Know It All, Morgan
Kaufman, 2009.
[6] Steven T.Karris: NETWORKS Design and Management, 2nd ed., Orchard
Publications, ISBN 978-1-934404-16-4, 2009.
124

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TP ON BU CHNH VIN THNG

HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG

QUN L MNG VIN THNG

QUN L MNG VIN THNG

Bin son: TS. Nguyn Tin Ban (ch bin)

H Ni, thng 12 nm 2009

API Application Programming Interface Giao din lp trnh ng dng

FTP File Transfer Protocol Giao thc truyn file

QAF Q Adapter Function Chc nng thch ng Q

UML Unified Modeling Language M hnh hng i tng s dng

VACM View-based Access Control Model M hnh iu khin kt ni da trn cc

TNG QUAN V QUN L MNG

1.1 GII THIU CHUNG

1.2 CC YU CU QUN L MNG

E, H thng tr gip ngi iu hnh

Hnh 1.1: M hnh h thng qun l theo OSI

Hnh 1.2: Quan h qun l i tng

1.2.3 Kha cnh t chc ca qun l mng

B: Kt qu iu khin Z: Trng thi ca i tng b qun l

Hnh 1.4: Kha cnh thi gian ca i tng b qun l

Cc dch v ti mc gim st c th xc nh cc kiu li ngn hn, cc dch v

Hnh 1.5: Kha cnh thi gian v cc hot ng qun l

1.3 CC CCH TIP CN TRONG QUN L MNG

Hnh 1.6: M hnh qun l tp trung

Hnh 1.7: M hnh qun l phn cp

Hnh 1.8: M hnh qun l phn tn

Hnh 1.9: M hnh qun l lai ghp

Giao thc qun l

i tng ti nguyn qun l

Hnh 1.10: M hnh qun l hng i tng

Hnh 1.11: M hnh qun l tch hp

Hnh 1.12: M hnh truyn thng Manager-agent

Hnh 1.13: M hnh quan h Manager-Agent

1.4 KIN TRC QUN L MNG

Hnh 1.14: Phn cp kin trc qun l mng

1.5 MNG QUN L VIN THNG

1.5.1 Gii thiu chung

1.5.2 Kin trc chc nng

Hnh 1.15: Cc khi chc nng v im tham chiu ca TMN

1.5.3 Kin trc vt l

Kin trc Cc khi Cc im

Kin trc vt l Cc thnh

Hnh 1.16 : Quan h gia m hnh chc nng v kin trc vt l

Bng 1.1: Mi quan h ca khi vt l v khi chc nng qun l

Phn t mng NE c th bao gm bt k tu chn ca cc khi chc nng qun l

Hnh 1.17: Trm lm vic WS

1.6 TNG KT CHNG 1

GIAO THC QUN L MNG N GIN

GII THIU CHNG

2.1 GII THIU CHUNG V SNMP

m bo tnh a dng pht trin

m bo tnh a dng trong qun l

Bao trm nhiu lp giao thc

Da trn tng ca giao thc iu khin cng n gin SGMP (Simple

RFC 1066- C s thng tin qun l cho qun l mng TCP/IP.

Vo nm 1991, Phin bn SNMPv1 c vit li t RFC 1067 v b sung thm

Cu trc v nhn dng thng tin qun l cho TCP/IP da trn

M t thng tin qun l theo cu trc hnh cy.

t ra mt s hn ch cho php giao thc n gin.

a cc lut ng k tn cho cc i tng

nh ngha c s thng tin qun l v hon thin cc nh ngha ca

C s thng tin qun l cho qun l mng ca TCP/IP MIB-II.

Lit k cc bin s dng trong m hnh qun l mng, trng thi ca

nh ngha cc bn tin c th trao i gia h thng qun l vi cc