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    13 views155 pages

    ModernDigitalAndAnalogCommunicationsSystems BPLathiSolutionsManual PDF

    Uploaded by

    Johnathan Gomes

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 155
    Chapter 2 eee 2.1-1 Let us denote the signal in question by g(t) and its energy by By. For parts (a) and (b) te rc sintrdt= 3 fo ae cos 2dt=r+0=m 2), 2 ©) ee [ sinttut= 2 [at-} [costae rt0=% ae Bhp Se 2° eee (a) ef casin 1? ar = a3 ek [corte] = ae soln ae lo 2 Io 2 to Sign change and time shift do not affect the signal energy. Doubling the signal quadruples its energy. In the same way we can show that the energy of kg(t) is k*Ey, 2ae2 (a) Kes [Zar 2. Ey fe(uae+ f2(-1rae = 2 (2)?dt=4. Ex [rans “2 5 0/2 f pas f tora f (ytare o ia m2 a0/2 a Eey= [tars [ores [Cota ee 0 f f Therefore Eazy = Ex ~ Ey (bE, = [ors f 7 Similarly. we can show that Ezy = 44 Therefore Exsy = E. + Ey. We are tempted to conclude that Ext = E,—£y in general. Let us see. o ee [Corns [cntaer ee [ataes seve [ores [omer torn [ome [cote ‘Therefore. in general Exsy # Ex + Ey Lf cheatin snare Sf ec reed [Meteor ona & [econ sana "hh I, dt+ [, cou(aaet +204] = Fete +0) F 2.1+4 This problem is identical to Example 2.26. except that 1 # w2. In this ease, the third integral in Py (see p. 19 is not zero. This integral is given by 2 y= gi, 2 [contort + O:}c08 ait + Ha) at at rie a a eed if onl; —@)dt +f cos(2art +01 +62) dt T Ura “ra " jinn, SY 11 eoaity ~ M9)} + O-= C.Ca costs ~ 2) 1 21-5 21-6 21-8 2.21 Therefore F + crcecosins - #2) 2 Py [eras cur ®) port (yar = 64/7 a aj a [ (ct Pat = 6407/7 wr=5 f (2t*yPat = 4(64/7) = 256/7 — (€) Pea = Sign change of a signal does not affect its power. Multiplication of a signal by ® constant © increases the power by a factor ©? ani aaron Lf7ss dima ert Poa gin tf nine cars gin $f" SY parrot ra 119 on tam ‘The integrals of the cross:product terms (when & # r) are fnite because the integrands are periodic signals rinade up of sinusoids), ‘These terms. when divided by T — oc. yield zero. The remaining cerms (k=) yield ue * yy um $f Data = De? 71a bem fd (a) Power of a sinusoid of amplitude C is C7/2 Bq, (2.6a)] regardless of its frequency (o # 0) and phase Therefore. in this case P ~ (10)*/2 = 50. (b) Power ofa sum of sinusoid is equal to the sum of the powers of the sinusoids [Eq. (2.6b)}. Therefore, this case P = OME 4 UES = 178. (€) (10 +2 sin 31) cos 101 = 10¢os 101 = sin 13¢ — sin 3¢. Hence from Ea, (2.60) P ay p+ $= 51 (d) 10cos 5¢ cos 10t = 5(cos 5t + cos 18¢. Hence from Eq, (2.6b) @ + SF a8, (e) 10sin 5¢ cos 101 = S(sin 15/ ~ sin 8¢. Hence from Eq, (2.6b) P of 4 opt mas, fetorse 4 ==). Using the esl in Prob. 21-7, we obtain P= (1/4) 40/4) = 17 (f) 0/9! cos.wat = For a real a - cof. rp tim & tonT Jurpe For imaginary a. let a= jr. Then pea nineand [emcee ad [atm 1 ~ 2 J ttre) Fig. $2.5-2 Clearly, if is real. ¢7* is neither energy not power signal. However, fa is imaginary, itis @ power signal with power 1 malt) = alt 1) rant 2). galt) salt 1) tout +1). galt) = alt — 08) + sit +05) “The signal qs(1) can be obtained by (i) delaying g(t) by 1 second (replace t with f— 1). (i) then time-expanding by a factor 2 {replace f with #2). (il) then muttiply with 1.5, Thus as(t) = 1.595 2.32 All the signals are shown in Fig. $2.3-2 2.3-3 All the signals are shown in Fig, $2.3-3 4 Ba-4> 4 9 Gs) 3 A = 2 A ° oe -6 t 3 , gars) 4 gu-d 2 4 2 o = Fig. 82.3-3 Fae [anra= [eon e, Exon [cota f° dena ty bane [writen [Pours te Baum [ietarns [Pov 2.34 F y/o bnone [ner oPaaE [doen Bue. Baio [etinieine [doi eat of Pudn ets Een = f fag(t)j? ar 24-1 Using the fact that q(7)6(r) = 9(0)4(7). we have (a) 0 (b) FA(u) Ce) FMA) (4) $A) phate +3) (1) kO(w) (use L’ Hépital’s rule) 12.2 In these problems remember that impulse A(x) is located at x = 0, Thus. an impulse 4(¢—r) is located at and so on. (a) The impulse is located at + and gf) at r =f is a(t). Therefore 3 2.43 251 25-2 2.83 2.4 f a(r)a(t = r)dr = alt) (b) The impulse A(z) is at 7 =O and g(t ~ 7) at 7 = 0 is g(t). Therefore [i Moae-nar=ato Lning similar arguments. we obtain (e)1 (a0 Ce) (A) 5 (we) 9-1) Ch) << Letting at = 7, we obtain (for a > 0) [stomona= Similarly for a < 0, we show that this integral is -40(0). Therefore ~ gtZyavayde = Lo(0) 1 ™~ 1 [evmanae 20 = 3 [some Therefore 1 sat) = Fr Trivial. Take the derivative of je:? with respect to « and equate it to zero. (a) In this case Ey = fi dt = 1. and [ ainrtoa =} f tar =05 = 0.8 over (0 <1 < 1), and zero outside this intervai, Also Ey (b) Thus, aff) = 0.52(¢). and the error e(t) = and Ee (the energy of the error) are E [vow f Pare1/3 and B= [lu-osra= ina lo fo lo The ervor (1 ~ 0.5) is orthogonal to r(1) because [u-onmase Note that Ey = (2£s + Es. To explain these results in terms of vector concepts we observe from Fig, 218 Ae ihe enice vector e is orthogonal to the component ¢x. Because of this orthogonality, the length-square of fg energy of 9(0) i equal to the sum of the square of the lengths of ox and ¢ (surn of the energies of -7(1) and (| In this case Ey = f2q2(Ndt = [2 fdt = afirmars “thus. 2(t) © 1.S9(f). and the error e(¢) = (1) ~ 1.59(1) = 1 1.5f over (0 <1 < 1). and zero outside this ‘Also Ey (the energy of the error) is Ex = fo (1 ~ 1.8t)?dt = 1/4 mare (a) In thin cose By = [sin 2xtat = 08, and altya(t)at = 1 tsin Qetdt = —1/e (b) Thus. git) = ~(1/n)r(0). and the ervor e(t) = t+ (1/x)sin 2xt over (0 < tS 1). and zero outside this interval. Also Ey and E¢ (the energy of the error) are 4 25-8 2.5-6 5 1 1 [roa [ Pat=1/3 and Ee 37 i ‘The error [t + (1/n)sin 2nt} is orthogonal to x(t) because [ sin 2nt|t + (1/x)sin 2xf}dt = 0 Note that Ep = «?Ex + Be. To explain these resulte in terms of vector concepts we observe from Fig, 2.15 that sere e vector e ls orthogonal to the component cx. Because of this orthogonality, the length of f (energy of Sin) is equal to the sum ef the square of the lengths of cx and e [sum of the energies of ex(t) and c(t) (a) If +(1) and y(t) are orthogonal. then we can show the energy of x(t) + y(t) is Ex + Fy £ reo sunrar= [~ veto [~ moras [~ sor oae [” ronne a = £ n(n dt + £ iu PRae ® ‘The last result follows from the fact that because of orthogonality, the two integrals of the cross products Tnywt) and 2° (F)y{t) are zero [ore Eq, (2.40)]. Thus the energy of 7(*) + v(t) is equal to that of 2(1) ~ vie) if (0) and 1/(1) are orthogonal. {h) Using similar argument. we can show that the energy of e17(t) +ean(t) is equal to that of et) ~ aut) if x(t) and yi!) are orthogonal. This energy is given by lea|?Ex + lea Ey. (e) If sit) = 7(0) £ u{0), then it follows from Eq, (1) in the above derivation thet Ey = Ex + Ey (Exy + Eve) 1(2.1), ga(1.2). g3(0.—2). g4(2-2). e9(2.1), and aa(3,0). From Fig, $2.6-6. we see that pairs (R-66) {e1-Bs) and (B2-s) ate orthogonal. We can verify this also analytically. aig, $2.5-6 gy-gs = (0x3) +(-2%0)=0 gree = (2x1) + (-12) = (-1x2)4(2x1)=0 We can show that the corresponding signa! pairs are also orthogonal. [stone [° crstnise ia = f atten J erie ~ zane) +210 =0 f atpostnar= J t-n(-+2estnitr +2a09)dt = 0 In deriving these results, we used the fact that J™ 2?ut = f™ 23(e)dt-= 1 and J ru(t}za(t)dt = 0 2.6-1 We shall compute rn using Eq. (2.48) for each of the 4 cases. Let us first compute the energies of all the signals. [ sin?artdt = 05 E, In the same way we find E, Using Eq. (2.48), the correlat Eq, = 05. n coefficients for four cases are found as a ates sin Detsin Ant dt = 0 (2) yous [ (sin 2n1)(~sin Int) at , * @) satan [ oorsin 2rtur=0 (4) ganon [ff o.07 sin area [on areas] Laide Signals z(t) and g2(?) provide the maximum protection against noise. 28-1 Here To = 2. s0 that wo = 2n/2 mand lt) = 00+ Srancosnat +qsinnst 1S 4S 1 acy" cosnat dt = Therefore {-1)" i) be SM cose wists 25+ SL GP cont lees Figure $2.61 shows git) = 1? for all and the corresponding Fourier series representing ait) over ‘1. 1). ge) fu) a “iL t> => 4 5%t> Fig. $2.61 ‘The power of a(t) is . Pz = 0.19837. which is greater than 0.198 For N = 1. Pe Thus. N = 3. 2.8-2 Here To = 2n. so that wo = 2n/2x = 1. and 0.1111; for N = 2. Py = 0.19323, For N = a(t) = 40+ San cosnt + by where ans mere a i “saeo, eed [toners Thevfre . gen Svat ests Figure $2.82 shows a(t) = ¢ for allt and the corresponding Fourier se ar) to represent g(t) over (—, 7) eu) = yi Fig. $2.6-2 ‘The power of alt) is 1 tae nok [uted Moreover, from Parseval’s theorem (Eq, (2.90)} myer Sodan eens The power Pe is required to be 080 x 32 = 026?, Therefore a4 Lee Pz = 2.927, which is less than 0.30, For N= 6. Pe = Pee For N= 1, Pe = 2; for N= 2. Py = 25. for N 2.9625. which is greater than 0.3n?. Thus. N = 6. 2.8-3 Revall that FF a 1a) wna] foe (0 ay ond f g(t) cos nwot dt {1b} rena rant el Fle a(t) sin neat dt ue) Deed Recall also that cos nent is an even function and sin nut is an odd function oft. If g(t) is an even function of Fetch at!) cos next is also an even function and a(@)sin nut is an odd function of f- Therefore (see hint) a fr mond f attae (2) pen Oo af a(t)cos nuot dt (2) bea ro) similarly if (t) is an odd function oft, then g(t) cos nugt is an odd function of t and g(t)sin nwot is an even function of t. Therefore a = 4 =0 (3a) 4 RP b= [ a(t) sin nwotdt (ab) fon required to compute the coefficients need be performed over Observe that, because of symmetry. the integré only half the period. (a) To = 4. wo = $f = F Because of even symmetry, all sine terms are 280 att) = 404 5 ances (Ze) 0 (by inspection) Bat Dog ME Leos HE) 275 2 7 2 and we allow Ci 10 take negative values, Figure §2.8-4a shows the plot of Cu {E Because of even symmetry. all the sine terms are 2670 Here bn (b) To = 10.40 = F ait) = 204 590s (21) + basin (31) ok mle) ee dO Se) mae f “sn (Be) et = 0 (ntgrand isan odd function of #) Here by = 0, and we allow Cx to take negative values. Note that Cy = am for m= 0;1,2.3,:-~. Figure $2.8-th shows the plot of Cn (¢) To = 22. wo = 1 git) = 00+ Syanconnt + besinnt with 9 = 05 (by inspection) wae Lyme ! eact [" homnire teed [" Lanntdt=- 2 [ greomnar=o b [fannie —z and Lanne tonee! (sors Hanars Lana omer) ) + Seon (30+ F vo “STEEL cc 12> %5 6 we 123456 © t t c oa} 5” the an ol} |e 7 (e) oy. ar om ae cf? Pig. $2.84 ‘The reason for vanishing of the cosines terms is that when 0.5 (the de component) is subtracted from 9/). the qemaining function has edd symmetry. Hence, the Fourier series would contain de and sine terms only. Figure $2.8-4c shows the plot of Cy and 4». (4) To = ¥. wo = 2 and y(t) = 4h ao=0 (by inspection). an =0 (n>0) because of odd symmetry. 4 ear 4 ye 4 1 a(t) = Apsin 9 2 singt — go sin 6t — gain t+ Figure $2.8-4d shows the plot of Cy and 4p. (0) To = 3. wo = 25/3. Therefore Co = } and oe at (f) To = 6. +0 = 7/3. 00 0.5 (by inspection). Even symmetry; bn = 0. ap. ar nnd f ston than git) 208 ~ Observe that even harmonics vanish. The reason is that if the de (0.5) is subtracted from a(t), the resulting function has half-wave symmetry, (See Prob. 28-6). Figure $2.8-4f shows the plot of Cn 2.8-5 An even function get) and an odd function gg(f) have the property that ~g9e(-1) ay Gelt) = gel—t) and aol) Every signal g(t) can be exptessed as a sum of even and odd components because a(t) = 4 fate) + af—t)} +4 alt) - 9(-) wearer From the definitions in Eq. (1). it can be seen that the first component on the right-hand side is an even function. while the second component is odd. This is readily seen from the fact that replacing f by ~f in the first compotient yields the same function. The same maneuver in the second component yields the negative of that component. To find the odd and the even components of 9(t) = u(t). we have a(t) = gelt) + got) where {from Eq. (1)] wlth = $y emia d and golt) = } u(t) —n(-] = pee “The even and odd components of the signal u(t) are shown Similarly. to find the odd and the even components of ¢(!) a(t) = a(t) + volt) where alt) = 3 [et ulty + etu(~1)] ond 10 (cp) Fig. $2.85 elt) = $ [om*tu(t) = eu(—1)] ‘The even and odd components of the signal ¢~*'n(t) are shown in Fig. $2.8-5b, For g(t) =". we have a gel!) taal!) where elt) = 4 [OH and antt) = 4 fet =o] isin t 2.8-6 (a) For half wave symmetry at) = -9 (1+ 8) and nt mek [anenattnn df arcanatars [” gisnate Let + = 1 - To/2 in the second integral. This gives Zl [ nrcnarars [°"o(e+) conn (e+ 3) «] m2 To) -2[f acncosnaata f -a()[-coonanrd] 28 [ [comma] Ina similar way we can show that 4 02 Bhs rsinneatat (b) () To = 8. «0 = F. 00 = 0 (by inspection). Half wave symmetry, Hence u Therefore Similarly and t= Yo ances Et + basin elas. (8) Tp = 27. wo = 1. ao = 0 (by inspection). Half wave symmetry. Hence alt)= So ancosnt + besinnt neta. (n_ odd) and 1° sin melt 2 [sept coason nena” (n oda) 2.91 (a): To = 4.wo = 4/2. Also Do = 0 (by inspection). nf el dts Zain = Inf>1 (b) To On. wo = 2e/10r = 1/5 a= 3 De. where fF) Fig. $2.0-1 Oy a(t) = Do+ > Dae'™. where. by inspection Do = 05 . F on>o eeitar= 2, sothat [Daim gi, and 2De= 4? |, 2m an Onn sono and Dn =0 amt where Dro’ 2.02 (e) To = 3.40 ae Smee wns Daa bf te P ate ras [EP +) a] ant Therefore 3_| (oe hen in en oa (Bee cos a=| a4 SE — too BGP - SSP ain P| and Do = tan (AS) \D-! (f) To = 6. 20 = 7/3 Do = 05 For a compact trigonometric form. all terms must have cosine form and amplitudes must be positive For this reason, we rewrite g(f) as ait) = Seost + con (se Z~ £) +2008(8'- 5-7) meant con (se = 26) +200 Figure $2.9-2a shows amplitude and phase spectra. (b) By inspection of the trigonometric spectra in Fig. $2.9-2a, we plot the exponential spectra as shown in Fig, §2,9-2b, By inspection of exponential spectra in Fig, $2.9-2s, we obtain aye Bet eer [er sess [ost at gst] + (get) om (eo) e+ Set (Got) ome (em 14 2.9-3 (a) att) = 2+ Boat =m) + co(st- $) = 2 2cos 2t + sin 3t (b) The exponential spectra are shown in Fig, $2.9-3. (c) By inspection of exponential spectra auiye ae fer vn Ef HON] 224 2eont-0) 400 (st~ 5) (a) Observe that the two expreasions (trigonometric and exponential Fourier series) are equivalent Fig, 82.93 2.964 To)? nen [[ riers [Nosema Tel? 2 If ott) is even. the second term on the right-hand side is zero because its integrand is an odd function of f Hence, Da is real In contrast. if g(f) is odd. the first term on the right-hand side is zero because its integrand is an odd function of ¢. Hence, Dx is imaginary, Chapter 3 a 3.161 Ba-2 31-3 ews fr aye mann [7 gpeoatar—j f at0sinsta If ol") is an even function of. a(t)sinat ip an odd function of t, and the second integral vanishes, Morea", video ie an even function oft. and the frst integral is twice the integral over the interval Oto oe. Thus when ai!) is even ors) =2 f a(t) cost dt a) Similar argument shows that when g(t) is odd Cle) 25 J sensinatar @) If gl?) is also real (in addition to being even), the integral (1) is real. Moreover from (1) ai-w)=2 | atycosseat = Glu) Heuce Gx) is real and even function of 2. Similar arguments can be used to prove the rest of the properties f Gly d= zf- Glaieteee dhe 5 + it iacaniostr + 6terite i f (otasiniot + eho] since 'Glu){ is an oven funetion and 8,(w) is an odd function of w. the integrand in the second integial is an Since 10 (=)1 i an a therefore vanishes. Moreover the integrand in the fist integral is an even function of and therefore a= 2 [icteric + Gl) de ty (t), G(w) = phy. Therefore |G(w)| = 1/VaT a? and 6,(w) = — tan™*(¥). Hence Cotee be Ole [i awemra ohw)= f ™ pene ae = f ayer 16 For 9(!) Gi Therefore and ol 8.164 (a) ) 7 7 Ge) f[ te at = f[ lo lo 3.15 (a) 1 2 1 — 908 Gu) forts f arm gt Ader a te lo : je (e) auy= fo temans [tomar Zeleoner + wrsinwr ~ 1) ‘This result could also be derived by observing that g(t) is an even function. Therefore from the result in Prob. 3-1 ow) = 2f eon stat m 2p fconur + ur sinwr — 1) 3.1-6 (a) pot \* 21? — 2) sin wot + 2wot cos. f etace LO 2 ajiat ea] = WBE a Bsns Beet cot ost = Gry 2n a G0? =r fet Fig. $3.16 (b) The derivation ean be simplified by observing that G() can be expressed as a sum of two gate functions Gylw) and Ga(w) as shown in Fig. $3.1-6. Therefore avez fiisw +Gala\ do = {fines otauh = sat 3-7 (a)

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