Formulas exam physics If AE1204 Magnitude ofthe force F (in N) between two charges O; and Qs (both in C), with r (in m) the distance between the two charges, "The eleciris Held vector at any point due to one oF more charges is defined asthe foree per unit charge that would act on a positive test charge placed at that point “Magnitude of the electric field (in NIC) at a distance r Gia 'm) from a point charge O (in C), Bleciic field (ia NIC) above or below an “infinite” plane oF any shape holding a charge density & (in C/m*) Electric flux (in Nav7C) through a lat area 4 fora uniform electric field E (direction of is chosen perpendicular to the surface whose area is 4). Electric lux in ease the field fs not uniform. Gauss aw: ‘Net flux passing through any closed surface (left-hand side ‘of equation) equals the net charge Quux (in C) enclosed by that surface divided by € Potential iflerence (in V or JIC) between two points, @ and », given the electric field E (in NIC oF Vie). Potential difference (in V or JIC) between two points, a and 5, in the case the electric field is uniform (with magnitude 2) d (in m) is the distance between the two points Electric potential V(in V) due to a single point charge O at 8 distance r (in m) from this point charge. ‘Components ofthe electric field vector = (EE, E,) sven the known potential V(x, y, 2). Definition of capacitance C (in Fy ratio of the charge Q (in C) to potential difference ¥ (in V) between the two conductors ofa capacitor (the two conductors ofa cepacitor hold equal and opposite charges of magnitude Q). ‘Capacitance C (in F) ofa paralleplate capacitor with plate area 4 (in m’) and separation d (in m), Equivalent capacitance when capacitors are connected in parallelEquivalent capacitance when capacitors are connected in ‘A charged capacitor stores an amount of energy Vasa function of C, Q, or V In any electric field E in free space the energy density w (energy per unit volume) ‘Capacitance in dielectrics, K's the dielectric constant Permittviy for a dielectric material Tho energy density for a dielectric material Relation between resistance R (in @) of a deviee and the current (in A) in the device and the potential difference (in V) applied actoss it. Ohm's Jaw: Ris a constant independent of V. Resistance R (in 92) of a wire with cross-sectional area 4 «iam, length in m) and resistivity 7 (in Om). Power P (in W) transformed in a resistance R (in Q) with T (in. A) the current in the resistor and ¥ (in V) the potential difference applied across it “The mms values of sinusoidally alternating currents and voltages. Relation between the current density and the number of charge carrcrsn per unit volume, the charge q per particle and the drift velocity va Relation between the current density, he electric Held and the conductivity "The conductivity is one over the resistivity pr =p[lta(r-T)] Resistivity p, at temperature Texpressed in tems ofthe resistivity 2, at temperature T,. The coefficient isthe temperature coefficient of resistivity (in 1/ C”) R,=R+R +. ‘Equivalent resistance when resistors are connected th Series 11,1 Equivalent resistance whea resistors are connected in ipa nan parallel. Ry RR T=RC The time constant 7 of an RC coulis the resistance uultiplied by the capacitance, =I1xB Force (in N) exerted by a uniform magnetic field B (in T) con-a wire of length 7 (in m) that carries a current (in A), FaqhtqyxB Force ona charge q moving with velocity in an eecreThe torque Z on acurrent loop in a magnetic field B The magnetic dipole moment df asa fancon ofthe tuber of col, Nth eure and oriented aren of the oop 4 Magnetic Held B (in T) ata distance r Gin) from a long straight wite that carties a current / (in A), ad, Polat Hobo line integral of the magnetic field B around any closed loop equals, times the total net current fu enclosed bythe Joop. Biot-Savart Law: dB is the contribution to the magnetic field at some point P due tothe curent in the infinitesimal oriented line segment di located at adistance r from P. Magnetic flux (in Wo or Tin") passing through a loop equals the product of the area ofthe loop times the perpendicular component of the uniform magnetic field B (direction of A is chosen perpendicular to the surface whose area is 4). “Magnetic flux in ease the field is not uniform. Taraday's law of induction ‘The magnitude of the emf ¢ (in V) induced in a coil equals the time rate of change of the magnetic flux @, (in Wb) through the loop times the number V of loops in the col General aw oF Earaday’s law: line integral ofthe electric feld E is tken around the (Closed) loop through which the magnetic fax P, is changin Definition of selFiadactance Z Gn Fy Within a single col (with N loops changing current Z(in A) induces an opposing emt (in V), with L the coefficient of setfinductance (in H) ofthe coil and ®, the magnetic fhux (in Wo) through the coi Energy stored in the inductor with inductance L when the current is given by Energy density in any magnetic field B L Time constant F for LR-crouit pa R X,=0L ‘The reactance of an inductor X, is the Frequency @ rmuikiplied by the inductance L, with @= 2 f° ee The reactance ofa capacitor X is one over the fequency Ot @ multiplied by the capacitance C where @= 27 f"The impedance Zin as LRC-clrcuit asa function of the resistance R and the reactance of an inductor and a capacitor. ‘Gauss’ Law for magnetism, "No isolated magnetic monopoles exis" Poynting. vector. ‘Average magaltude of Poynting vector in terms of the maximum values Ey and By, ‘Average magnitude of the Poynting vector in terms ofthe root mean square values E,q, and By» Radiation pressure for fly absorbing material ‘Radiation pressure for fully reflecting material “Tie wavelength A and the frequency FoF EM waves re related to the speed of ight “Time evolution of the charge Q ia C) on the postive plats of the capacitor in an LC circuit (without resistance), with C the capacitance (in F) and the inductance (in H).Speed of fight v Gin m/s) in a material with index of refraction n,c being the speed of light (in m/s) in vacuum, The focal lengih FoF a curved mirror with dius of curvature r, ‘Mor equation and Tin ens eauation Relation between image and object distances, d, and dy, and the focal length fll nm). {account forthe sign conventions for all quantities involved) ‘The wavelength in a medium with refraction index m related to the wavelength in vacuum, Lateral magnification m oF a mior or Tens, defined as the height of the image f, divided by the height ofthe object hy (account for the sign conventions forall quantities involved) ‘The power P of a lens as a function of the focal length Tensmaker's equation. Fis the focal distance, the tefiaction index ofthe medium of the les and R, and Ry ae the radi of curvature at both sides ofthe lens “Angular magnification when viewed by a relaxed normal eye. Fis the focal length and IVs the near point ofthe eye. For normal eyes N=25 cm. ‘Constructive interference ofa double sit experiment where is the distance between the slits, m isan integer and A is the wavelength of the light. Destructive interference of a double si experiment where d js the distance between the slit, m is an integer and is the wavelength of the light, Light intensity relative to the intensity at O=0 asa function of the angle 6 , the distance between the slits and the wave number J. of the ight in the experiment Light passing through a narrow slitof width D (on the onder of the wavelength 4 ) will produce a pattern with a bright ccontral maximum of half-width @. For circular apertures with diameter D the central macmum hhas an angular half width @ ‘When light passes from one transparent medium into ‘another, the rays refract according to Snell's law of reflaction, where 7, and @ are the index of reaction and angle with the normal tothe surface forthe incident ray, and nnzand 8, are forthe refracted ray.Fundamental constants ‘Speed of light in vacuum ¢ 3.0.x 10° m s Charge on electron € 160x107 C Permittivity of free space & 8.85x 10" C Nm Permeability of free space os Fax 10 TMA ‘Acceleration due to gravity g 9.80 mis (average value at Earth’s surface) Refractive index vacuum 7 I Refractive index air mh T Refractive index water %, 133 Refractive index glass n, 150