Tp ch Khoa hc Trng i hc Cn Th Phn C: Khoa hc X hi, Nhn vn v Gio dc: 32 (2014): 97-105

XY DNG KHUNG L THUYT V NG LC LM VIC

KHU VC CNG TI VIT NAM
Hong Th Hng Lc1 v Nguyn Quc Nghi1
1
Khoa Kinh t & Qun tr Kinh doanh, Trng i hc Cn Th

Thng tin chung:
Ngy nhn: 10/04/2014
Ngy chp nhn: 27/06/2014
Title:
Theoretical framework of
work motivation in public
sector in Vietnam
T kha:
ng lc lm vic, khu vc of a collectivist culture, public sector and socioeconomic background in
cng, cn b cng chc vin Vietnam. The suggested theoretical model shows that government
chc, nhu cu
Keywords:
Work motivation, public
sector, government
employees, need
ABSTRACT
This study aims to build a theoretical framework to find some main factors
which affect to work motivation of government employees in Vietnam. The
author uses meta analysis method in order to inherit valuable findings of
previous researches in Vietnam and other countries. The theoretical
framework is suggested by the author based on Maslows Hierarchy of
Needs (1943) and Neviss Chinese Hierarchy of Needs (1983). However,
the suggested model contains the modification and implementation of
Maslows model and Neviss model to fit in the context of Vietnamese
people today. In addition to, this research carefully considers the features
employees hierarchy of needs includes the following five orders:
Belonging (social) Physiological Safety and Security Self esteem
Self actualization. The five levels of needs can be considered the five main
variables in an econometric model. These variables are measured by 26
items. The theoretical model can be well applied in public organizations in
Vietnam.
TM TT
Bi vit ny c thc hin nhm xy dng mt khung l thuyt phc v
cho mc ch khm ph cc nhn t chnh nh hng n ng lc lm
vic ca nhn vin khu vc cng (cn b cng chc, vin chc) ti Vit
Nam. Tc gi s dng phng php nghin cu phn tch tng hp
nhm k tha nhng pht hin c gi tr t cc nghin cu trc ca cng
ng khoa hc trong v ngoi nc. Khung l thuyt do tc gi xut
da trn m hnh gc Thp nhu cu ca Maslow (1943) v m hnh Thp
nhu cu ca ngi Trung Quc do Nevis xut nm 1983, nhng c
s iu chnh, b sung cho ph hp vi i tng nghin cu l cn b
cng chc, vin chc Vit Nam. ng thi, nghin cu ny cn th hin s
cn nhc k lng n cc c trng ca mt nn vn ha tp th v bi
cnh kinh t - x hi nc ta hin nay. Kt qu nghin cu cho thy, m
hnh l thuyt do tc gi xut bao gm 5 bc nhu cu theo trt t t
thp n cao nh sau: nhu cu x hi nhu cu sinh hc nhu cu an
ton nhu cu c tn trng nhu cu t th hin. Nm bc nhu cu c
th c xem nh 5 nhm bin trong m hnh kinh t lng v c o
lng thng qua tt c 26 bin thnh phn. M hnh l thuyt ny c gi
tr p dng i vi cc t chc trong khu vc cng ti Vit Nam.

97
Tp ch Khoa hc Trng i hc Cn Th Phn C: Khoa hc X hi, Nhn vn v Gio dc: 32 (2014): 97-105

1 T VN Ti Vit Nam, trc tnh trng CBCCVC i

lm khng ng thi gian qui nh, i tr, v sm,
Nng cao hiu qu qun l nh nc tr
lm vic ring trong gi hnh chnh, thi gian x l
thnh ni dung tm im trn rt nhiu din n
th tc hnh chnh cho ngi dn ko di Th
nc ta hin nay. Thc t cho thy, ch trng ci
tng Chnh ph c Ch th s 05/2008/CT-TTg
cch hnh chnh nhm thc y pht trin kinh t
v vic nng cao hiu qu s dng thi gi lm
ch c th thnh cng khi hiu qu lm vic ca cc
vic ca CBCCVC nh nc. Trong , c phn
cn b cng chc, vin chc (CBCCVC) c ci
tch nguyn nhn ch yu dn n nhng khuyt
thin. Ti Ngh quyt s 30c/NQ-CP v Chng
im ca CBCCVC l do ngi ng u cc c
trnh tng th ci cch hnh chnh nh nc giai
quan, t chc, n v ca Nh nc cha ch trng
on 2011-2020 ch r mt trong nhng nhim
qun l thi gi lm vic; thc chp hnh cc
v trng tm ca ci cch hnh chnh l: nng cao
quy nh ca php lut v s dng thi gi lm
cht lng i ng CBCCVC, ch trng ci cch
vic ca CBCCVC cn yu km; vic x l cc
chnh sch tin lng nhm to ng lc thc s
hnh vi vi phm php lut v thi gi lm vic
CBCCVC thc thi cng v c cht lng v
cha nghim. Ch th ny ci thin nht nh
hiu qu cao; nng cao cht lng dch v hnh
tinh thn v thi lm vic ca phn ln
chnh v cht lng dch v cng. C th khng
CBCCVC. Tuy nhin, to n by ng lc lm
nh, mt khi hiu sut v hiu qu lm vic ca
vic cho CBCCVC th rt cn nhng nhn t hu
cc cn b qun l v ngi thc thi cng v c
hiu. Chnh v vy, thit ngh cn phi c nhng
ci thin s tr thnh nn tng vng chc cho qu
nghin cu c th nhm lm r yu t no thc s
trnh ci cch hnh chnh v ci cch th ch. Tuy
nh hng n ng lc lm vic ca CBCCVC.
nhin, thc t cho thy, khu vc cng vi ch
T , cc nh lnh o khu vc cng s c c s
chc nghip gn nh trn i, hot ng bng ngn
vng chc trc khi quyt nh chn la cng c
sch nh nc, rng buc cht ch v th bc,
khuyn khch nhn vin ph hp. Bi l, ng lc
quyn hn li l khu vc d ny sinh s tr tr,
lm vic ng vai tr quan trng trong s tng
quan liu v tm l li cc nhn vin nh nc.
nng sut lao ng khi cc yu t u vo khc
V th, cc nh lnh o lun phi i mt vi
khng thay i. Bn cnh , nghin cu ca cc
thch thc tm kim nhng ng lc thc y
hc gi nh Buelens & Van den Broeck (2007) ti
nhn vin ca h lm vic hng say v cho nng
B, v tc gi Nawab (2011) ti Pakistan u ch
sut cao hn.
ra s khc bit v ng lc lm vic ca nhn vin
Mt khc, trong nhng nm qua hin tng gia cc t chc khu vc cng v khu vc t. iu
chy mu cht xm tr nn ph bin hn khi ny cho thy, khng phi tt c l thuyt v qun l
ngy cng nhiu c nhn c nng lc cao chuyn t tng c ng dng thnh cng khu vc t cng
khu vc cng sang khu vc t nhn. T nghin cu u c th vn hnh tt khu vc cng. Hn na,
ca Duke (1999) thc hin ti 4 thnh ph l cc tc gi nh Nevis (1983), Hofstede (1984),
Budapest, Prague, Warsaw, Krakow cho thy do Trompenaars (1993) (trch trong Gambrel &
thu nhp thp nn cc nhn vin nh nc thng Cianci, 2003) u i n kt lun rng nhng hc
phi a dng ha ngun thu nhp ca gia nh bng thuyt v to ng lc lm vic xut pht t chu
cng vic ph th 2, thm ch l th 3. Cng trong u hay Hoa K - vn l cc quc gia c nn vn
nghin cu ny ch ra lc lng lao ng ti cc ha c nhn - cn phi c iu chnh thch hp
c quan nh nc hin nay phn ln l ph n, c trc khi ng dng vo cc quc gia c nn vn
trnh hc vn cao. Th nhng thanh nin trong ha tp th nh Trung Quc, Hong Kong, i
tui 18-39 vi tinh thn cu tin cao li thng Loan hay Vit Nam.
chn lm vic cc t chc t nhn. Bn cnh ,
Trong nhng nm qua, nghin cu v ng lc
theo Bo co tnh hnh thanh nin nm 2012 ca
lm vic khu vc cng ti Vit Nam cha c
Vin Nghin cu Thanh Nin th c khong 50%
cc hc gi trong nc v quc t quan tm. Chnh
thanh nin - nhng ngi ang l CBCCVC, cho
v vy, bi vit ny hng n xy dng mt
rng mi trng lm vic ti c quan khng ph
khung l thuyt nhm phc v cho mc ch tm
hp, thiu iu kin to ng lc pht trin khin
hiu cc nhn t chnh tc ng n ng lc lm
thanh nin lo lng v mun chuyn sang khu vc
vic ca CBCCVC. Khung l thuyt do tc gi
ngoi nh nc. ng thi, cng trong kho st
xut l s iu chnh t m hnh gc Thp nhu cu
ny cho thy c ti trn 80% thanh nin c hi
ca Maslow (1943) v m hnh ca Nevis (1983)
cho rng ch tin lng, i ng vt cht trong
cho ph hp vi i tng nghin cu l CBCCVC
khu vc cng cn thp.

98
Tp ch Khoa hc Trng i hc Cn Th Phn C: Khoa hc X hi, Nhn vn v Gio dc: 32 (2014): 97-105
ti Vit Nam. ng thi, nghin cu ny cn th
hin s cn nhc k lng n c trng ca nn
vn ha tp th v bi cnh kinh t - x hi nc
ta hin nay. Phng php nghin cu phn tch
tng hp c tc gi vn dng nhm k tha cc
pht hin c gi tr t nhng nghin cu trc.
2 C S L THUYT V CC NGHIN
CU NN TNG
tr li c cu hi liu nhng nhn t no
c nh hng n ng lc lm vic ca ngi lao
ng trong khu vc cng, th trc ht cn phi
lm r khi nim ng lc lm vic (work
motivation). C th thy, ch v to ng lc
lm vic c cc nh nghin cu tm l, x hi
hc, ch doanh nghip t nhiu mi quan tm
t ngay sau khi cch mng cng nghip ha bng
n phng Ty. Th nhng, nghin cu ng lc
lm vic trong cc t chc cng ch mi bt u
xut hin vo nhng nm u thp nin 60 ca th
k 20. Trong sut 2 thp k (t 1960 1980), cc
nghin cu v ng lc li c xu hng tp trung
qu nhiu vo ngi lao ng cc t chc cng
nghip v kinh doanh (Perry & Porter, (1981), trch
trong Wright (2001)). Theo Kleinginna &
Kleinginna (1981), c t nht 140 nh ngha
khc nhau v ng lc lm vic. Trong gii hn bi
vit ny, tc gi ng h quan im ca Herzberg
(1959) trong tc phm The motivation to work
cho rng: ng lc lm vic l s khao kht v t
nguyn ca ngi lao ng tng cng n lc
nhm hng ti vic t cc mc tiu ca t chc.
2.1 L thuyt thang bc nhu cu ca Maslow
L thuyt ca Maslow v s pht trin c nhn
v ng lc c cng b vo nm 1943. Theo
Maslow, hnh vi ca con ngi bt ngun t mong
mun tha mn cc nhu cu c nhn. Nhu cu ca
con ngi c chia thnh 5 bc t thp (cp thit
nht) n cao (t cp thit), bao gm: nhu cu sinh
hc nhu cu an ton nhu cu x hi nhu cu
c tn trng nhu cu t th hin bn thn.
Thp nhu cu ca Maslow c xy dng da trn
cc gi nh sau: (1) Nhu cu chnh l c s hnh
thnh nn ng c thi thc con ngi hnh ng.
Con ngi c gng tha mn trc ht l nhng
nhu cu quan trng nht. Tuy nhin, khi mt nhu
cu c tha mn th n khng cn l ng c
hin thi na, v ngi ta li c gng tm cch tha
mn nhu cu quan trng nht tip theo. (2) Nhu cu
bc cao ch xut hin khi nhu cu bc thp hn
c tha mn. Chng hn, khi mt ngi sp
cht v i th h mong mun tm cch tha mn
nhu cu sinh l, gii quyt trc ht vn i.
Trong thi im ny h hon ton khng quan tm
xem s kin g ang xy ra trong lnh vc ngh
thut, hay khng quan tm xem mi ngi tn
trng mnh nh th no.
2.2 Mt s nghin cu c lin quan
Gambrel v Cianci (2003), Thp nhu cu ca
Maslow: c th c ng dng mt nn vn ha
tp th hay khng?. L thuyt thp nhu cu ca
Maslow l mt trong nhng m hnh v ng lc
lm vic ca con ngi c nhc n v tho lun
nhiu nht trong nhng thp k qua. Cng ging
nh cc l thuyt v ng lc lm vic ni ting
khc, m hnh ca Maslow c pht trin da
trn nn tng nghin cu cc doanh nghip Hoa
K. V vy, nghin cu ca Gambrel v Cianci vo
nm 2003 c thc hin nhm tr li cu hi liu
rng l thuyt nhu cu ca Maslow c th c
ng dng tt cc quc gia khc nhau hay khng.
S dng Trung Quc nh mt v d minh ha,
nghin cu ny tp trung nh gi Thp nhu cu
ca Maslow v cc nghin cu c lin quan khc,
xc nh liu chng c th c p dng mt
quc gia c nn vn ha tp th nh Trung Quc
hay khng.
Bi vit c bt u bng vic nhc li ni
dung Thp nhu cu ca Maslow. Tip theo l lc
kho cc nghin cu v ch ngha c nhn ch
ngha tp th, vn tng c thc hin bi cc
nh nghin cu nh: Hofstede (1983), Hampden
Turner v Trompenaars (1993), Schwartz (1994),
Triandis (1995), ng thi ch r cc c im
tng phn ca ch ngha c nhn trong nn vn
ha Hoa K vi ch ngha tp th trong nn vn
ha Trung Quc. Theo , trong mt x hi thnh
hnh ch ngha c nhn th mi c nhn phi n lc
c cuc sng tt p hn da vo chnh nng
lc ca mi ngi. Cc thnh tu t c, s t
khng nh bn thn, s t tn trng chnh l cc
c im c bn ca mt nn vn ha c nhn,
ng thi y cng chnh l ni dung ca nhu cu
bc th 4 (nhu cu c tn trng) v nhu cu
bc th 5 (nhu cu t th hin bn thn) trong Thp
nhu cu Maslow. Trong nn kinh t t bn, ch
ngha c nhn kh ph bin. Ti cc doanh nghip,
t chc, mi c nhn c xu hng tch ri cng
vic vi cuc sng ring t, ng thi vic hon
thnh nhim v c u tin t trc vic pht
trin cc mi quan h. Tri li, ch ngha tp th
ph bin hn cc nc phng ng. Trong mt
x hi c nn vn ha tp th, phn ln mi ngi
c sinh ra trong gia nh m rng (gia nh nhiu
th h) v ngi ch gia nh c trch nhim bo v
99
Tp ch Khoa hc Trng i hc Cn Th
cc thnh vin khc. Tuy nhin, trong x hi c nn
vn ha c nhn, mi c nhn c trch nhim t
chm lo cho cuc sng v gia nh ring ca mnh.
C th thy, nn vn ha tp th, i t chng
ti chim vai tr thc thng tr trong tm tr nhiu
ngi. Trong khi , ti cc quc gia c nn vn ha
c nhn, i t ti li c nhn mnh. Bn cnh
, s khc nhau gia vn ha c nhn v vn ha
tp th cn c phn chiu qua ni m mi c nhn
t nim tin: tin vo quyt nh ca tp th/hay tin
vo quyt nh ca chnh mnh.
im ni bt trong nghin cu ny l vic nhc
li Thp nhu cu ca ngi Trung Quc c pht
trin bi tc gi Nevis (1983) da trn nn tng m
hnh ca Maslow. im khc bit ln nht gia
Thp nhu cu ca ngi Trung Quc (Nevis) so
vi Thp nhu cu Maslow chnh l v tr th bc
ca nhu cu x hi, v s loi b nhu cu c
tn trng ra khi Thp nhu cu. C th, th bc t
thp n cao trong Thp nhu cu ca ngi Trung
Quc (Nevis) nh sau: nhu cu x hi nhu cu
sinh hc nhu cu an ton nhu cu t th hin.
Kt qu nghin cu cho thy, cn c s iu chnh
m hnh gc ca Maslow trc khi p dng cc
quc gia c nn vn ha tp th nh Trung Quc,
Hong Kong v cc nc ng khc.
Reem (2010) thc hin nghin cu To
ng lc thc y nhn vin khu vc cng: cc
cng c ng dng trong thc tin. Nghin cu
c thc hin nhm hng n vic tm ra cc
nhn t l thuyt v cc chin thut c th p dng
trong thc t, t gip nh qun l khu vc cng
to ra nhiu ng lc lm vic hn cho nhn vin
ca h. Bi v ng lc lm vic ng vai tr quan
trng i vi kt qu cng vic ca ngi lao ng.
Phng php nghin cu c s dng l phn tch
tng hp theo hng ng dng thng qua vic lc
kho cc ti liu v ng lc lm vic c khu vc
cng v khu vc t. Bn cnh , nghin cu cn
s dng phng php phng vn trc tip cc nh
qun l khu vc cng v da trn kinh nghim
thc t ca chnh tc gi nhm xut cc chin
thut thch hp cho khu vc cng. Kt qu nghin
cu cho thy c t nht 14 nhn t khuyn khch
ngi lao ng lm vic tt hn, bao gm: cc
phn thng; s tha nhn; s t ch; s thng
tin; s cng bng; c hi c hc tp i cng
vi 14 nhn t ny l 46 chin thut c th ph hp
vi ni dung ca tng nhn t. Chng hn, nghin
cu ch ra rng nh qun l c th p dng cc
chin thut nh trao quyn cho nhn vin, hay
nhn vin t quyt nh s thc hin cng vic ca
mnh bng cch no nhm lm tng s t ch
Phn C: Khoa hc X hi, Nhn vn v Gio dc: 32 (2014): 97-105
ca nhn vin. Mt khc, do ng lc lm vic l
vn ca mi c nhn, v vy tc gi khuyn
ngh nh qun l cn s dng cc chin thut mt
cch thn trng, ph hp vi tng hon cnh v
tng c nhn.
Buelens & Van den Broeck (2007) trin khai
nghin cu Phn tch s khc bit trong ng lc
lm vic gia nhng t chc khu vc cng v khu
vc t. Nghin cu c thc hin nhm tm ra
s khc bit v ng lc lm vic ca ngi lao
ng khu vc cng so vi khu vc t nhn. D
liu nghin cu c thu thp t cuc iu tra gm
3314 nhn vin khu vc t, v 409 nhn vin lm
vic khu vc cng ti Vng quc B. Nghin
cu ny tin hnh kim nh 7 gi thuyt bao
gm H1: So vi khu vc t nhn, nhng ngi lao
ng khu vc cng t c thc y lm vic bi
cc phn thng l tin; H2: So vi khu vc t
nhn, nhng ngi lao ng khu vc cng c
khuyn khch lm vic nhiu hn bi cc yu t
bn trong nh: tinh thn trch nhim v s t pht
trin; H3: So vi khu vc t nhn, nhng ngi lao
ng khu vc cng c thc y nhiu hn bi
mt mi trng lm vic c y s cm thng
v s h tr; H4: So vi khu vc t nhn, nhng
ngi lao ng khu vc cng lm vic t gi hn,
v t sn lng n lc v cc li ch ca t chc; H5:
S khc bit v tn ti trt t l yu t quan trng
hn s khc bit v khu vc lm vic ca ngi lao
ng; H6: gii thch s khc nhau v ng lc
lm vic gia khu vc cng v khu vc t nhn th
yu t khu vc lm vic chim vai tr quan trng
hn so vi cc yu t nhn khu hc nh: gii tnh,
tui, trnh hc vn; H7: So vi khu vc t nhn,
nhng ngi lao ng khu vc cng t gp phi
mu thun gia gia nh v cng vic. Kt qu
phn tch d liu cho thy nghin cu ny chp
nhn v ng h cc gi thuyt H1; H3; H4; H5; H7.
Gi thuyt H2; H6 b bc b. Ngoi ra, nghin cu
ny cn ch ra s khc bit trong ng lc lm vic
gia ph n v nam gii (ph n lm vic vn
phng t gi hn v dnh nhiu thi gian hn cho
cc cng vic gia nh. Thng thng, ph n c t
thi gian th gin, ngh ngi hn n ng. Ph
n thng c thc y lm vic bi tin lng
v cc mi quan h tt p trong t chc). Bn
cnh , kt qu phn tch cn cho thy ngi lao
ng ln tui t c xu hng ri b t chc. H
mun c lm vic trong 1 mi trng c nhiu
s cm thng, h tr, v t c thc y bi yu
t tin lng. Hn na, cp bc qun l c xem
l nhn t c bit quan trng trong vic gii thch
s gi lm vic v s cam kt i vi cng vic.
100
Tp ch Khoa hc Trng i hc Cn Th Phn C: Khoa hc X hi, Nhn vn v Gio dc: 32 (2014): 97-105

Denibutun (2012) c nghin cu ng lc trong mt t chc th nhu cu sinh hc c bn ca

lm vic: khung l thuyt. Cho n nay trn th ngi lao ng c hiu l cc yu t nh tin
gii c kh nhiu cc hc thuyt khc nhau lng, thu nhp, iu kin lm vic.... Ni dung c
hng n vic n lc gii thch bn cht ca ng th ca Thp nhu cu khi ng dng vo mi trng
lc lm vic. Bi vit ny c thc hin nhm lm vic ca t chc c trnh by chi tit ti
khm ph s khc nhau gia cc l thuyt v ng Bng 1.
lc lm vic v xem xt ng lc nh mt qu
C th thy, vic lc kho nghin cu trc
trnh tm l c bn ca con ngi. Cc l thuyt v
cho php cc hc gi ngy nay k tha mt s kt
ng lc gip gii thch hnh vi ca mt ngi
qu quan trng t nhng nghin cu l thuyt v
nht nh ti mt thi im nht nh. C th chia
thc nghim. Tuy nhin, s k tha ny cn phi
cc hc thuyt ny thnh 2 nhm: (1) Hc thuyt
c chn lc cho ph hp vi bi cnh v i tng
ni dung tp trung nhn dng nhng nhu cu ca
nghin cu. Nh vy, vi i tng nghin cu l
c nhn c nh hng n hnh vi ca h ni lm
ng c lm vic ca CBCCVC Vit Nam th
vic, bao gm: L thuyt thp nhu cu ca
vic xem xt cc c trng ca nn vn ha v nn
Maslow; M hnh thp nhu cu iu chnh ca
kinh t th trng nh hng x hi ch ngha l
Alderfer (m hnh ny l s rt gn, gin lc t
hon ton cn thit. Bi l, hnh vi ca con ngi
m hnh gc ca Maslow); Thuyt 2 yu t ca
khng nhng chu tc ng rt ln t yu t vn
Herzberg (gm nhm yu t thc y v nhm yu
ha dn tc, m cn b nh hng bi cc tro lu
t duy tr); Thuyt thnh tu thc y ca
x hi v bi cnh lch s ti thi im h ang
McClelland (gm: nhu cu thnh tu; nhu cu
sng v lm vic. iu ny dn n nhn nh
quyn lc; nhu cu lin minh); (2) Hc thuyt qu
rng, l thuyt Thp nhu cu ca Maslow vn c
trnh tp trung nghin cu vo qu trnh t duy ca
kt t vic nghin cu cc c nhn lm vic trong
con ngi. Qu trnh t duy ny c nh hng n
khu vc t nhn ti Hoa K - mt quc gia c
quyt nh thc hin nhng hnh ng khc nhau
xem l in hnh ca vn ha c nhn - cn phi
ca con ngi trong cng vic, bao gm cc l
c iu chnh cho ph hp trc khi p dng
thuyt sau: Thuyt k vng ca Vroom; Thuyt
vo Vit Nam. Tc gi bi vit ny ng h mt
cng bng ca Adam; L thuyt mc tiu ca
phn ni dung c trnh by trong m hnh Thp
Locke; Thuyt thm quyn ca Heider v Kelley.
nhu cu ca ngi Trung Quc do Nevis xut
3 M HNH NGHIN CU V THO LUN nm 1983. Theo , nhu cu ca con ngi c
sp xp li tun t nh sau: nhu cu x hi nhu
Cc tc gi nh Trng (2011), Dinibutun
cu sinh hc nhu cu an ton nhu cu t th
(2012), Smith (2003), Halepota (2005) tho lun
hin. Mt s gi nh n sau l thuyt ca Nevis
su v ni dung chi tit ca cc yu t nhu cu
gm: (1) Trung Quc, li ch quc gia phi c
trong Thp nhu cu Maslow khi ng dng l thuyt
u tin hn tt c mi th, lng trung thnh vi T
ny nhm to ng lc lm vic cho ngi lao
quc l iu ti quan trng; (2) S quan tm n
ng trong mi trng t chc. Trng (2011)
gia nh l rt quan trng; (3) Mi ngi u phi
thc hin phng vn 53/438 nhn vin cng ty
tn trng ngi ln tui, tnh th bc, tn ti trt t
TNHH Ericsson Vit Nam bng bng hi. Trn c
c xem l hin tng ph bin ca x hi; (4) S
s vn dng l thuyt thang bc nhu cu ca
cng bng th quan trng hn s lng ca ci m
Maslow, tc gi xy dng thang o cho cc bin
mi ngi c c; (5) Ti sn cng cng th quan
c lp gm: (1) Nhu cu sinh hc c bn; (2) Nhu
trng hn s s hu c nhn; (6) Mc tiu ca t
cu an ton; (3) Nhu cu quan h x hi; (4) Nhu
chc/nhm phi c t v tr u tin hn mc
cu c tn trng; (5) Nhu cu t th hin bn
tiu ca c nhn i vi phn ln ngi Trung
thn. Ngoi ra, trong mt nghin cu khc ca
Quc, vic xy dng mi quan h mt thit vi
Dinibutun (2012) vi mc ch xy dng khung l
ng nghip hay cc thnh vin khc trong cng 1
thuyt cho ng lc lm vic ch r ng dng
nhm c xem l quan trng hn nhim v thc
ca Thp nhu cu Maslow vo hot ng ca mt
hin cng vic. Do , nhu cu x hi tr thnh
t chc. Trong , Dinibutun c th ha ni
nhu cu bc thp nht (nhu cu quan trng nht).
dung ca cc yu t nhu cu bt ngun t ni
Bn cnh , do ch ngha c nhn khng c
dung tng qut trong l thuyt ca Maslow. Bn
ch trng v li ch c nhn li c nh ngha
cnh , Halepota (2005) nghin cu ng dng
nh l li ch ca nhm nn Nevis loi b nhu
Thp nhu cu ca Maslow vo ngnh xy dng
cu tn trng ra khi m hnh.
cng trnh by nhng im kh tng ng vi
quan im ca cc hc gi ni trn. Chng hn,

101
Tp ch Khoa hc Trng i hc Cn Th Phn C: Khoa hc X hi, Nhn vn v Gio dc: 32 (2014): 97-105

Bng 1: Ni dung c th ca cc yu t trong thp nhu cu Maslow khi ng dng vo mi trng lm

vic ca t chc
Ni dung tng
Nhu Cc yu t thuc v t chc
qut
cu
Maslow (1943) Trng (2011) Dinibutun (2012) Halepota (2005)
Tin lng hin ti
Thu nhp t cng vic Tin lng
Nhu cu Tin lng
Thc n, nc em li iu kin lm vic d
sinh hc Thu nhp
ung, ng Lnh o quan tm n chu
c bn iu kin lm vic
i sng vt cht ca Ni n ung
nhn vin
iu kin lm vic an Cng vic an ton
An ton, an An ton trong cng vic
Nhu cu ton Nhng li ch nh: tin
ninh, s n p lc cng vic
an ton Phc li ca cng ty h tr ngh m, mi
nh, s bo v iu kin lm vic
S an ton ca cng vic trng lm vic an ton
Tnh yu, cm S h tr ca nhm lm
Quan h vi cc ng S gn kt ca nhm lm
gic c a vic
Nhu cu nghip trong c quan vic
thch, cm gic Nhng hot ng pht
x hi Quan h vi lnh o Qun l thn thin
gn gi, thn trin mi quan h vi cc
Quan h vi khch hng S hp tc chuyn nghip
thit ng nghip v cp trn
V tr trong t chc
S tha nhn ca tp th S phn hi tch cc ca
Nhu cu S t trng, s S ghi nhn nh gi
Tn gi/v tr cng vic cc i tng c lin
c knh mn, danh ca lnh o i vi
Cng vic c a v cao quan
tn ting, a v, s nhn vin
S phn hi t chnh S tn trng ca ng
trng tha nhn S ng vin khuyn
cng vic nghip
khch ca lnh o
c ch ng trong
Cng vic th thch
cng vic
Nhu cu C hi sng to
S pht trin, C c hi c hc tp Tri nghim cc nhim
t th Thnh tch trong cng
thng tin, C c hi thng tin v y th thch v th
hin bn vic
sng to Cng vic ph hp, c v
thn S thng tin trong t
iu kin pht huy
chc
chuyn mn nghip v
Ngun: Tng hp ca nhm tc gi (2014)
C l khng kh nhn ra nhiu im tng cc nhn t nh hng n ng lc lm vic l
ng gia hai nn vn ha Trung Quc v Vit hon ton cn thit. Ngoi ra, t kinh nghim thc
Nam. V vy, xt v kha cnh vn ha th m hnh t ca nhm tc gi cho thy m hnh c th vn
ca Nevis c cho l ph hp hn m hnh ca hnh tt khu vc cng th cc nhn t c th cho
Maslow khi p dng vo Vit Nam. Tuy nhin, khu vc cng nh ngi lao ng mong mun
vic loi b hay gi li nhu cu tn trng trong m cng vic n nh lu di, s t ch trong cng
hnh cn phi c suy xt k lng. Nevis thc vic hay mi quan h vi cng ng a phng
hin nghin cu ti Trung Quc vo nm 1983, cn c b sung vo m hnh.
thi im m nn kinh t Trung Quc cha m ca
Chnh v vy, m hnh bn di (Hnh 1) c
hon ton. Tri qua nhiu cuc ci cch, hi nhp
nhm tc gi xut nhm mc ch xy dng
quc t ngy cng su rng c Trung Quc ln
thang o c th cho 5 nhu cu (nhu cu x hi
Vit Nam, bi cnh x hi hin nay thay i kh
nhu cu sinh hc nhu cu an ton nhu cu c
nhiu so vi nhng nm u thp nin 80. Ngi
tn trng nhu cu t th hin). T , cc hc gi
lao ng c t ch, ch n nhu cu c
c th tm c nhng nhn t tc ng mnh m
nhn nhiu hn v lin tc n lc tm kim a
v c ngha thng k n ng lc lm vic ca
v cao hn. Chnh v vy, chng ti cho rng vic
CBCCVC ti Vit Nam.
gi li nhu cu tn trng trong m hnh phn tch

102
Tp ch Khoa hc Trng i hc Cn Th Phn C: Khoa hc X hi, Nhn vn v Gio dc: 32 (2014): 97-105

1. Nhu cu quan h x hi (XH)

- Mi quan h vi ng nghip (XH1)
H1:+
- Mi quan h vi lnh o (XH2)
- Mi quan h vi khch hng/cng dn (XH3)
- Mi quan h vi gia nh (XH4)
- Mi quan h vi cng ng a phng (XH5)
- S h tr ca lnh o & ng nghip trong
cng vic (XH6)

2. Nhu cu sinh hc c bn (SH)

- Tin lng c bn hin ti (SH1)
- Thu nhp (gm tin lng, ph cp, tr cp
phc li, v cc khon thu nhp khc) t cng H2:+
vic hin ti em li (SH2)
- Lnh o quan tm n i sng vt cht ca
nhn vin (SH3)
- iu kin lm vic, c s vt cht ni lm vic
(SH4)
NG LC LM
VIC CA CN B
3. Nhu cu an ton (AT) CNG CHC, VIN
- An ton lao ng (AT1) CHC
- p lc cng vic (AT2) - S thch th mong
- Cng vic n nh lu di (AT3) H3:+
mun c lm vic
- Ch dnh cho nhn vin ngh m/thai sn/
bin c gia nh (AT4)
- Cng on bo v cc quyn li chnh ng
ca ngi lao ng (AT5) H6: Yu t NKH to
- An ton ca mi trng ni lm vic (khng b nn s khc bit i
nhim kh thi, nc thi, ting n) (AT6) vi ng lc lm vic

4. Nhu cu c tn trng (TT)

- V tr hin ti trong t chc (TT1)
- S ghi nhn ca lnh o v tp th v nhng H4:+
6. Nhn khu hc (NKH)
ng gp ca c nhn (TT2) - Tui (NKH1)
- S ng vin, khch l ca lnh o i vi nhn
i - Gii tnh (NKH2)
vin (TT3) - Hc vn (NKH3)
- S tn trng ca ng nghip (TT4) - Cp bc qun l (NKH4)

5. Nhu cu t th hin bn thn (TH)

- c ch ng trong cng vic (TH1)
- C hi c hc tp (TH2)
- C hi c thng tin (TH3) H5: +
- Cng vic ph hp, c iu kin pht huy
chuyn mn nghip v (TH4)
- Trch nhim i vi cng vic c m t r
rng (TH5)
- Bn cht cng vic th v, c nhiu th thch,
nhiu ngha x hi (TH6)

Hnh 1: M hnh cc nhn t nh hng n ng lc lm vic ca nhn vin khu vc cng ti Vit Nam
Ngun: xut ca nhm tc gi

103
Tp ch Khoa hc Trng i hc Cn Th Phn C: Khoa hc X hi, Nhn vn v Gio dc: 32 (2014): 97-105
to ng lc lm vic cho nhn vin khu
vc cng, trc ht nh qun l phi nhn ra nhn
t thc y ngi lao ng lm vic. M hnh l
thuyt c xut Hnh 1 ng vai tr nn tng
cho cc nghin cu thc nghim v sau. T kho
st thc nghim thng qua bng cu hi, nh phn
tch c th tm c mi quan h gia cc loi nhu
cu vi s hng say, hng th lm vic ca nhn
vin. C th, bin nhu cu x hi c o lng
thng qua 6 bin quan st k hiu XH1, XH2,
XH3, XH4, XH5, XH6. Tng t, nhu cu sinh
hc gm 4 bin thnh phn k hiu SH1, SH2,
SH3, SH4. Nhu cu an ton c o lng qua 6
bin thnh phn; nhu cu c tn trng gm 4
bin thnh phn; nhu cu t th hin gm 6 bin
thnh phn. Tng bin thnh phn ny s tng
ng vi 1 cu hi trong bng cu hi phng vn
ngi lao ng. Ring i vi bin ng lc lm
vic c o lng bng s thch th, mong
mun c lm vic ca p vin (da trn nh
ngha v ng lc lm vic ca Herzberg). Cc gi
thuyt H1, H2, H3, H4, H5 c th c kim nh
bng thc nghim. Du k vng ca cc gi thuyt
ny l du dng. iu ny hm khi ngi lao
ng cng c tha mn cc nhu cu c nhn th
h cng thch th, mong mun c lm vic cho
t chc. Gi thuyt H6 c t ra nhm kim
nh s khc bit trong ng lc lm vic gia
cc nhm tui, gii tnh, hc vn, cp bc qun l
khc nhau.
4 KT LUN
Thng qua m hnh nghin cu trn, nh qun
l s pht hin nhng yu t c tc ng mnh m
n mong mun c cng hin cho nn cng v
quc gia ca CBCCVC. Nhiu ngi cho rng tin
lng, tin thng thng c xem l n by
hu ch kch thch ngi lao ng lm vic. Th
nhng, trong bi cnh chi thng xuyn cho lng
ca cn b cng chc ang dn tr thnh gnh
nng cho ngn sch nh nc, th vic dng tin
lng thc y ngi lao ng li cng tr nn
kh kh thi. Thay vo cc nh qun l khu vc
cng c th s dng nhng cng c khc nh to
c hi thng tin, hc tp bi dng, xy dng mi
trng lm vic on kt, tng tr ln nhau...
nhm nng cao mc sn lng lm vic (willingness
to work) ca nhn vin. Bn cnh , m hnh cn
gip ta kim nh s khc bit v ng lc lm
vic gia cc nhn vin nh nc thuc cc nhm
tui, hc vn, gii tnh, cp bc qun l khc nhau.
T , cc nh lnh o c c s xut bin php
thc y nhn vin theo nhng hnh thc khc
nhau, ph hp vi c im ca tng nhm i
tng. Mt ln na c th khng nh, cc nh
nghin cu, nh qun l cn phi nhn nhn mt
cch nghim tc vic tha mn cc nhu cu ca
ngi lao ng da trn hc thuyt c bn v thang
bc nhu cu ca Maslow nhm to ng lc lm
vic cho nhn vin khu vc cng.
TI LIU THAM KHO
1. Buelens, Marc and Van den Broeck, Herman
(2007), An Analysis of Differences in Work
Motivation between Public and Private
Organizations, Public Administration
Review, Vol.67, No.1, pp.65 74.
2. Denibutun, S.Revda (2012), Work
Motivation: Theoretical Framework,
Journal on GSTF Business Review, Vol.1,
No.4, pp.133-139.
3. Duke, Vic (1999), No longer working for
the state: residual state sector versus private
sector, Geo Journal, Proquest Central,
pp.17 24.
4. Gambrel, Patrick A. and Cianci, Rebecca
(2003), Maslows Hierarchy of Needs: does
it apply in a collectivist culture, Journal of
Applied Management and Entrepreneurship,
Vol. 8, No.2, pp.143-161.
5. Halepota, Hassan Ali (2005), Motivational
Theories and Their Application in
Construction, Cost Engineering, Vol.47,
Issue 3.
6. Herzberg, Frederick (1959), The
motivation to work, New York, Wiley
Publisher.
7. Kleinginna, Paul R. Jr., and Kleinginna,
Anne M. (1981), A Categorized List of
Emotion Definitions, with Suggestions for a
Consensual Definition, Journal: Motivation
and Emotion, Vol.5, No.4, pp.263 291.
8. Maslow, Abraham H. (1943), A Theory of
Human Motivation, Psychological Review,
Vol. 50, No.4, pp.370 396.
9. Nawab, Samina & Ahmad, Jawwad & Shafi,
Khuram (2011), An Analysis of Differences
in Work Motivation between Public and Private
Sector Organizations, Interdisciplinary Journal
of Contemporary Research in Business, Vol.2,
No.11, pp.110 127.
10. Smith, Louise Jane (2003), Evaluating the
applicability of Maslows theory of
motivation to ancillary staff, Thesis of
104
Tp ch Khoa hc Trng i hc Cn Th Phn C: Khoa hc X hi, Nhn vn v Gio dc: 32 (2014): 97-105

Doctor of Philosophy, Sheffield Hallam
University.Truy cp ti website:
http://www.academia.edu/3859292/Evaluati
ng_the_applicability_of_Maslows_theory_o
f_motivation_to_ancillary_staff. Ngy truy
cp: 20/3/2014.
11. Trng Minh c (2011), ng dng m
hnh nh lng nh gi mc to ng
lc lm vic cho nhn vin Cng ty Trch
nhim hu hn ERICSSON Vit Nam, Tp
ch Khoa hc HQGHN, Kinh t v Kinh
Doanh (s 27), trang 240 247.
12. Vin Nghin cu Thanh Nin (2012), Bo
co tnh hnh thanh nin nm 2012.
13. Wright, Bradley E. (2001), Public - Sector
Work Motivation: A Review of the Current
Literature and a Revised Conceptual
Model, Journal of Public Administration
Research and Theory, Vol.4, pp.559 586.
14. Yair Reem (2010), Motivating Public
Sector Employees: An Application-Oriented
Analysis of Possibilities and Practical
Tools, A thesis submitted in partial
fulfillment of requirements for the degree of
Executive Master Public Management,
Hertie School of Governance, Berlin,
Germany.

105