17/09/201414

Chng III: ng sut v bin dng Chng III. ng sut Bin dng

Chng III
3.1. ng sut
3.2. Trng thi ng sut.
ng sut v Bin dng 3.3. Trng thi ng sut phng
3.4. TTS trong bi ton phng P.P th
3.5. Bin dng
3.6. Lin h gia ng sut v Bin dng

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Chng III. ng sut Bin dng Chng III. ng sut Bin dng

3.1. ng sut 3.1. ng sut

3.1.1. Khi nim 3.1.1. Khi nim
Chia vt bng mt mt ct v kho st tnh cht ca cc lc tip xc Xt mt im M trn mt ct v mt phn t in tch chung quanh
truyn qua mt ny do phn tch ra tc ng ln. Cc lc tip xc M: dF. Nu gi ng lc trn dF l th ng sut ti M trn mt
phn b khp mt ct vi chiu v gi tr thay i, chng c gi l phng vung gc Oz l:
ng sut (hay ng lc, sc cng) ti mt im. P1
p
dP M
dP
p Khi dF 0 P2
dF
ng sut dF
i O k z
ng sut c phn j
P3
thnh 2 thnh phn: x y
(I) (II)
B : ng sut php hng theo php tuyn mt ct
pB pB : ng sut tip nm trong mt ct
* ng sut php: gy ra bin dng di
* ng sut tip: gy ra bin dng gc
ng sut: ni lc ti im
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Chng III. ng sut Bin dng Chng III. ng sut Bin dng

3.1. ng sut 3.1. ng sut

P1 zy p
3.1.1. Khi nim 3.1.2. Quan h Ni lc - ng sut
P2
zx M z
Trong h trc Cartesian O k

z Mz Mx zy p
i ( A) O
nh hnh v: j
P3
x y Qx C Nz
z z

p z k zy j zx i M y
z
zx
x y
* ng sut php: z hng theo phng z x Qy
dF
* ng sut tip: zx hng theo phng x
y
* ng sut tip: zy hng theo phng y N z z dF
Qui c du ca cc thnh phn ng sut:
F

- ng sut php xem l dng khi vector biu din n cng

R p.dF
Q y zy dF
chiu vi php tuyn ngoi ca mt ct. F F

- ng sut tip l dng khi vector biu din n cng chiu Q dF

x zx
Ox, Oy. F
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Chng III. ng sut Bin dng Chng III. ng sut Bin dng

3.1. ng sut 3.1. ng sut

3.1.2. Quan h Ni lc - ng sut 3.1.3. Cc thnh phn ng sut
zy Tng qut: Tch mt phn t ti C bng 6 mt vi phn trc giao
Mz Mx p
( A) O vi cc trc ta .
z

z pz
Qx C Nz Trn 3 mt vi phn dng c cc
z
M y zx
x vector ng sut: py
x Qy y
dF px , p y , pz
y Mi vector trong chng c ba
M x z ydF thnh phn song song vi ba
F

trc ta :
M C mC p.dF M y z xdF
F
px x , xy , xz
px

F
M ( y x) dF
z zx zy p y y , yx , yz
F
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pz z , zx , zy HCM 08/2014
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 17/09/201414

Chng III. ng sut Bin dng Chng III. ng sut Bin dng

3.1. ng sut 3.1. ng sut

3.1.3. Cc thnh phn ng sut 3.1.3. Cc thnh phn ng sut
ng sut ti mt im c c trng bi chn thnh phn ng * Nguyn l tng h ng sut tip
sut v chng c vit di dng Tensor: Trn hai mt vi phn trc giao, cc thnh phn ng sut vung
gc vi cnh chung th bng nhau v c chiu cng hng vo
x xy xz
hoc hng ra cnh chung .
T yx y yz

xy yx ; xz zx ; yz zy
zx zy z
Khi tensor ng sut l mt tensor i xng, do trng
thi ng sut ch cn ph thuc 6 thng s:
x xy xz

T y yz
Sym z

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Chng III. ng sut Bin dng Chng III. ng sut Bin dng
3.2. Trng thi ng sut. 3.2. Trng thi ng sut.
3.2.2. Phng chnh v ng sut chnh
3.2.1. Trng thi ng sut ti mt im
Mt chnh: mt ct m trn phng ca p trng vi phng ca n
Nu cho qua M nhng mt ct khc nhau, th tng ng vi
mi v tr ca ta c 1 vector ng sut. Tp hp tt c cc Khi : - Phng ca n c gi l phng chnh
- ng sut n c gi l ng sut chnh
vector ng sut ny c gi l trng thi ng sut ti M. Tp
hp ny khng phi l mt tp hp vector c lp. Ti mi im ca vt th n hi ta lun tm c ba phng
chnh vung gc nhau tng i mt. ng vi ba phng chnh
ta c ba ng sut chnh: 1 2 3
Cc ng sut chnh
ny khng ph thuc
vic chn h trc ta

M

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Chng III. ng sut Bin dng Chng III. ng sut Bin dng
3.2. Trng thi ng sut. 3.3. Trng thi ng sut phng
3.2.3. Cc trng thi ng sut L trng thi ca im c vector ng sut tng lun nm trong
Nu ta chn h trc ta sao cho ba trc trng vi ba phng mt mt phng, vi mi mt vi phn kho st.
chnh: 1 0 0

T 0 2 0
0 0
3

Trng thi ng sut Trng thi ng sut Trng thi ng sut

n: c hai ng sut phng: c mt ng sut khi: ba ng sut
chnh bng khng. chnh bng khng. chnh u khc khng

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Chng III. ng sut Bin dng Chng III. ng sut Bin dng

3.3. Trng thi ng sut phng ng sut php v tip trn mt nghing:
3.3.1. ng sut trn mt ct nghing bt k (//z) x y x y
y u cos 2 xy s in2
y uv u 2 2
u x y
xy xy uv s in2 xy cos 2
v v u 2
x x x Ti mt vung gc vi mt c php tuyn u ( 90 0 )
yx x x y x y
x v cos 2 xy s in2
z yx 2 2
y y x y
vu s in2 xy cos 2 (3.10)
2
u v x y const
Nhn xt:
uv vu
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Chng III. ng sut Bin dng Chng III. ng sut Bin dng

3.3.2. ng sut chnh Phng chnh ** Hai trng hp c bit

Mt chnh l mt c ng sut tip bng khng. tm mt chnh: uv 0 a. Trng thi ng sut phng c bit

x y 2 xy x ; y 0; xy
uv s in2 0 xy cos 2 0 0 tg 2 0 (*)
2 x y
Thay vo (**) ta c:
1 2 xy
0 tan /2 1
2 max 2 4 2
x y min 2 2
Hai tr s 0 khc bit nhau 900 Hai phng chnh b. Trng thi ng sut trt thun ty
x y 0; xy
Thay vo u , ta thu c cc ng sut chnh Thay vo (**) ta c:
x y 1 max hay 1 3
max ( x y ) 2 4 xy2 (**) min
min 2 2 1 2
4 4
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Chng III. ng sut Bin dng Chng III. ng sut Bin dng

3.3.3. ng sut tip cc tr 3.4. TTS trong bi ton phng P.P th

d uv x y 3.4.1. C s ca phng php
0 uv s in2 xy cos 2 y x y
d 2 u x cos 2 xy s in2
2 2
x y x y x y
2 cos 2 2 xy sin 2 tg 2 uv s in2 xy cos 2
2 2 xy 2
1 x y 2
So snh vi (*), ta c: tg 2 Chuyn v qua tri, bnh phng 2 v, cng 2 v cho uv
tg 2 0 2
Ta thu c phng trnh vng trn Mohr ng sut
0 Mt c s tip cc tr to vi
4 mt chnh mt gc 450 2 2 Trc honh:
x y 2 x y 2
u uv xy
Thay vo uv ta c: 2 2 Trc tung:

max
1
( x y ) 2 4 xy2 Tm: x y 2;0 Ta cc im trn vng trn Mohr
min 2 2
ng sut cho ta gi tr cc s php v
HCM 08/2014 x y 2
s tip nm trn nhng mt khc nhau
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Bn knh: R xy i qua im c trng thi s ta ang xt.
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Chng III. ng sut Bin dng Chng III. ng sut Bin dng

3.4. TTS trong bi ton phng P.P th 3.4. TTS trong bi ton phng P.P th
3.4.2. Cch v vng trn Mohr 3.4.2. Cch v vng trn Mohr
Cho mt phn t ng sut. Bit: x , y , xy max
max
Tm: max , min , max , min , cc phng chnh, s php, s tip ti I u
v min
mt nghing bt k vu
M
uv max
uv
-Dng h trc ta : O y
A C u B
x y O min x
-Xc nh tm C vng trn: C ;0 max
2
2 2 1
x y 2
xy
-Xc nh bn knh R ca vng trn: R xy P J
2 min min xy
-Xc nh im cc P: P y ; xy 1 tan 1
max y
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Chng III. ng sut Bin dng Chng III. ng sut Bin dng

3.4. TTS trong bi ton phng P.P th 3.4. TTS trong bi ton phng P.P th
V d: V d:
x y x y
u cos 2 xy s in2
y 10 y 10 2 2
x y
x 18 uv s in2 xy cos 2
v 2
18 x 18
10 x y 1
y max j ( x y ) 2 4 xy2
xy 6 min k 2 2
600
u 6 xy 6
300 xy
max 1 tan 1
x max y

300 1 2 1 900

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Chng III. ng sut Bin dng Chng III. ng sut Bin dng
v
vu I 3.5. Bin dng
max

9.1
19.2
11.2 P 6
15.2 1
v C 16.2
min 108.2 O 4
u 18 max
max
0
min 2 30
9.1 uv

u v
uv
J
u
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Chng III. ng sut Bin dng Chng III. ng sut Bin dng

3.5. Bin dng 3.5. Bin dng

3.5.1. Khi nim 3.5.1. Khi nim
Khi chu tc dng ca ngoi lc hay s bin thin nhit th
khong cch gia cc im thuc vt th thay i, gy ra s
thay i v hnh dng v kch thc ca vt. S thay i ny
gi l s bin dng.
C hai khi nim bin dng: Bin dng ca ton vt v bin
dng ti mt im.
Bin dng ti mt im: bin dng ca mt phn t VCB
quanh im kho st bao gm bin dng di v bin dng gc.

Bin dng di: s ' s Bin dng gc

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Chng III. ng sut Bin dng Chng III. ng sut Bin dng

3.5. Bin dng 3.5. Bin dng

3.5.2. Trng thi bin dng ca im 3.5.2. Trng thi bin dng ca im
L tp hp cc bin dng di v bin dng gc ca im. Trng thi ng sut v bin dng ti mi im c xc nh bi
Trng thi bin dng ca im s hon ton xc nh nu c cc Tensor:
cho trc bin dng di theo ba phng vung gc nhau bt k
x xy xz x xy xz
v ba bin dng gc trn ba mt vung gc nhau to bi ba
phng . T y yz
T y yz
Cc thnh phn bin dng: x , y , z , xy , yz , xz Sym z Sym z

Trng thi bin dng ti mi im c xc nh bi Tensor bin
dng: Quan h gia cc thnh phn ng sut v cc thnh phn bin
x xy xz
dng:
T y yz - ng sut php gy ra bin dng di.
Sym z
- ng sut tip gy ra bin dng gc
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Chng III. ng sut Bin dng Chng III. ng sut Bin dng

3.6. Lin h gia ng sut v Bin dng 3.6. Lin h gia ng sut v Bin dng
nh lut Hooke tng qut nh lut Hooke tng qut
Quan h gia ng sut php v bin i vi trng thi ng sut khi tng qut, bin dng di theo
phng x:
dng di: x
x - Bin dng di theo phng x do x
E gy ra :
xx x / E
Trong : E l module n hi, l
hng s vt liu - Bin dng di theo phng x do y , z
gy ra : xy y / E; xz z / E
x cng gy ra bin dng di theo cc phng cn
li(phng y, z). x p dng nguyn l cng tc dng: Bin dng di theo
y z x
E phng x: 1
x x ( y z )
Trong : l h s possion, l hng s vt liu E
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Chng III. ng sut Bin dng Chng III. ng sut Bin dng

3.6. Lin h gia ng sut v Bin dng 3.6. Lin h gia ng sut v Bin dng
nh lut Hooke tng qut nh lut Hooke tng qut
Bin dng di theo phng y: Bin dng di theo phng z:
- Bin dng di theo phng y do y - Bin dng di theo phng z do z
gy ra :
yy y / E gy ra : zz z / E
- Bin dng di theo phng y do x , z - Bin dng di theo phng z do x , y
gy ra : gy ra :
yx x / E; yz z / E zx x / E; zy y / E
p dng nguyn l cng tc dng: Bin dng di theo p dng nguyn l cng tc dng: Bin dng di theo
phng y: phng z:
1 1
y y ( x z ) z z ( x y )
E E
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Chng III. ng sut Bin dng Chng III. ng sut Bin dng

3.6. Lin h gia ng sut v Bin dng 3.6. Lin h gia ng sut v Bin dng
nh lut Hooke tng qut nh lut Hooke tng qut
Bin dng di theo phng cc phng chnh: Khi phn t b trt thun ty, ch
Cng da trn nguyn l cng tc dng ta c: c xy , bin dng gc xy quan h
1 vi xy theo nh lut Hooke v
1 1 ( 2 3 ) trt.
E xy xy / G
1
2 2 (1 3 ) Trong : G l module n hi Vy bin dng gc trong
E trt, l hng s vt liu mt xy l:
1 2 xy 1
3 3 (1 2 ) G
E
xy
E 2(1 )
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Chng III. ng sut Bin dng Chng III. ng sut Bin dng

3.6. Lin h gia ng sut v Bin dng 3.6. Lin h gia ng sut v Bin dng
nh lut Hooke tng qut Vy:
Vy bin dng gc trong cc mt 1 2 xy 1
x x ( y z ) xy
E
yz, xz l:
E
yz 2 yz 1
yz 1 yz 2 yz 1
G E y y ( x z ) yz
E G E
xz 2 xz 1
xz 1 xz 2 xz 1
G E z z ( x y ) xz
E G E

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Chng III. ng sut Bin dng Chng III. ng sut Bin dng

Mt s v d
Cho phn t ng sut nh hnh v.

y 6

x 12 kN / cm 2
2
12 y 6 kN / cm
2
xy 4 kN / cm
600 4 0
150
u x

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