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A Hermeneutics of Discretion, D.F.Krell PDF
A Hermeneutics of Discretion, D.F.Krell PDF
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A Hermeneutics of Discretion
University of Essex
Mamie
For reasons that are difficult to recite at the outset, I want to rescue the
phrase "a hermeneutics of discretion," introduced some fifteen years ago
as the conclusion to a thesis on Heidegger's reading of Nietzsche.1 The
word "discretion" had come to me through the (in)discretion of the
English translator of Jean-Paul Sartre's Les mots: he had rendered
Sartre's grandmother's admonition, "Glissez, mortels, n'appuyez pas,"
as "Gently, mortals, be discreet."
It seemed to me thenas it does nowthat the outcome of Heideg
ger's confrontation with Nietzsche was captured in that bit of advice at
once hlderlinian and homey. In the present essay I want to revive the
hermeneutics of discretion (the genitive is subjective) in response to two
insightful and challenging interpretations of Heidegger/Nietzsche: first,
Jacques Derrida's Spurs, written in 1972-73, revised in 1978; and second,
two lengthy articles, entitled "La Dissimulation" (later retitled "Nietz
sche Apocryphe") and "L'Obliteration," by Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe.2
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2 David Farrell Krell A Hermeneutics of Discretion
Jacques Derrida
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Research in Phenomenology Volume XV 3
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4 David Farrell Krell A Hermeneutics of Discretion
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Research in Phenomenology Volume XV 5
lecture course Heidegger warns his students that "we may not relinquish
the multiplicity of perspectives there [in Nietzsche's aesthetics], nor
impose on his thoughts some dubious schema from the outside" (Ni 1,
122-23). The history of Nietzsche-interpretation does not lack in
stances in which the most "straightforward" gleaning of Nietzsche's
pages has produced the most bizarre and even monstrous readings.
Blanchot at one point finds fault with Nietzsche for his decision to write
exoterically, that is, in a way that readers might understand him.4
Although there is some justice in his remark it only exacerbates the
hermeneutical problemthe problem of interpreting that Sache for the
sake of which we write and speak of "Nietzsche." It is not a matter of
scoffing at all attempts to determine what Nietzsche most intensely
wanted to achieve, and what he most fervently despised. On the other
hand, Nietzsche's innerste denkerische Wille, what he most properly and
authentically wanted to say, is precisely what according to Derrida's
minimalist account always necessarily eludes our grasp. The thought that
Nietzsche most intrinsically willed is as remote to us as the Heideggerian
mystery of Being, as Being in defaultthe self-concealing, reticent
granting of Time and Being, the withdrawal and expropriation of what
ever it is that calls for thought.
Hence Derrida tries to pierce the horizon of Heidegger's "critical
questions." In sections eight and nine of Spurs ("femina vita," an
inversion of one of Nietzsche's own titles, and "positions") he takes up
again the various themes of his own inquiry. He then exposes Heideg
ger's neglect of the italicized phrase "/i [the idea] becomes woman." By
circumventing woman, Derrida suggests, Heidegger avoids confronta
tion with the fundamental limits of his own hermeneutics of Nietzsche's
text. Yet the matter is even more serious than that. By ignoring Nietz
sche's genealogical critique of "moral castratism" Heidegger avoids the
path that could have led him beyond the horizon of his own question
concerning the truth of Being. (Derrida does not put the matter as baldly
as I have put it here: he is far more discreet.) It is the possibility of such a
path beyond the history and truth of Being that continues to preoccupy
Derrida to the present day: one need only think of his recent study
"Geschlecht: Sexual Difference, Ontological Difference."5 And although
the question of the heterogeneity of Nietzsche's styles appears to be
absent in Derrida's recent Envoi (translated as "Sending: On Represen
tation"),6 its focus on the sending of Being (das Geschick des Seins) and
the precarious project of a nonrepresentational thinking are bound up
with the question of the truth of Being. I will not try to exhibit these
interconnections more carefully here, but will be satisfied if I can con
vince the reader that Derrida's Eperons is pivotal for our efforts to follow
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6 David Farrell Krell A Hermeneutics of Discretion
the itinerary of his most recent thinking: it may well prove to be the text
that bridges Derrida's earliest and latest work, from the first stirrings of
deconstruction to the most recent preoccupations with a manifold sexu
ality and a multivalent thinking.
The questions of the nontruth of truth, (dis)simulation, and propria
tion come to a critical juncture in the eleventh section of Spurs, entitled
"Le coup de don." The "bite" of all giving lies in the fact that gift-giving
(if such be the virtue of what Nietzsche calls das Weib) is also a deceptive
giving-itself-out-as. That is to say, giving is (dis)simulation. Such dissem
bling also marks the giving of the "it gives / there is," the Es gibt, of Time
and Being. "If the opposition of giving and taking, of possessing and
possessed, is a sort of transcendental snare produced by the graphics of
the hymen, the process of propriation escapes all dialectics as well as all
ontological decidability" (92). The questions of the meaning or truth or
history of Being, and all "onto-phenomenological" or "semantico-her
meneutical" interrogation, arrive at their absolute limit. Here the will to
penetrate Nietzsche's most intrinsic thoughtful will reduplicates and does
not transcend or supersede the metaphysics of will. It reduplicates
presence, self-givenness, and all the dreamy securities of a speech replete
with itself.
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Research in Phenomenology Volume XV 7
or
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8 David Farrell Krell A Hermeneutics of Discretion
Situations to assemble
or, finally, note number 5 in an earlier notebook, U II 2, from the year
1873:
Ika! Ika! Bh-Bh
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Research in Phenomenology Volume XV 9
II
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10 David Farrell Kreil A Hermeneutics of Discretion
than Derrida is, and secondly because his style of thinking and writing
differs quite markedly from Derrida's. "Nietzsche Apocryphe" and
"L'Obliteration" taken together constitute over one hundred pages of
dense, carefully wrought scholarly prose on the "subjects of philosophy"
we call "Nietzsche" and "Heidegger." The fact that Lacoue-Labarthe is
not yet well-known in Anglo-American circles should have caused me to
present his views as thoroughly and as impartially as possible. Yet I find
the margins of my copy of Le sujet de la philosophie filled with as many
counters, rejoinders, and retorts as affirmations. No doubt I shall have to
exercise considerable discretion here, not only in the choice of matters to
be reported but also in my estimation of their relative fruitfulness or
apparent lack of issue. Therefore, at the outset, a rank indiscretion on
my part, so that there will be no mistake: Lacoue-Labarthe's two studies
are by no means mere "introductions" to the Heidegger/Nietzsche con
frontation but inquiries of great thoroughness, sensitivity, and penetra
tion. One learns from them on every page. If indeed one can learn
discretion.
To begin, some remarks by way of background. The "subject of
philosophy" is in Lacoue-Labarthe's view also the "subject of writing."
The "fable" that captivates him is one originally played out on that
ancient scene of strife between "philosopher and artist, thinker and
writer, Master of Truth and wordmaker," a scene in which the first of
each pair has always walked off with the palms (6). Philosophy has always
scorned writing and the writer, scorned them by grace of a distinction
which philosophy itself has formulated ... in writing. Lacoue-Labarthe
wonders whether "in the end" philosophical discourse differs essentially
from the discourse of even the lowliest literature (10). He wants to know
whether the metaphysics of presence and the nostalgia for origins is not
itself a prolonged recit, a tale unfolding in and as the course of Western
intellectual history. In the telling of the tale there is no master but Logos.
Nothing lies outside the Logos, "not even the literature to which it [i.e.,
Logos in the form of philosophy] has given a 'meaning' ..." (25).
Lacoue-Labarthe invokes an experience of writing that many contempo
rary French writers and thinkers have hadhe refers to Bataille and
Klossowski, but one also thinks of Merleau-Ponty and Blanchotand
which might be summarized as follows: One never writes simply in order
to say what one means, what one veut-dire, writing exposes the writer to
"the obscure work of a force that is alien to whatever we are saying, [a
force] that is absolutely impossible to master" (26); to write is to be
dispossessed by the action of the very language that possesses us; to write
is to confront "a blinding alterity" to which we can only give the name la
mort (27). Upon the background of this experience Lacoue-Labarthe
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Research in Phenomenology Volume XV 11
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12 David Farrell Krell A Hermeneutics of Discretion
animals, the ascent up the mountain path by Zarathustra and his dwarfish
"spirit of gravity," the position of the gateway Augenblick and its two
affronting avenues, the red and yellow berries plucked by Zarathustra's
eagle for his recuperation, and so onwhen he takes pains to exhibit to
his hearers the poetic creation of Zarathustra as a figure of and spokes
man for recurrence, when he emphasizes the importance of sense
making, sensuous imagery (Versinnbildlichung) in Nietzsche's master
work, and when he resists every temptation to let Nietzsche's variegated
texts on eternal return slip into readymade categories such as "scientific
hypothesis" or "religious belief" or "worldview," does any of this
suggest contempt for "form" or disdain of "texts"? And if one glances
back to the first lecture course, on will to power as art, one might ask:
When Heidegger defines what Nietzsche calls Rausch ("rapture" or
"frenzy") as "form-engendering force," and such force as the principal
constituent of art in the grand style, when the outcome of his inquiry is
the discovery of Nietzsche's "new interpretation of sensuousness and the
raging discordance between art and truth," are these determinations in
any way signs of contempt for lowly literature and textualityno matter
what they rhyme with? Finally, do we have from any interpreter a more
insightful remark on the style of Zarathustra than Heidegger's (in Was
heisst Denken? Lecture X) concerning that work's "steadily increasing
hesitation and ritardando"?
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Research in Phenomenology Volume XV 13
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14 David Farrell Krell A Hermeneutics of Discretion
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Research in Phenomenology Volume XV 15
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16 David Farrell Krell A Hermeneutics of Discretion
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Research in Phenomenology Volume XV 17
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18 David Farrell Krell A Hermeneutics of Discretion
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Research in Phenomenology Volume XV 19
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Research in Phenomenology Volume XV 21
struggle with his "unique" thought, to wit, the will to power.20 Once
again, Lacoue-Labarthe's remarks ought to have been tempered by
Heidegger's earlier insistence that while will to power is an "ultimate
fact" for Nietzsche his sole perdurant thought is eternal recurrence; the
book Thus Spoke Zarathustra is fashioned specifically in order to com
municate that thought. These remarks on Heidegger's putative thesis
that Nietzsche produces no Werk distract Lacoue-Labarthe from what
ought to have become one of the crucial points of his entire analysis,
namely, the fact that in the 1936-37 course on "Will to Power as Art"
Heidegger claims that Nietzsche's "twisting free," his Herausdrehung aus
dem Platonismus, is accomplished in and as the collapse into madness.
Section 24 of "Will to Power as Art":
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22 David Farrell Krell A Hermeneutics of Discretion
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Research in Phenomenology Volume XV 23
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24 David Farrell Krell A Hermeneutics of Discretion
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Research in Phenomenology Volume XV 25
Ill
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26 David Farrell Krell A Hermeneutics of Discretion
NOTES
'D.F. Krell, "Nietzsche and the Task of Thinking: Martin Heidegger's Reading of
Nietzsche" (Ann Arbor, 1971).
2 See Jacques Derrida, Eperons: Les styles de Nietzsche (Paris: Flammarion, 1978),
which I shall refer to in the body of my text by page number. "L'Obliteration" is a later title
for Lacoue-Labarthe's review article on Heidegger's Nietzsche in Critique, no, 313, "Lec
tures de Nietzsche," published in June, 1973. For both articles see Philippe Lacoue
Labarthe. Le sujet de la philosophic: Typographies I (Paris: Aubier-Flammarion, 1979),
pp. 75-109 ("Nietzsche Apocrvphe") and 111-84 (L'Obliteration"). This text too I shall cite
in the body of my text by page number.
3See Martin Heidegger, Nietzsche, 2 vols. (Pfullingen: G. Neske, 1961), I, p. 43.1 shall
cite the German text as "NI" or "NIL" with page number. See the four English volumes of
Heidegger's Nietzsche (New York and San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1979-85), which I
shall cite as "Ni," with volume and page number. Here see Ni 1, 33.
4Maurice Blanchot, Entretien infini (Paris: Gallimard, 1969), pp. 205-08.
5"Geschlecht" appears in Michel Haar, ed., Martin Heidegger (Paris: Cahiers de
l'Herne, 1983), pp. 419-30. An English translation appears in vol. XIII (1983) of this
journal, pp. 65-83. The theme of "Geschlecht" is anticipated in a long footnote added to
Eperons in 1978 and in the opening lines of the section entitled "Le coup de don." See
Nietzsche aujourd'hui? (Paris: Union Generale d'Editions, "10/18," 1973), I, 263 (where the
footnote was later to be inserted) and pp. 270-71. See Eperons, pp. 75, 84, and 88. In
addition, see "Choreographies," a postal interview with Jacques Derrida by Christie V.
McDonald, in Diacritics, vol. 12 (1982), pp. 66-76, which is devoted to this theme.
"Jacques Derrida, "Envoi," in Actes du XVIIf Congres des Societes de Philosophie de
Langue Frangaise (Strasbourg, July 1980), published by Librairie J. Vrin, pp. 5-30; English
translation by Peter and Mary Ann Caws, "Sending: On Representation," in Social Re
search, vol. 49, no. 2 (Summer 1982), pp. 294-326.
7See Friedrich Nietzsche, Smtliche Werke: Kritische Studienausgabe, ed. by Giorgio
Colli and Mazzino Montinari (Berlin and Munich: Walter de Gruyter and the Deutscher
Taschenbuch Verlag, 1980), vol. 9, p. 587: the Mette number is NV7 [62|, from the year
1881.
8See Jacques Derrida, La voix et le phenomene (Paris: PUF, 1967), chapter 7, esp. pp.
105-08.
9Paris: Minuit, 1967, p. 99. I shall refer to this text as "G," with page number.
10See section 1 of Nietzsche's 1886 Foreword to the second edition of The Gay Science;
in the Kritische Studienausgabe, vol. 3, p. 346.
"See chapter 4 of my Postponements: Woman, Sensuality, and Death in Nietzsche, to
be published in late 1985 or early 1986 by the Indiana University Press, Bloomington.
12A weakness in Lacoue-Labarthe's analysis here is that he says nothing of Heidegger's
nascent insight into the relation of Nietzsche to SchellingHeidegger's lectures and semi
nars on Schelling always fixed one eye on Nietzsche. See Martin Heidegger, Schellings
Abhandlung ber das Wesen der menschlichen Freiheit (1809) (Tbingen: M. Niemeyer,
1971), for example, pp. 224-25. No doubt the connection between the split in God of
"existence" and "ground" to what Nietzsche will announce as the death of God has to be
elaborated quite carefully, as well as the connection between such matters and the question
of a fragmented, mutilated Logos.
13See my new presentation (in a critical edition) of this text in The Owl of Minerva'
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Research in Phenomenology Volume XV 27
forthcoming in 1985. Lacoue-Labarthe dates the text 1794, incorrectly: the closing weeks of
1796 now seem the most likely time of its composition.
14David B. Allison, ed., The New Nietzsche: Contemporary Styles of Interpretation
(New York: Delta Books, 1977), p. ix.
15See Derrida's use of the term early in Part Two of De la grammatologie, pp. 159-61.
16See Lacoue-Labarthe, 122-38. Lacoue-Labarthe's reading of Heidegger's texts on
Hegel, especially "The Onto-Theo-Logical Constitution of Metaphysics" (in Identitt und
Differenz, Pfullingen: G. Neske, 1957) is highly perceptive. See also Michel Haar, "Struc
tures hegeliennes dans la pensee heideggerienne de l'Histoire," in Revue de la metaphysique
et de morale, vol. 85, no. 1 (January-March, 1980), pp. 48-59. See also D.F. Krell,
Intimations of Mortality, to be published by the Pennsylvania State University Press in 1985,
chapter 7.
17See chapters 2, 3, and 6 of Intimations of Mortality.
18Martin Heidegger, Frhe Schriften (Frankfurt am Main: V. Klostermann, 1972), pp.
136-38; cf. Lacoue-Labarthe, 147-48.
19Pierre Klossowski, Nietzsche et le cercle vicieux (Paris: Mercure de France, 1969),
13.
2
20Lacoue-Labarthe, 162; see Nil, 481-87.
21
Martin Heidegger, Was heisst Denken? (Tbingen: . Niemeyer, 1954), p. 52.
Translated as What Is Called Thinking? by Fred D. Wieck and J. Glenn Gray (New York:
Harper & Row, 1968), pp. 17-18.
22A protofascist author ridiculed by Heidegger in his 1934 lecture course, Hlderlins
Hymnen "Germanien" und "Der Rhein" (Frankfurt am Main: V. Klostermann, 1980), p. 27.
23See "Choreographies," p. 70.
24See "Envoi," p. 30; English translation, p. 326.
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