Technicaltraining.

Productinformation.
F25ChassisDynamics

BMWService
Generalinformation

Symbolsused

Thefollowingsymbolisusedinthisdocumenttofacilitatebettercomprehensionortodrawattention
toveryimportantinformation:

Containsimportantsafetynotesandinformationthatneedstobeobservedstrictlyinordertoguaran-
teethesmoothoperationofthesystem.

Informationstatusandnational-marketversions

BMWGroupvehiclesmeettherequirementsofthehighestsafetyandqualitystandards.Changesin
requirementsforenvironmentalprotection,customerbenefitsanddesignrendernecessarycontinu-
ousdevelopmentofsystemsandcomponents.Consequently,theremaybediscrepanciesbetween
thecontentsofthisdocumentandthevehiclesavailableinthetrainingcourse.

Thisdocumentbasicallyrelatestoleft-handdrivevehicleswithEuropeanspecifications.Somecon-
trolsorcomponentsarearrangeddifferentlyinright-handdrivevehiclesthanshowninthegraphicsin
thisdocument.Furtherdifferencesmayariseastheresultoftheequipmentvariationsusedinspecific
marketsorcountries.

Additionalsourcesofinformation

Furtherinformationontheindividualtopicscanbefoundinthefollowing:

Owner'sHandbook
IntegratedServiceTechnicalApplication.

2010BMWAG,Munich

ReprintsofthispublicationoritspartsrequirethewrittenapprovalofBMWAG,Mnchen

TheinformationcontainedinthisdocumentformanintegralpartofthetechnicaltrainingoftheBMW
Groupandisintendedforthetrainerandparticipantsintheseminar.Refertothelatestrelevantinfor-
mationsystemsoftheBMWGroupforanychanges/additionstotheTechnicalData.

Statusoftheinformation:July2010
VH-23/InternationalTechnicalTraining
F25ChassisDynamics
Contents
1. Introduction............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1
1.1. Drivingdynamicsandcomfort.......................................................................................................................................................... 1
1.2. Busoverview................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 2

2. Models............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 5
2.1. Comparison..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 5

3. Chassisandsuspension................................................................................................................................................................................................. 6
3.1. Frontaxle............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 6
3.1.1. TechnicalDataF25........................................................................................................................................................... 7
3.1.2. ServiceInformation........................................................................................................................................................... 8
3.2. Rear axle............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 9
3.2.1. Technicaldata........................................................................................................................................................................11
3.2.2. NotesforService............................................................................................................................................................. 11
3.3. Wheelsandtires................................................................................................................................................................................................. 12
3.4. TirePressureMonitoring...................................................................................................................................................................... 13
3.4.1. Operatingprinciple........................................................................................................................................................ 13
3.4.2. SystemoverviewofTPM.................................................................................................................................... 15
3.4.3. Systemwiringdiagram............................................................................................................................................16
3.4.4. NotesforService............................................................................................................................................................. 17
3.5. Suspension/dampers................................................................................................................................................................................... 19

4. Brakes............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 20
4.1. Servicebrakes........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 20
4.2. EMFElectromechanicalParkingBrake.......................................................................................................................... 21
4.2.1. Systemoverview............................................................................................................................................................... 22
4.2.2. Systemwiringdiagram............................................................................................................................................24
4.2.3. Systemstructure.............................................................................................................................................................. 25
4.2.4. Systemfunction................................................................................................................................................................. 26
4.2.5. CheckControlmessages....................................................................................................................................34

5. Steering...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 40
5.1. ElectronicPowerSteeringEPS.................................................................................................................................................. 40
5.1.1. Systemoverview............................................................................................................................................................... 42
5.1.2. Systemwiringdiagram............................................................................................................................................43
5.1.3. Steeringanglesensor.............................................................................................................................................. 44
5.2. Variablesportsteering.............................................................................................................................................................................. 44
5.2.1. Systemoverview............................................................................................................................................................... 45
5.3. Steeringcolumn................................................................................................................................................................................................ 46
5.3.1. Steeringcolumnadjustment....................................................................................................................... 46
F25ChassisDynamics
Contents
6. Drivingstabilitycontrolsystems................................................................................................................................................................ 47
6.1. Directionsofaction........................................................................................................................................................................................ 47
6.2. IntegratedChassisManagement(ICM)......................................................................................................................... 47
6.2.1. Systemoverview............................................................................................................................................................... 47
6.2.2. Systemfunction................................................................................................................................................................. 48
6.3. DynamicStabilityControlDSC................................................................................................................................................... 49
6.3.1. Systemoverview............................................................................................................................................................... 50
6.3.2. Systemwiringdiagram............................................................................................................................................51
6.4. xDrive.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................55
6.4.1. Systemoverview............................................................................................................................................................... 55
6.4.2. VTGcontrolunitsystemwiringdiagram..................................................................................... 57
6.4.3. Drivefunction......................................................................................................................................................................... 58
6.5. PerformanceControl.................................................................................................................................................................................... 60
6.6. DynamicCruiseControlDCC........................................................................................................................................................60
6.7. ElectronicDamperControl(EDC)........................................................................................................................................... 62
6.7.1. Systemoverview............................................................................................................................................................... 62
6.7.2. Systemwiringdiagram............................................................................................................................................63
6.7.3. Systemfunction................................................................................................................................................................. 64
6.7.4. Serviceinformation....................................................................................................................................................... 65
6.8. Drivingdynamicscontrolswitch............................................................................................................................................... 65
F25ChassisDynamics
1.Introduction
1.1.Drivingdynamicsandcomfort

F25Chassisandsuspension

Index Explanation
1 DynamicStabilityControl(DSC)
2 Suspension/dampers
3 ElectronicPowerSteering(EPS)
4 EMFElectromechanicalParkingBrake
5 Five-linkrearaxle
6 Wheels
7 Brakes
8 Two-jointspringstrutfrontaxlewithtrailinglinks

ThechassisandsuspensionoftheF25isafurtherdevelopmentoftheE83atthefrontaxle.Aversion
oftheestablishedHA5five-linkrearaxleusedintheE84hasbeenimprovedandadaptedtotheF25
andisusedattherearaxle.Thechassisandsuspensionsetsnewstandardswhenitcomestodriving
dynamicsandcomfort.

1
F25ChassisDynamics
1.Introduction
1.2.Busoverview

F25Busoverview

2
F25ChassisDynamics
1.Introduction
Index Explanation
1 Wakeablecontrolunits
2 Controlunitswithwake-upauthorization
3 Start-up-devicecontrolunitsforstartingupandsynchronizingtheFlexRaybus
system
ACSM AdvancedCrashSafetyModule
AMPT TopHiFiamplifier
CAS CarAccessSystem
CID CentralInformationDisplay
COMBOX Combox(Comboxmultimedia,Comboxmultimediawithtelematics)
CON Controller
D-CAN Diagnosis-onCAN
DME DigitalEngineElectronics
DSC DynamicStabilityControl
DVDC DVDchanger
EDC ElectronicDamperControl(EDC)
EGS Electronictransmissioncontrolunit
EKPS Electricfuelpump
EMF Electromechanicalparkingbrake
EPS Electronicpowersteering(electromechanicalpowersteering)
Ethernet Wireddatanetworksystemforlocaldatanetworks
FLA High-beamassistant
FlexRay Fast,pre-configuredanderror-tolerantbussystemforautomotiveuse
FRM Footwellmodule
FZD Rooffunctioncenter
GWS Gearselectorswitch
HEADUNIT Headunit(CarInformationComputerorCarInformationComputerBasicII)
HKL Automaticluggagecompartmentlidactuation
HUD HeadUpdisplay
ICM IntegratedChassisManagement
IHKA AutomaticintegratedheatingandA/Ccontrolunit
JBE JunctionBoxElectronics
K-CAN Bodycontrollerareanetwork
K-CAN2 Bodycontrollerareanetwork2
KOMBI Instrumentpanel
MOST MediaOrientedSystemTransport

3
F25ChassisDynamics
1.Introduction
Index Explanation
OBD On-boarddiagnosis(diagnosticsocket)
PDC ParkDistanceControl
PTCAN DrivetrainControllerAreaNetwork
PTCAN2 DrivetrainControllerAreaNetwork2
RAD Radio
SMFA Driver'sseatmodule
TPMS TirePressureMonitoringSystem
TRSVC Controlunitforcamerasystems
VDM VerticalDynamicsManagement
VTG Transferbox
ZGM Centralgatewaymodule

4
F25ChassisDynamics
2.Models
2.1.Comparison
AcomparisonismadeinthefollowingtablebetweentheTechnicalDataofthechassisandsuspen-
sionoftheF25anditspredecessor,theE83.

Designation F25xDrive28i E83xDrive30si

Wheelbase 2810mm/110.6in 2795mm/110in
Trackwidth,front 1616mm/63.6in 1613mm/63.5in
Reartrackwidth 1632mm/64.3in 1602mm/63in
Tires,basicwheels 245/55R17 235/55R17
Wheelrims,basic 17x8.0 17x7.0
wheel
Frontaxle Two-jointspringstrutfrontaxle Two-jointspringstrutfrontaxle
withtrailinglinks withtrailinglinks
Suspension/damping, Steelspring/conventionalorEDC Steelsprings,conventional
front
Anti-rollbar,front mechanical mechanical
Frontbrake Brakediscdia.328mm/12.9in Brakediscdia.325mm/12.7in
Steering EPSrack Rack
Rearaxle Five-linkrearaxle(HA5five-link) Centrallinkrearsuspension
Rearsuspen- Steelspring/conventionalorEDC Steelsprings,conventional
sion/dampers
Rearanti-rollbar mechanical mechanical
Rearbrakes Brakediscdia.330mm/13in Brakediscdia.320mm/12.5in
Parkingbrake Discbrakewithelectromechanical Duo-servoparkingbrakewithpark-
parkingbrake ingbrakelever

5
F25ChassisDynamics
3.Chassisandsuspension
3.1.Frontaxle

F25Two-jointspringstrutfrontaxlewithtrailinglinks

Index Explanation
1 Frontaxlesupport
2 Anti-rollbarlink
3 Supportbearing
4 Wheelhub
5 Springstrut
6 Wishbone

6
F25ChassisDynamics
3.Chassisandsuspension
Index Explanation
7 Trackrod
8 Trailinglink
9 Steeringbox,EPS
10 Anti-rollbar
11 Swivelbearing

Thetwo-jointspringstrutfrontaxlewithtrailinglinksintheF25offerstheidealcombinationofdriving
dynamicsandridecomfort.Thesupportingfunctionofthesteeringboxhousingachievesextremely
highrigiditywithminimumweight.

Low-frictionballjointsareusedinthefrontaxle.Thishasgreatlyimprovedtheresponsecharacteris-
tics.

ThestandardElectronicPowerSteeringEPS(electromechanicalpowersteering)isanewfeatureof
theF25andmakesasignificantcontributionto"EfficientDynamics".(2VLVariablesportsteeringis
availableasanoption)

TheElectronicDamperControlEDCisavailableasoptionalequipment(SA223DynamicDamper
Control)tobeusedinconjunctionwithconventionaldampers.

Thefrontaxlesinstalledintheoff-roadvehiclesarelistedinthetablebelow.

Vehicletype Versionforfrontaxle
F25 Two-jointspringstrutfrontaxlewithtrailinglinks
E53 Two-jointspringstrutfrontaxlewithtrailinglinks
E70 Doublewishbonesuspension
E83 Two-jointspringstrutfrontaxlewithtrailinglinks
E84 Two-jointspringstrutfrontaxlewith:

TrailinglinksforsDrive
LeadinglinkswithxDrive

3.1.1.TechnicalDataF25

Designation
Casterangle 548'
Camber -030'
Totaltoe-in 6'
Toedifferenceangle 1.5
Steeringaxisinclination 1148'
Kingpinoffset 8.2mmwith17"wheel

7
F25ChassisDynamics
3.Chassisandsuspension
Designation
Trackwidth 1616mmwith17"wheel
Maximumwheellockangle,outer 326'
Maximumwheellockangle,inner 38

Note:Thecambercanbecorrectedbyusingapprovedswivelbearingswhichareavailable
fromthepartsdepartment.

Twoversionsoftheswivelbearingsareavailable:

Version1:cambercorrection-030'
Version2:cambercorrection030'.

3.1.2.ServiceInformation
Thefollowingtablesshowwhenfrontaxlewheelalignmentisnecessary.

Componentreplaced Wheelalignmentrequired
Frontaxlesupport YES
Steeringbox(withouttrackrods) YES
Wishbone YES
Rubbermountforwishbone YES
Trailinglink NO
Rubbermountfortrailinglink NO
Wheelcontroljoint NO
Trackrod YES
Swivelbearing YES
Springstrut NO
Supportbearing NO

Screwconnectionunfastened Wheelalignmentrequired
Frontaxlesupporttobody(lowering) NO
Steeringboxtofrontaxlesupport YES
Wishboneonfrontaxlesupport YES
Wishboneonswivelbearing NO
Trailinglinktofrontaxlesupport NO
Trailinglinkonwheelcontroljoint NO
Wheelcontroljointonswivelbearing NO
Trackrodtosteeringbox NO
Trackrodendtotrackrod YES

8
F25ChassisDynamics
3.Chassisandsuspension
Screwconnectionunfastened Wheelalignmentrequired
Trackrodendtoswivelbearing NO
Springstrutonswivelbearing NO
Supportbearingtobody NO
Steeringshaftonsteeringbox NO
Steeringcolumnonsteeringshaft NO

3.2.Rearaxle
TheHA5five-linkrearaxleinstalledintheF25isderivedfromadoublewishbonerearaxlewithrear-
mountedtrackrod.Althoughtheengineeringdesignprincipleoftherearaxleisbasedontheoneused
intheE8xandE9xvehicles,thisversionischaracterizedbyitslowinstallationspacerequirementand
lightweightofitscomponents.

Inadditiontoaparticularlyprecisewheelcontrol,thisdesigndeliversoutstandingdrivingdynamicsin
relationtothefollowing:

Directionalstability,accuracy
Loadchangeresponse
Self-steeringresponse
Lanechangestability
Steeringmovement(transitionalresponsefromcorneringtostraight-aheaddriving).

Thetwoconflictingobjectives,drivingdynamicsandcomforthavebeensuccessfullyadaptedwiththe
useof:

double-elasticrubbermountingbearing
rearaxlesuspensionwithreducedpreload(viahighsuspensionratio)
widesupportingbaseofrearaxlesupport
highstructuralrigidityofrearaxlesupport

Theoptimizedelasto-kinematicsensuresridecomfortastheuseofsmallbuteffectivecontrolarms
meansthattherearaxlehardlyreactstointerference.

IncontrasttotheE84andE9xseries,springstrutsareinstalledattherearaxleinsteadofthesplitar-
rangementofsprings/dampers.Ahighsuspensionratiohasbeenachievedthroughtheinstallationof
springstruts.

Theflatspace-savingdesignoftheaxlewithwidespringstrutsmountedontheoutsideresultsinaflat
luggagecompartmentfloorwithgenerousloadingwidth.

Lowunsprungmasseshavebeenimplementedusinginnovativesheet-metalcontrolarmtechnology.

Therearaxlesinstalledintheoff-roadvehiclesarelistedinthetablebelow.

9
F25ChassisDynamics
3.Chassisandsuspension
Vehicletype Version,rearaxle
F25 Five-linkrearaxle
E53 IntegralIVrearaxle
E70 IntegralIVrearaxle
E83 Centrallinkrearsuspension
E84 Five-linkrearaxle

F25Five-linkrearaxle

10
F25ChassisDynamics
3.Chassisandsuspension
Index Explanation
1 Compressionstrut
2 Springstrut
3 Anti-rollbar
4 Rearaxlesupport
5 Wishbone,bottom
6 Toearm
7 Wishbone,top
8 Wheelbearing
9 Camberlink
10 Controlarm

3.2.1.Technicaldata

Designation
Totaltoe-in 12'
Camber -130'
Trackwidth 1632mm

3.2.2.NotesforService
Thefollowingtablesshowwhenrearaxlewheelalignmentisnecessary.

Componentreplaced Wheelalignmentrequired
Rearaxlesupport YES
Rubbermountforrearaxlesupport NO
Controlarm NO
Rubbermountforcontrolarm NO
Toearm YES
Rubbermountforcontrolarm YES
Camberlink YES
Rubbermountforcamberlink YES
Trailingarm NO
Rubbermountfortrailingarm NO
Wishbone YES
Rubbermount/jointforwishbone YES
Wheelcarrier YES

11
F25ChassisDynamics
3.Chassisandsuspension
Componentreplaced Wheelalignmentrequired
Rubbermount/jointforwheelcarrier YES
Springstrut NO
Rubbermountinspringstrut NO
Supportbearing NO

Screwconnectionunfastened Wheelalignmentrequired
Rearaxlesupporttobody NO
Compressionstruttobody NO
Controlarmtorearaxlesupport NO
Controlarmtowheelcarrier NO
Camberlinktorearaxlesupport YES
Camberlinktowheelcarrier NO
Camberlinktorearaxlesupport YES
Camberlinktowheelcarrier NO
Trailingarmtorearaxlesupport NO
Trailingarmtowheelcarrier NO
Wishbonetorearaxlesupport NO
Wishbonetowheelcarrier NO
Springstruttocamberlink NO
Supportbearingtobody NO

3.3.Wheelsandtires
Thetablesbelowlistthesizesofthestandardtiresandwheels.

xDrive28i xDrive35i
tires,front 245/55R17 245/50R18
Reartires 245/55R17 245/50R18
Wheelrim,front 17x8lightalloy 18x8lightalloy
Rearwheelrim 17x8lightalloy 18x8lightalloy
RimoffsetISfront 32mm 43mm
RimoffsetISrear 32mm 43mm

12
F25ChassisDynamics
3.Chassisandsuspension
3.4.TirePressureMonitoring

3.4.1.Operatingprinciple
TheF25isbeingequippedwiththelatestgenerationoftirepressuremonitoringsystems.

ThedirectmeasuringsystemconsistsoftheTPMcontrolunitwithintegratedreceptionantennaand
fourwheelelectronics.Itwaspossibletoreducethenumberofcomponentsandcostofthesystemby
integratingthereceptionantennaintheTPMcontrolunit.

ThefourwheelelectronicstransmitthetirepressureandtemperaturetotheTPMcontrolunitviara-
diocommunication(433MHz).Oncethewheelelectronicshavebeenwokenup,(vehiclespeed>20
km/h/12mph),atotalof25telegramsaretransmittedonceattwosecondintervals.Providingthepres-
surehasnotdropped,individualtelegramsarethensentevery18secondsfromthewheelelectronics
totheTPMcontrolunit.Asaprerequisiteforthewheelelectronicstogotosleep,thewheelmustbeat
astandstillformorethanfiveminutes.

Resettingthetirepressurevalues

ThetirepressurevaluesareresetviatheinstrumentpanelorCentralInformationDisplayCID.The
TPMtextmessageappears,orthepermanentTPMindicatorlightlightsup,intheinstrumentpanel
whentheteach-inprocessstarts.

Teach-inprocess

Duringtheteach-inprocess,thewheelelectronicsidentificationnumbers(ID)aretransmittedtothe
TPMcontrolunit.TheTPMcontrolunitcanidentifythewheelpositionofthecorrespondingwheel
electronicsviatheidentificationnumbersoncetheteach-inprocessiscomplete.

Twoaccelerationsensorsareinstalledineachofthewheelelectronicsinordertobeabletodetermine
theirpositions.Theaccelerationsensorsdeterminethewheel'sdirectionofrotation.Thismeansthat
right/leftdifferentiationofthewheelelectronicspositionsatthevehicleispossible.

Thehighfrequencysignalsreceivedareevaluatedinordertodeterminewhetherthewheelelectron-
icsareatthefrontorrearaxle.TheTPMcontrolunitwithintegratedreceiverismountedintheouter
areaoftheluggagecompartmentwellabovetherearaxle.ThelevelofthesignalsreceivedbytheTPM
controlunitfromthewheelsontherearaxleishigherthanthelevelofsignalssentbythewheelelec-
tronicsonthefrontaxle.Thismeansitispossibletodeterminewhetherthewheelelectronicsareat
thefrontorrearofthevehicle.

Theentireteach-inprocesstakesbetweenroughlyoneandtwelveminutesatthemost.Thefollowing
factorsinfluencetheduration:

Theconditionoftheroad(e.g.cobbles)
Thecurrentmodeofthewheelelectronics(awake/gonetosleep)
TheTPMcontrolunitalreadyknowswhattheIDsofthewheelelectronicsare.

13
F25ChassisDynamics
3.Chassisandsuspension

F25TPM,teach-inprocesscomplete

Oncetheteach-inprocessiscomplete,theTPMtextmessageorsolidTPMindicatorlightarecan-
celled.ThegreentiresymbolssubsequentlyappearintheCID.

Pressuredrop

F25TPMpressuredrop

Oncetheteach-inprocessiscomplete,thewheelelectronicssendthepressure,temperatureandalso
theidentificationnumbersofthetirestotheTPMcontrolunitatregularintervalswhendriving.

Ifapressurechangeof>20kPa(0.2bar,2.9psi)isidentifiedwithintwosuccessivepressuremeasure-
ments,thewheelelectronicsfortherelevantwheelimmediatelyassumesafasttransmittingmode.It
thensendsinformationtothecontrolunitatone-secondintervals.Ifthepressuredropishigherthan
25%,theTPMtextmessage"TireLow"appears.

14
F25ChassisDynamics
3.Chassisandsuspension
3.4.2.SystemoverviewofTPM

F25SystemoverviewofTPMS

Index Explanation
1 Wheelelectronics(battery-operatedsensorwithtransmitterunit433MHz)
2 Instrumentpanel(KOMBI)
3 Controlunitwithintegratedreceptionantenna

15
F25ChassisDynamics
3.Chassisandsuspension
3.4.3.Systemwiringdiagram

F25Systemwiringdiagram,TPMS

16
F25ChassisDynamics
3.Chassisandsuspension
Index Explanation
1 Wheelelectronics,frontleft
2 Wheelelectronics,frontright
3 Powerdistributionbox,luggagecompartment
4 Wheelelectronics,rearright
5 Tirepressuremonitoringcontrol(TPM)
6 Wheelelectronics,rearleft
7 CentralgatewaymoduleZGM
8 Instrumentpanel(KOMBI)
9 CentralInformationDisplay(CID)
10 Headunit
11 Centraloperatingelement
Kl.30B Terminal30,time-dependent

3.4.4.NotesforService

Teach-inprocess

Thewheelelectronicsmustbetaughtinunderthefollowingcircumstances:

Thetirepressurehasbeenchanged
Atirehasbeenchanged
Wheelsarereplacedaxle-wise.

Thedrivercanstarttheteach-inprocessviatheCentralInformationDisplayCIDandthecontroller.For
moreinformation,refertothevehicleOwner'smanual.

Servicelifeofbatteriesforwheelelectronics

Theservicelifeofthebatteriesinstalledinthewheelelectronicsisroughly7.5years.Thecurrentval-
ueoftheservicelifecounterinthebatteriesofthewheelelectronicscanbereadoutviathediagnosis
system.

Ifthebatteryisfullydischargedordefective,anTPMfaultmessageisdisplayed.

Remove/installwheelelectronics

Thefollowingpointsmustbeobservedwhenremoving/installingthewheelelectronicsofthetirepres-
surecontrol(TPM):

17
F25ChassisDynamics
3.Chassisandsuspension
Donotusehighpressurecleanerstocleanwheelrimwiththewheelelectronicsinstalled
whenthetirehasbeenremoved
Replacethewheelelectronicsiftiresealanthasbeenused
Cleanthevalveandvalveseatthoroughlybeforeinstallingthewheelelectronics
Donotapplysolventsorcleaningagentstothewheelelectronics,orcleanthemwithcom-
pressedair
Tocleanthewheelelectronics,simplywipedownwithacleancloth.

F25Wheelelectronics,TPM

Index Explanation
1 DataMatrixCode
2 BMWpartnumber
3 FCCID=approvalforwirelessoperation
4 WheelelectronicsID
5 Transmissionfrequency(433MHz)
6 Pressuresensor
7 Productiondateofwheelelectronics
8 Tighteningtorque
9 Widthacrossflatsofunionnut

18
F25ChassisDynamics
3.Chassisandsuspension
3.5.Suspension/dampers
TheF25isfittedwithsteelspringsonthefrontandrearaxle.Thedampingactionisprovidedbycon-
ventionalshockabsorbersasstandard.

TheElectronicDamperControlEDC(SA223)isavailableasoptionalequipment.TheEDCisasub-
functionoftheVerticalDynamicsManagementVDM.ThedampercharacteristicsstoredintheVDM
controlunitcanbeselectedviathedrivingdynamicscontrolswitchinthecenterconsole.

ForadditionalinformationontheEDC,refertoChapter6.7-EDC.

19
F25ChassisDynamics
4.Brakes

F25Servicebrake

Index Explanation
1 DynamicStabilityControl,DSC
2 Brakefluidexpansiontank
3 Brakeservo
4 Electromechanicalparkingbrakeactuator
5 Brakecaliper
6 Brakepedal
7 Brakedisc

4.1.Servicebrakes
TheF25hasahydraulicdual-circuitbrakesystemwithfront/rearsplit.Conventionalinternallyventilat-
edbrakediscsareinstalledatthefrontandrearaxleofallF25engineversions.Greycastironfloating
caliperbrakesareinstalledatthefrontandrearaxle.Inthisinstance,theEMFactuatorontherearaxle
isintegratedinthebrakecaliper.

ThefamiliarbrakepadwearmonitoringfunctionfortheConditionBasedServicedisplaycontinuesto
beused.Brakepadwearsensorsarethereforeinstalledatthefrontleftandrearrightwheelbrakes.

ThebrakedimensionsoftheF25arelistedinthefollowingtable.

Frontaxle xDrive28i/35i
Brakediscdiametermm/in 328mm/12.9in
Brakediskthicknessmm/in 28mm/1.10in
Brakepistondiametermm/in 57mm/2.24in

20
F25ChassisDynamics
4.Brakes
Rearaxle xDrive28i/35i
Brakediscdiametermm/in 330mm/13in
Brakediskthicknessmm/in 20mm/0.78in
Brakepistondiametermm/in 42mm/1.65in

4.2.EMFElectromechanicalParkingBrake
OntheF25thereisanEMFintegratedintherearbrakecalipers.

Theuseoftheelectromechanicalparkingbrakeoffersthefollowingadvantages:

Operationviaanergonomicallydesignedbuttoninthecenterconsole
Safeandreliableapplicationandreleaseoftheparkingbrakeunderallpre-conditions
AutomaticHoldfunction(ACCActiveCruiseControl)
Dynamicemergencybrakingfunctionensuredbywayofthecontrolsystems(ABS),evenwith
alowcoefficientoffriction
Discontinuationoftheparkingbrakeleverinthecenterconsolemakesroomfornewequip-
mentfeatures.

21
F25ChassisDynamics
4.Brakes
4.2.1.Systemoverview

F25Systemoverview,EMF

22
F25ChassisDynamics
4.Brakes
Index Explanation
A DSCunit
B Brakecaliper,frontleft
C Brakecaliper,frontright
D Brakecaliper,rearright
E Brakecaliper,rearleft
1 Parkingbrakebutton
2 Wheelspeedsensor,frontleft(notusedfortheEMF)
3 Wheelspeedsensor,frontright(notusedfortheEMF)
4 Wheelspeedsensor,rearright
5 Wheelspeedsensor,rearleft
6 EMFactuator,rearleft
7 EMFactuator,rearright
KOMBI Instrumentpanel(KOMBI)
ZGM Centralgatewaymodule
DSC DynamicStabilityControl
PTCAN DrivetrainControllerAreaNetwork
EMF Electromechanicalparkingbrake

23
F25ChassisDynamics
4.Brakes
4.2.2.Systemwiringdiagram

F25EMFsystemwiringdiagram

24
F25ChassisDynamics
4.Brakes
Index Explanation
1 Centralgatewaymodule(ZGM)
2 DynamicStabilityControl(DSC)
3 AdvancedCrashSafetyModule
4 Junctionboxpowerdistributionbox
5 IntegratedChassisManagement(ICM)
6 Parkingbrakebutton
7 Instrumentpanel(KOMBI)
8 CarAccessSystem(CAS)
9 Footwellmodule(FRM)
10 EMFactuator,rearleft
11 EMFcontrolunit
12 Powerdistributionbox,luggagecompartment
13 EMFactuator,rearright
14 Wheelspeedsensor,rearright
15 Wheelspeedsensor,rearleft
Terminal30 Terminal30
Terminal15 Wake-upwithterminal15ON
wake-up

4.2.3.Systemstructure
TheEMFcontrolunitreceivesthedriver'sinstructiontoapplytheparkingbrakefromtheparking
brakebutton.Thevehicleconditionisqueried/detectedviatheelectricalsystemconnectionandthe
bussystems.TheEMFcontrolunitdecideswhetherallthepre-conditionsfortheparkingbrakese-
quencearesatisfied.Ifso,thetwoEMFactuatorsontherearbrakecalipersareoperated.

25
F25ChassisDynamics
4.Brakes

F25OperatingprincipleofEMF

Index Explanation
1 Instrumentpanel(KOMBI)
2 Informationflow
3 Parkingbrakebutton
4 EMFactuator
5 EMFcontrolunit
6 Battery

4.2.4.Systemfunction
Duetothespindle'sself-lockingfacility,theclampingforceremainssecurelyappliedevenwhenno
powersupplyisconnected,andthevehicleisthussecurelyheld.Oncetherequiredforceisreached,
theparkingbrakeappliedstatusisindicatedbyaredindicatorlampontheinstrumentpanelandan
additionalredLEDintheparkingbrakebutton.Ifthevehicle'sparkingbrakeisalreadyapplied,pulling
theparkingbrakebuttonagainhasnoeffect.

Thedriverappliesthevehicle'sparkingbrakebypullingouttheparkingbrakebutton.Theoperating
directionofthebuttonisthesameastheoperatingdirectionforamechanicalparkingbrakelever.The
signalfromtheparkingbrakebuttonisreadbytheEMFcontrolunit.TheEMFcontrolunitoperates
theEMFactuatorsontherearbrakecalipersindividually.

Theparkingbrakecanbeappliedinanylogicalterminalstatus.ParkingbrakeapplicationinTerminal
0statusismadepossiblebytheconnectionfromTerminal30totheEMFcontrolunit.Ifthedriverop-
eratestheparkingbrakebuttoninTerminal0status,theEMFcontrolunitiswokenup.TheEMFcon-

26
F25ChassisDynamics
4.Brakes
trolunitthenwakesuptheothercontrolunitsonthevehicle.OnlythendoestheEMFcontrolunitre-
ceivetheessentialinformationaboutvehiclestandstill.Inaddition,thechangeofparkingbrakestatus
canalsobeindicatedoncethesystemhasbeenwokenup.

F25Indicatorlampforparkingbrakeapplied

DesignandfunctionofEMFactuator

F25DesignofEMFactuator

Index Explanation
1 Plugconnection
2 Electricmotor
3 Drivebelt
4 Planetarygeartrain
5 Housing
6 Connectiontospindle

TheEMFactuatorisfixedtothebrakecaliperandactsdirectlyonthebrakepiston.

27
F25ChassisDynamics
4.Brakes
Theforceistransmittedtoatwo-stageplanetarygeartrain(4)byanelectricmotor(2)andabeltdrive
system(3).Thespindleillustratedinthegraphicbelowisdrivenviatheconnectiontothespindle(6).

F25Spindleandspindlenutinbrakepiston

Index Explanation
1 Groove
2 Spindlenutwithanti-twistlock
3 Brakepiston
4 Spindle
5 Spindleendstop
6 Connectiontoplanetarygeartrain

F25EMFcurrentandforceflow

28
F25ChassisDynamics
4.Brakes
Index Explanation
A Currentflow
B Forceflow
1 Applyingparkingbrake
2 Parkingbrakeapplied
3 Releasingparkingbrake

F25OverviewofEMFactuatorandbrakecaliper

Index Explanation
1 Plugconnection
2 Electricmotor
3 Drivebelt
4 Planetarygeartrain
5 Housing
6 Brakepiston
7 Spindleandspindlenut
8 Rollerbearing

29
F25ChassisDynamics
4.Brakes

F25Parkingbrakeappliedwithnewbrakepads

Index Explanation
1 Drivebelt
2 Planetarygeartrain
3 Brakepiston
4 Dustboot
5 Sealingring
6 Spindlenut
7 Electricmotor
8 Spindle
9 Rollerbearing
10 Sealingring
11 Housing

Roll-awaydetectionwhileparkingbrakeapplied

Theroll-awaydetectionfunctionisdesignedtopreventthevehiclerollingawaywhiletheparkingbrake
isapplied.Theroll-awaydetectionfunctionisalwaysactivatedwhenevertheparkingbrakestatus
changesfrom"released"to"applied"andterminatesafteradefinedperiodoftimefromthatchangeof
status.

AsignalfromtheDSCcontrolunitisusedastheinputvariableforroll-awaydetection.Assoonasthat
signalindicatesthatthevehicleisstartingtorollduringthedetectionwindow,theEMFactuatorsare
immediatelyfurthertightened.ThatisachievedbyapplyingmaximumcurrenttotheEMFactuatorsfor
100msinordertoincreasetheclampingforce.Thesystemthenwaitsfor400ms.Ifthevehiclestarts

30
F25ChassisDynamics
4.Brakes
torollagain,theretighteningprocessisrepeated(uptothreetimes).Ifrollingofthevehicleisstillde-
tectedafterretighteningtheparkingbrakethreetimes,thefunctionterminateswithafaultentryinthe
faultmemory.

Temperaturemonitoring

Thetemperaturemonitoringfunctionensuresthatthelossofparking-brakeforcethatoccurswhen
hotbrakediscscooldowniscompensatedfor.Thetemperaturemonitoringfunctionisactivatedifthe
temperatureisaboveadefinedvalueonachangeofparkingbrakestatusfrom"released"to"applied".

ThetemperatureofthebrakediscsiscalculatedindividuallyforeachwheelbytheDSCcontrolunit
andcommunicatedtotheEMFcontrolunit.Whenthestatuschangetakesplace,thehigherofthetwo
brakedisctemperaturesisappliedfortemperaturemonitoringpurposes.Thetemperaturerangesand
correspondingretighteningperiodsarestoredinacharacteristicmap.

Theappropriateretighteningperiodsfromthecharacteristicmapareappliedaccordingtothetemper-
atureonchangeofstatus.Oncethefirstretighteningperiodhaselapsed,theparkingbrakeisretight-
enedforthefirsttime.Afterexpiryofthesecondretighteningperiod,theparkingbrakeisretightened
again,andagainafterthethirdperiodhaselapsed.Thecharacteristicmapmayalsocontainthevalue
0foroneormoreretighteningperiods.Inthatcase,thecorrespondingretighteningsequencesdonot
takeplace.Thefunctionterminateswhenthelastretighteningsequencehasbeencompleted.

Releasingtheparkingbrake

Theparkingbrakeisreleasedbypressingtheparkingbrakebuttondown.However,fortheparking
braketoactuallybereleased,Terminal15mustbeONandatleastoneofthefollowingpreconditions
satisfied:

Brakepedalapplied,or
Automatictransmissionparkinglockengaged.

Thatpreventsthevehiclestartingtorollwhennotintended,e.g.ifanotheroccupantapartfromthe
driverpressestheparkingbrakebutton.Oncetheparkingbrakeisreleased,theredindicatorlampon
theinstrumentpanelandtheredLEDintheparkingbrakebuttongoout.

ActivationoftheEMFactuatorsetsthespindleinmotion.Therotationofthespindlemovesthespin-
dlenutasmall,defineddistanceawayfromthebrakepiston.

Dynamicemergencybraking

Thelawrequiresthattherearetwooperatingfacilitiesforthebrakes.OntheF25,thesecondoperat-
ingfacilityafterthebrakepedalistheparkingbrakebuttoninthecenterconsole.Iftheparkingbrake
buttonispulledupwhilethevehicleismoving,adynamicemergencybrakingoperationwithadefined
procedureisperformedbytheDSCsystem.Thisfunctionisintendedforemergencysituationsin
whichthedriverisnotabletobrakethevehicleusingthebrakepedal.Otheroccupantscanalsobring
thevehicletoastandstillinthiswayif,forexample,thedriversuddenlyfallsunconscious.

Duringdynamicemergencybraking,brakepressureisgeneratedhydraulicallyatallfourwheelbrakes.
TheDSCfunctionsarefullyactiveandthebrakelightsareoperated.Thatrepresentsafundamental
advantageovermanualparkingbrakes.

31
F25ChassisDynamics
4.Brakes
Thedynamicemergencybrakingsequenceonlyremainsineffectwhiletheparkingbrakebuttonisbe-
ingpulled.ThelevelofdecelerationappliedbytheDSCissteeplyincreased.Duringdynamicemer-
gencybrakingtheEMFindicatorlightontheinstrumentpanelisactivated.Inaddition,aCheckControl
messageisdisplayedalongwithanacousticsignalinordertodrawthedriver'sattentiontothespecial
situation.

Ifthedriversimultaneouslybrakesbypressingthebrakepedalandpullingtheparkingbrakebutton,
theDSCcontrolunitprioritizes.Thegreaterdecelerationdemandisputintoeffect.Ifdynamicemer-
gencybrakingiscontinueduntilthevehicleisatastandstill,thevehicleremainsbrakedevenafterthe
parkingbrakebuttonisreleased.TheEMFindicatorlightontheinstrumentpanelremainson.The
drivercanthenreleasetheparkingbrake(see"Releasingtheparkingbrake").

Parkingbrakefault

Ifafaultoccursontheparkingbrake,theEMFindicatorlampontheinstrumentpanelshowsyellow.A
CheckControlmessageisdisplayed.

F25Indicatorlightshowingparkingbrakefault

Emergencyrelease

Emergencyreleaseoftheparkingbrakebythecustomerisnotprovidedfor.

TheparkingbrakecanbereleasedbyunscrewingtheEMFactuatorsandmanuallyscrewingbackthe
spindle.

Replacingbrakepads

ToreplacethebrakepadstheEMFactuatormustbeinthefullyreleasedpositionsothatthebrake
pistoncanbepressedback.TheEMFactuatorscanbeactivatedviathediagnosissystemandmoved
tothefullyreleasedposition.Thatpositionisrequiredinordertobeabletochangethebrakepads.
Oncetheinstallationpositionisreached,installationmodeisautomaticallyactivated.

32
F25ChassisDynamics
4.Brakes

F25EMFwithspindlenutinworkingpositionforreplacingbrakepads

AslongastheEMFcontrolunitisininstallationmode,theparkingbrakecannotbeappliedforsafe-
tyreasons.Iftheparkingbrakebuttonisneverthelessoperated,theEMFindicatorlampontheinstru-
mentpanel(KOMBI)flashesyellow.

Installationmodecanbecancelledintwoways:

Byexecutingtheservicefunction"Resetinstallationmode"withtheaidofISTA
Bydrivingthevehicleandexceedingaprogrammedminimumspeed.

Braketeststanddetection

TheEMFcontrolunitdetectsthatthevehicleisonabraketeststandbymeansofaplausibilitycheck
(comparisonofwheelspeeds)andswitchestobraketeststandmode.Identificationtakesabout.6
seconds.

Pullingtheparkingbrakebuttonseveraltimesinsequencesetstheparkingbraketothefollowingpo-
sitions:

Brakepadsincontact
Forcelevel1forbraketeststand
Forcelevel2forbraketeststand
Targetforce.

Alternatively,theparkingbrakebuttoncanbeheldcontinuouslyinthepulled-outpositionwhilebrake
teststandmodeisactive.Theparkingbrakeisthenmovedtotheindividualdefinedpositionsinse-
quenceatintervalsof3seconds.

33
F25ChassisDynamics
4.Brakes
WhenbraketeststandmodeisactiveandtheEMFactuatorsarereleased,theparkingbrakeindicator
lightflashesslowly.

WhenbraketeststandmodeisactiveandtheEMFactuatorsarepartiallyapplied,theparkingbrakein-
dicatorlightstartstoflashmorequickly.

Whenthevehicleisonabraketeststand,theparkingbrakecanbereleasedwithouthavingtopress
thebrakeorclutchpedal.Braketeststandmodeisautomaticallycancelledwhenthevehicleisdriv-
enoffthebraketeststand.Itisalsodeactivatediftheparkingbrakebuttonispressedinorifafaultis
present.

4.2.5.CheckControlmessages

EMFindicatorlight CheckControlsymbol
-

Description EMFisappliedmechanically
Checkcontrolmessage -
CentralInformationDisplay -

EMFindicatorlight CheckControlsymbol
-

Description EMFisininstallationmode-theparkingbrake
buttonisoperatedsimultaneously
Checkcontrolmessage -
CentralInformationDisplay -

EMFindicatorlight CheckControlsymbol
-

Description Braketeststanddetectedactuatorreleased
Checkcontrolmessage -
CentralInformationDisplay -

34
F25ChassisDynamics
4.Brakes
EMFindicatorlight CheckControlsymbol
-

Description Braketeststanddetectedactuatorininterme-
diateposition
Checkcontrolmessage -
CentralInformationDisplay -

EMFindicatorlight CheckControlsymbol

Description EMFisappliedmechanically-thedriverat-
temptstodriveoffatthesametime
Checkcontrolmessage Releaseparkingbrake
CentralInformationDisplay -

EMFindicatorlight CheckControlsymbol

Description Parkingbrakebuttonisappliedduringthejour-
ney(dynamicemergencybraking)
Checkcontrolmessage Releaseparkingbrake
CentralInformationDisplay -

35
F25ChassisDynamics
4.Brakes
EMFindicatorlight CheckControlsymbol
-

Description ThedriverattemptstoreleasetheEMFwithout
havingdepressedthebrakepedal-theselector
leverisnotinpositionP
Checkcontrolmessage Pressfootbrakeaswell
CentralInformationDisplay -

EMFindicatorlight CheckControlsymbol
-

Description ThedriverattemptstoreleasetheEMF-these-
lectorleverisnotinpositionP
Checkcontrolmessage AlsoengagetransmissionP
CentralInformationDisplay Toreleaseparkingbrake,alsoengagetransmis-
sionpositionP.

EMFindicatorlight CheckControlsymbol
-

Description ThedriverattemptstoreleasetheEMF-the
brakeorclutchpedalarenotoperated
Checkcontrolmessage Pressfootbrakeorclutchpedal
CentralInformationDisplay Alsopressfootbrakeorclutchpedaltorelease
theparkingbrake.

36
F25ChassisDynamics
4.Brakes
EMFindicatorlight CheckControlsymbol
-

Description "New"faultoccursatparkingbrakebutton
OR
Faultpendingatparkingbrakebuttonwithsi-
multaneousoperation
Checkcontrolmessage -
CentralInformationDisplay -

EMFindicatorlight CheckControlsymbol

Description Faultdetectedatparkingbrakebutton-nore-
strictioninfunctionalityatpresent
Checkcontrolmessage Availabilityofparkingbrakerestricted
CentralInformationDisplay Availabilityofparkingbrakerestricted
HavevehiclecheckedbyyourBMWServiceau-
thorizedworkshop.

EMFindicatorlight CheckControlsymbol

Description Atleastonespeedsignalisnolongeravailable-
norestrictioninfunctionalityatpresent
Checkcontrolmessage Availabilityofparkingbrakerestricted
CentralInformationDisplay Availabilityofparkingbrakerestricted
HavevehiclecheckedbyyourBMWServiceau-
thorizedworkshop.

37
F25ChassisDynamics
4.Brakes
EMFindicatorlight CheckControlsymbol

Description Dynamicemergencybrakingnolongeravailable
Checkcontrolmessage Availabilityofparkingbrakerestricted
CentralInformationDisplay Availabilityofparkingbrakerestricted
Parkingbrakecanbeappliedandreleasedusing
buttonwhenstationary.
Itisnotpossibletobrakethevehiclewhenitisin
motionusingtheparkingbrake.
HavevehiclecheckedbyyourBMWServiceau-
thorizedworkshop.

EMFindicatorlight CheckControlsymbol

Description Mechanicalapplicationoftheparkingbrakeis
nolongeravailable
OR
Dynamicemergencybrakingandmechanical
parkingbrakeapplicationarenolongeravailable
Checkcontrolmessage Parkingbrakehasfailed
CentralInformationDisplay Parkingbrakehasfailed
Topark,securevehicletopreventitrolling.
HavevehiclecheckedbyyourBMWServiceau-
thorizedworkshop.

38
F25ChassisDynamics
4.Brakes
EMFindicatorlight CheckControlsymbol

Description Mechanicalapplicationoftheparkingbrakeis
nolongeravailable
OR
Dynamicemergencybrakingandmechanical
parkingbrakeapplicationarenolongeravailable
Checkcontrolmessage Parkingbrakehasfailed
CentralInformationDisplay Parkingbrakehasfailed.
Topark,securevehicletopreventitrolling.
HavevehiclecheckedbyyournearestBMW
Serviceauthorizedworkshop.

39
F25ChassisDynamics
5.Steering
5.1.ElectronicPowerSteeringEPS
TheF25xDriveisthefirstmass-producedvehiclewithxDrivetobeequippedwithElectronicPower
SteeringEPS(electromechanicalpowersteering)whichreplacestheconventionalhydraulicpower
steering.

Incontrasttohydraulicpowersteering,withEPSsteeringtheservoforcesareappliedtotherackvia
anelectricmotorandareductiongear.

Thishasachievedanaveragereductioninfuelconsumptionofroughly0.3lper100kmwhencom-
paredtoconventionalhydraulicpowersteering.Thathelpstoreducethecarbondioxideemissions.As
thereisnooilintheEPS,itisenvironmentallycleanerandmoreservicefriendlythanconventionalhy-
draulicpowersteering.

Comparedtoconventionalhydraulicpowersteering,theinstallationandmaintenancecosthasbeen
significantlyreducedthankstothecompactdesignofthesteeringboxwithintegratedelectricmotor
andcontrolelectronics.

WithEPSsteering,thesteeringservo(steeringforces)andalsothereturncharacteristicsarefreely
configurable.Thismeansthatthesteeringanddrivabilitycanbeadaptedoptimallytotherelevantdriv-
ingsituation(e.g.whendrivinginthecityoronthehighway).

Servotronic,i.e.steeringservodependentonvehiclespeed,isavailableasoptionalequipment(SA
216).

Ifadrivingdynamicscontrolswitchisinstalled-twodifferentsettings,"Normal"or"Sporty"canbe
accessedwiththefollowingoptionalequipment:

EDC(SA223)
Sportssteering(SA2VL)
Servotronic(Standard)
Steptronicsportautomatictransmission(SA2TB)

AlthoughActiveSteeringisnotprovidedforintheF25,"Variablesportsteering"(SA2VL)isavailable
astheoptionalequipment.

40
F25ChassisDynamics
5.Steering

F25EPSsteeringcomponents

Index Explanation
1 ElectronicPowerSteeringEPS
2 Steeringcolumn
3 Steeringwheel

41
F25ChassisDynamics
5.Steering
5.1.1.Systemoverview

F25EPSsteeringbox

Index Explanation
1 Reductiongear
2 Steering-torquesensor
3 Trackrod
4 EPScontrolunit
5 Electricmotorwithrotorpositionsensor

42
F25ChassisDynamics
5.Steering
5.1.2.Systemwiringdiagram

F25EPSsystemwiringdiagram

43
F25ChassisDynamics
5.Steering
Index Explanation
1 ElectronicPowerSteering(EPS)
2 Powerdistributionbox,enginecompartment
3 DynamicStabilityControl(DSC)
4 Junctionboxpowerdistributionbox
5 IntegratedChassisManagement(ICM)
6 Steeringcolumnswitchcluster(SZL)
7 Instrumentpanel(KOMBI)
8 Centralgatewaymodule(ZGM)
9 DigitalMotorElectronics(DME)
Kl.30 Terminal30
Kl.15N Ignition(after-run)
LINbus Localinterconnectnetworkbus

5.1.3.Steeringanglesensor
IntheF25,informationonthesteeringangleisnotacquiredviatheElectronicPowerSteeringEPS
fromaseparatesensoratthesteeringwheelandisinsteaddeducedfromthemotorpositionangleof
theEPSmotorinrelationtothesteeringwheel.

TheEPSreportsthepositionoftherackviaFlexRaytotheICMcontrolunit.InthiscasetheEPScal-
culatestheabsolutepositionoftherackbasedonthecurrentpositionoftheEPSmotorrotorandthe
numberoffullrotorrevolutionsfromtheneutralposition(correspondstostraight-aheaddriving).

Takingthispositionasthestartingpoint,theICMcontrolunitdetermines,amongotherthings,the
steeringangleinrelationtothewheelusingthestoredgearratioparameters(betweentherackand
steeringangleinrelationtowheel)andtransmitstheseviaFlexRay.Thiswheel-specificsteeringangle
isusedbytheDynamicStabilityControlandothersystemsasareferencevariableforinternalcontrol
functions.

IncaseswheretheabsolutevalueisnotavailablefromtheEPS(terminal30loss,flashingprocess),the
absolutevalueisdeterminedthroughinteractionoftheICMandEPSviaateach-infunctionbysteer-
ingfromendstoptoendstop(e.g.straight-aheadposition->left->right->straight-aheadposition).

5.2.Variablesportsteering
Theoptionalequipment"Variablesportsteering"(SA2VL)isavailablefortheF25asanalternativeto
thebasicversionoftheEPS.Thisisthefirststeeringsystemavailableonthemarkettocombinethe
benefitsofanextremelydirect,variablesteeringgearratiowiththeoperatingprincipleofEPSsteering.

Thevariablesportsteeringincreasesridecomfortandalsoagility.Thedirectratioreducesthetotal
steeringangle,i.e.thenumberofsteeringwheelrevolutionsfromsteeringstoptosteeringstop,by
roughly25%.Thisthereforeincreasescomfortduringdrivingmanoeuvresthatrequirelargersteering
angles,e.g.whenparking,turningofforturning.

44
F25ChassisDynamics
5.Steering
ComparedtothebasicversionoftheEPSsteering,thevehiclerespondsmoredirectlyandhasgreater
agilityowingtothemoredirectsteeringgearratioandtheresultinglowerrequiredsteeringangle.This
iseffectiveduringavoidancemanoeuvres,forexample.

Thevariablesteeringgearratioisachievedbyusingadisplacement-dependentrackgearinggeome-
try.Whenroughlyinthecenterpositionofthesteeringbox,thesteeringrespondspreciselywithstable
directionalstability.Asthesteeringanglesmoveoutofthecenterposition,theratiobecomesincreas-
inglymoredirect.

5.2.1.Systemoverview

F25ComparisonbetweensteeringgearratioofEPSsteeringbasicversionandvariablesportsteering

Index Explanation
1 Rack,EPSbasicversion(constantgearinggeometry)
2 Rack,variablesportsteering(variablegearinggeometry)
A Moreindirectsteeringgearratio(variablesportsteering)
B Moredirectsteeringgearratio(variablesportsteering)
x Steeringangle
y Steeringgearratio

45
F25ChassisDynamics
5.Steering
5.3.Steeringcolumn

5.3.1.Steeringcolumnadjustment
ThelengthandheightofthesteeringcolumnoftheF25canbemechanicallyadjusted.Thisisre-
quiredforthedrivertoachieveanoptimumergonomicdrivingposition.

46
F25ChassisDynamics
6.Drivingstabilitycontrolsystems
6.1.Directionsofaction

Direction Longi- Pitch Lateral Yaw Vertical Roll

ofaction tudinal
DSC
EDC
DCC

Drivingstabilitycontrolsystemsaredifferentiatedaccordingtotheirbasiceffectivedirections.Dynam-
ichandlingcontrolsystemsmayactalongaswellasaroundanaxisofthevehiclecoordinatesystem
(X,YorZ).

6.2.IntegratedChassisManagement(ICM)

6.2.1.Systemoverview

F25ICMcontrolunitICM

47
F25ChassisDynamics
6.Drivingstabilitycontrolsystems
Index Explanation
1 ICMcontrolunit

TheICMcontrolunitisinstalledonthecenterconsolebymeansofaholder.Itcontainsthedrivingdy-
namicssensorsystemandcentralsensorsystemfortheairbag.

6.2.2.Systemfunction
InfluenceoftheICMcontrolunitondrivingstabilitycontrolindetail:

PerformanceControl(SA2VG)
Selectivebrakingattherearinnercorneringwheelmakesamoreneutralself-steeringre-
sponsepossibleandreducesthetendencytoundersteer.Forthedurationofbrakinginterven-
tion,theoutputoftheengineisincreasedproportionallysothisisnotperceivedasdecelera-
tion.ThesetpointiscalculatedintheICMcontrolunitandputintoactionintheDynamicSta-
bilityControl.(Formoreinformationl,refertosections6.4and6.5ofthistrainingmaterial.)
Drivingdynamicscontrol
ThedrivercanusetheoperatingelementsDTCbuttonordrivingdynamicscontrolswitch
(DTCmode,DynamicStabilityControlOFF)toactivatethedrivingdynamicscontrolFDR.The
functionmodeisdisplayedviatheinstrumentpanel(KOMBI).
EvaluationoftheDTCbuttonanddrivingdynamicscontrolswitchaswellasthechangeover
logic,includingcommunicationwiththesystemsinvolved(includingDSC),takesplaceinthe
ICMcontrolunit.Inaddition,theICMcontrolunitincorporatessystemmonitoringofpart-
nerfunctionsthatchangesbacktonormalmodewhenoneofthefunctionsbeingmonitored
dropsout(DSCON).
HillDescentControlHDC
ThepurposeofHDCistosupportthedriverwhendrivingdownhill.Whenthedriveractivates
thisfunctionbypushingthebutton,thevehicletravelsondownhillgradientsataconstant
speeddefinedbythedriverofbetweenroughly5and25km/h.Iftheactualspeedisnotthe
sameasthereferencespeedsetbythedriver,theHDCattemptsbymeansofharmonious
controltomatchthetwospeeds.ThedriverissupportedbytheDSCcontrolfunctionsduring
thisprocess.

IfthedriveroperatestheHDCbutton,theICMcontrolunitchecksthisoperationagainstthe
currentstatesoftheotherassistsystems.

DynamicCruiseControl
TheDynamicCruiseControlDCCisaroadspeedcontrollerthatincorporatesbrakeinterven-
tion.TheDCCfunctionintheICMcontrolunitactsonthepowertrainandbrakeviathecorre-
spondinginterfaces.Inaddition,interfacesfordisplayandoperatingelementsandforthedriv-
ingdynamicssensorsystemexist.(Formoreinformation,refertosection6.6.)

48
F25ChassisDynamics
6.Drivingstabilitycontrolsystems
TheICMcontrolunitcontainsthefollowingsensors,dependingonthevehicleequipment:

Function Vehicleswithout Vehicleswith

EDC EDC
Longitudinalacceleration(airbagsensorsystem)
Lateralacceleration(airbagsensorsystem)
Longitudinalacceleration
Lateralacceleration
Verticalacceleration
Rollrate
Pitchrate -
Yawrate

Theinformationfromthesesensorsisusedtocalculatethefollowingsignalswhicharemadeavailable
totheDynamicStabilityControlDSCviaFlexRay:

Yawrate
Lateralacceleration
Longitudinalacceleration
Steeringangle.

6.3.DynamicStabilityControlDSC
TheDynamicStabilityControlDSCisattheheartofsuspensioncontrolsystemsthataredesignedto
increaseactivesafety.Itoptimizesdrivingstabilityunderalldrivingconditionsandalsotractionwhen
drivingoffandaccelerating.Inaddition,itdetectsunstabledrivingconditionssuchasundersteeringor
oversteeringandhelpskeepthevehiclesafelyoncourse.

Tothisendthecurrentdrivingconditionsarepermanentlyrecordedbythehighlysensitivesensorsof
theDSC.Theinformationacquiredcomesfromthewheelspeed,steeringangle,lateralacceleration,
longitudinalacceleration,pressureandyawsensors(rotationaroundtheverticalaxisofthevehicle),for
example.Thesingle-trackmodelcalculatedfromthisinformationintheDSCcontrolunitservesasthe
basicparameterforregulatoryinterventionbytheDSC.Duringthisprocess,acomparisonismadebe-
tweenthecorrespondingdriverinput(steeringwheelangleandvehiclespeed).

Ifthemeasuredactualconditiondeviatesfromthecalculatedreferencecondition,actionistakento
improvestabilityand/ortraction.Thisinvolvesselectiveactuationoftheengineandbrakemanage-
mentaswellasthexDrive.Thedrivingstabilitycanbeensuredonceagainoratractionrequestcanbe
implementedbyselectivelyreducingorincreasingtheenginetorque(withactiveenginedragtorque
controlorPerformanceControl)orbrakeinterventionatindividualwheels.

49
F25ChassisDynamics
6.Drivingstabilitycontrolsystems
6.3.1.Systemoverview

F25Systemoverview,DSC

Index Explanation
1 DynamicStabilityControlDSC
2 Centerconsoleoperatingfacility
3 IntegratedChassisManagementICM

50
F25ChassisDynamics
6.Drivingstabilitycontrolsystems
6.3.2.Systemwiringdiagram

F25Systemwiringdiagram,DSC

51
F25ChassisDynamics
6.Drivingstabilitycontrolsystems
Index Explanation
1 Brakepadwearsensor,frontleft
2 Wheelspeedsensor,frontleft
3 Brakefluidlevelswitch
4 DigitalMotorElectronics(DME)
5 Junctionboxpowerdistributionbox
6 DynamicStabilityControl(DSC)
7 Frontrightwheelspeedsensor
8 Rearrightbrakepadwearsensor
9 Rearrightwheelspeedsensor
10 Luggagecompartmentpowerdistributionbox
11 EMFcontrolunit
12 Wheelspeedsensor,rearleft
13 Brakelightswitch
14 Steeringcolumnswitchcluster(SZL)
15 Instrumentpanel(KOMBI)
16 CarAccessSystemCAS
17 FootwellmoduleFRM
18 CentralGatewayModule
19 Junctionboxelectronics
20 Centerconsoleoperatingfacility
21 Parkingbrakebutton
22 Centraloperatingelement
23 IntegratedChassisManagementICM

Function Sub-function Designation

ABS AntilockBrakeSystem
EBV Electronicbrakeforcedistribution
CBC CorneringBrakeControl
DBC DynamicBrakeControl
ASC AutomaticStabilityControl
ADB-X AutomaticDifferentialBrake
MMR Enginetorquecontrol
MSR Enginedragcontrol
BMR Brakingtorquecontrol
DSC DynamicStabilityControl

52
F25ChassisDynamics
6.Drivingstabilitycontrolsystems
Function Sub-function Designation
AKR Anti-tiltcontrol
TrailerStabilityControl(NotforUS)
DTC DynamicTractionControl
PerformanceControl
HDC HillDescentControlHDC

TheDSCcanbeoperatedinthreemodes:

DynamicStabilityControlON
Dynamictractioncontrol,DTC
DSCOFF

Function DSC DTC DSC

ON OFF
AntilockBrakeSystem(ABS)
Electronicbrakeforcedistribution
CorneringBrakeControl(CBC)
Enginedragtorquecontrol(MSR)
AutomaticStabilityControl(ASC) x -
HillDescentControl(HDC)*
AutomaticDifferentialBrake(ADB-X)
Drivingdynamicscontrol(FDR)* x -
Anti-tiltcontrol(AKR)
TrailerStabilityControl -
PerformanceControl
Brakestandby
Rainbrakesupport
Drive-offassistant
FadingBrakeSupport
DynamicBrakingControl(DBC)
AutomaticHoldtogetherwiththeElectromechanicalParkingBrake
(EMF)*
RunFlatIndicator(RPA)
ConditionBasedServices(CBS)
xDrivefunction

53
F25ChassisDynamics
6.Drivingstabilitycontrolsystems
Symbol Explanation
Functionactive
- Functionnotactive
x Functionwithadaptedcontrolthresholds
* Canbeswitchedonandoffbythedriver

Adoptingasuitablyadapteddrivingstylealwaysremainstheresponsibilityofthedriver.

NotevenDSCcanovercomethelawsofphysics.

Theadditionalsafetyfeaturesofthesystemshouldnotbediminishedbyriskydriving.

54
F25ChassisDynamics
6.Drivingstabilitycontrolsystems
6.4.xDrive

6.4.1.Systemoverview

F25xDrivesystemoverview

Index Explanation
1 Transferbox(VTG)controlunit
2 Actuatorfortransferboxcoupling
3 Instrumentpanel(KOMBI)
4 DSCsensor(lateralacceleration,longitudinalaccelerationandyawsensor)

55
F25ChassisDynamics
6.Drivingstabilitycontrolsystems
Index Explanation
5 Steeringanglesensor
6 DSChydraulicunit
7 DSCcontrolunit
8 RunFlatIndicatorbutton
9 HDCbutton
10 DTCbutton
11 Brakefluidlevelswitch
12 Wheelspeedsensor
13 Electronictransmissioncontrol(EGS)
14 DigitalMotorElectronics(DME)

TheintelligentBMWxDrivefour-wheeldrivepermanentlydistributesthedrivetorquebetweenthe
frontandrearaxleviaanelectronically-controlledmulti-discclutch.

TheF25featuresthenewATC450transferboxwhichhasbeenoptimizedintermsofeffectiveness
andefficiency.

56
F25ChassisDynamics
6.Drivingstabilitycontrolsystems
6.4.2.VTGcontrolunitsystemwiringdiagram

F25VTGsystemwiringdiagram

57
F25ChassisDynamics
6.Drivingstabilitycontrolsystems
Index Explanation
1 VTGcontrolunit
2 DynamicStabilityControl(DSC)
3 Junctionboxpowerdistributionbox
4 IntegratedChassisManagement(ICM)
5 Centralgatewaymodule(ZGM)
6 CarAccessSystem(CAS)
7 Footwellmodule(FRM)
Kl.30 Terminal30
Kl.30B Terminal30,time-dependent

6.4.3.Drivefunction
Thedrivetorqueisdistributedvariablyintermsofdrivingdynamicsandtractionasthesituationde-
mandsthroughnetworkingwiththedynamicstabilitycontrolDSC.Duetoitsoptimizeddesign,the
xDriveadaptationintheF25makesafurthercontributiontowardsenhancingthedrivingexperience.

Understeering

xDriveshiftsmoredrivetorquetotherearaxleastheundersteeringtendencyincreases.Thisallows
thefrontaxletobuildupmoretractionwhichreducesundersteering.

AtthesametimethePerformanceControl(SA2VG)ensures,throughbrakinginterventionattheinner
rearcorneringwheelandbyincreasingthedrivetorqueoftheengine,thatthevehicleadoptsaneutral
drivabilitywithoutslowingitdown.

F25xDrive,interventionduringundersteering

58
F25ChassisDynamics
6.Drivingstabilitycontrolsystems
Index Explanation
redarrow PerformanceControlintervention
greenarrow xDriveintervention
1 Ontheapproachtothebend,xDriveadjuststhedistributionofdrivetorqueso
theemphasisisslightlytowardstherear
2and3 Duringcornering,xDriveshiftsmoredrivetorquetotherearaxle;Performance
Controlcounteractsundersteering
4 Astheundersteeringtendencyreduces,moredrivetorqueisdirectedtothe
frontaxleandtheinterventionbyPerformanceControldiminishes
5 xDrivere-establishesthestandarddistribution,interventionbyPerformance
Controlisnolongerrequired

Oversteering

Inanoversteeringdrivingsituation,xDrivedistributesthedrivetorquesothattheloadontherearaxle
isreducedasmuchaspossible.

Atthesametime,theDSCensures,throughadditionalbrakeinterventionattheouterrearwheeldur-
ingcornering,thatthevehicleisquicklystabilizedandthatneutraldrivabilityisrestored.

F25xDrive,interventionintheeventofoversteering

59
F25ChassisDynamics
6.Drivingstabilitycontrolsystems
Index Explanation
redarrow PerformanceControlintervention
greenarrow xDriveintervention
1 Ontheapproachtothebend,xDriveadjuststhedistributionofdrivetorqueso
theemphasisisslightlytowardstherear
2 Ifanoversteeringtendencyexists,xDriveshiftsmoredrivetorquetothefront
axle
3 Astheoversteeringtendencyincreases,PerformanceControl(SA2VG)further
stabilizesthevehiclethroughbrakinginterventionattheouterrearwheel
duringcornering
4 Astheoversteeringtendencyreduces,lessdrivetorqueisdirectedtothefront
axleandtheinterventionbyPerformanceControldiminishes
5 xDrivere-establishesthestandarddistribution,interventionbyPerformance
Controlisnolongerrequired

6.5.PerformanceControl
TheF25featuresPerformanceControl(SA2VG),theDSCfunctionalityofthexDrive.

ToincreasetheagilityofthexDrivevehicle,theundersteeringtendencyandtherequiredsteeringan-
glearereduced.Thisisimplementedbyvaryingthetorquedistributionattherearaxle.ThePerfor-
manceControlbrakestherearinnercorneringwheelwhenthevehicleisbeingdrivenwithasporty
drivingstyle.Atthesametime,thedrivetorqueoftheengineisincreasedtocompensateforthebrak-
ingtorqueproduced.

Duetothedrivingdynamics,thePerformanceControliswithdrawnathighspeeds.

6.6.DynamicCruiseControlDCC
TheDynamicCruiseControlDCCisaroadspeedcontrollerthatincorporatesbrakeintervention.

TheDCCmaintainsaconstantsetspeedatspeedshigherthanroughly30km/h-asopposedtocon-
ventionalspeedcontrolwiththefollowingadditionalfunctions:

Activebrakeintervention-iftheenginedragtorqueisinsufficienttomaintaintheselected
speedincoasting(overrun)mode,thevehicleisdeceleratedautomaticallybymeansofaddi-
tionalcontrolledbrakeintervention.

Curve-Speed-LimiterCSL-dependingonthelateralaccelerationthatcurrentlyexists,the
speedinthelongitudinaldirectionisreducedduringcontrolledcorneringasnecessary.When
exitingthecorner,thespeedisadjusteduntiltherequiredspeedisobtainedonceagain.

60
F25ChassisDynamics
6.Drivingstabilitycontrolsystems
Comfort-Dynamic-SystemCDS-thedrivercanuseanoperatingelementatthesteering
wheeltopermanentlyaccelerateordeceleratethevehicleintwodynamicstagesrespective-
lyin"Handthrottlemode".Thismeanstherequiredspeedwillbereachedmorequickly.The
drivercanaccelerateordecelerateintrafficflowwithoutestimatingthetargetspeedbefore-
hand.
Controlleddownhilldriving-inordertoreducefuelconsumption,downhilldrivingiscon-
trolledbymeansofoverrunfuelcutoff.Toreducetheloadonthewheelbrakeswhendriving
downhill,geardownshiftsaremodifiedandtorqueisdistributedbetweenthefrontandrear
axle.IntheDSCbrakecontrolsystem,correspondingleakagecompensationandtorquedistri-
butionmeasuresareappliedusingasubstitutetemperaturemodel.Thiscounteractsanyleak-
ageinthebrakecontrolcircuit.

Thedesiredspeedisdisplayedintheinstrumentpanel(KOMBI)byamovablemarkeraroundthe
speedreading.Whenthecontrolsystemisactive,thismarkerlightsupgreen.WhentheDCCfunction
isdeactivated,themarkerlightsuporangeandtheresumespeedisdisplayed.Ifthedesiredspeed
hasbeenadjustedoriftheDCCfunctionisactivated,theupdateddigitalvalueisdisplayedbrieflyasa
checkbacksignalfortheoperator.

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F25ChassisDynamics
6.Drivingstabilitycontrolsystems
6.7.ElectronicDamperControl(EDC)

6.7.1.Systemoverview

F25EDCsystemoverview

Index Explanation
1 Electronicadjustabledamper
2 Drivingdynamicscontrolswitch
3 Wheelaccelerationsensor
4 Electromagneticsettingvalve
5 EDCcontrolunit

62
F25ChassisDynamics
6.Drivingstabilitycontrolsystems
6.7.2.Systemwiringdiagram

F25EDCsystemwiringdiagram

63
F25ChassisDynamics
6.Drivingstabilitycontrolsystems
Index Explanation
1 Sensor,verticalwheelacceleration,frontleft
2 Electromagneticsettingvalve,frontleft
3 DynamicStabilityControl(DSC)
4 Electromagneticsettingvalve,frontright
5 Sensor,verticalwheelacceleration,frontright
6 Junctionboxpowerdistributionbox
7 Luggagecompartmentpowerdistributionbox
8 Electromagneticsettingvalve,rearright
9 VerticalDynamicsManagement(VDM)
10 Electromagneticsettingvalve,rearleft
11 IntegratedChassisManagement(ICM)
12 Centerconsoleoperatingfacility
13 Footwellmodule(FRM)
14 Centralgatewaymodule(ZGM)
Kl.30B Terminal30,time-dependent
Kl.15N Ignition(after-run)
Kl.30 Terminal30

6.7.3.Systemfunction
TheEDCisavariable,electronicallycontrolledshockabsorberadjustmentsystemthatcontrolsthe
verticaldynamics.EDCadaptsthedampingforcesoftheshockabsorbermoreorlessinstantlyto
changingroadordrivingconditions.

TheEDCconsistsof

fourelectronicadjustingdampers
theEDCcontrolunit
twowheelaccelerationsensorsonthefrontaxletodeterminethewheelmovement
asensorclusterintegratedintheICMcontrolunittodeterminethemovementsofthebody
(pitch,vertical,roll).

Thesensorsinthevehiclepermanentlymeasure

thebodyandwheelacceleration
thecurrentlateral/longitudinalacceleration
thevehiclespeed
thesteeringwheelposition.

64
F25ChassisDynamics
6.Drivingstabilitycontrolsystems
TheEDCcontrolunitusesthismeasureddatainconjunctionwiththeroadprofileanddrivingsitua-
tiontocalculatethewheel-specificcontrolcommandsfortheelectromagneticvalvesintheshockab-
sorbers.Thedampingforcesdeliveredwillthereforealwaysmatchtherequirements.

Thisimprovesridecomfortandatthesametimeenhancesdrivingdynamics.

Increasedbodystabilityandagility
Improveddrivingsafetybyminimizingwheelloadfluctuationandreducedstoppingdistance.

Thedrivercanusethedrivingdynamicscontrolswitchtochangebetweenacomfortableorsportyas-
pectofthevehicle'scharacteraccordingtohisindividualrequirements.

6.7.4.Serviceinformation
Otherseparatelinesexistbetweenthedampers,includingfrontaxlesensorsandthewiringharness.
Thesearenotshowninthesystemwiringdiagram.Theselinescanbereplacedindividuallywhencar-
ryingoutrepairs.

6.8.Drivingdynamicscontrolswitch

F25centerconsole

Index Explanation
1 Drivingdynamicscontrolswitch
2 Controller

Thedrivingdynamicscontrolswitchisinstalledinthecenterconsoleoperatingfacility.Threeareas
(characteristiccurves)fordrivingdynamicscanbeselectedviathedrivingdynamicscontrolswitch:
Normal,Sport,Sport+.

TheSportsmodecanbeadaptedbymeansoftheController.

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F25ChassisDynamics
6.Drivingstabilitycontrolsystems

F25Sportsmodeadaptation

ItispossibletospecifywhethertheSportsmodeappliesonlytothechassisandsuspension,onlyto
thedrivetrain,ortoboth.

Normal Sport Sport+

Drivetrain
Acceleratorcharacter- Normal Sports Sports
istic
Shiftprogram Normal Sports Sports
Shiftspeed Normal Sports Sports
Chassisandsus-
pensionsystems
Steeringservo Normal Sports Sports
DynamicStability DSCon DSCon DTC
Control
ElectronicDamper Normal Sports Sports
Control(EDC)

66
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