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Formulae Sheets For Physics 2015 1 151227122341 PDF
Formulae Sheets For Physics 2015 1 151227122341 PDF
c om
u
0.1: Physical Constants y
u sin
x
H
Speed of light c 3 108 m/s Projectile Motion:
Planck constant h 6.63 10 34 J s O u cos
hc 1242 eV-nm
R
Gravitation constant G 6.67 10 11 m3 kg 1 s 2
mv 2
1 MECHANICS Pseudo force: F~pseudo = m~a0 , Fcentrifugal = r
mg
a ~b
~ ~b
Cross product:
k |
~
a
1.4: Work, Power and Energy
~a ~b = (ay bz az by ) + (az bx ax bz )
| + (ax by ay bx )k R
Work: W = F~ S
~ = F S cos , W = F~ dS
~
|~a ~b| = ab sin
p2
Kinetic energy: K = 12 mv 2 = 2m
Average and Instantaneous Vel. and Accel.: Ugravitational = mgh, Uspring = 12 kx2
~vav = ~r/ t, ~vinst = d~r/dt Work done by conservative forces is path indepen-
~aav = ~v / t ~ainst = d~v /dt dent
H and depends only on initial and final points:
F~conservative d~r = 0.
Work-energy theorem: W = K
Motion in a straight line with constant a:
Mechanical energy: E = U + K. Conserved if forces are
v = u + at, s = ut + 12 at2 , v2 u2 = 2as
conservative in nature.
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1 2
2 mr m(a +b )
2 2
1.5: Centre of Mass and Collision mr 2 1
2 mr
2 2
3 mr
2 2
5 mr
2 1
12 ml
2 mr 2
12
P R
Centre of mass: xcm = Pxi mi , xcm = R xdm b
mi dm a
ring disk shell sphere rod hollow solid rectangle
CM of few useful configurations:
m1 r m2
Ik Ic
1. m1 , m2 separated by r: C Theorem of Parallel Axes: Ik = Icm + md2 d
m2 r m1 r
m1 +m2 m1 +m2 cm
h z y
2. Triangle (CM Centroid) yc = 3 h Theorem of Perp. Axes: Iz = Ix + Iy
C x
h
3
2r p
3. Semicircular ring: yc =
C
2r Radius of Gyration: k = I/m
r
~ = ~r p~,
Angular Momentum: L ~ = I~
L !
4r
4. Semicircular disc: yc = 3 C 4r
r 3 y
~ P ~
Torque: ~ = ~r F~ , ~ = dL
dt , = I F
r ~
r x
5. Hemispherical shell: yc = 2 C r O
r 2
~ ~ext = 0 =) L
Conservation of L: ~ = const.
3r
6. Solid Hemisphere: yc = 8 C 3r
P~ P
r
F = ~0, ~ = ~0
8
Equilibrium condition:
7. Cone: the height of CM from the base is h/4 for
Kinetic Energy: Krot = 12 I! 2
the solid cone and h/3 for the hollow cone.
P Dynamics:
Motion of the CM: M = mi
P ~cm = Icm
~, F~ext = m~acm , p~cm = m~vcm
mi~vi F~ext
~vcm = , p~cm = M~vcm , ~acm = 1 2 1 2 ~ ~ + ~rcm m~vcm
K = 2 mvcm + 2 Icm ! , L = Icm !
M M
R
Impulse: J~ = F~ dt = p~
1.7: Gravitation
Before collision After collision
Collision: m1 F F m2
m1 m2 m1 m2 Gravitational force: F = G mr1 m
2
2
v1 v2 v10 v20 r
Momentum conservation: m1 v1 +m2 v2 = m1 v10 +m2 v20 GM m
2
Elastic Collision: 12 m1 v1 2+ 12 m2 v2 2 = 12 m1 v10 + 12 m2 v20
2 Potential energy: U = r
Coefficient of restitution: GM
Gravitational acceleration: g = R2
(v10 v20 ) 1, completely elastic
e= = Variation of g with depth: ginside g 1 2h
v1 v2 0, completely in-elastic R
h
Variation of g with height: goutside g 1 R
If v2 = 0 and m1 m2 then v10 = v1 .
If v2 = 0 and m1 m2 then v20 = 2v1 . Eect of non-spherical earth shape on g:
Elastic collision with m1 = m2 : v10 = v2 and v20 = v1 . gat pole > gat equator (* Re Rp 21 km)
d m! 2 R cos
Angular velocity: !av = t, != dt , ~ ~r
~v = ! mg
mg0 = mg m! 2 R cos2
! d!
Angular Accel.: av = t, = dt , ~ ~r
~a = R
! = !0 + t, = !t + 12 t2 , !2 !0 2 = 2 q
GM
Orbital velocity of satellite: vo = R
P R
Moment of Inertia: I = i mi ri 2 , I= r2 dm q
2GM
Escape velocity: ve = R
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vo
1.9: Properties of Matter
Keplers laws:
a F/A P F
Modulus of rigidity: Y = l/l , B= V V , = A
First: Elliptical orbit with sun at one of the focus.
~
Second: Areal velocity is constant. (* dL/dt = 0). Compressibility: K = 1
= 1 dV
B V dP
4 2 3
Third: T 2 / a3 . In circular orbit T 2 = GM a . D/D
lateral strain
Poissons ratio: = longitudinal strain = l/l
1
1.8: Simple Harmonic Motion Elastic energy: U = 2 stress strain volume
Acceleration: a = d2 x
= k
!2 x Surface tension: S = F/l
dt2 mx =
q Surface energy: U = SA
2 k
Time period: T = ! = 2 m
Excess pressure in bubble:
Displacement: x = A sin(!t + )
p pair = 2S/R, psoap = 4S/R
Velocity: v = A! cos(!t + ) = ! A2 x2
2S cos
Capillary rise: h = rg
F
q Stokes law: F = 6rv
I
Physical Pendulum: T = 2 mgl
v
Volume flow pr 4 r
Poiseuillis equation: =
q time 8l
l
I
Torsional Pendulum T = 2 k
2r 2 ( )g
Terminal velocity: vt = 9
1 1 1
Springs in series: keq = k1 + k2
k1 k2
~
A
~2
A
Superposition of two SHMs:
~1
A
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q
2 Waves 4. 1st overtone/2nd harmonics: 1 = 2
2L
T
q
2.1: Waves Motion 5. 2nd overtone/3rd harmonics: 2 = 3 T
2L
@2y 2
1 @ y
General equation of wave: @x2 = v 2 @t2 . 6. All harmonics are present.
1 2 2
T = = , v= , k= String fixed at one end: N A
! A N
/2
Progressive wave travelling with speed v:
1. Boundary conditions: y = 0 at x = 0
y = f (t x/v), +x; y = f (t + x/v), x q
2. Allowed Freq.: L = (2n + 1) 4 , = 2n+14L
T
, n =
y 0, 1, 2, . . ..
A q
x 1 T
3. Fundamental/1st harmonics: 0 = 4L
Progressive sine wave: 2
q
3 T
4. 1st overtone/3rd harmonics: 1 = 4L
y = A sin(kx !t) = A sin(2 (x/ t/T ))
q
5 T
5. 2nd overtone/5th harmonics: 2 = 4L
x
Standing Waves: A N A N A
Standing longitudinal waves:
/4
p1 = p0 sin !(t x/v), p2 = p0 sin !(t + x/v)
y1 = A1 sin(kx !t), y2 = A2 sin(kx + !t) p = p1 + p2 = 2p0 cos kx sin !t
y = y1 + y2 = (2A cos kx) sin !t
n + 12 2 , nodes; n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
x=
n2, antinodes. n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
L
Closed organ pipe:
L
/2 1. Boundary condition: y = 0 at x = 0
v
2. Allowed freq.: L = (2n + 1) 4 , = (2n + 1) 4L , n=
1. Boundary conditions: y = 0 at x = 0 and at x = L
q 0, 1, 2, . . .
n T
2. Allowed Freq.: L = n 2 , = 2L , n = 1, 2, 3, . . .. 3. Fundamental/1st harmonics: 0 = v
4L
q
1 T 3v
3. Fundamental/1st harmonics: 0 = 2L 4. 1st overtone/3rd harmonics: 1 = 30 = 4L
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5v
5. 2nd overtone/5th harmonics: 2 = 50 = 4L S1 P
dy y
Path dierence: x= D d
6. Only odd harmonics are present.
S2 D
2
Phase dierence: = x
A
1. Boundary condition: y = 0 at x = 0
v n , constructive;
Allowed freq.: L = n 2 , = n 4L , n = 1, 2, . . . x= 1
n+ 2 , destructive
v
2. Fundamental/1st harmonics: 0 = 2L
2v Intensity:
3. 1st overtone/2nd harmonics: 1 = 20 = 2L
p
4. 2nd overtone/3rd harmonics: 2 = 30 = 3v I = I1 + I2 + 2 I1 I2 cos ,
2L p p 2 p p 2
5. All harmonics are present. Imax = I1 + I2 , Imin = I1 I2
I1 = I2 : I = 4I0 cos2 2 , Imax = 4I0 , Imin = 0
l1 + d
D
Fringe width: w = d
l2 + d
aE0 r I0
Spherical Wave: E = r sin !(t v ), I= r2
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h i
3 Optics Lens makers formula: 1
f = ( 1) 1
R1
1
R2
I
Spherical Mirror: O
f 3.3: Optical Instruments
v
u
Simple microscope: m = D/f in normal adjustment.
1. Focal length f = R/2 Objective Eyepiece
1 1 1
2. Mirror equation: v + u = f
v O 1
3. Magnification: m = u Compound microscope:
u v fe
v D
Refractive index: = speed of light in vacuum
= c 1. Magnification in normal adjustment: m = u fe
speed of light in medium v
1 2 sin
2. Resolving power: R = d =
incident reflected
sin i 2 1 i
Snells Law: sin r = 1 fo fe
2
r refracted
Astronomical telescope:
real depth d d0
Apparent depth: = apparent depth = d0 d I
O
1 1 fo
Critical angle: c = sin
1. In normal adjustment: m = fe , L = fo + fe
c
1 1
2. Resolving power: R = = 1.22
A 3.4: Dispersion
Deviation by a prism: i i0 Cauchys equation: = 0 + A
, A>0
r r0 2
2 1 2 1 1 v
= , m=
v u R 2 u
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x
Ratio of specific heats: = Cp /Cv
emissive power Ebody
Relation between U and Cv : U = nCv T Kirchho s Law: absorptive power = abody = Eblackbody
Q
Molar internal energy of an ideal gas: U = f2 RT , Stefan-Boltzmann law: t = eAT 4
f = 3 for monatomic and f = 5 for diatomic gas. dT
Newtons law of cooling: dt = bA(T T0 )
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q +q
Coulombs law: F~ = 1 q1 q2
40 r 2 r q1 r q2 Parallel plate capacitor: C = 0 A/d
A A
d
~ r) =
Electric field: E(~ 1 q
40 r 2 r
~
E
q ~
r
r2
1 q1 q2
Electrostatic energy: U = 40 r Spherical capacitor: C = 40 r1 r2
q +q
r 2 r1
r1
1 q
Electrostatic potential: V = 40 r
Z ~
r
dV = ~ ~r,
E V (~r) = ~ d~r
E 20 l r2
1 Cylindrical capacitor: C = ln(r2 /r1 ) l
r1
p
~
Electric dipole moment: p~ = q d~ q +q
d A
Capacitors in parallel: Ceq = C1 + C2 C1 C2
B
1 p cos V (r)
Potential of a dipole: V = 40 r 2
r
1 1 1
p
~ Capacitors in series: Ceq = C1 + C2
C1 C2
A B
~ ~ = p~ E
Torque on a dipole placed in E: ~ Energy density in electric field E: U/V = 12 0 E 2
0 KA
~ U=
Pot. energy of a dipole placed in E: ~
p~ E Capacitor with dielectric: C = d
Field of a uniformly charged ring on its axis: Resistance of a wire: R = l/A, where = 1/
1 qx a
EP = 40 (a2 +x2 )3/2 q ~
E Temp. dependence of resistance: R = R0 (1 + T )
x P
Ohms law: V = iR
E and V (of a uniformly charged sphere:
1 Qr Kirchho s Laws: (i) The Junction Law: The algebraic
40 R3 , for r < R E
E= 1 Q sum of all the currents directed towards a node is zero
40 r 2 , for r R r
O
( R i.e., node Ii = 0. (ii)The Loop Law: The algebraic
2
1 Qr sum of all the potential dierences along a closed loop
V = 40 R3 , for r < R V
1 Q in a circuit is zero i.e., loop Vi = 0.
40 r , for r R r
O R
1 1 1 A
E and V of a uniformly charged spherical shell: Resistors in parallel: Req = R1 + R2 R1 R2
B
0, for r < R E
E= 1 Q
40 r 2 , for r R O
r Resistors in series: Req = R1 + R2 R1 R2
R A B
(
1 Q
40 R , for r < R V
V = 1 Q R1 R2
40 r , for r R r " G
O R Wheatstone bridge:
R3 R4
Field of a line charge: E = 20 r V
Balanced if R1 /R2 = R3 /R4 .
Field of an infinite sheet: E = 20
Electric Power: P = V 2 /R = I 2 R = IV
Field in the vicinity of conducting surface: E = 0
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i ig G i ~
Energy of a magnetic dipole placed in B:
Galvanometer as an Ammeter: i ig U= ~
~ B
S
~
ig G = (i ig )S Bi l B
Hall eect: Vw = ned w
y
x
R G i d z
Galvanometer as a Voltmeter: "
A ig B
VAB = ig (R + G)
5.6: Magnetic Field due to Current
R C
i ~
B
Charging of capacitors: ~ = 0 i d~l~
r
Biot-Savart law: dB 4 r 3
~
r
V d~l
h t
i
q(t) = CV 1 e RC
2
C
t Field due to a straight conductor: i
d ~
B
Discharging of capacitors: q(t) = q0 e RC
q(t) 1
R
0 i
B= 4d (cos 1 cos 2 )
Time constant in RC circuit: = RC
0 i
Field due to an infinite straight wire: B = 2d
H Peltier heat
Peltier eect: emf e = Q = charge transferred . dF 0 i1 i2 i1 i2
Force between parallel wires: dl = 2d
e d
Seeback eect: T
T0 Tn Ti
a
P
1. Thermo-emf: e = aT + 12 bT 2 Field on the axis of a ring: i ~
B
d
2. Thermoelectric power: de/dt = a + bT .
0 ia2
3. Neutral temp.: Tn = a/b. BP = 2(a2 +d2 )3/2
4. Inversion temp.: Ti = 2a/b.
a
0 i
H Thomson heat Field at the centre of an arc: B = ~ i
Thomson eect: emf e = Q = charge transferred = T. 4a B
a
Faradays law of electrolysis: The mass deposited is
0 i
Field at the centre of a ring: B = 2a
1
m = Zit = F Eit H
Amperes law: ~ d~l = 0 Iin
B
where i is current, t is time, Z is electrochemical equiv-
alent, E is chemical equivalent, and F = 96485 C/g is Field inside a solenoid: B = 0 ni, n = N
l
Faraday constant. l
0 N i
5.5: Magnetism Field inside a toroid: B = 2r r
~
B Horizontal Bh
Force on a current carrying wire: ~l Angle of dip: Bh = B cos
Bv B
~
F i
F~ = i ~l B
~
Tangent galvanometer: Bh tan = 0 ni
2r , i = K tan
Magnetic moment of a current loop (dipole): k
Moving coil galvanometer: niAB = k, i= nAB
~
~ A
~
~ = iA q
i I
Time period of magnetometer: T = 2 M Bh
~ ~ =
Torque on a magnetic dipole placed in B: ~
~ B
~ = H
Permeability: B ~
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C
5.7: Electromagnetic Induction R
1
Z
H RC circuit: i !C
~ dS
~
Magnetic flux: = B
p
e0 sin !t
1
R
+ p !L
e0 sin !t
Z
Z= R 2 + ! 2 L2 , tan = R
Motional emf: e = Blv l ~
v B
~
L C R 1
!C Z
LCR Circuit: i
1
!C !L
di
Self inductance: = Li, e= L dt
q
e0 sin !t
!L R
i
L R Power factor: P = erms irms cos
e
e 0.63 R
t N1 e1 e1 N1 N2 e2
Transformer: = e2 , e 1 i1 = e2 i2
S i L
R
N2
i1 i2
t
Decay of current in LR circuit: i = i0 e L/R p
Speed of the EM waves in vacuum: c = 1/ 0 0
L R i
i0
0.37i0
t
S i L
R
di
Mutual inductance: = M i, e= M dt
h R i1/2 i2
1 T i0
RMS current: irms = T 0
i2 dt = p
2
t
Energy: E = irms 2 RT
1
Capacitive reactance: Xc = !C
Inductive reactance: XL = !L
Imepedance: Z = e0 /i0
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to buy IIT JEE Physics (1978-2015:
38 Year) Topic-wise Complete Solu-
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6 Modern Physics N0
N
t
Population at time t: N = N0 e N0
6.1: Photo-electric eect 2
O t1/2 t
Photons energy: E = h = hc/
mZ 2 e4 13.6Z 2 D
En = , En = eV Half Wave Rectifier:
80 2 h2 n2 n2 R Output
nh
Quantization of the angular momentum: l = 2
Grid
E2 E2
h h
Vp
E1
Emission
E1 Plate resistance of a triode: rp = ip
Absorption Vg =0
I K
K
hc
X-ray spectrum: min = eV
Ie Ic
Current in a transistor: Ie = Ib + Ic
min
Ib
p
Moseleys law: = a(Z b)
Ic
and parameters of a transistor: = Ie , =
X-ray diraction: 2d sin = n Ic
= 1
Ib ,
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