Bai Giang Tu Dong Hoa Trong He Thong Dien 21-11-2011

T NG HA
TRONG H THNG IN
B mn H thng in
i hc Bch Khoa H Ni
11/21/2011 Ging vin: Nguyn Xun Tng & Nguyn Th Anh

nx_tung-htd@mail.hut.edu.vn
Gio trnh
2 Nguyn Xun Tng B mn H thng in HBK HN
T ng ha h thng in - Automation in Electrical

GS. Trn nh Long Power Systems A. Barzam
Gio trnh
Automatic Power System Power System Stability and

Control - V.A. Venikov Control P. Kundur
Gio trnh
Operation and Control in Control and automation of

Power Systems- P. S. R Murty electric power distribution
systems J. Northcote
Gio trnh
Kha hc online ti trang web ca NPTEL

Trang ch: http://nptel.iitm.ac.in/
Trang v Power Systems Operation and Control:
http://14.139.160.11/video.php?courseId=1023
hoc trn Youtube:
http://www.youtube.com/user/nptelhrd
cng mn hc
Chng m u: Gii thiu chung v t ng ha trong HT v

cc vn lin quan
Chng 1: T ng ng li cc ngun in
Chng 2: T ng chuyn i ngun in
Chng 3: T ng ha ng b cc ngun in
Chng 4: T ng sa thi ph ti theo tn s
Chng 5: T ng iu chnh in p & cng sut phn khng
trong HT
Chng 6: T ng iu chnh tn s & cng sut tc dng trong
HT
Chng 7: T ng ha li in phn phi v t ng ha trm
bin p
7
Chng m u
Gii thiu chung
S cn thit ca vic t ng ha trong
HT
Cc qui tc v bn v dng trong t ng
ha
Cc k hiu thng dng
S cn thit ca vic t ng ha
Cc loi s c trong HT:

Din bin nhanh, d lan rng
Khng loi tr nhanh: gy tc hi nghim trng
Do thi gian rt ngn nn bt buc phi c cc thit b t ng pht hin
v x l cc trng hp ny
Nhiu thao tc t ng d gy nhm ln: my t ng s lm
tt hn con ngi, loi tr c cc sai st, tng chnh xc.
My t ng cho php theo di lin tc v kp thi iu chnh
Cc qui tc dng trong bn v
Cc loi s :
S khi:
Th hin chc nng ca cc phn t
Mi lin h gia cc phn t ny
Trnh t hot ng ca c cu c thit k
Khng th hin chi tit ca tng khu
Cc loi s :
S khai trin
Khng v y cc phn t m th hin chi tit mi lin h, trnh t
vn hnh gia chng
S khai trin mt chiu (dc); S khai trin xoay chiu (ac); S
mch tn hiu, chiu sng...
Thch hp cho mc ch sa cha, u ni dy gia cc phn t
S tng hp: th hin y cc phn t ca s

Th hin c trnh t lm vic ca cc phn t
S phc tp, kh theo di
Vi cc c cu n gin c th dng loi s ny
Vi cc c cu phc tp: dng thm cc s khai trin
S biu din c v trng thi khng in:

My ct trng thi m
Cun dy rle khng mang in
C ghi ch vi cc trng hp c bit
K hiu dng trong bn v
Mt s k hiu thng gp
Tip im my ct
Tip im trng thi m:
Tip im trng thi ng

Mt s k hiu thng gp
Tip im rle:
Tip im trng thi thng m
Tip im trng thi m, m chm
Tip im trng thi m, ng chm

Mt s k hiu thng gp
Tip im rle:
Tip im trng thi thng ng
Tip im trng thi ng, m chm
Tip im trng thi ng, ng chm

Mt s k hiu thng gp
Cun dy: C Cc U I
Cun ng Cun ct Cun Cun dng
my ct my ct in p in
Rle c k hiu theo tn gi:

Rle dng in: RI
Rle in p RU
Rle thi gian: RT
Rle trung gian: RG Rle trung gian hot ng c tr: RGT...
Cc phn t trn s c nh s th t d phn bit:
1BU; 2BU; 3RI; 4RI; 5RT; 6RG; 7RGT... 1
2
Tip im ca rle c nh ch s 3
1RT1; 1RT2 hoc 1RT1; 1RT2 hoc 1RT-1; 1RT-2... 4RG

V d
Tn hiu
S bo v qu dng vi bin dng in t trn hai pha

(p dng cho li in c trung tnh cch in)
V d
Trnh
t
c
s
Mch tn
hiu
Mch khai trin in xoay chiu Mch khai trin in mt chiu

19 Chng 4: T ng sa thi ph ti theo tn s
Chng 5: T ng iu chnh in p & cng sut phn khng trong HT
Chng 6: T ng iu chnh tn s & cng sut tc dng trong HT
Chng 01
T ng ng li cc ngun in
Auto Reclose (AR) hoc 79
T ng li (TL)
79
L do s dng thit b TL
S liu thng k i vi ng dy trn khng:

80-90% h hng: s c thong qua
Ngng 80% Li 6-110kV
Ngng 90% Li t 220kV tr ln
10-20% cn li: s c duy tr v bn duy tr
Do vy:
Trong a s cc trng hp: c th cho php ng li ng dy sau s
c v xc sut thnh cng s ln
S dng thit b TL: lm nhim v t ng ng tr li my ct ng
dy sau mt khong thi gian c ci t trc
Nhanh chng khi phc li vic cung cp in
Nng cao c tnh n nh ca h thng so vi khi khng c TL (ng dy b ct in
ko di, gim kh nng lin kt truyn ti gia cc khu vc)
L do s dng thit b TL
S c thong qua:
Nguyn nhn gy nn s c c th t loi tr
Phng in tm thi b mt s do st nh
Cy ci chm vo ng dy do gi to...
S c bn duy tr:
Nguyn nhn gy s c c th b loi tr sau khi
h quang chy vi ln
Vt l ri vo ng dy c th b h quang t chy
sau khi ng ct li ng dy vi ln
S c duy tr
Nguyn nhn gy ra s c khng th t loi tr
t dy, nt v s, qun tip a ng dy...
Phn loi thit b TL
Theo s ln t ng li:
TL mt ln: thng p dng cho li in t 220kV tr ln
TL hai ln: p dng cho cp in p t 110kV tr xung
ng li nhiu ln nh hng xu n tnh n nh ca h thng
Xc sut thnh cng thp (<10% vi ln TL th hai)
Tng mc hao mn my ct (MC ch cho php ng ct mt s ln gii hn
sau phi bo dng)
Mc phc tp ca s
Phn loi thit b TL
Theo s pha thc hin TL

TL 3 pha: dng cho cp in p t 220kV tr xung
TL 1 pha: dng cho cp in p 500kV
Khi s c pha no: ct v TL ring pha
H thng rle phi c chc nng la chn pha s c
My ct: c b truyn ng ring tng pha
TL 1 pha dng cho li 500kV: ch yu l s c mt

pha
Cc thit b l loi mt pha: bin p mt pha
Khong cch pha-pha ln
Khi ct pha s c th hai pha cn li vn hot ng:
gi c lin kt gia cc phn ca h thng m
bo tnh n nh (yu t quan trng)
TL mt pha khng thnh cng: ct c 3 pha
Phn loi thit b TL
Theo thi gian thc hin t ng li:

TL nhanh (Rapid AR): thi gian TL rt ngn (0.35-1 giy) thng ch
m bo thi gian kh i-on
m bo nhanh chng cung cp in tr li
Gim thiu mc mt ng b khi cn ng li gia hai ngun in
Gim nh s mt n nh.
TL c thi gian (Delayed AR): thi gian TL c ko di m bo
nguyn nhn gy s c c th c loi tr hon ton. Khi cc phn ca
HT c lin kt bi nhiu ng dy th c th p dng TL c tr.
Thc t: m bo xc sut thnh cng:

Ln 1: tTL = 0.3-2 giy
Ln 2: tTL = 10-15 giy
Ln 3: tTL = 1-5 pht
Phn loi thit b TL
Theo cp in p thc hin t ng li:

TL cp trung p: mc tiu ca TL l gim thiu thi gian mt in
TL cp cao p: mc tiu chnh l m bo tnh n nh ca h thng.
Cc yu cu i vi thit b TL
Thit b TL phi m bo ng s ln tc ng:

Trnh trng hp ng vo im s c nhiu ln c th gy h hng
my ct v nh hng xu n h thng
TL phi m bo lun khi ng ng vi mi trng hp s
c: m bo tin cy ca thit b TL
Thit b TL phi c kha trong mt s trng hp:
Khng tc ng ng li i vi my bin p, my pht, thanh gp
trnh vic s c lan rng
Bo v chnh ca my bin p (BV so lch, rle hi..) hot ng: chc chn s
c trong MBA Khng nn thc hin TL. Trong trng hp ny thng c
nhn vin vn hnh ra khu vc MBA kim tra bng mt v i lnh ca iu
cp trn
Khi ct my ct bng tay: c ch tch ng dy ra khi vn hnh
(bo dng, thay th..) khng c TL

Khi ng my ct bng tay nu MC li ct ra ngay: cn s c trn
ng dy cha c pht hin (vd: qun cha tho tip a ng
dy..) Khng nn t ng li.
Khi ph ti b ct ra do vic sa thi ph ti theo tn s
Khi bo v chng hin tng my ct t chi tc ng lm vic
Trong mt s trng hp thit b TL c th b kha khi dng s c
qu cao (s c gn). Vic pht hin s c gn c th thc hin bng
cch t thm chc nng bo v qu dng mc cao.

Khi xy ra dao ng in: nu my ct b ct ra do hin tng dao
ng in th nn kha TL n khi no h thng tr v trng thi n
nh.
Vi li phn phi: khng nn TL nu trn ng dy vn cn in
in p trn ng dy vn cn duy tr mt khong thi gian ngn do cc
ng c ln vn tip tc quay theo qun tnh
Nu TL ngay khi in p ny cha gim hn: c th xy ra vic ng khng
ng b gy nguy him cho ng c
Vi ng dy cao p v siu cao p: kha TL khi s c 3 pha
Him khi khi xy ra s c 3 pha
Nu xy ra s c 3 pha: thng khng phi s c thong qua (qun tip a di
ng ground straps)
Nn kha Tl trong trng hp ny
Cc phng php khi ng thit b TL
Mc ch: ch cho php TL khi ng khi c yu cu

S khi ng thay i ty theo hng sn xut, tuy nhin phng php
chung l da vo (theo khuyn co ca tiu chun IEEE Std C37.104):
Khi ng bng thit b bo v rle
Khi ng bng tip im ph ca my ct
Khi ng bng thit b bo v rle - Khi c s c trn ng dy, thit b

bo v rle hot ng s:
a tn hiu ng MC
Ngun
Khi ng thit b TL BV TL
Khi ng
Ct
c im:
S n gin, m bo TL khi ng vi mi trng hp ng dy b ct ra
do s c
Khi ct MC bng tay: TL khng khi ng (ng)
Khi ng MC bng tay, nu c s c trn ng dy, MC ct ngay ra: TL s hot
ng
Vi cc thit b TL hin i - Cm TL khi ng my ct bng tay:
Khi c tn hiu ng MC bng tay (tip im ph) >> a tn hiu vo rle kha tm thi chc
nng TL >> chc nng TL s c gii tr sau khi MC trng thi ng trong khong thi
gian di no .
Khi ng bng tip im ph {my ct & kha iu khin}

TL li s c khi ng bt c khi no c s khc nhau gia trng thi thc ca MC
(th hin qua tip im ph 52b) v trng thi ca kha iu khin my ct
Tip im 52b: s ng khi MC trng thi m
Tip im ca kha iu khin (slip contact) s m ra khi MC c m bng tay v ng li khi
MC c ng bng tay
+ -
Kha iu khin (K) My ct
Rle
52b TL

c im
Khi ng dy gp s c- MC ct ra: tip im ph MC ng + Tip im kha K
ang ng >> Khi ng TL
Khi ng/ct MC bng tay: tip im ph MC v tip im ph kha K cng v tr
>> khng khi ng (ng)
Kha iu khin
T iu khin ngn l
My ct ngoi trm
Cc i lng thi gian trong qu trnh TL
1 2
Tip im chnh ri nhau Tip im dp h quang tch ri

Dng in chy qua tip im H quang xut hin
dp h quang
3 4
H quang b dp tt Tip im v tr m hon ton
Qu trnh ct my ct (my ct GL314 Areva)

S c xut Bo v tc Bo v tr
hin ng v
Bo
v Thi gian lm
vic ca bo v H quang
tn ti
My ct
Cun ct Tip im H quang Tip im Cun Tip im
c cp tch ri b dp tt m hon ng chm
in H quang ton c cp nhau
xut hin in Tip im
ng hon
Thi gian cht (khng in) ton
Sn sng cho ln
Thi gian cht ca TL di xung ng s c tip theo
Thit b TL
TL c TL gi
khi ng xung ng Thi gian sn sng (gii tr)
Thi gian lm vic ca bo v: t khi bo v khi ng >> pht tn hiu ct

MC.
Thi gian ct MC: cun ct mang in >> h quang dp tt
Thi gian tn ti h quang trong MC: cc u tip xc chnh ca MC ri nhau

(h quang pht sinh) >> h quang b dp tt.
di xung ng ca TL: l khong thi gian tip im u ra ca thit b

TL cn gi trng thi ng
Thi gian ng ca MC: cun ng MC mang in >> tip im chnh MC

chm nhau
Thi gian kh i-on: l thi gian cn thit khng kh xung quanh im s c

khi phc li mc cch in cn thit (cc i-on tn mt) m bo h
quang khng pht sinh tr li khi cp in cho ng dy. Cc yu t quyt
nh:
Cp in p << l yu t ng vai tr quan trng
Khong cch gia cc phn mang in
Dng in s c ; thi gian tn ti s c
in dung ca cc phn t ln cn, tc gi, iu kin mi trng
tkh i-on= 0,07-0,5 (giy) (vi cp in p t 35-500kV)
Thi gian t ng tr li tTL: TL c khi ng >> cun ng mang in
Thi gian sn sng: thit b TL gi tn hiu ng >> sn sng cho ln s c
tip theo
Thi gian cht (thi gian khng in): h quang b dp tt >> tip im chnh
MC tip xc tr li
Thi gian nhiu lon: s c pht sinh >> MC ng li thnh cng
Tnh ton ci t thng s

Tnh ton ci t thng s
ng dy mt ngun cp (TL 3 pha):

TL ln th nht: tTL chn theo 2 iu kin
(1)
iu kin kh i-on: tTDL = K at (tkhu ion td MC ) (1)
Theo iu kin sn sng cho ln lm vic k tip ca b truyn ng MC (cng l xo,
(2)
phc hi p sut kh...): tTDL = K at tsan sang (2)
Chn theo gi tr ln nht tnh c t hai iu kin trn
lan1 (1) (2)
tTDL = max{tTDL ; tTDL }
m bo s thnh cng ca TL th thi gian TL ln th nht c th c c ko
di 2-5 giy (35kV)
TL ln th hai: chn theo gi tr ln nht ca

Ty theo kh nng dp h quang ca MC nu gp s c trong ln ng ny
Theo iu kin kh kh i-on
tTL > tkhi phc kh nng ct
tTL > tkh i-on tng MC

Tnh ton ci t thng s
ng dy hai ngun cp (TL 3 pha):

TL1 TL2
HT1 MC1 MC2 HT2

BV1 BV2
U1< U2<
Thi gian lm vic ca cc bo v: tBV1 <tBV2 (pha 1 ct ra trc khi c s c)

Thi gian TL pha 1:
Phi ln hn thi gian lm vic chnh nhau gia BV1 & BV2 trnh ng vo s c
Phi ch thm thi gian ct MC pha 2 v thi giankh i-on sau khi ct pha 2
Do vy: tTDL1 (t BV 2 t BV 1 ) + tcat MC 2 + tkhu i on
Do ng my ct 1 mt mt khong thi gian tr nn c th gi xung ng sm hn:
tTDL1 {(t BV 2 t BV 1 ) + tcat MC 2 + tkhu i on } td MC1 + tdu phong
TL 2 ch thc hin khi ng thnh cng pha i din (c th kim tra

ng b hoc khng)
Tnh ton ci t thng s
ng dy hai ngun cp (TL 3 pha):
TL1 TL2
HT1 MC1 MC2 HT2

BV1 BV2
U1< U2>
m bo an ton: trnh ng c hai ngun vo ngn mch cn tn ti:

kim tra xem trn ng dy c cn in p hay khng in p s bng 0
khi ct hon ton c hai pha.
TL1 ch tc ng khi ng dy khng mang in: dng cc rle in p thp kim
tra (U1<)
TL2 ch tc ng khi ng dy c ng li thnh cng t pha 1: dng cc rle
in p cao (U2>).
Cc loi t ng li khc
T ng li khng ng b:
n gin v nhanh chng t ng li cc ngun : c th s dng thit
b t ng li khng kim tra ng b
Vic t ng li khng ng b c th dn n dao ng cng sut. Nu
thi gian dao ng b ko di: phi m my ct tch ring cc phn ca h
thng.
Phng php TL khng ng b cho php dng nu dng in cn bng
khi ng MC m bo nh hn mt gi tr cho php
HT1 HT2
Khng kim tra

ng b
Cc loi t ng li khc
T ng li khng ng b - Phm vi p dng:

S thay th khi ng my ct: khi ng my ct s xut hin dng in
cn bng.
' '
E' X HT 1 Xd X HT 2 E
'
1 2
Sut in ng & in khng qu ca hai pha h thng

E' ; X ' ; X d
& in khng ng dy
' 2 E'
Tr s dng in cn bng ln nht: I cbmax = ' '
(gi thit S qu hai pha bng nhau)
X HT 1 + X d + X HT 2
' ( 3)
Nu: I cb max I N dau cuc th c th cho php dng phng php t
ng li khng ng b
Cc loi t ng li khc
T ng li nhanh
Sau khi my ct trn ng dy m: cc vector in p hai pha u
ng dy b mt ng b v gc lch tng i gia hai vector ny thay
i theo thi gian
Nu c th cho php t ng li trong thi gian rt ngn: bin thin
gc lch s nh >>> khi ng li my ct s khng cn kim tra ng b
v ln dng cn bng
Thi gian TL
HT1 HT2
rt ngn
Khng kim tra

tTL (tng) = 0.35 1 giy
ng b
EHT1 EHT2 EHT1 EHT2 EHT1 EHT2

gc lch bnh
gc lch tng ln t
thng
gc lch tng ln
nhiu
Cc loi t ng li khc
T ng li mt pha
Phm vi p dng: cc ng dy siu cao p (>330kV)
L do s dng:
Li siu cao p ch yu xy ra s c mt pha
Cc thit b l loi mt pha: bin p mt pha
Khong cch pha-pha ln
Gi vai tr lin kt trong h thng in Cn gim thiu vic ct hon ton
ng dy:
TL 1 pha ch ct pha s c
Hai pha cn li vn hot ng: m bo tnh n nh (yu t quan trng)
Cc yu cu:
My ct phi truyn ng ring tng pha
Thit b bo v c chc nng chn pha s c: s phc tp
TL mt pha khng thnh cng: ct c 3 pha
Cc loi t ng li khc
T ng li mt pha
Nhc im:
Ch vn hnh khng i xng gy ra dng th t nghch nh (I2) hng ti
cc my pht
Gy nhiu cc ng dy thng tin ln cn
Thi gian kh i-on ko di hn do in p cm ng xut hin trn pha ct
in: in p cm ng ny xut hin do cc lin h v in cm & in dung
gia hai pha ang mang in v pha ct in hai u.
Phi hp thit b bo v rle

& thit b t ng li
Phi hp thit b BVRL & TL
Mc ch Phi hp gia thit b bo v rle (BVRL) & thit b

t ng li (TL)
Loi tr nhanh chng s c
Gim thi gian ngng cung cp in (cho cc trng hp s c thong
qua)
Thc hin: theo 02 hng
C BVRL hot ng nhanh v khng chn lc sau hiu chnh li bng
thit b TL
Thc hin t ng li v sau s dng bo v (loi ct nhanh khng chn lc)
loi tr nhanh cc trng hp s c duy tr.
Tng tc BVRL trc khi thc hin TL

B2 B3
1 2 3
t~0 giy
Trang b cc bo v qu dng (I>) cho cc phn on

Phn on u ngun:
Mt b TL
M b bo v qu dng ct nhanh c chnh nh:
Thi gian tc ng tc thi (t~0 giy)
Bo v (tc ng vi mi s c) trn ton b cc phn on chnh >> khng chn lc
Khng tc ng khi s c sau cc nhnh r (VD: sau B2; B3..) gim s ln tc ng ca
bo v u ngun

B2 B3
1 2 3
N2
t~0 giy
Hot ng
Gi thit s c ti N2
Bo v (I>>) ct tc thi my ct u ngun, loi tr s c
Thit b TL hot ng:
Kha tm thi bo v ct nhanh (I>>)
ng li my ct
ng li thnh cng: sau mt thi gian s m kha (I>>)
ng li khng thnh cng: cc bo v chn lc (I>) s tc ng (bo v phn on 2)

B2 B3
1 2 3
t~0 giy
c im
Cc s c lun c loi tr tc thi trong ln xut hin th nht >> c tc
dng tt vi cc s c thong qua
My ct u ngun phi hot ng nhiu >> tng hao mn
Thch hp vi cc ng dy c t phn on
Tng tc BVRL sau khi thc hin TL

1 2 3
t1 giy t2 giy t3 giy

t~0 giy t~0 giy t~0 giy
Trang b cc bo v qu dng (I>) & (I>>) & TL cho cc phn on

Bo v qu dng ct nhanh c chnh nh:
Bo v ton b phn on v mt phn phn on tip theo >> khng chn
lc (c vng chng ln bo v)
a vo lm vic sau khi TL

1 N2 2 3

Hot ng
S c ti N2 (ti vng chng ln phm vi bo v)
Bo v c thi gian (I>) ti phn on 1 & 2 hot ng
Sau khong thi gian t2 : bo v ti phn on 2 ct s c
TL2 c khi ng
M kha (I>>) ca ring phn on 2
ng li my ct phn on 2:
TL thnh cng: sau kha (I>>)
TL khng thnh cng: bo v (I>>) ct tc thi s c

1 2 3

c im
Bo v ct nhanh ch c tc dng loi tr nhanh khi s c duy tr khi thc
hin t ng li
C th p dng cho li in c nhiu phn on
Ln s c u tin c loi tr bi cc bo v c thi gian: c th tng
kh nng bin s c thong qua thnh s c duy tr
T ng li tng on theo th t
1 2 3

tTL1 tTL2 tTL3
Trang b cc bo v qu dng (I>) & (I>>) & TL cho cc phn on

Bo v qu dng ct nhanh c chnh nh (khng kha):
Bo v ton b phn on v mt phn phn on tip theo >> khng chn
lc (c vng chng ln bo v)
Thit b TL hot ng phn cp: gn ngun ng trc, xa ngun
ng sau: tTL1 < tTL2 < tTL3
1 N2 2 3

tTL1 tTL2 tTL3
Hot ng
S c ti N2 (ti vng chng ln phm vi bo v)
Bo v ct nhanh (I>>) ca c phn on 1 & 2 c th tc ng
TL1 & TL2 c khi ng:
TL1 gn ngun nn tc ng trc: thnh cng (v s c trn phn on 2)
Sau kha bo v ct nhanh phn on 1 (I>>)
TL2 m ht thi gian tip sau :
Nu s c ti N2 l thong qua th TL2 thnh cng
Nu TL2 khng thnh cng: bo v (I>>) ca phn on 2 ct tc thi s c
1 2 3

tTL1 tTL2 tTL3
c im
Mi loi s c u c loi tr bng bo v ct nhanh
C th p dng cho li in c s phn on bt k
Cc h cui ngun c thi gian t ng li ko di: tng thi gian ngng
cung cp in
Chng 02
T ng chuyn i ngun in
Auto Transfer to Reserve Supply (ATS)
T ng ngun d phng (TD)
L do s dng thit b TD
Nu cc h tiu th ch c cp t mt ngun: s c ngun >> mt in
Nhiu loi ph ti khng cho php mt in: phi c h thng in d phng

Vi t my nhit in, mt in t dng trong khong 20-30 giy c th dn ti ngt
s vn hnh ca ni hi >> mt nhiu gi vn hnh li t my
Mt s qu trnh trong nh my ha cht nu mt in lu hn 3 giy c th phi
khi phc li t u
Phng thc vn hnh ca ngun (thit b) d phng:

Vn hnh song song: khng kinh t
trng thi d phng khng mang in: m bo thao tc nhanh >> s dng
thit b TD t ng thao tc i ngun (thi gian mt in <1-2 giy)
V d v ng dng ca thit b TD
TD ng dy TD my bin p TD thanh gp
H thng
F1 F2 F3
TD1 TD2 TD3 DP
TD t my diezen d phng TD cho h thng t dng trong nh my in

Cc yu cu i vi thit b TD
Thit b TD phi tc ng khi phn t lm vic b mt in v bt c

l do g, k c trng hp ngn mch trn thanh ci h ph ti (tr
trng hp sa thi theo tn s)
Thit b TD ch ng ngun du phng khi ct hon ton ngun
chnh:
Trnh vic ng khng ng b gia hai ngun
Trnh vic ng thm ngun vo im s c
Thit b TD phi c thi gian tc ng nhanh gim thi gian ngng
cung cp in
ngn chn kh nng ng ngun d phng vo ngn mch duy tr
nhiu ln: thit b TD ch tc ng mt ln
Cc yu cu i vi thit b TD
Khi thc hin thao tc TD phi m bo iu kin t khi ng ca

cc ng c c th ct bt mt s ng c khi ng ngun d
phng
C kh nng phi hp tng tc thit b bo v rle vi mc ch
loi tr nhanh s c khi ng ngun d phng
Cc nguyn l p dng trong thit b TD
Phng php khi ng thit b TD: 2 cch

Dng tn hiu t tip im ph my ct: tip im thng ng
Ch bnh thng:
Cun ng ca 2MC khng c in
1MC ng 2MC m
1MC3 2MC1
+ C -
m ng
Ch s c: 1MC b ct ra
Cun ng ca 2MC c cp in >> ng 2MC
1MC ct 2MC m
1MC3 2MC1
+ C -
ng ng
Phng php khi ng thit b TD:

Dng tn hiu t tip im ph my ct:
c im: nu ngun cp b ct t u
ng dy, my ct 1MC khng m ra >>
s khng hot ng
Khc phc: dngrle in p thp (U<)
kim tra tnh trng ca ngun cp >> S
khi ng c dng rle in p thp
U<

S khi ng TD c rle in p thp (U<)
Khi thanh gp mt in v bt c
l do g: rle in p thp (3U<)
khi ng
Khi (3U<) khi ng s cp in
cho rle thi gian 5RT
Sau mt khong thi gian tr:
5RT s cp in ti cun ct ca
1MC >> ct 1MC
Khi 1MC c ct ra th s
TD s khi ng nh bnh
thng.

S khi ng TD c rle in p thp (U<)
c im:
Nu thit b lm vic v d
phng ly in chung t mt
ngun th phng php ny
khng cn thit.
S s tc ng nhm khi t
cu ch u ra ca bin in p
(9BU)
Khc phc: s dng hai rle in
p thp u ni tip tip im
Khc phc: s dng hai rle in p thp u ni tip tip im

Nu t cu ch: ch mt trong hai rle in p thp hot ng >> mch in
cp cho 5RT h mch
Nu thanh gp mt in: c (3U<)&(4U<) tc ng: mch in cp cho 5RT
khp kn >> khi ng TD
S hai rle in p thp u ni tip

Nguyn tc m bo thit b TD ch tc ng mt ln
Dng rle trung gian loi thng m, m chm (6RGT):
Bnh thng: 1MC ng
1MC ng > 1MC3: m
1MC2: ng -> 6RGT c in
6RGT c in > Tip im 6RGT: ng
2MC: ang m -> 2MC1: ng
Mch ng 2MC: khng c in

(+) -> 1MC3 -> 6RGT -> 2MC1 -> C -> (-)
(m) (ng) (ng)
Nguyn tc m bo thit b TD ch tc ng mt ln
Dng rle trung gian loi thng m, m chm (6RGT):
Khi s c: 1MC b ct ra
1MC ct > 1MC3: ng
1MC2: m -> 6RGT mt in
6RGT mt in > Tip im 6RGT: m chm
2MC: ang m -> 2MC1: ng
Mch ng 2MC: c in khi 6RGT ang m

chm
(+) -> 1MC3 -> 6RGT -> 2MC1 -> C -> (-)
(ng) (m chm) (ng)
Khi 6RGT m hon ton: mch ng h mch
v khng th tc ng ln 2.
Kim tra s sn sng ca ngun d phng

Thao tc TD ch c tc dng khi ngun d phng c in p trong
ngng cho php: s dng rle in p cao (U>) kim tra trng
thi ngun d phng
U>
S tng th ca thit b TD
S TD cho ng dy
Tnh ton chnh nh thit b TD

Chnh nh
Thi gian m chm ca 6RGT:

Trong thi gian m chm ca 6RGT: mch ng cn c cp in
Thi gian m chm phi ln hn thi gian ng my ct
t6RGT = Kat x tng 2MC
Chnh nh
in p khi ng ca rle in p thp {3U<} & {4U<}

S c ln cn ngun cp (N1): in p trn thanh gp gim thp ti Ud(N1) --> rle
khng c php tc ng
S c ti ln cn thanh gp (N2): in p trn thanh gp gim ti Ud(N2): rle
khng c php tc ng.
Chnh nh: Ukhi ng= min{Ud(N1) ; Ud(N2) }/Kat vi Kat=1.2-1.3
N1
Ud=?
N2
Chnh nh
in p khi ng ca rle in p cao {8U>}

Rle in p cao {8U>} kim tra s sn sng ca ngun lm vic khi in p
ngun ny trong ngng cho php th rle c php hot ng
Chnh nh: Ukhi ng= Kat x Unh nht cho php vi Kat=1.2-1.3
Chnh nh
Thi gian lm vic ca rle thi gian 5RT

S c ln cn ngun cp (N3): cn m bo loi tr hon ton s c ny trc khi
ng ngun d phng : t(1)5RT > tcc bo v ti thanh gp u ngun
Phn tch tng t vi cc s c ti ln cn thanh gp ph ti (N4):
t(2)5RT > tcc bo v ti thanh gp ph ti
Do vy t5RT= max{t(1)5RT ; t(2)5RT} + td tr
N3
N4
Chng 03
T ng ha ng b cc ngun in
Automatic Synchronization
Chc nng kim tra ng b (25)
Ha ng b trong h thng in
L thao tc cn thit a my pht in vo lm vic cng vi h

thng hoc kt ni gia hai h thng.
Yu cu: dng in cn bng trong lc ha ng b phi nh nht,

gim thiu st p v dao ng cng sut
C hai phng php ha ng b:

Ha ng b chnh xc
T ha ng b
Phng php ha ng b chnh xc
S ha ng b
Trnh t thao tc
My pht c kch t - quay ti tc
ng b
Kim tra cc iu kin ha
Cng th t pha
U H = U F UH UF
in p bng nhau: H
Tc gc (tn s) bng nhau: H = F = db F
Gc lch tng i gia vecto in p hai pha bng Gc lch
khng: = U ,U = 0
H F
Khi cc iu kin ha m bo: ng my ct ha
Dng in cn bng xut hin ti thi im ha
E H E F S thay th
XH I cb Xd
E H E F
ln dng in cn bng Icb: I cb =
XH + Xd
n gin, gi thit ln EF=EH=E v cn c theo th vecto:
E H E F E 2 E
I cb = = = sin EH E EF
XH + Xd XH + Xd XH + Xd 2
E E
ln dng in Icb ph thuc vo gc lch gia
hai vecto in p (sin )
2
2
Dng cn bng nh nht:

2 E
Icb min = min sin = 0 sin = 0 = 00 ;3600 ; 7200...
X H + Xd 2 2
Vy thi im thun li nht ng my ct ha ng b l khi gc lch:
= 00 ; 3600 ; 7200...
Dng cn bng ln nht:
E E
Icb max = max 2 sin = 2 sin = 1 = 1800
X H + Xd 2 X H + Xd 2
Thng h thng c cng sut v cng ln so vi my pht: c th coi XH=0; khi
E
Icb max = 2 = 2 I N(3daucucMF
)
= 1800
Xd
Vy thi im bt li nht: khi gc lch gia vecto in p hai pha l 1800
v dng Icbmax c th gp 2 ln dng ngn mch 3 pha u cc my pht
Vai tr ca in p phch US (in p trt) trong qu trnh ha

uS (t ) = uH (t ) uF (t ) = EH sin(H t ) EF sin(F t )
Vi gi thit EH=EF=E
+ F F + F
uS (t ) = 2 E cos H t sin H t = 2 E cos H t sin S t
2 2 2 2
Vi: S = H F nh ngha l tc trt
in p phch bin thin vi hai tn s khc nhau: S
sin t
uS(t) 2
(t)
+ F
co s H t
2
Gi tr in p phch quan st c l ng bao bin

uS(t)
S
US = 2 E sin t = 2 E sin
2 2
(t)
Us=0: Thi im Us=0: Thi im thun Us=0: Thi im thun

thun li ( = 00 ) li ( = 3600 ) li ( = 7200 )
V S l tc trt nn i lng (S t ) chnh l gc lch tng i

gia hai vecto in p theo thi gian.
Chu k ca in p phch thay i do trong qu trnh ha lun c nhng
thao tc iu chnh sao cho tc gc ca my pht gn nht vi pha h
thng
Thi im thun li ha: khi Us=0
uS(t)
tng MC tng MC tng MC
(t)
Gi xung ng ThunGi
li xung ng Thun li Gi xung ng Thun li
Do vic ng my ct cn mt khong thi gian tng MC: xung ng phi

gi trc thi im thun li mt khong thi gian vt trc
tvt trc = tng MC
Thi gian vt trc c th qui i tnh theo gc vt trc () nu tc
trt cho php khi ha ng b bit:
vt = s cp tvt = s cp tdong MC
Gc
vt Tc
trt cho Thi gian vt trc (chnh l
trc thi gian ng MC)
php
Trong thc t gim thi gian iu chnh cc thng s khi ha ng b: c

th cho php c sai s gia cc i lng ha.
S nguyn l my ha ng b chnh xc
c im
C th p dng cho mi loi my pht
Thi gian ha ng b c th b ko di do qu trnh iu chnh cc tham s
khi ha.
M hnh iu khin qu trnh ha trong thc t

Phng php t ha ng b
S t ha ng b
Trnh t thao tc
1. My pht khng c c kch t - cun kch t ni tt hoc ni qua in
tr dit t RTDT (tip im lin ng 1 ng & 2 m)
2. Quay my pht n gn tc ng b
F
Khi h s trt s = db 100 = (2 3%) ng my ct u cc vo h thng.
db
3. Ngay sau khi ng my pht vo h thng: ng kch t cho my pht
4. Do cc m men sinh ra s t a my pht vo lm vic ng b
Phng php t ha ng b
Cc m men xut hin trong qu trnh t ha ng b

Phng trnh chuyn ng ca roto my pht
d
J = M T M c + M kdb + M pk + M db
dt
vi J: momen qun tnh ca cc phn t quay ca my pht; MC: momen cn
Momen khng ng b Mkdb:
Khi ng my ct u cc: my pht hot ng nh mt ng c khng ng b roto
dy qun. Mkdb xut hin do tc ng tng h gia t trng quay ca stato v dng
in cm ng trong cun roto (ang b ni tt).
Momen ny c tc dng a roto quay gn ti tc ng b
Momem ny khng phi l tc nhn chnh a my pht vo ng b v khi tc roto
bng tc ng b (s=0) th Mkdb=0
Phng php t ha ng b

Momen phn khng Mpk:
Xut hin do tc ng tng h ga t trng quay ca stato v thn roto cc li bng
vt liu st t. Vi roto cc n th momen ny khng xut hin
Du ca momen phn khng thay i theo gc gia roto v t trng quay. Nu xt
tng trong nhiu chu k th tc dng ca momen ny bng khng
Roto cc n Roto cc li
Rotor cc li
My pht ti nh my thy in Sn La
Rotor cc n v cc li
Roto cc n Roto cc li
(nhit in) (thy in)
Rotor lng sc
ng c khng ng b
Phng php t ha ng b

Momen ng b Mdb:
Xut hin do tc ng tng h ga t trng quay ca stato v dng in kch t
trong cun roto
Mdb l tc nhn chnh a my pht vo lm vic ng b do ln ca momen ny
vn duy tr ti tc ng b.
Phng php t ha ng b
Phm vi ng dng phng php t ha ng b

Dng in cn bng qu xut hin khi ng my ct:
E H '' E F = 0 S thay th
XH icb'' max X d
EH
icb =
X H + X d
Thng thng cng sut h thng l v cng ln so vi my pht: X H' = 0
Khi (trong h n v tng i)
EH EH 1.05
icb max = = =
X H + X d X d X d
Nh ch to cho php s dng phng php t ha ng b nu:

icb max icbcp = 3.5

Chng 04
T ng sa thi ph ti theo tn s
Load Shedding
Rle tn s (81)
Mc ch ca vic sa thi ph ti theo tn s (TCT)
ch lm vic n inh, bnh thng: PF = PT

S mt cn bng cng sut: P = PF PT c th xy ra do:
Mt hoc vi t my b ct ra: thiu cng sut
Mt s ng dy hoc ph ti b ct ra: tha cng sut
S mt cn bng cng sut: nh hng ti tc ca tt c cc my
pht (v ng c) trong h thng in.
Khi xy ra mt cn bng cng sut- tc t my gim i:
Cc b iu tc ca tuabin v iu tn s hot ng
Huy ng cng sut d tr quay ca cc my pht
Nu cng sut huy ng khng : tc quay ca cc t my, ng
c s b gim i
Mc ch ca vic sa thi ph ti theo tn s
Khi tc ca cc my quay gim i: c tc dng gip nhanh lp li

cn bng cng sut
Khi tc gim: cng sut tiu th ca cc dy chuyn cng gim i
V d: cng sut tiu th ca cc qut gi t l vi bnh phng (f2) ca tn s;
cng sut tiu th ca bm nc t l vi bc 3 ca tn s (f3)...
Qu trnh gim ca tn s s tip tc n khi no P = 0 : tn s gim
ti gi tr cui cng fcui
Gi thit khng c cng sut d tr quay: suy gim tn s s l:
f = f ban dau f cuoi
Quan h gia cng sut thiu ht v suy gim tn s c th biu
din theo: P (%) = K f (%)
PF PT fban dau f cuoi

vi P (%) = 100 f (%) = 100
PT f cuoi
Khi tc ca cc my quay gim i: c tc dng gip nhanh lp li

cn bng cng sut
Khi tc gim: cng sut tiu th ca cc dy chuyn cng gim i
V d: cng sut tiu th ca cc qut gi t l vi bnh phng (f2) ca tn s;
cng sut tiu th ca bm nc t l vi bc 3 ca tn s (f3)...
Qu trnh gim ca tn s s tip tc n khi no P = 0 : tn s gim
ti gi tr cui cng fcui
Gi thit khng c cng sut d tr quay: suy gim tn s s l:
f = f ban dau f cuoi
Quan h gia cng sut thiu ht v suy gim tn s c th biu
din theo: P (%) = K f (%)
vi PF PT fban dau f cuoi
P (%) = 100 f (%) = 100
PT f cuoi
H s K: h s t iu chnh ca ph ti theo tn s
H s t iu chnh ca ph ti theo tn s K: th hin s thay i

cng sut tiu th ca ph ti (k c thay i tn tht cng sut trong
h thng) khi tn s bin i.
H s K ph thuc:
c tnh ca ti
Mc suy gim in p khi c suy gim tn s
Thay i theo thi gian, theo ngy, theo ma..
Gi tr ca K=1-3.5 (gi tr trung bnh khong 2-2.5)
Vi gi tr ca K xc ing, suy gim tn s (tnh theo Hz):
Gi thit f ban dau = 50Hz
K=2
P (%)
f ( Hz ) = 0.5 = 0.25 P (%)
K
Tn s suy gim trong h thng: bin i t t (khng suy gim t

ngt) ty theo momen qun tnh ca cc phn t quay v c tnh t
iu chnh ca ph ti.
Mt cch gn ng c th coi tn s bin i theo hm m khi thay
i t f1 n f2: t
T
f 2 = f1 f (1 e f
)
Hng s thi gian Tf c th tnh gn ng theo:
Tquantinh cua hethong
Tf
K
Hng s qun tnh ca h thng Tquan tinh cua he thong = 10-16 (giy)
(10 giy: vi cc h thng c cng sut t my trong khong 200-300MW)
H thng vn hnh vi tn s thp hn nh mc s nh hng n

cht lng in nng v khng cho php v cc l do sau:
Khi tn s gim xung di 49.5HZ: mt s tuabin c th xy ra hin tng
rung mnh d gy hng hc nguy him v c kh
Khi tn s gim ti 49Hz: cc b iu chnh m ht cc van nng lng, t
my y ti. Nu tn s tip tc gim s gy gim hiu sut ca h thng t
dng, c bit l h thng bm cp. Khi cng sut t dng gim lm gim
cng sut t my lm trm trng mc mt cn bng Kt qu c th
dn ti hin tng sp tn s (thc tn s) v cc t my s b ct ra khi
h thng.
Khi tc quay ca t my chnh gim cc my pht kch t cng gim tc
gim in p kch t gim in p u cc my pht: lm mc d
tr n nh, h thng d b chia tch.
Khi tn s suy gim: mc tiu th cng sut phn khng ca cc ph ti
tng ln in p trong h thng gim thp n mt mc no c
th gy ln hin tn in p suy gim t ngt (thc in p) v cc ph ti
s b tch ra, h thng b chia tch thnh nhiu phn nh.
H thng t ng sa thi ph ti s lm nhim v t ng ct bt mt

s ti (khng quan trng) m bo h thng khng vn hnh trong
cc trng thi tn s thp nguy him
H thng t ng sa thi ph ti phi m bo
Tn s khng c gim thp qa 45Hz
Tn s gim thp di 47Hz: khng qu 20 giy
Ti 48.5Hz: khng qu 50 giy
Khng sa thi trn lan, gy mt in khng cn thit
Mc sa thi m bo tn s khng vt qu tn s nh mc (50Hz)
Thng thng, sau khi sa thi tn s nm trong khong 4949.5Hz v s
c a tr v gi tr nh mc bng cc thao tc iu chnh ca iu .
Din bin ca tn s khi c sa thi ph ti
Gi thit trong qa trnh tn s din bin t fban dau fcuoi: c mt t sa

thi P1 (MW) ti tn s fa
Mc mt cn bng cng sut sau sa thi:P1 = P P1
Gi tr tn s cui cng mi ng vi P1 : f1cuoi = f cuoi f1cuoi
P1
vi f1cuoi = 0.5 [Hz]
K
Ti thi im a: tn s s bin bin i theo ng 2 thay v ng 1
Xu th din bin hon ton tng t khi tn s bt u tng ln (t im b)
f1 cuoi
fcuoi
Nguyn l thc hin sa thi ph ti theo tn s
H thng t sa thi ph ti phi m bo nguyn tc:

Phi m bo loi tr c tt c cc trng hp mt cn bng cng sut ln
nht c th xy ra.
Lng cng sut sa thi phi gn nht vi lng cng sut thiu ht (thit b
TCT phi c kh nng t iu chnh theo lng cng sut thiu ht)
H thng t sa thi ph ti c chia thnh 3 nhm:
Ci t cc nhm sa thi ph ti theo tn s
106 H thng sa thi ph ti Nguyn Xun Tng B mn H thng in HBK HN
Nhm I Nhm II Nhm III
TCT = 1.05 Pmax

P (I )
TCT
P ( II )
( 0 .4 0 .5) TCT
P (I )
Ngn chn suy a tn s v Sa thi b sung

gim tn s gn nh mc
Trnh tn s tn ti lu Khi cng sut thiu
ngng thp ht ln (>45%)
H thng b chia tch
Tn s t khc nhau Tn s t ging nhau
f1( I ) f 2( I ) f 3( I ) ... f1( II ) = f 2( II ) = f 3( II ) ...
46.5Hz 48.5Hz 48.5Hz
(bc 0.1Hz )
Thi gian t ging nhau Thi gian t khc nhau
t1( I ) = t2( I ) = t3( I ) ... t1( II ) t2( II ) t3( II ) ...

0.1 0.15 giy 5 40 giy (max 90 giy)
cch nhau 3 5 giy
c im:
Khi tnh ton lng mt cn bng cng sut ln nht khng tnh d phng
quay ca h thng (tng thm mc an ton trong tnh ton lng cng
sut cn ct).
H s 1.05: tnh n cc bin ng ngu nhin khi s c (5%)
Lng cng sut cn sa thi ca mi nhm: thng c chia u cho cc
t sa thi. Ti quan trng hn s sa thi sau cng v ng li u tin.
cc li in hoc h thng in khu vc c kh nng xy ra thiu ht
cng sut ln v suy gim tn s trm trng (<45Hz): thit b sa thi ph ti
b sung (nhm III)
Sa thi b sung thng x l cc thiu ht trm trng a phng
Ct ti b sung l cn thit khi: suy gim tn s km theo sp gim mnh
in p.
Khi ng sa thi b sung:

Da vo cc yu t ch bo thiu ht cng sut cc b, khu vc:
Ct ng dy hay my bin p ln
Thay i chiu lung cng sut qua ng dy, my bin p
Da theo tc bin thin tn s
Da theo s sp gim in p
Gii php sa thi b sung khc: tch mt vi t my lm nhim v cp in

cho h thng t dng ca ton nh my v tch nh my ch cp cho mt s
lng ph ti vi cng sut thit k.
Hz S c
50.0
t 2-Nhm I
48.5
48.4
48.3 2
48.2
Rle cc nhm sa thi tr v
t 1-Nhm I
1
Nhm II khi
ng t 1-Nhm II t 2-Nhm II
t (giy)
Din bin tn s khi c sa thi ph ti
Cc phng tin sa thi ph ti
Rle tc ng theo lch tuyt i tn s f :

Rle tc ng bt c khi no tn s thp hn gi tr chnh nh
Ci t chnh nh d dng
Khng tnh n tc suy gim ca tn s
Rle tc ng theo tc bin thin tn s df hoc tc bin thin
trung bnh f : dt
t
Tc bin thin tn s phn nh mc mt cn bng cng sut
Rle c kh nng phn ng nhanh hn vi s c
df
Thc t: s dng kt hp c hai chc nng ( f & )
dt
(Tc ng theo tc bin thin trung bnh gim kh
nng tc ng nhm khi c dao ng tn s ngn hn)
Cc trng hp gy tc ng nhm rle tn s
Suy gim tn s ngn hn

Khi thanh gp b ct in, tc cc ng c gim dn v cc ng c ny c
kh nng duy tr in p trn thanh gp mt thi gian na (tn s in p
ny gim theo tc ng c): rle c th tc ng nhm kha thit b t
ng li Ph ti s khng c cp in khi thanh gp c in tr li.
Gii php: cc ph ti ny s c ni ti rle tn s nhm II, c thi gian lm vic tr
S dng cc rle cng sut hoc dng in cc tiu pht hin s c mt in
kha tm thi thit b sa thi ph ti
Vi cc h thng in nh: s c ba pha c th gy tn tht cng sut tc
dng rt ln v lm cho tn s c th b suy gim
S dng cc thit b bo v rle c thi gian tc ng nhanh, loi tr s c trc khi
tn s b sp gim n ngng khi ng ca rle sa thi.
Do cc b iu tc c thi gian phn ng chm:
S dng cc rle tn s nhm II
Cc trng hp gy tc ng nhm rle tn s
S dng rle dng in cc tiu ngn nga s tc ng nhm ca rle tn s

khi ph ti l cc ng c ln:
Cc phng tin sa thi ph ti
S dng kt hp rle in p thp & rle dng cc tiu

T ng tr li cc ph ti sau sa thi
Rle tn s c th tc ng nhm do nhiu l do Do h thng t

ng li c coi l bt buc i vi vic sa thi ph ti
Thit b t ng li nn ni ti:
Cc rle tn s thuc nhm sa thi sau cng (l cc ti quan trng hn)
Ni ti cc nhm sa thi u tin (nhm I): y l nhm sa thi d b tc ng
nhm.
Tn s t cho thit b TL: 49.2 50Hz
Thi gian tr: 1020 giy
trnh vic ng li nhiu ln trong trng hp h thng khng th
hi phc: ch tc ng mt ln
Cc ph ti nn c ng li dn theo nhm nh (nh hn bc sa
thi): trnh hin tng khi ng ng thi v nu c st gim tn s
nh th cc b iu tc mi kh nng iu chnh.
V d
Din bin tn s khi c sa thi v t ng li (h thng 60Hz).


Chng 05
iu chnh in p & Cng sut
phn khng
Gii thiu chung
in p l mt ch tiu nh gi cht lng in nng

Thng thng in p ti u cc ph ti khng nn vt qu 5%
gi tr nh mc.
in p gim thp:
Gim nng sut cc dy chuyn, gim mc chiu sng
Tng h s trt trong cc ng c, tng s tiu th cng sut phn khng
in p gim thp ti cc nt trong h thng in: gim kh nng ti ca
ng dy, nh hng ti tnh n nh ca cc my pht.
in p trong h thng in thng c iu chnh duy tr ti mt
s im nt (v d: thanh gp 220kV Ha Bnh)
Vic iu chnh in p & cng sut phn khng mang tnh cc b a
phng (khc vi vic iu tn).
gim thiu vic truyn ti CSPK trn li in: c gng duy tr cn
bng CSPK cho tng cp truyn ti
Cc phng tin iu chnh U & Q trong HT
Cc b t b
in tr x
Cc b t b
Khng ni tip
o Hn ch dng in khi ng b t
o Hn ch sng hi chy vo b t
(Detuned Reactor)
o Hn ch cng hng
T b
Cc khng b ngang
Cc khng b ngang
Phn bit vi khng ca b PLC (ti ba Power line communication

or power line carrier )
Khng ti
ba (1 hoc
Khng b ngang 2 pha)
Cc b t b dc
Trm 500kV Ha Bnh

Phn pha ng dy
Phn pha ng dy
Cc yu t nh hng n in p trong h thng in:

in p u cc cc my pht
Tng tr ca cc ng dy truyn ti
Lng cng sut truyn ti qua li
T s my bin p
Cc mch vng iu khin c bn ca MF
Thi gian p ng ca
mch kch t ngn hn rt
nhiu so vi mch iu
khin tua bin, do hai
phn iu khin c th coi
l hai mch vng c lp.
LFC Controller: Thit b iu tn Turbine: Tua bin; Shaft: trc ni

Frequency Sensor: cm bin o tn s Steam: hi vo tua bin
AVR: b t ng iu chnh in p my pht Valve control mechanism: C cu iu chnh m
Excitation system: Phn kch t ca my pht van nng lng vo tua bin
iu chnh kch t v in p my pht in
S chi tit ca mch vng iu khin kch t

Step-up transformer: bin p tng p u cc MF
Step-down Transformer: bin p gim p cp cho h
thng t dng v kch t
Exciter: cun kch t
Auxilliary services: H thng t dng
AVR: b iu khin kch t (iu chnh in p)
Cc loi h thng kch t
H thng kch t c th chia ra 3 loi:

H thng kch t mt chiu (DC)
H thng kch t xoay chiu (AC) Khng vnh trt.
H thng kch t dng chnh lu trc tip
Cc loi h thng kch t
1. H thng kch t mt chiu (DC):
H thng kch t mt chiu: hin ti vn cn tn ti, thng dng cho cc my pht

c cng sut <100MVA.
H thng gm 02 my pht mt chiu quay cng trc vi my pht chnh:
My pht kch t chnh (ME): cp in p kch t cho my pht chnh
My pht kch t ph (AE): cp kch t cho my pht kch t chnh ME
My kch t ph c kch t bng dng in qua b iu khin kch t AVR
Cc loi h thng kch t
1. H thng kch t mt chiu (DC):
Cng sut ca ngun cp cho kch t my pht ph v thit b chnh lu c iu khin

rt nh (h thng hai my pht mt chiu c th cung cp kh nng khuych i cng
sut ti t s 600/1)
Nhc im:
Thi gian p ng chm
Do vn dng chi than-vnh gp nn thng xuyn phi thay th.
Vn s dng h thng vnh trt a cng sut kch t vo my pht chnh.
H thng ny ang dn dn b thay th bi cc h thng kch t th h sau
Cc loi h thng kch t
Vnh gp Vnh trt (slip ring)

Cc loi h thng kch t
2. H thng kch t xoay chiu (AC) Khng vnh trt:
Cc diot chnh lu c gn ln roto ca my pht kch t xoay chiu

Cun kch t cho my pht kch t xoay chiu nm trn stato (khng quay)
in p sau chnh lu ni trc tip ti cun kch t my pht chnh (nm cng trc).
Cng sut ca ngun iu khin kch t khong 1/20 (30) cng sut cun kch t my
pht chnh (do ch c mt tng khuych i)
Cc loi h thng kch t
2. H thng kch t xoay chiu (AC) Khng vnh trt:
Khng cn h thng vnh trt, vnh gp

Thi gian p ng ca qu trnh iu chnh nhanh hn
Cng sut ca h thng ngun kch t nh (1/20 (30))
H thng vn c s dng trong cng nghip v khng yu cu mt ngun kch t
ring bit qu ln
Cc loi h thng kch t
3. H thng kch t dng chnh lu trc tip:
Ngun cp cho h thng kch t c th ly t u cc my pht hoc t h thng t

dng
Cn c bin kch t bin i in p cho ph hp
Mt gii php khc: ly cng sut cp cho kch t t h thng bin dng in v bin
in p Vi gii php ny: in p cp cho kch t t b nh hng bi ngn mch
gn hoc st gim in p u cc.
Cc loi h thng kch t
3. H thng kch t dng chnh lu trc tip:
gim tn tht trong b h thng kch t: dng hai b chnh lu c iu khin

Mt b dng trong ch bnh thng (ch xc lp)
Mt b dng trong ch cn cung cp kch t cng bc (cng hnh kch thch)
Thi gian p ng iu khin nhanh.
Trong ch dit t: b chnh lu c th iu khin tr thnh b nghch lu tiu th
nng lng th trong cun roto.
Thit b t ng iu chnh in p MF (AVR)
S khi ca thit b t ng iu chnh in p my pht
Load compensation: B phn b ti Measuring element (transducer): Phn t o lng

Limiter: B gii hn dng kch t Generator: my pht chnh
Comparator: B so snh Step-up transformer: Bin p tng p u cc
Amplifier: B khuych i Network: pha h thng
Feedback: Tn hiu phn hi
PSS: b n nh cng sut
S khi chi tit khc
Follow up Unit: m bo s chuyn i mm gia ch t ng/chnh tay

Vi cc h thng kch t kp (hai nhnh kch t ring): mt nhnh c iu chnh
ch ng, nhnh cn li iu chnh ph thuc theo (follow up)
H thng kch t kp (dual channel)

B phn b ti: c s dng khi cn iu khin gi khng i in

p ti nt ph ti pha xa.
in p ri trn tng tr t my pht n ti:
Vi: Vc: in p cn b
Vg: in p u cc my pht
Rc & Xc: tng tr t my pht n ti
Khi khng cn b ti: t Rc=0; Xc=0 khi s gi in p ti u
cc my pht
B gii hn dng kch t: gii hn dng kch t cc i v cc tiu

Cun kch t b gii hn v mt pht nng do phi gii hn dng kch t
cc i
Vi cc h thng hin i: s dng h thng gii hn dng kch t cc i
nhiu bc: dng kch t ln nht cho php ty thuc vo khong thi gian tn
ti.
H thng gii hn dng kch t l cn thit ngn nga qu ti khi my pht
lm vic vi h thng: trnh trng hp thiu cng sut phn khng ln v
my pht s c iu chnh b li s thiu ht ny.
B gii hn dng kch t: gii hn dng kch t cc i v cc tiu

Gii hn dng kch t cc tiu: cn thit phi gi mt ngng ti thiu ca
dng kch t trnh trng hp my pht d b mt ng b
B n nh cng sut (PSS): c tc dng iu khin tt nhanh cc
dao ng in trong h thng
Tn hiu u vo ca b PSS c th l tc roto, tn s dng in pht ra v
cng sut tc dng thc pht.
B PSS a thm tn hiu iu khin vo mch iu chnh in p.
S khi ca cc thit b AVR khc
iu chnh dng bin tr



Vn hnh song song cc my pht in
iu kin vn hnh song song cc my pht in: xt hai my pht

in G1 & G2 cng ni chung vo mt thanh gp. Mi my pht c
trang b mt b t ng iu chnh kch t (AVR)
AVR AVR
c tnh iu chnh ca my pht UF=f(IQ ) c th l c tnh c lp

hoc ph thuc
a. c lp
Ukhng ti
Ukhng ti
Ukhng ti
b. Ph thuc
IQ IQ
Gi thit hai my u trang b c tnh iu chnh c lp

Khi in p trn thanh gp chung b gim: my pht c b iu chnh vi vng cht
nh s tc ng trc nhn thm cng sut Q.
My pht cn li c th khng tc ng nhn thm Q hoc ch tc ng nhn thm Q
khi my th nht ht cng sut cng sut phn khng phn b gia cc my ty
: c my b y ti, c my non ti.
AVR AVR
IQ
Nu hai my c trang b c tnh ph thuc

Cng sut phn khng s phn b tun theo dc ca c tnh iu chnh
My pht c cng sut ln hn nn c trang b c tnh c dc t hn v ngc
li
dc ca c tnh iu chnh c nh ngha: s = tan
Uthanh gp
AVR AVR
IQ2 IQ1 IQ
thay i dc ca c tnh iu chnh, m bo s phn b n nh

cng sut Q gia cc my pht lm vic song song: dng mch n nh dng
in
Mch n nh dng in
in p a vo mch so snh c tng
hp thm tn hiu dng in (IQ)
in p a vo mch so snh (b qua t
s bin BU & BI):
U AVR = U khong tai + I Q R
Khi my pht nhn thm cng sut phn
khng IQ tng ln thnh phn (IQxR)
AVR AVR
tng in p UAVR tng ln.
Khi b iu khin thy in p u vo
b so snh UAVR ca n tng ln s iu
chnh gim in p u cc.
Quan h iu chnh: IQ tng & UF gim
l c tnh iu chnh ph thuc
Mc ph thuc (phn chia ti) c th
thay i bng thay i gi tr in tr R
Chi tit mch n nh dng in

Thay i dc c tnh iu chnh:
Thay i gi tr in tr R
Dch chuyn dc c tnh iu chnh:
S dng my bin p c iu chnh t s
phn p
Khi thay i t s bin p in p t
vo b AVR thay i
Gim t s: in p o c gim i b
AVR tng kch t gi in p u cc
c tnh tnh tin ln
Tng t s: c tnh tnh tin xung
AVR
Chi tit mch n nh dng in
AVR
in p tham chiu c ly t hai pha bt k

Dng in a mch n nh dng in: ly t pha cn li
Mch n nh dng in Cc ch hot ng
MF vn hnh vi h s cng sut bng 1
Cc my pht ch pht P, khng pht Q khng cn chia s Q

in p b thm bi mch n nh: rt nh khng gy thay i
lng cng sut Q ca cc my
MF vn hnh vi h s cng sut bng 0.8
in p b thm bi mch n nh: gy thay i in p ln hn

trng hp cos phi = 1
MF vn hnh vi h s cng sut bng 0
My pht ch pht cng sut phn khng Q

in p t mch n nh: cng trc tip vo in p o c ca AVR
S dng chung Mch n nh dng in & B phn b ph ti
AVR AVR
Mch n nh dng in v B phn b ph ti: c s

u ni cc tnh dng in khc nhau (mch n nh
U AVR = U khong tai + I Q R dng ly thnh phn dng in phn khng)
Trong a phn cc trng hp: khi ch cn b in p
cho ph ti theo thnh phn IQ*X Hai s c th
dng chung
Thit b t ng chuyn i u phn p MBA
Vic iu chnh in p c th thc hin thng qua vic thay i

u phn p cc my bin p
Vic thay i u phn p c th thc hin khi MBA ang mang
ti hoc ct in ty theo cu trc b chuyn mch
Chuyn u phn p phi ct ti: thng p dng cho cc my bin p
trung p hoc h p. Phm vi iu chnh thng trong khong 5%
Chuyn u phn p khi ang mang ti: thit b iu p di ti (OLTC) .
Phm vi iu chnh thng trong khong 20%
Nguyn l lm vic ca thit b iu p di ti
Tip im D&S ring bit

Vi in khng (a) Vi in tr (b) Loi t hp
M phng nguyn l lm vic ca thit b iu p di ti

S cn thit phi c thit b i ni trung gian
Khng c thit b i ni
S cn thit phi c khu hn ch dng in
Khng c thit b hn ch dng in

Hn ch dng in bng in tr
Hn ch dng in bng in tr
Chuyn u phn p qua tip im trung gian ph

Hn ch dng in bng in khng

Khng tn hao
C th nm trong mch chuyn mch Khng cn loi tr sau khi
chuyn mch
Chuyn mch bng my ct chn khng

Cc phng php chuyn mch: xut hin h quang du nhanh b
km cht lng
S dng thm chuyn mch bng my ct chn khng


Phng php trch u phn p vi MBA t ngu

a. S vng ca cun cao p
(H) l c nh t s
vng/volt s c nh nu
in p cao p c nh
Thch hp nu in p cao
p t thay i
b. Thch hp nu in p cao
p thay i nhiu
Cng tc o chiu:
o Ch vn hnh khi u phn
p ti v tr N (neutral)
o o chiu cc tnh in p
iu chnh tng/gim
Trch u phn p gn im trung tnh cun dy

Cc phng php trc ly u phn p ln cn v tr X
Phng php ly u phn p gn im trung tnh: gim
c cch in ca thit b OLTC
Tuy nhin:
S vng cun cao p thay i theo v tr u phn p
Khng thch hp s dng v in p pha cao p thng tng
i n nh
S khi ca qu trnh iu khin thay i u phn p

Tn hiu iu khin khc
(vd: t b iu khin ch o)
Bin ng (nhiu)
Nc
B iu phn p
B chuyn My bin p
khin mch
Bin ng (nhiu): v d s thay i ca ti, thay i cu trc li dn

n thay i in p
Tn hiu iu khin khc: khi my bin p lm vic song song th cc b
iu khin c th nhn tn hiu iu khin t mt b iu khin ch o
(master)
S u ni ca b iu khin
Cc gi tr chnh nh
Mc in p ci t
Gi tr ci t thng cao hn 5%
Vng
b cho in p ri trn ng dy 105V
khng
Vng khng nhy U kn nhy
Phi m bo sao cho khi iu chnh
mt nc phn p th mc thay i
in p U khng c vt qu Thi gian tr
ngng khng nhy
U kn = (1.1 1.2) U
Thi gian tr:
trnh thit b lm vic lin tc khi c dao ng in p ngn hn (vd: do ng
c khi ng) t 30-60 giy
Gi in p ti im nt ph ti:
Tng t nh trong thit b iu khin kch t
Phi hp s lm vic song song cc MBA
L do lm vic song song ca cc MBA:

Tng kh nng ti
Tng cng mc d phng
D dng khi cn bo dng mt MBA
Cc vn cn quan tm
Khc t s/ in p
Khc tng tr
B iu khin khng tng thch vi nhau
Tng dng ngn mch...
Hu qu khi phi hp sai:
Ti phn b khng u
Dng cn bng chy qun ln
Qu ti, tng tn tht
B OLTC hot ng nhiu: hao mn, tng gim p lin tc...
L do cn phi hp cc b iu p di ti
Sai lch thi gian: mt b iu p hot ng nhanh hn cc b khc
Mt MBA s thay i u phn p trc, MBA cn li khng thay i hai
MBA s vn hnh song song vi cc nc phn p khc nhau sinh ra dng cn
bng chy qun gia hai my pht nng, qu ti, tng tn hao.
Sai lch cm bin in p: tc hi tng t
MBA 15MVA; Xk%=8.7;

Uth cp=12.7kV
Lch mt nc phn p Icb=25A
Yu cu i vi vic phi hp
Cc MBA song song: m bo iu p nh ci t vi mt my
Nc phn p: c t ng la chn sao cho dng cn bng chy qun
nh nht
Cc MBA c th khng cn thit hot ng ti cng v tr u phn p
Cc chc nng phi t ng c m bo: khi thay i cu hnh h thng
Cc phng php phi hp b iu khin

Theo phng php b iu khin ch o/ ph thuc
(Master/Flolower)
Phng php dng cn bng nh nht
Nguyn l iu khin ch o/ph thuc

Da theo gi thit: gi cng nc phn p dng cn bng nh nht
Ch o/ph thuc gi cng nc phn p

Ch p dng vi cc MBA ging nhau hon ton
T s BI c th khc nhau
Yu cu c phn hi t thit b c iu khin (thng dng cc rle
trung gian)
Khi c 01 b iu khin Khi c 02 b iu khin

Nguyn l dng cn bng nh nht

S dng thm thit b ph tr (Parallel Balancing Module)
Thit b ph tr phn tch dng in chy qua MBA:
Dng ti thng thng cc dng ti qua cc MBA cng pha vi nhau
Dng cn bng chy qun lch pha 1800 gia cc MBA
S u ni theo phng php dng cn bng nh nht Nguyn l ca khi cn bng dng
V d
My bin p cng sut 12 MVA 13,8kV; Un=9%
Phm vi iu chnh ca mt nc phn p: 0,625%
Mi my mang ti 10MVA
V d phng php nguyn l dng cn bng nh nht
Cun th cp ni tip
dng in cun s cp
K1&K2 phi bng nhau
Cc tnh dng in a
vo rle 90 (iu chnh
u phn p) khc nhau
cc MBA chu tc ng
iu chnh ngc nhau
Cun khng: iu chnh

nhy bng cch iu chnh
t l dng vo rle 90

Chng 06
iu chnh tn s & Cng sut
tc dng
Gii thiu chung
Tn s ca h thng in bt buc phi c duy tr: 50 0.1 Hz

Vn hnh vi tn s dao ng trong khong 0.2 Hz c th cho php
trong khong thi gian ngn (vi iu kin lch gia ng h in
& ng h thin vn khng qu 2 pht trong 24 gi).
Vic iu chnh tn s mang tnh h thng, phng tin iu chnh
tn s l cc my pht in
Ti cc t my c trang b cc b iu tc
B iu tn s tc ng thay i tham s t ca cc b iu tc ny
trong qu trnh iu khin tn s.
Gii thiu chung
Qu trnh iu chnh tn s:
iu chnh s cp: do cc b iu tc m nhn.
B iu tc c thit k iu khin duy tr tc tua bin thng qua iu chnh
ngun nng lng s cp (nc, hi...) vo tuabin.
Qu trnh iu tc s cp c nhim v nhanh chng ngn chn s mt cn bng cng
sut.
Cui qu trnh iu tc s cp vn tn ti mt lch tn s nht nh.
Lm thay i trao lu cng sut trn cc ng truyn ti
iu chnh th cp:
a tn s tr v nh mc
iu chnh li lung cng sut trao i gia cc khu vc theo mt k hoch xc nh
trc.
Phn b li lng cng sut iu chnh gia cc t my nhm cc tiu ha chi phi vn
hnh.
Gii thiu chung
Thi gian ca cc qu trnh iu chnh
iu tn & dng
cng sut
iu khin tuabin
iu chnh in p
Bo v rle
S khi
H thng iu tc ca cc tuabin hi
Hot ng
Speed Governor: l b o tc , tn hiu u ra l v tr ca thanh iu khin t l
vi tc thc ca tuabin
V tr ca thanh ny c so snh (bng c kh) vi v tr chun mc sai lch v tr
t l vi lch tc
Tuy nhin lch ny nh: cn khuych i v c lc v khong lch dng cc b
khuych i Speed Relay v Servo Motor
My iu tc tuabin
My iu tc tuabin c nhiu loi: do cn thao tc iu khin vi lc ln nn

cc c cu tha hnh phn ln c tr gip bng thy lc. Cc b iu tc
khc nhau c cu o tc
Loi c kh: n gin nht dng c cu tay quay & qu vng o tc
Loi thy lc: s dng mt bm du ly tm quay bi tuabin. Bm ny s bm
du vo mt xi lanh c piston. Piston c cn bng bi lc l xo. p lc du t l
vi bnh phng tc quay v tr ca piston t l vi tc .
Loi dng tn hiu in: tuabin quay mt my pht in dng nam chm vnh cu.
Tn hiu in pht ra b lc vi tn s cng hng bng tn s nh mc. u
ra ca b lc c chnh lu cho ra in p mt chiu t l vi lch tc .
Gii php khc: s dng my pht xung vung quay bi tuabin. Tn hiu xung
vung ny c so snh vi tn hiu t mt b dao ng thch anh chun . Tn
hiu u ra ca b so snh cng c chnh lu tn hiu iu khin.
My iu tc tuabin
C cu o tc kiu c kh: tay quay-qu vng
Tay quay
L xo Qu vng
Trc
quay
My iu tc tuabin
C cu o tc kiu c kh: cc bin th

My iu tc tuabin
C cu o tc kiu thy lc
My iu tc tuabin
C cu o tc s dng tn hiu in & quang in

S khi my iu tc tuabin
Loi c kh (tay quay qu vng)
Centrifugal Governor: b o tc kiu ly tm (tay quay-qu vng)

S khi my iu tc tuabin
Loi in thy lc
My iu tc tuabin
CCD: c cu t
Du p lc vo
Du x
My iu tc tuabin
Khi thiu cng sut Tc tuabin gim i
Du p lc vo
Du x
My iu tc tuabin
Du p lc vo
Du x
My iu tc tuabin
Du p lc vo
Du x
My iu tc tuabin
Vai tr ca c cu t (CCD)
thay im t qua thay i cng sut pht ca t my
Du p lc vo
Du x
My iu tc tuabin
Khi a v tr t ln cao hn
Du p lc vo
Du x
My iu tc tuabin
Du p lc vo
Du x
My iu tc tuabin
tng cng sut pht ca t my
Du p lc vo
Du x
Phi hp s lm vic song song cc MF
Hon ton tng t vi phn iu khin kch t cc my pht in: cc

my pht c th lm vic song song n nh c tnh iu chnh ca my
pht phi l loi ph thuc
f f
fm f1
f2
P1
P2
P P1 P1 P2 P2 P
c tnh c lp
c tnh ph thuc
Cc t my c dc t hn s nhn nhiu cng sut ln hn v ngc li. -
c dc c tnh iu chnh ty theo cng sut my pht.
Thng dc c t trong khong 2-8%
S h thng iu tn trong HT
204
Chng 7
SCADA
T ng ha trm bip p &
T ng ha li in phn phi
(SCADA, Substation Automation & Automation for
Power Distribution )
Gii thiu chung
Tham kho cc slide gi km

206
Thit b FACTS trong h thng in
(FACTS devices Introduction & Applications)
Chng 8
SVC (Brazil) - 500 kV, +/-250 MVAr

nh ngha
H thng truyn ti in xoay chiu linh hot

Hoc Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System hay
FACTS
nh ngha ca IEEE l: h thng s dng cc thit b in t
cng sut v cc thit b tnh khc iu khin mt hoc nhiu
thng s ca h thng ng dy ti in xoay chiu, qua ,
nng cao kh nng iu khin v kh nng truyn ti cng sut.
Mc ch s dng thit b FACTS:

Truyn ti dng in xoay chiu
Nng cao kh nng iu khin h thng in
Tng kh nng truyn ti cng sut
Gii quyt cc vn cht lng in nng
Gii thiu chung
Phn t c bn ca thit b FACTS:

Cc b nghch lu c iu khin cng sut ln (Power Electronic
Switching Inverter)
B iu khin (Controller)
B ngun (c th c hoc khng)
Tin b ca cng ngh in t cng sut
Assembly of Chips in
Pellet of LTT Thyristor Pellet of GTO / IGCT
IGBT
LTT = Light triggered Thyristor
GTO = Gate turn-off Thyristor
IGCT = Insulated Gate commutated Thyristor
IGBT = Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor

Modun cho h thng HVDC
S dng LTT Thyristor

Trm chnh lu 3,100 MW Celilo (M) - HVDC
Thay th cc chnh lu thy ngn

H thng thyristor ca hng NARI
Khi iu khin thyristor
Thyristor
B tn nhit
Phn loi
Phn loi s b thit b FACTS:
Kt ni ni tip Kt ni song song Kt ni hn hp

Cc thit b FACTS ph bin
Static VAR Compensator (SVC)

Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC)
Thyristor Controlled Phase shifting Transformer
Static Synchronous Compensator (SSC)
Static synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC)
Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC)
Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC)
Interline Power Flow controller (IPFC)

215
Static Var Compensator (SVC)
SVC (Brazil) - 500 kV, +/-250 MVAr

Chc nng ca thit b b tnh SVC

Giai on mi xut hin:
B v duy tr h s cng sut cho cc ti cc nh my luyn thp, l h
quang
Cn bng ti
SVC c s dng cho li truyn ti (cui thp k 70)
Tng kh nng truyn ti cho ng dy di
Ci thin tnh n nh nh kh nng iu chnh nhanh in p
Dp tt cc dao ng tn s thp (dao ng in)
Khng ch qu in p
Hot ng:
iu chnh in p: thay i lng CSPK pht/tiu th vo h thng
iu chnh lin tc trong phm vi Q + Q
Khng gm cc phn quay qun tnh iu chnh rt nh
Cu to
Thyristor Controlled Reactor (TCR) Khng c iu khin
Thyristor Switched Capacitor (TSC) T ng/ct bng thyristor
B t ng/ct: iu chnh th, nhy cp

Khng c iu khin: iu chnh trn
u ni vi h thng
Cc b SVC thng c ni ln ng dy qua my bin p (coupling
transformer)
Cc my bin p gim in p xung cp thch hp ( v d t
220kV23kV)
Gim chi ph v cch in cho SVC
V d
Thut ton iu khin n gin
S khi ca phn iu khin

Khi o lng
o in p lc ra thnh
phn in p th t thun
Khi iu chnh in p:
Da trn sai khc in p
tnh ton tng dn B cn c Khi ng b & pht xung
ca SVC b sai khc ny iu khin thyristor:
Khi la chn: ng b in p s dng
Xc nh xem bao nhiu khi mch PLL (Phase-Locked
TSC s cn ng vo Loop)
Xc nh gc m ca thyristor To xung iu khin
trong mch TCR ng/m
Mch PLL (Phase-Locked

Loop)
C nhim v pht ra tn hiu
c ng b v gc pha vi
tn hiu u vo (reference
signal)
Main : Graphs
Va Theta
400
300
VaVa
200
VbVb Phase-
theta 100
y
Locked theta
Loop 0
VcVc
-100
-200
0.060 0.080 0.100 0.120 0.140 0.160 0.180 0.200 ...
...
...
Kt qu m phng mch PLL
c tnh lm vic V-I ca SVC (ch xc lp)
SVC c hai ch vn hnh

Ch iu chnh in p (voltage regulation)
Ch iu chnh cng sut (VAR control): gi tng dn khng i
dc c tnh 15%
Gii hn theo dung
lng khng in
Gii hn theo dung lng t
c tnh lm vic ch iu chnh in p

Biu din quan h gia in p trn SVC v dng in (cng sut phn khng ca SVC)
c tnh lm vic V-I ca SVC (ch xc lp)
dc ca c tnh
m bo s hot ng song song gia cc b
SVC & vi cc thit b b khc
Ngn nga vic SVC lm vic ht cng sut
thng xuyn
Xc nh im lm vic ca SVC
Thut ton iu khin nng cao
Vi thut ton iu khin n gin

SVC phn ng vi tn hiu lch in p iu chnh lng CSPK
pht ra
Vi s c ln, SVC s dng hu ht kh nng pht CSPK
Khi s c tip theo: SVC khng cn kh nng phn ng
Cn c thut ton iu khin: a gi tr pht ca SVC v gi tr mc
nh (rt nh) ch ln lm vic k tip

Cn c thut ton iu khin:
a gi tr pht ca SVC v gi tr mc nh (rt nh) ch ln lm vic k
tip
Thi gian tc ng ca khu iu khin ny:
Rt chm (hng chc giy hoc hng pht)
Khng nh hng ti tnh nng iu chnh nhanh in p ca SVC
Khi SVC pht tr v gi tr mc nh ban u
Cc thit b pht CSPK khc ln cn s m nhn phn SCPK thiu ht (cc b
t b)
Khu iu chnh in p
tng t nh thut ton
iu khin n gin
Khu iu chnh cng sut
VAR (gi tng dn khng
i):
So snh gi tr tng dn thc
t vi gi tr t (Bset)
Gi tr Bset thng tng
ng vi lng CSPK do b
lc sng hi trong SVC pht ra
Sai s c a qua khu tch
phn tn hiu in p hiu
chnh ti b so snh
Khu iu chnh ny hot
ng vi hng s thi gian ln
(hng chc giy hoc vi pht)
Khu iu chnh cng sut

VAR (gi tng dn khng
i):
Chc nng ny c th tm b
kha khi c bin ng in p
ln tn dng ton b cng
sut ca SVC
iu khin cc thit b b
ngoi vi
Khi SVC c iu khin tr
v gi tr tng dn mc nh
cc thit b b khc phi
gnh phn CSPK
Trang b thm khu iu khin
lin ng ti thit b b ngoi
vi
Phn tch hot ng
1. im hot ng bnh thng: giao ct

gia c tnh ti ca h thng v c
tnh ca SVC
2. Xy ra bin ng in p gim mt
lng VT SVC nhanh chng di
chuyn im lm vic ti 2 di tc
dng ca khu iu chnh in p
3. Nu bin ng in p vn duy tr trong
thi gian ln tn hiu ca khu
tch phn ln s tc ng iu
chnh a im lm vic v 3
4. Do :
1. in p b gim di ngng mong mun
2. SVC vn cn kh nng d tr hot ng
5. Cc thit b b ln cn c th c a
vo ph tr thm.
Logic kha khi thp p
L do kha SVC khi xy ra thp p trm trng

Khi xy ra s c in p st trm trng SVC vn hnh ch thun dung
khng khi s c c loi tr c th gy qu p
Cn kha SVC khi in p st qua thp
Logic thc hin
Khi in p 3 pha gim qu UVmin (thng t 60%):

Chc nng iu chnh in p b kha (bng cch gn Bref=0)
Kha van thyristor thao tc ng/ct cc b t (TSC)
Chc nng iu chnh VAR cng b kha
Khi in p hi phc trn ngng UVmax (thng t 69%) lu (30ms):
B tn hiu kha {chc nng iu chnh in p & ng/ct b t}
Sau (170ms): m kha chc nng iu chnh chm VAR
M hnh ha SVC
Mc phc tp ca m hnh SVC ty theo mc ch nghin cu

Cc mc ch nghin cu:
Tnh ton tro lu cng sut (Power Flow)
M hnh tnh ton khi c cc bin ng ln & nh
Nghin cu hin tng qu in t (EMTP)
Nghin cu vn sng hi v cht lng in nng
M hnh ha SVC
M hnh s dng khi tnh ch li (ch xc lp)

Trong phm vi iu chnh
B qua dc c tnh iu khin
SVC c m phng nh mt nt PV vi P=0 & V=Vref
Nu dc c tnh cn tnh ti: S dng m hnh nh trn

Chn thm mt thanh gp gi tng vo s
Thanh gp gi tng ni ti thanh gp SVC bng mt in khng tng ng vi dc c
tnh iu khin
M hnh m phng c xt dc c tnh iu chnh

M hnh ha SVC
M hnh s dng khi tnh ch li (ch xc lp)

Ngoi phm vi iu chnh
Nu ISVC> Imax (v pha in khng)
Nu V < Vmin (v pha in dung)

M hnh ha SVC
M hnh s dng khi xt n cc kch ng ln & nh

Nu xem xt vn n nh do cc dao ng in c
B qua m phng cc qu trnh qu in t trong m hnh ca SVC
Thay th SVC bng mt tng dn thay i
Dng in qua SVC theo quan h vi tng dn
Ma trn tng dn phi cp nht sau mi ln tnh
Thay th SVC bng mt ngun dng bin thin

Dng in qua SVC theo quan h vi tng dn
Ma trn tng dn khng cn cp nht nu SVC c m phng nh
ngun dng (bip thin)
Kt qu m phng hot ng ca SVC
237
T b dc c iu khin
M hnh l thuyt
n gin
MOV
My ct: a TCSC vo hot ng/ct ra khi li khi c yu cu hoc s c.

in khng hn ch dng in (L)
Bo v cho b t: gm nhiu cp
MOV (metal-oxide varistor): in tr phi tuyn u song song bo v chng qu p
Ngn mch duy tr dng in ln c th lm hng MOV khe mi phng in K s hot
ng Dng ngn mch s chy qua K v my bin dng nu ti ngng tc ng a
tn hiu ng my ct MC ni tt cc phn t
Khi dao cch ly c th ng li ni tt lu di TCSC
T b dc c iu khin
M hnh l thuyt
n gin
M hnh thc t:
bao gm c cc
thit b bo v
Thit b TCSC u tin hot ng nm 1996

ng dng ca TCSC
TCSC gia tng tnh iu khin ca HT

Tng kh nng ti ca ng dy
Ci thin s vn hnh n nh ca HT
Dp dao ng (damping) tn s thp
Ngn nga sp in p (iu khin in p)
iu khin dng cng sut
ng dng ca TCSC
Tng cng n nh ca HT
Cng sut truyn ti trn ng dy:
ng B: c tnh cng sut ca my pht trong CXL

ng A & C: c tnh cng sut ng vi Xcmax & Xcmin
Ti thi im ct ngn mch TCSC c iu khin ti
gi tr Xcmax nng c tnh cng sut ln ng A
din tch hm tc tng m bo n nh h thng vi
gc lch cho php ti max (nu khng iu khin gc
lch c th tng ti k hoc mt n nh nu B thp hn)
Ti thi im gc lch bt u gim cn iu chnh
TCSC th hin Xcmin gim din tch gia tc (theo chiu
m) dao dng gc lch ch gim ti min
Sau 4 ln TCSC tc ng th h thng v n nh quang
gi tr cn bng
ng dng ca TCSC
TCSC gia tng tnh iu khin ca HT

iu khin dng cng sut, gim tn tht
Cc ch hot ng
Nguyn l hot ng: tng tr ca h thng b dc
Thay i gi tr in khng thng qua gc m ca thyristor

Cc ch hot ng
Ch thyristor c m hon ton
Dng in l hnh sin
Tng tr ca TCSC c tnh cm khng do in dn B ca khng thng chn ln hn ca b t
Dng in hu ht i qua cun khng v ch mt phn nh chy qua b t c tc dng bo
v b t chng qu p khi c qa dng in.
Cc ch hot ng
Ch thyristor kha hon ton
Van thyristor khng hot ng
TCSC th hin tnh dung khng: ca t b c nh
TSCS khng th hin vai tr trong ch hot ng ny

Ch ny thng t dng (waiting mode)
Cc ch hot ng
Ch thyristor c iu khin
Van thyristor thay i gc ng m trn di rng
TCSC th hin tnh dung khng hoc cm khng: ty theo gc m ca van thyristor
Thut ton iu khin TSCS
iu khin theo tng tr

Thng s dng ch iu khin khng phn hi (open loop
control)
L ch ph bin nht iu khin dng cng sut trn ng dy
iu khin gi tng tr khng i Khu tr do

phn ng
ca TCSC
(~15ms)
Gi tr mong mun ca mc b

in khng tham chiu Xref
Hoc dng cng sut mong mun
iu khin theo dng in khng i (constant current)

Thng s dng ch iu khin c phn hi (closed-loop control)
Gi tr dng in cn duy tr i lng tham chiu
Ia,b,c chnh lu
Qua b lc
Dng in
tham chiu
Khu iu Khu hn ch Khu chuyn i
khin PI in dn sang tn hiu
ng/m thyristor
iu khin theo dng in khng i (constant current)

Thng s dng ch iu khin c phn hi (closed-loop control)
Gi tr dng in cn duy tr i lng tham chiu
Khu la chn ch vn hnh:

Dng bo v TCSC
Khi c ngn mch: thyristor m hon ton (bypass mode) hn ch qu p
Trong qu trnh loi tr s c, TCSC ch ch (waiting mode)
iu khin theo gc truyn ti khng i (constant angle)

Thch hp s dng khi ng dy c TCSC vn hnh song song vi
ng dy khc
Mc tiu iu khin: trong cc tnh hung s c ca h thng
Gi cng sut trn ng dy song song khng i
Cho php cng sut trn ng dy c TCSC thay i
gi khng i dng cng sut phi duy tr gc truyn ti (gc

lch )
iu khin tch hp thm chc nng dp tt dao ng

Mc tiu iu khin:
Dp tt nhanh chng cc dao ng tn s thp
Tn hiu dng in qua khu vi phn a thm vo mch iu
khin
iu khin theo dng cng sut khng i (constant power

flow)
Mc tiu iu khin: gi dng cng sut khng i trn ng dy
Tnh cng sut
Qui i v h v
tng i
Khu tr
Gi tr cng sut
tham chiu
253
STATCOM (hoc SSC)
(Static Synchronous Compensator)
100MVA STATCOM Installed at 345kV Substation, Korea

Bai Giang Tu Dong Hoa Trong He Thong Dien 21-11-2011

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T NG HA

11/21/2011 Ging vin: Nguyn Xun Tng & Nguyn Th Anh

T ng ha h thng in - Automation in Electrical

Automatic Power System Power System Stability and

Operation and Control in Control and automation of

Kha hc online ti trang web ca NPTEL

Chng m u: Gii thiu chung v t ng ha trong HT v

Cc loi s c trong HT:

S tng hp: th hin y cc phn t ca s

S biu din c v trng thi khng in:

Tip im trng thi m:

Tip im trng thi ng

Tip im trng thi thng m

Tip im trng thi m, m chm

Tip im trng thi m, ng chm

Tip im trng thi thng ng

Tip im trng thi ng, m chm

Tip im trng thi ng, ng chm

Rle c k hiu theo tn gi:

1RT1; 1RT2 hoc 1RT1; 1RT2 hoc 1RT-1; 1RT-2... 4RG

S bo v qu dng vi bin dng in t trn hai pha

Mch khai trin in xoay chiu Mch khai trin in mt chiu

S liu thng k i vi ng dy trn khng:

Theo s pha thc hin TL

TL 1 pha dng cho li 500kV: ch yu l s c mt

Theo thi gian thc hin t ng li:

Thc t: m bo xc sut thnh cng:

Theo cp in p thc hin t ng li:

Thit b TL phi m bo ng s ln tc ng:

Thit b TL phi c kha trong mt s trng hp:

Thit b TL phi c kha trong mt s trng hp:

Mc ch: ch cho php TL khi ng khi c yu cu

Khi ng bng thit b bo v rle - Khi c s c trn ng dy, thit b

Khi ng bng tip im ph {my ct & kha iu khin}

Tip im chnh ri nhau Tip im dp h quang tch ri

H quang b dp tt Tip im v tr m hon ton

Qu trnh ct my ct (my ct GL314 Areva)

Thi gian lm vic ca bo v: t khi bo v khi ng >> pht tn hiu ct

Thi gian ct MC: cun ct mang in >> h quang dp tt

Thi gian tn ti h quang trong MC: cc u tip xc chnh ca MC ri nhau

di xung ng ca TL: l khong thi gian tip im u ra ca thit b

Thi gian ng ca MC: cun ng MC mang in >> tip im chnh MC

Thi gian kh i-on: l thi gian cn thit khng kh xung quanh im s c

Tnh ton ci t thng s

ng dy mt ngun cp (TL 3 pha):

TL ln th hai: chn theo gi tr ln nht ca

tTL > tkh i-on tng MC

ng dy hai ngun cp (TL 3 pha):

HT1 MC1 MC2 HT2

Thi gian lm vic ca cc bo v: tBV1 <tBV2 (pha 1 ct ra trc khi c s c)

Do ng my ct 1 mt mt khong thi gian tr nn c th gi xung ng sm hn:

tTDL1 {(t BV 2 t BV 1 ) + tcat MC 2 + tkhu i on } td MC1 + tdu phong

TL 2 ch thc hin khi ng thnh cng pha i din (c th kim tra

ng dy hai ngun cp (TL 3 pha):

HT1 MC1 MC2 HT2

m bo an ton: trnh ng c hai ngun vo ngn mch cn tn ti:

Khng kim tra

T ng li khng ng b - Phm vi p dng:

Sut in ng & in khng qu ca hai pha h thng

Khng kim tra

EHT1 EHT2 EHT1 EHT2 EHT1 EHT2

Phi hp thit b bo v rle

Mc ch Phi hp gia thit b bo v rle (BVRL) & thit b