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    6 views96 pages

    Hwei Zbirka

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    xxxnomenxneutrum
    linear algebra

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    HARCOURT BRACE JOVANOVICH COLLEGE OUTLINE SERIES APPLIED FOURIER ANALYSIS Hwei P. Hsu Fairleigh Dickinson University eee CONTENTS ‘ourier Series : Periodic Functions Fourier Series Properties of Sine and C Orthogonal Functions : Evaluation of Fourier Coefficients : Approximation by Finite Fourier Series nalysis of Periodic Waveforms 2-1: Waveform Symmetry 2-2; Fourier Coefficients of Symmetric Waveforms Fourier Expansion of a Function over a Finite Interval rete Frequeney Spectra The Complex Form of Fourier Series : Orthogonalty of Complex Exponential Functions Complex Frequency Spectra : Power Content of a Periodic Function: Parseval’s Theorem eralized Functions : The Unit Impulse Function 5(7) : The Unit Step Function u(t) : Generalized Derivatives : Generalized Derivative of a Discontinuous Function Fourier Series of Derivatives of Discontinuous Periodic Functions Evaluation of Fourier Coefficients by Differentiation Fourier Transforms Sel: Fourier Transforms Properties of Fourier Transforms : Differentiation and Integration Theorems Parseval’s Formula Multidimensional Fourier Transforms vili Contents CHAPTER 6 Generalized Fourier Transforms 6-1: Functions of Slow Growth 6-2: Generalized Fourier Transforms 6-3: The Fourier Transform of a Periodic Function 6-4: Integral Representation of 4(1) \Convolution and Correlation Convolution Convolution Theorems Parseval’s Theorem Correlation Functions : The Wiener—Khintchine Theorem CHAPTER 7 Applications to Signal Theory 8-1: Band-Limited and Duration- Limited Signals ; The Uncertainty Principle Sampling Theorems Modulation Average Correlation Functions ‘Average Power Spectra: Random Signals 8-7; Analytic Signals and Hilbert Transforms CHAPTER 9 Applications to Linear Systems 9-1: Linear Systems 9.2; Unit Impulse Response and System Function : Operational System Function Causal Systems ; Response to Random Signals 9 9 9 SES CHAPTER 10 Applications to Boundary-Value Problems 10-1: Separation of Variables and Fourier Series 10-2: Vibration 10-3: Heat Conduction 10-4: Potential Theory FINAL EXAMINATION APPENDIX A. Three Forms of Fourier Series APPENDIX B Summary of Symmetry Conditions APPENDIX C_ Properties of the Fourier Transform APPENDIX D_ List of Symbols INDEX oF 98 103 105 115 117 120 121 136 136 137 141 143 145 146 161 161 162 164 166 168 184 184 188 197 214 217 217 218 220 FOURIER SERIES @ Periodic Functions Fourier Series @ Properties of Sine and Cosine: Orthogonal Functions Evaluation of Fourier Coefficients Approximation by Finite Fourier Series 1-1. Periodic Functions A, Definition of periodic functions AA periodie function is any function for which Periodic function f= ferD aay for all t. The smallest constant T that satisfies (1.1) is ealled the period of the function, By iteration of (1.1), we obtain fl =fle-+ nT), 7 (2) Figure 1-1 shows an example of a periodic function. Note that a constant isa periodie function of a period T for any value of T. fo rr Figure 1-1 A periodic function. EXAMPLE 1-1: Find the period of the function f(t) = cos 2s Solution: From the trigonometric formula ‘cos(61 + 2nm) = cos 0c0s 2am — sindsin 2am ‘we obtain cos( + 2nm) = cos 0 for any integer m since cos 2xm = 1 and sin 2nm = 0 for any integer m. ‘Thus, we see from definition (1.1) that cos Bis a periodic function with a period 2x since the smallest value (of 2xm is 2x when m = 1, Now cos2(¢ + T) = cost cas(2t + 27) = cos2r 1 2 Applied Fourier Analysis Since we know that cos(@ + 2xm) = cos for any integer m, we have 27 = 2xm. Therefore, T= nm, ‘When m = 1, we obiain the smallest value of T. Hence, the period T=. In general, if the function fle) = coset + c0s00s¢ is periodic with a period T, it must be possible to find two integers m and n such that @,T=2am and @,T=2nn (0, min ‘That is, the ratio o,/co, must be a rational number. EXAMPLE 1-2; Find the period of the function f(1) = cos(¢/3) + eos(t/4). ‘Solution: From definition (1.1), 1 1 ‘See engl + T)+ cosjlt + 7) = cosy + cos ‘Since cos(@ + 22m) = cos # for any integer m, we see that 5, L fT 2em and 77 = Dan where m and n are integers. Therefore, T = 6nm = Sin, When m = 4 and n= 3, we obtain the smallest value of T. (You can do this by trial-and-error.) Hence, T = 24x, B, Properties of periodic functions IF f(e+T)= (9, we have [roa [Pra Properties of [ime [108 for any 2, B, and a. EXAMPLE 1-3: Verify the properties (1.3) and (1.4) Solution: Uf f(c-+ T) = ((0, then letting ¢ = x — 7, we have the relation S@-T+T)=fG)=fe-1 Now, making the substitution t = r — Tin f f(t)dt and using the relation we just obtained, we have [loa [r= ace [Pode = [0d ‘Next, the right-hand side of (1.4) can be written as soe [roe + [roe [raf som Now, by (1.3) we have “yng ("roa [soa [soar "plod Fourier Series 3 1-2. Fourier Series Let the function f(t) be periodic with period 7. This function can then be represented by the ‘rigonomeitie series Trigonometic Fourier serios i = J +E oycosnogt + sin mt) Where «= 2n/T. ‘A series such as(I.S)is called a trigonometric Fourier series, where a, and b, are the Fourier coefticients of (0). Series (1.5) can be rewritten as Trigonomeric Fourier series + E C.cosirat = 95) (@armonies frm) From (1.6), you can see that the Fourier series representation of a periodic funetion describes a periodic function as a sum af sinusoidal components having diferent frequencies. The sinsoidal component of frequency «, = no iscalled the nth harmonic of the periodic function. The frst harmon C cos(eot ~ 0,) is commonly called the fundamental component (because it has the same period as the function /(9)), $0 «4 = 2xfy = 2x/Tis called the fundamental angular frequency and fo = 1/T is the fundamental frequency. The coefficients C, and the angles @, are the harmonic amplitudes and phase angles, respectively. EXAMPLE 1-4: Derive the harmonies form (1.6) from the trigonometric Fourier series (1.5), and express the harmonicamplitudes C, and the phase angles 6, in terms of the Fourier coefficients a and Solution: Multiplying and dividing by /@2 + BF, we can write a,c08mgt + bsinnoyt = AEF BR Applying a trigonometric identity, we obtain 4,c0s ncgt + bin ney! = C,le0s 0,cos neyot + sin 0,sin net) £05) — 6) Also, letting Cy = ag, we obtain £10 = 50 + ¥ oomogt + bsinnyt) = Co + ¥: C,osinoe! ~ 6) 1-3. Properties of Sine and Cosine: Orthogonal Fun A. Definition of orthogonality A set of functions {(0)} is orthogonal on an interval a < ¢ Applied Fourier Analysis PROBLEM 1-2 Is the function f(r) = cos 101 + cos(10 + x}¢ periodic? Solution: Here «, = 10 and @, = 10 + m. Since «y/o = 10,(10 + x) isnot a rational number, itis impossible to find a value T for which /() = flt + T) (Ll) is satisfied. Hence, 74) is not periodic. PROBLEM 1-3 Find the period of the fonction f(Q)= [sino] and its fundamental angular frequency, where », = 2n/T, and T, is the period of sin,t. Solution: sin, t and |sin co, t| are plotted, respectively, in Figure 1-4a and b. From Figure 1-4b, we can sce that the period of /(t) = jsinw | is 7,/2 and its fundamental angular frequency is 2n/(T,/2) 4n/T, = 20, Figure 1-4 PROBLEM 1-4 Let fit+ 1) = fi) and F(t) = fy flc)dt —4agt, where ag = (2/T){™2f(ddt. Show that F(t + T) = P(y). Solution: Since meena | poaedaeen= [aoees [soba dour From ff f(ode = J£2F fds (1.3) and J& f(de = fe** fade (1.4), [oe [? pomedear JP note fire 1 rumour sade—baat Seg : - [roe tasane PROBLEM 1-5 Let fv + T) = f(t)and g(t i Show that if [73,, fd = 0. Solution: Since g(t) = fi fle)de, a+r sot + "sou Fourier Series 11 UMMARY 1. A function f(t) satisfying f(t + T) period. 2. A periodic function f(t) can be represented by the trigonometric Fourier series {f(0)is called a periodic function, and the smallest Tis called its Fetes caer haa a f= Cot ¥ Ceosinat—0,) where wy = 2x/T. 3. The coeflcients of the Fourier series are found by using the orthogonality properties of sine and cosine functions over a period (e i i ees 1 aam(*) 4, A set of functions {q(2)} is called an orthogonal set on an interval a < ¢ mo -cos[(m + Mle ag Theses an | =0 if men If'm =n #0, by using the trigonometric identity sin 26 = 2sin cos), we get sins tenenai= "sexe i j sin(2mai a Gmgcenment =0 Certainly for m = n = 0, the integral equals zero, = 1,2,...yis said to be an orthonormal ined by PROBLEM 1-7 Aninfinite set of real functions:{4,(0)}. where Teo the anterval (yb) fo dl) Oq() dt yyy Were By 8 Kronecker dla, ai iF man Let f(t) bea function defined on the interval (a,b) and suppose that f(t) can be represented as (= e1dil + cab ++ d+ = F080 ‘on (a,b) everywhere, where ¢, are constants. Show that Solution: Multiplying f(t) by q(t) and integrating over the interval (a,5), we obtain Prose oo Joan GAO) Changing m to n, we obtain [rods 14 Applied Fouwier Analysis Evaluation of Fourier Coefficients PROBLEM 1-8 Find the Fourier series for the function whose waveform is shown in Figure 1-5. fo Figure 1-5 Solution: The function f(t) can be expressed analytically as, A Tarca Jo feo bet r ‘Since the average value of f(t) over a period is zero, ie Lagat saar=0 From (19h an? smotoayn ap 4 aims [i eoteana 2 [Areata § ["—fronimnne “The first integral on the right-hand side equals zero. a eee oad ‘ sm Aft scourounte— a [teoroana AHA sete [ten [PP sssstaunae Now integrating by parts, 1 e0s(ncH Since cos nx = (— 1), nocd Similarly, rom (1.10), JE posi et ? oan J | ini Frsinimndt 4 FF snide (Casing 1 = SP inmona sin(naagt)de Hence, ! eet ee re PROBLEM 1-9 Find the Fourier series for the function f(t) defined by fo. -fero ‘And from (1.19) we deduce that Wor ac>? + Xtal + 8) PROBLEM 1-13 If {a,} and {b,} are the sequence of the Fourier coeficients of f(0, show that lim a, = lim b= 0 ‘Solution: From the result of Problem 1-12, Aye Hoe ek Te iD 7a3+ Set +08) if” tora Sinoe the series on the left-hand side is convergent, it is necessary that lim (a3 +53) =0 which implies 18 Applied Fourier Analysis PROBLEM 1-14 Multiply Hi = haa 5 (.ooanogt + bainnost) bby f(0), integrate term-by-term, and show that LIM ora =jet+g Zick eb Lea a (Hint: Sce the proof of Parseval’s identity in Example 1-11.) ‘Solution: Using (1.9) and (1.10), [Evora [poe +3 [« JF seston + i sosatrosnat] Sets va] Thus, $ [Evora ajaeg Seren) PROBLEM 1-15. Ife, are the Fourier coefficients of f(e) with respect to the orthonormal set {¢, show that, fora $e Sotaion: From Problem 1-7, s0= Sob which also can be written as 10> § cabal [ora [Sse “oS, 5 cou0 fe [Bef éxobuindt] 3 ‘nine Ea Thus, = a6 PROBLEM 1-16 Use Parseval’s identity (1.27) to prove that Fourier Series. 19 which can be rewritten as fo- ¥ n(2n— Not Zan © yonar= Lm PROBLEM 1-17. Rework Problem 1-16 by using the Fourier series expansion of Problem 1-8 ‘Solution: From Problem 1-8, we have 8 t ea (exe ee) se lan mn [ cos(2n — Hoot ypeosn = tho Setting t = 0.and f(0) = 1, we obtain Loa Supplementary Exercises PROBLEM 1-18 Find the periods of the following functions: (a) cos mt, (0) cos 2x1, (© sinQnsh,—(@ sine + sin(/3) +sinl/S}, (©) [sin at Answer: (a) 2a/n, — (b) 1, () k — @) 308, (@) H/o. PROBLEM 1-19 If /()is. periodic function ofr with period 7;show that f(a for a 4 Oisa periodic function of ¢ with period Tia PROBLEM 1-20. Find the Fourier series for the funetion f(t) defined by f(t) = 1 for —x<1<0, fe) = 0 for 0 <1 < mand flr + 2n) = (0. (See Figure 1-7) 12 @ sin@n— ty ee ae el Figure 1-7 20 Applied Fourier Analysis: PROBLEM 1-21 Find the Fourier series of the function f(t) defined by f(t) = ¢for the interval (—n, ) and f(t + 2n) = f(0). (See Figure 1-8.) emer) Figure 1-8 PROBLEM 1-22 Find the Fourier series for the function f(t) defined by f(t) = 1? for the interval (—nx) and f(t + 2n) = fl). (See Figure 1-9.) Answer: oo" ln Figure 1-8 PROBLEM 1-23. Find the Fourier series for the function f(¢) = |A sin of), (See Figure 1-10.) fio Gyr conto) Figure 1-10 PROBLEM 1-24 Expand f(e) = sin?r cos*t in Fourier series. cost — cos 31 — cos St) PROBLEM 1-25. Expand J(Q) = e'®™' cos sin) in Fourier series, (Hint: Use the poner series for &* when 2 = re] Answers 1+ Tcosnt Fourier Series 21 PROBLEM 1-26 Approximate the function f(() = ¢ in the interval (—x,) with a finite Fourier series to five nonvanishing terms. Also, calculate the mean-square error in the approximation, PROBLEM 1-27 Using the Fourier series expansion of Example 1-7, show that eae Le -5+ Ties usw [Hint: Set t = 7/4 in the result of Example 1-7.) sm}, #,=0388 PROBLEM 1-28 Prove that [Hine: Set t = x in the result of Problem 1-22] PROBLEM 1-29. Find the sum S%, [1/(2n—1)*]. [Hint: Set ¢ = 0 in the result of Problem 1-8.} Answer: 12/8 PROBLEM 1-30 Let f(t) and g(t) be piecewise continuous with period T, and let dy, yard By be the respective Fourier coefficients of f(t) and g(t). Show that z I Sata = are + 3 (a + WB.) PROBLEM 1-31 If f(t) of Problem 1-7is approximated by fi(t) = Dh=1 GxPy(t), show that the mean square error [1b — @)) [2LA(0 — ACCT dt is a minimum. —— ANALYSIS OF PERIODIC WAVEFORMS Waveform Symmetry Fourier Coefficients of Symmetric Waveforms Fourier Expansion of a Function over a Finite Interval 2-1. Waveform Symmetry In this chapter well discuss the effect of waveform symmetry in a Fourier series. A. Eyen and odd functions AA function f{({) is even when it satisfies the condition Even symmetry W-n= 10) en and it is odd if (0d symmetry f-9= fe) 2) Examples of even and odd functions are shown in Figure 2-1. Note that an even function is symmetric about the vertical axis at the origin, On the other hand, an odd function is antisymmetric about the vertical axis at the origin fo fo ® © Figure 2-1 (a) An even function; (b) an odd function. B. Half-wave symmetry Ifafunction f(#)is periodie with period 7, the periodic function f(t) has half-wave symmetry when it satisfies the condition fet Mattwave symmetry = ~1(0+57) e3) ‘A waveform wit half-wave symmetry shown in Figure 2-2 Note that te negative portion of the ‘waveform is the mirror image of the positive portion of the waveform, displaced horizontally by a half period. 22 23 Analysis of Periodic Waveforms fo Figuro 2-2 Hall-wave symmetry. C. Quarter-wave symmetry Ifa periodic function f(t) has half-wave symmetry and, in addition, is either an even or odd function, then (0) is said to have even or odd quarter-wave symmetry. Figure 2-3 illustrates waveforms with quarter-wave symmetry. fy fy a o » Figure 2-3. (a) Even quarter-wave symmetry; (b) odd quarter-wave symmetry. D. Hidden symmetry Ofien the symmetry of a periodic function is obscured by a constant term, Figure 2-4a shows that the subtraction of a constant A/2 from f(°) merely shifts the horizontal axis upward by the amount 4/2 ‘As Figure 2-4b shows, the new function, gt} = f(t) — 4/2, is an odd function. fo, sw-4 © » Figure 2-4. (a) Hidden symmetry; (b) odd symmetry. 24 Applied Fourier Analysis E, Properties of waveform symmetry 1. The products of two even or of two odd functions are even functions, and the product of an even! ‘and an odd funetion is an odd function. EXAMPLE 2-1: Verify Property 1 Solution: Let f(t) = ful) f.(0) If fi()and /a(0) are both even functions, then, AO = Al Of—9 = LLDEM) = $10) and if f,(0) and f,(0) are both odd functions, then fe Hf l—1) = “HMO = HOH = 0, This proves that f(t is an even function. Similarly if f,(@ is even and (0) is odd, then S- = H(A = f(AL fle = HOA = ‘This proves that f(t) is an odd function. 2. If f(0) is even, then [r0a-2f soa ENAMPLE 2-2: Verily Property 2 Solution: Rewriting the left-hand side of (2.4, firoe=[ you + [roe Letting t= —x in the fist integral ofthe right-hand sd, Since f(O is even, that is, f(—x) = f(x), Segde= f fae svar f Henee, * soa = [pina 3. If f(o) is odd, then * piat=0 £0) -0 EXAMPLE 23: Verify Property 3 Solution: Rewriting the left-hand side of (2), {_po00=f suas [Loe [coe [ne Since f(t) is odd, that is, f(—) = (0, [_poa=- [04s ['m4-0 Analysis of Periodic Waveforms 25 In particular, f(—0) = —f(0) and f(—0) = f(0); hence, J=0 4. Ifa periodic function f(¢) is half-wave symmetric, then f= A: = ) en EXAMPLE 2-4 Verify Property 4. Solution: 1 (9 is half-wave symmetric, rom (2.3) S0= Since f(t) is periodic with period T, Hence, 1) = -i(' +37) 3) 2-2. Fourier Coefficients of Symmetric Waveforms The use of symmetry properties simplifies the calculation of Fourier coefficients. A. Even periodic functions If f(0)is an even periodic Function with period T, its Fourier series consists of a constant and cosine terms only. That is, £0) $0 +E, acos my (28) here cm = 2a/, and i given by ant Ff ‘Poeostnasthdt Qs) EXAMPLE 2-5: Verify (28) and (29). Solution: Fourier series expansion of f(t) is pes Serene cate fe From our evaluation of Fourier coefficients in Chapter 1, we use (1.9) and (1.10) 2pm z] 1 PUdeesteenta, apr be [ sal sinew Since sin noot is odd and f(t) is even, the product /(i)sin nat is an odd function. Hence, according to (2:5), by = 0. Also, since cos nat is an even function, the product f(L}cos nat is an even function Hence, from (2.4), = i ‘Sidoos(xegs dt 26 Applied Fourier Analysis B. Odd periodic functions If f(d)is an odd periodic function with period 7, its Fourier series consists of sie terms only, Thats, (lm 5 biome em) where 2p = 2n/T, and bys given by ie ay ‘AUOsin(ndhae EXAMPLE 2-6: Verify (2.10) and (2.11), Solution: Since f(0 is an odd function, the product f(() cos not is an odd function, and the product, ‘F(Osin neat is an even function. Hence, according to (2.4) and (2.5), 6 Slt)sin{ncagt) dt CC. Half-wave symmetric periodic functions The Fourier series of any periodic function f(¢) that has half-wave symmetry contains only odd harmonies. EXAMPLE 2-7: The coefficients a, in the Fourier series expansion of a periodic function f(t) are an F[” socotina arye ra if : Jeanna +f Aieoxinoyna| ‘Changing the variable to (t — }T) in the first integral, we obtain. HAL Abbe) [rm Since f(t) has half-wave symmetry, using the property f(t) = —/(t — $7) from (2.7) and the fact that ), we obtain = 20 -(-99" sosounmena 0 for meven -la pm ef ‘Fideos{nogA)dt for n odd T Jo A similar investigation shows that 0 for neven Bee i +f JUin(neye\dt for nod D, Even quarter-wave symmetric functions ‘The Fourier series of any periodic function f(¢) that has even quarter-wave symmetry consists of odd harmonics of cosine terms only. That is, Saeco — Dot] (2.12) where «5 = 2x/T, and {fe f(Osos[(n — nyt Analysis of Periodic Waveforms EXAMPLE 2-8: Verify (2.12) and (2.13). Solution: Since f(t) has even quarter-wave symmetry, sa) = f(-9. Ae+$2)--10 Even quarter-wave symmetry Hence, from the results of Examples 2-5 and 2-7, we see that i for all including 4) ~ deat | seston asta [noose ‘Changing the variable ¢ to (t + $7) in the second integral, we obtain sind { seman tmana['s(teda)pean—no(so37) 4} ‘Using the property f(a) = —/(t + 47), we obtain sen — Hoya} annie tf sientae— ose 4 [7 some pee Since f(—1) = flO and flsjeos(2n — 1)wot is even, we obtain from (24), sr aes =F fp MOenstten— Nor ét E. Odd quarter-wave symmetric functions ‘The Fourier series of any periodic function f(t) that has odd quarter-wave symmetry consists of odd harmonics of sine terms only. That is, f= $b ssi2n— Do au whee y= 25/7 Pag “f(Gsin[n — Hoot) de (215) EXAMPLE 2-9: Verify (2.14) and (2.19) ‘Solution: Since f(t) has odd quarter-wave symmetry, fl-g= fo A(e+3)- 0 Hence, from the results of Examples 2-6 and 2-7, (dd quarter-wave symmetry Evaluating this integral as in Example 2-8, we get 2 [ponte ba 28° Applied Fourier Analysis Figure 2-5 Fourier expansion. (8) Given (0). (b) Even symmetry: cosine torms, 4 = 2/t.(c) Odd symmetry: sine terms wy = x). (4) Sine and cosine terms, «2, = 2n/T (T is arbitrary. (0) Halt-wave symmetry: sine and cosine terms; odd harmonics, ‘04 = n/s.(0) Even quarter-wave symmetry: cosine terms and odd harmonics, i», = x/(2s) (9) Odd quarter-wave ‘symmetry: sine terme and odd harmonics, «vg = n/(2s). Analysis of Periodic Wareforms 29 2-3. Fourier Expansion of a Function over a Finite Interval A. Fourier expansion technique A nonperiodie function f') defined over a certain finite interval (0,2) can be expanded into a Fourier series defined only in the interval (0, x). It is possible to expand (i) by a Fourier series with any desired fundamental frequency. Furthermore, f() can be represented by sine or cosine terms alone, ‘This can be done by constructing a proper periodic function identical to f(t) over the interval (0,1) and satisfying the symmetry conditions that yield the desired form of Fourier series. You can see an illustration of this procedure in Figure 2-5. B. Half-range expansions Let /(0) have period T= 2r. If f(0) is even, we have from (2.8) and (2.9) the Fourier cosine series: Fourier cosine series (2.16) with coefficients a=? s0s(™ car en 1F ft) sede, we have rom @210) and 211) the Fourie sin series Fourier sine series fo, Sy sin (2.18) with cocficients 6.2 [ noin(e)ae 2.19) Both the cosine series (2.16) and the sine series (2.18) epresent the same given function f(t) in the interval 0). Outside this interval, the cosine series (2.16) will represent the even periodic extension of f(t having period T = 2c (Figure 2-5b, and the sine series (2:18) will represent the odd periodic extension of f(0) having period T = 2c(Figure 2-5). The cosine and sine series (216) and (2.18) with coeflcients given, respectively, by (2.17) and (2.19) are called the halfrange expansions of the given funetion f(0) JARY 1. The effect of waveform symmetry in a Fourier series is summarized in the following: Waveform Symmetry Fourier Coefficients Even symmetry constant and cosine terms only fl-9 =f) 4 only, by (Odd symmetry sine terms only f-9= =f) b only, Half-wave symmetry odd harmonics only ft) Even quarter-wave symmetry odd cosine harmonics only K-9=f0, J = -fe+47) Qs Only, ag (Odd quarter-wave symmetry odd sine harmonics only fl=9= fl, f= =f +47) Bayt Only, y= ba 2, Half-range Fourier series expansion of a nonperiodic funetion f(t) defined over (0.x) is done by constructing a proper (even of odd) periodic function (with period T = 2z) identical to f(t) over 0,1). flt-+ 87) Ay s.Bagny Of, 30 Applied Fourier Analysis RAISE YOUR GRADES Can you explain ...? @ what waveform symmetry is Z what effect waveform symmetry has on Fourier coefficients © what a half-range Fourier expansion is, D how to carry out half-range Fourier series expansion of a nonperiodic function SS SOLVED PROBLEMS Waveform Symmetry PROBLEM 2-1 Show that any function /(i) can be expressed as the sum of two component functions, ‘one of which is even and the other odd, ‘Solution: Any function f(t) can be expressed as L 1 1 Hee ieee grey SU +I + ELMO ~ fl Let 1 on SUH +s = 100 and SU-s(-0) where (is the even component of a given function f(t) and ft) is the odd component of /(). Then L Ld-9 = 5-9 + (0) = £00 and =; m= -5 Cf - = ~K00 Sl-9 = 5-9) 0) = — 34-01 = ~K00 Hence, SO = $10 + £40 Alternate Solution: Let’ assume that f(0) can be expressed as, SO=LO+ 40) @) where (0) and /i{i) denote the even and odd components of (0), respectively. According to the definition of even and odd functions f,(—£) = (0) (2.1) and f(—t) = —fle) (22) it follows that iio) ) Addition and subtraction of eqs. (a) and (b) yield, respectively, Sia ise) — f= 5 V+ A-91 Analysis of Periodic Waveforms 31 and 1 f= 500 -F(-91 PROBLEM 2-2 Find the even and odd components of the function shown in Figure 2-6a and defined by et 130 tomty 120 Solution: For given f(0), Henee, by means of Problem 2-1, too fio = ELMO + 1 1<0 i imo f= 20 —F-0 2 t<0 ‘The even and odd components of f(t) are shown, respectively in Figure 2-6b and c. ro. 32. Applied Fourier Analysis Fourier Coefficients of Symmetric Waveforms PROBLEM 2-3. Find the Fourier series for the square wave function f(¢) shown in Figure 2-7. fy Figure 2-7 Solution: From Figure 2-7 we se that f-o~ fe. s(1+47)- 40 ‘That isthe function f() has even quarter-wave symmetry, Hence, from (2.12) and 2.13) (proved Example 2-8) es vena eens 3 (7 ay-1- TI, Feos[(2n — t}aryt de ensf(2n — toot] de ~ ae aaT len Newt ‘ ; aoe rend bern for (n — 1) =3,7, neo oe (eee eee) PROBLEM 2-4. Find the Fourier series for the square wave function f(1) shown in Figure (Hint: See Chapter 1, Example 1-7) Solution: From Figure 28 we see that 1 f(-0= fs (eg) ‘That is, the function f(0) has odd quarter-wave symmetry. Hence, from (2.14) and (2.15) (proves Example 2-9) =F basentPn— tos a= am basa Z|, Salen —Noot}at Analysis of Periodic Waveforms 33 beiot [dts tae = Gai T len Nowsl] -acin{t-[o-0F} ~ n= De Oe: ee tee Carte) PROBLEM 2-5. Find the Fourier series for the function (1) shown in Figure 29a. ww aw) Figure 2-9 Solution: As shown in Figure 2-96, the function g(t) = [f(#) — }] is an odd function. Hence, € on ot) ~ ¥ bytinnoi, ay == Since g(t) sin nioot is an even function, from (2.4) (proved in Example 2-2), 4 Ihe singe) de 34 Applied Fourier Analysis Now, since 1 for O Drape conn De PROBLEM 2-12, Let fv) be a periodic function with period T defined over (—T/2,/2), whose Fourier series is secon = 2 I= Zt Z lacornogt + hsinnaet, oy == IE £(d and f(t) are the even and odd components of f(0), show that f(t) and f(t) have the Fourier series Sid— + $ meonmys and $4) ~ £ hainnog PROBLEM 219. Show that te mean-square vale of equal tothe sum of he mean-square values ois ere and ol components iat , fed ce eee F] patton F |" croraed [tora PROBLEM 2-14 Let the function f(t) be periodic with period 7. If f(47 — 1) = f(t, determine the behavior ofthe Fourier coefcients a, and h, of f(t) Mlustrate (0) raphically » bag = 0 Answer? digs = PROBLEM 2-18 If the periodic function /() with period T satisies f(47 — 1) = —f() determine the behavior of the Fourier coefficients a, and’b, of f(). Illustrate f(0) graphically. Answer! a, oO PROBLEM 216 Suppose f(d)= 0 for —47 Applied Fourier Analysis: 3-2. Orthogonality of Complex Exponential Functions |A. Definition of orthogonality for complex functions The orthogonality of the sine and cosine functions has been demonstrated in Section 1-3. However, {or functions that assume complex values, the concept of orthogonality has to be modified. We call the set of complex functions {f(2)} orthogonal over the interval a

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