,

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Copyright EAB, 2015

Creative Commons - -
- 3.0. -
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/gr/

9, 15780

www.kallipos.gr

ISBN: 978-960-603-018-5

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2. ......................................................................................................................................................... 20
3. ............................................................................................................................. 21
4. ............................................................................................................ 21
4.1.
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4.2. .......... 22
4.3.
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4.4. ,
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4.5.
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4.6.
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5. ..................................................................................................................... 26
6. ......................................................................................................................... 28
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2: ..................................................................................................31
1. ................................................................................................................................................................. 31
2. ............................................................................................................................................... 32
2.1. ............................................................................... 33
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2.1.2. ................................................................................................................................. 33
2.1.3. .............................................................................................................................. 34

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2.2.1. ............................................................................................................................... 35
2.2.2. ................................................................................................................................... 39
2.2.3. ................................................................................................................................ 42
3. .................................................................................................. 42
3.1. ................................................................................................................................... 42
3.2. ................................................................................................................. 44
4. ............................................................................................................... 45
4.1. ............................................................. 46
4.1.1. 1: ............. 46
4.1.2. 2: ................................................................................... 47
4.1.3. 3: ............................... 47
4.1.4. 4: ( ) ......................................... 48
4.1.5. 5: ..................................................... 48
................................................................................................................................................49
..................................................................................................................................49
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1 .......................................................................................................................................................... 49
2 .......................................................................................................................................................... 49
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4 .......................................................................................................................................................... 50
5 .......................................................................................................................................................... 51
3 ............................................................................................................................................... 51
6 .......................................................................................................................................................... 52
7 .......................................................................................................................................................... 52
8 .......................................................................................................................................................... 53
3: ..............................................................................................55
1. ................................................................................................................................................................. 55
1.1. ............................................................................................................................ 55
1.2. ..................................................................................................................................... 56
1.3. ............................................................................. 57
2. ................................................................................................................................................... 59
2.1. ............................................................................................................................................. 59
2.2. ............................................................................................................................................ 60
3. ................................................................................................................................................ 63
3.1. .................................................................................................... 63
3.1.1. 1: ...................................................................... 63
3.1.2. 2: ........................................................................................................... 64
3.1.3. 3: ................................................................................................................. 64
3.1.4. 4: ................................................................................ 64
3.1.5. 5: ...................................................................................................... 65
3.1.6. 6: ........................................................................................................... 66
3.1.7. 7: ....................................................................................................... 66
3.2. ....................................................................................................... 67
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 3.3.1. 1: .......................................................................................... 68
3.3.2. 2: ................................................................................ 68
3.3.3. 3: ........................................................................................... 68
3.3.4. 4: .................................................................... 69
3.3.5. 5: .................................. 70
3.3.6. 6: ........................................................................................... 70
4. ................................................................................................................................................. 70
4.1. ................................................................................. 71
4.2. .................................................................................................... 71
4.3. ........................................................................................ 71
5. ....................................................................................................................... 71
5.1. ................................................................................................ 74
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1 ............................................................................................................................................... 78
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5 .......................................................................................................................................................... 79
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6 .......................................................................................................................................................... 79
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10 ........................................................................................................................................................ 80
11 ........................................................................................................................................................ 80
12 ........................................................................................................................................................ 80
13 ........................................................................................................................................................ 80
14 ........................................................................................................................................................ 81
15 ........................................................................................................................................................ 81
4: .......................................................................................................82
1. ................................................................................................................................................................. 82
2. ......................................................................................................................................................... 83
2.1. .......................................................................................................................................................... 83
2.2. .............................................................................................................................................................. 84
2.3. ............................................................................................................................................................. 85
2.4. ............................................................................................................................................................. 86
3. ...................................................................................................... 87
3.1. ................................................................................................................................... 87
3.2. ............................................................................................................................... 88
3.3. - ................................................................................................................... 90

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4. ................................................................................................................ 91
4.1. ...................................................................................................................................... 91
4.2. .................................................................................................................................. 93
5. .................................................................................................................................................. 94
5.1. - ........................................................................................................................ 94
5.1.1. ......................................................................................................................... 95
5.1.2. ........................................................................... 96
5.2. , ............................................................................................ 97
5.3. ................................................................................................ 97
6. ............................................................................................................................................... 99
.............................................................................................................................................. 101
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5: ................................................................................................. 106
1. ............................................................................................................................................................... 106
2. ....................................................................................................................................................... 106
2.1. ............................................................................................................................ 106
2.2. ..................................................................................................................... 109
2.3. ............................................................................................................................... 110
2.3.1. .................................................................................................................................................. 111
2.3.2. ................................................................................................................................. 113
2.3.3. ................................................................................................................. 116
2.4. ........................................................ 118
3. ...................................................................................................................................................... 118
3.1. ............................................................................................................................ 119
3.2. .......................................................................................................................... 120
3.3. .................................................................................................... 122
3.4. ........................................................ 123
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6: ................................................................. 127
1. ............................................................................................................................................................... 127
1.1. ....................................................................................................................................... 128
1.2. ...................................................................................... 129
2. ................................................................................................................................................ 130
2.1. ......................................................................... 133
2.2. ................................................................................................ 137
2.2.1. .................................................................................................................................. 138
2.2.2. ................................................................................................................................ 139
2.2.4. ............................................................................................................................ 141
2.3. ....................................................................................... 142
2.3.1. ............................................................................................ 142
2.3.2. .................................................................................................................... 143
2.3.3. .......................................................................................................... 144
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1 ............................................................................................................................................. 146
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3 ........................................................................................................................................................ 147
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7: ................................................................................ 150
1. ............................................................................................................................................................... 150
2. ................................................................................................ 152
2.1. ( ) ........................................................................................ 152
2.2. ................................................................................................................ 152
2.3. ( ) ..................................................................................... 153
2.4. ............................................................................................................................... 154
2.5. ................................................................................................................. 154
3. ...................................................................................................................... 157
3.1. ................................................................................................................ 157
3.2. ......................................................................... 157
3.3. ...................................................................................... 158
3.4. ................................................................................................. 159
3.5. ............................................................ 160
4.0. ................................................................................................................... 160
4.1. .............................................................................................................................. 161
4.2. ........................................................................................................ 163
4.3. ................................................................................................ 165
4.4. ........................................................... 166
.............................................................................................................................................. 168
................................................................................................................................ 168
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 1.1. ............................................................................................................................. 177
1.2. ........................................................................................................................................... 177
1.3. ........................................................................................................................................ 178
1.4. ............................................................................................................................................................ 178
1.5. .................................................. 179
2. ................................................................................................................................................................. 180
2.1. ................................................................................................... 182
2.2. ......................................................................................................................... 184
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2.1. ........................................................................................................................................... 201
2.2. .................................................................................................. 202
2.3. ........................................................................................................... 204
2.4. .............................................................................................................. 207
2.5. ...................................................................................................... 209
2.5.1. ................................................................................................................. 209
2.5.2. .............................................................................................................. 211
2.5.3. ................................................................................................................ 211
2.5.4. .................................................................................................................... 213
2.6. ......................................................................................................... 214

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3. .................................................................................................................................................................. 215
3. 1. .................................................................................. 215
3.2. ................................................................................................. 216
3.2. .......................................................................................................... 218
3.3. ............................................................................................................. 218
3.4. ......................................................................................................... 219
.............................................................................................................................................. 221
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13 ...................................................................................................................................................... 225
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1. ............................................................................................................................................................... 226
2. ........................................................................................................................... 227
2.1. ............................................................................................................................... 227
2.2. ................................................................................ 228
2.2.1. - ............................................................................................................................. 228
2.2.2. ................................................................................................................................................... 228
2.2.3. .......................................................................................................................................... 229
2.2.4. .................................................................................... 229
2.3. ................................................... 230
3. ...................................................................................................................................................... 230
3.1. ................................................................................................................................................ 231
3.2. ........................................................................................................................................................ 231
3.2.2. ............................................................................................... 232
3.2.3. .......................................................................................... 232
3.2.4. ................................................................................ 234
3.2.5. .................................................................................................. 234
3.3. ............................................................................................................................................... 234

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 3.4. ...................................................................................................................................... 235
3.5. .............................................................................. 235
3.6. .......................................................... 235
4. ........................................................................................................................................................ 235
4.1. ................................................................................................................................................ 236
4.2. - ................................................................................................................................... 236
4.2.1. ......................................................................................... 236
4.2.2. .................................................................................................... 238
4.3. ................................................................................................................................... 238
4.4. ............................................................................... 239
4.5. ............................................................ 239
5. ............................................................................................................................................................ 240
5.2. .................................................................................. 240
5.3. ......................................................................................................................................... 242
5.4. ......................................................................................................... 243
5.5. ............................................................................. 244
6. ()............................................................................................................................................ 244
6.1. ......................................................................................................................................... 244
6.2. ......................................................................................................................... 245
6.3. ................................................................................................................. 248
6.4. ................................................................................................................................... 248
6.5. .................................................................................................................................. 248
6.6. ........................................................................... 249
7. ( ) ........................................................................................ 250
7.1. ......................................................................................................................... 250
7.2. ........................................................................................ 253
7.3. .................................................... 255
8. () ............................................................................................................................. 255
8.1. ...................................................................................................................................... 255
8.2. ......................................................................................................................... 256
8.2.1. ........................................................................................ 257
8.3. .............................................................................................................. 258
8.3.1. .......................................................................................................................... 258
8.3.2. ............................................................................................................................. 259
8.4. ............................................................................ 260
.............................................................................................................................................. 261
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13
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2.4. .................................................................................................................................. 273
2.5. ................................................................................ 273
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Atkinson, G., & Nevill, A. M. (2001). Selected issues in the design and analysis of sport performance
research. Journal of Sports Sciences, 19(10), 811-827. doi: 10.1080/026404101317015447
Girard, O., Eicher, F., Fourchet, F., Micallef, J. P., & Millet, G. P. (2007). Effects of the playing surface on
plantar pressures and potential injuries in tennis. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 41(11), 733-738.
doi: bjsm.2007.036707 [pii] 10.1136/bjsm.2007.036707
Hughes, M. D., & Bartlett, R. M. (2002). The use of performance indicators in performance analysis. Journal
of Sports Sciences, 20(10), 739-754. doi: 10.1080/026404102320675602
Kellis, E., & Katis, A. (2007). Biomechanical characteristics and determinants of instep soccer kick. Journal
of Sports Science and Medicine, 6(2), 154-165.
Willems, T. M., De Ridder, R., & Roosen, P. (2012). The effect of a long-distance run on plantar pressure
distribution during running. Gait and Posture, 35(3), 405-409. doi: S0966-6362(11)00766-1 [pii]
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( ). -
,
. (-
) ,
. .

. -
. -
.
,
.

.
.. -
, .. , .. , . . , . . , . . ,
. , , 2014-2015,
Bartlett, R. (1997). Introduction to sports biomechanics. Taylor & Francis.

:
.
, .
.

1.

. ,
. -
- ( 2.1).
, .
, , . ,
.

31
 2.1: 100 14 2013
(Leichtathletik_WM_2013_Moskau_100_m_ Vorlauf.jpg, Tobi 87, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Com-
mons).

2.

. , -
(VM Zatsiorski, 1998).
.
. .
: ( ), ( )
. :
. , -
..
, (Henderson, 2015).
( 2.2).
.
. -
.

32
 2.2: , .
, . ,
( ),
.

2.1.
2.1.1.
, ,
.
.
(S.I.) (m).

2.3: .
.

, , .
2.3, xx', -
. -
(+), (-).
:
' -
: = 0 cm = +40 cm, .
, x = = + 40 cm 0 cm = +40 cm.
,
= +15 cm. , -
x'= - = +15 cm 40 cm = -35 cm.

2.1.2.

33
 . ,
, m/s.
, .
, (x) (t) (u)
:

.
.
, . 2.1 -
Carl Lewis 100 1988.
(u) ( -
) :

;
,
(100 ) ,
().
,
. , 10
, ,
. 1, Carl Lewis 100
1988. 30
50 70 .
, -
.

(x) (t) (u)

10 1,88 5,31
20 2,96 9,25
30 3,88 10,86
40 4,77 11,23
50 5,61 11,90
60 6,45 11,90
70 7,29 11,90
80 8,12 12,04
90 9,00 11,36
100 9,86 11,63
2.1: Carl Lewis 10 , 100 , (1988).

, . ,
, . -
. , -
, .
-
. , -
.

2.1.3.
. ,
. ,

.
m/s 2. , -

34
 0 t0 t , -
() :
= - 0 / t - t0
, .
, .
.
() , .
, (u) :
= 0 + ( )
= 0 - ( )
0 .
, . ,
( 2.1)
:

70 80 m,
:

, 10 ,
:

2.2.
2.2.1.
,
, , . -
( 2.4). -
() (rads). 57.6.
. 2.4 -
, . ,
, 0 ( ).
90 . , -
.
(.. 90 0).

35
 2.4: , ( = 0) -
90 .

: -
.
.
, :
,
,
,
-
, .
,
, 0. , ,
,
180.
2.5, ,
. -
0, 180 -
. , ,
, , , ( 2.6).

36
 2.5: , 0,
180. ,
.

2.6: , 20
. .

37
 ( 2.7).
, -
( 0). -
, ( ).
, , ,
90. ,
90, 90.
2 .

2.7: . -
, 0, 90. -
, .

0 180
0 90
0 180
0 180
0 180
2.1:
.

(joint kinematics),
(segmental angular
kinematics).
. , -
. 0,
( 2.8). -

38
 -
. -

.

2.8: , , ,
.

2.2.2.
() ()
(t) /s rads/s. -
-
.

.
,
. ( = 0), -
90 . , -
t = 180 . t = 1 s,
, , ( 2.9):

39
 2.9: - .
. , .

, -
. 2.10 -
.

2.10: : . , -
90 1 s 180
180/s, B. , 0.7 s, 257.1/s
. , 0.6 s, 300/s.

-
.

40
 . ,
, .
2.11
.
. , -
.
, . ,

, . ,
40 ( t2), ,
20 ( t1, t3). ,
600/s (~400/s).

2.11: ( ), ( ) ( )
.

41
t1, t2 t3 , , . K ,
t4 t5.

2.2.3.

/s2 rads/s2. 2.11,
,
. , -
t4.
t5.
2.11 , , -
. , -
,
. -
.
,
.
. , , -
,
. -
, -
.

3.
3.1.

, . , -

, ( ). , , -
-
f = 50 Hz. 2.3 . -
(), t = 1/f = 1/50 =
0.02 s. () (), -
:

2.3,
, (
2.12).
, , .

(rads) (s) (rads/s)

()
1 0,11 0,00
(0,17-0,11) / (0,02 0,00)
2 0,17 0,02
(0,27-0,17) / (0,04 0,02)
3 0,27 0,04
(0,42-0,27) / (0,06 0,04)
4 0,42 0,06
(0,31-0,42) / (0,08 0,06)
5 0,31 0,08

42
 (0,31-0,31) / (0,10 0,08)
6 0,31 0,10
(0,47-0,31) / (0,12 0,10)
7 0,47 0,12
(0,71-0,47) / (0,14 0,12)
8 0,71 0,14
(0,81-0,71) / (0,16 0,14)
9 0,81 0,16
(0,74-0,81) / (0,18 0,16)
10 0,74 0,18

2.3: . -
, f = 50 Hz.

2.12: , , -
. -
. ,
. (t1 =

43
0,16 s) ( )
t2 = 0,14 s.

3.2.
-
(Bartlett, 1997). , -
, () . , -
:

(rads) (s) (rads/s)

()

1 0,11 0,00 I.
2 0,17 0,02 / (0,04 0,00)
(0,27-0,11)II.
3 0,27 0,04 (0,42-0,17) (0,04 0,02)
(0,27-0,11) / (0,06 0,00)
4 0,42 0,06 III.
(0,31-0,27) / (0,08 0,04)
5 0,31 0,08 / (0,10 0,06)
(0,31-0,42)IV.
6 0,31 0,10 (0,47-0,31) (0,120,00)
(0,27-0,) / /(0,04 0,08)
7 0,47 0,12 (0,71-0,31)V./ (0,14 0,10)
VII.
8 0,71 0,14 (0,81-0,47)VI.
/ (0,16 0,12)
VIII.
X.9 0,81 0,16 IX.
(0,74-0,71) / (0,18 0,14)
XI.
10 0,74 0,18 XII.
XIV.
XIII. XV.
2.4: -
. f = 50 Hz.

, -
( 2.13). ,
.
.

44
 2.13: , ,
. .
1 = 0,16 s -
, . , , -
.

4.
-
. ,
. -
. , -
,
, , -
. , ,
-
.

45

. , -
(proximal) (distal).
, .
.
, ,
(Zatsiorski & Seluyanov, 1983).
-
.
, -
(, ) . -
.
. ,

(Pearsall & Reid, 1994).
:
(M),
(l),
(CM),

(Cl).
,
( )
() :

= , = , n = .

4.1.
4.1.1. 1:

() Cl ( -
) :

. ,
, ,
Cl (Dempster, 1955 Drillis & Contini, 1966). 2.5
Cl. , l = 43 cm,
l = 43 x 0.433 = 18.62 cm.

..
0.604
0.436
0.677
0.433
0.585
2.5: Cl (
Dempster (1955)).

46
 , (1,3) -
(6,5) Cl = 0.433, (-
2.14):

2.14: .

4.1.2. 2:
, -
CM, 2.6. , 75 Kg,
m = 75 x 9.9% = 7.425 Kg.

1 2
% %
0.580 58.0 0.540 54
0.028 2.9 0.030 3
0.022 2.2 0.0205 2.05
0.099 9.9 0.1245 12.45
0.061 6.1 0.065 6.5
1
Dempster (1955)
2
Plagenhoef (1971)

2.6: CM,
.

4.1.3. 3:
2 3 ()
() ( ) :

, KM = 35,98 YKM = 34,33

m = 7,425 Kg. X () () :

47
4.1.4. 4: ( )
:

4.1.5. 5:
( )
:

,
.

48

Bartlett, R. (1997). Introduction to Sports Biomechanics. London: Taylor and Francis.
Dempster, W. T. (1955). Space requirements of the seated operator (pp. 55-159): Wright Patterson Air force
Base.
Drillis, R., & Contini, R. (1966). Body segment parameters: Office of Vacational Rehabilitation, Department
Health, Education and Welfare, New York.
Henderson, T. (2015). 1D Kinematics. The physics Classroom. Retrieved February 15th, 2015, from
http://www.physicsclassroom.com/Physics-Tutorial/1-D-Kinematics
Pearsall, D. J., & Reid, G. (1994). The study of human body segment parameters in biomechanics. Sports
Medicine, 18, 126-140.
Plagenhoef, S. (1971). Patterns of human motion - A cinematographic analysis. Englewood Cliffs NJ:
Prentice Hall.
Zatsiorski, V. (1998). Kinematics of Human Motion. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Zatsiorski, V., & Seluyanov, V. (Ed.). (1983). The mass and inertia characteristics of the main segments of
the body in Biomechanics VIII-B, H. Matsui & K. Kobayashi (Eds). Champaign IL: Human
Kinetics.1152-1159.

1
1: .
1
.
.

2: :
1.
2.
3.
4.
2
4

3: ;
3
, ,

.

2
4: 100 . .
.
.
.

(x) (t) (u)

10 2.02
20 3.44
30 4.59

49
 40 5.77
50 6.61
60 7.58
70 8.61
80 9.51
90 10.31
100 11.10
4
A.

(x) (t) (u)

10 2,02 4,95
20 3,44 5,81
30 4,59 6,53
40 5,77 6,93
50 6,61 7,56
60 7,58 7,91
70 8,61 8,13
80 9,51 8,41
90 10,31 8,72
100 11,10 9,00
B.

. . ,
. , .

5: -
. .
( = 0.01 sec). . ,
.

(rad)
1 0.02 1
2 0.03 1,31
3 0.04 1,37
4 0.05 1,42
5 0.06 1,51
6 0.08 1,48
7 0.10 1,47
8 0.12 1,31

50
 9 0.14 1,17
10 0.15 1,13
5
(rad)
1 0.02 1
2 0.03 1,31 18,5
3 0.04 1,37 5,5 -575
4 0.05 1,42 7 -125
5 0.06 1,51 3 -450
6 0.08 1,48 -2 -575
7 0.10 1,47 -8,5 -650
8 0.12 1,31 -15 -25
9 0.14 1,17 -9 750
10 0.15 1,13

B.

3
6:
. ,
= 0, -
.

51
 6
, ,
, .
0,4 sec , ( ) -
15 .

7: , -
. .
, ,
. .
.

0.02 5 18 -2
0.03 18 51 -3
0.04 37 83 -10
0.05 72 94 -21
0.06 57 71 -7
0.08 53 50 -2
0.10 51 27 2
0.12 21 21 4
0.14 17 15 8
0.15 10 5 13
7
.

52
.

. -
, .
, 4 msec
.

8: , -
. .
. . ()
. ;
;

0,02 -5,9 -2,1 -0,5
0,03 -3,9 -4,9 0,2
0,04 4,9 -1,3 0,2
0,05 10,2 7,8 1,4
0,06 13,8 11,3 3,8
0,08 18,3 13,2 5,1
0,10 16,1 17,8 7,9
0,12 12,8 19,3 17,5
0,14 8,3 16,9 22,3
0,15 5,5 9,9 22,2
8
.

53
. , -
. ,
(, , ..).

54
 3:

: .
,
.
, -

. -
. -
. -
, -
. ,
. , -
,
, -
.

, -
2.
, : Robertson, G., Caldwell, G., Hamill, J., Kamen, G., & Whittlesey, S.
(2013). Research Methods in Biomechanics, 2E. Human Kinetics, Champaign, IL Zatsiorski, V., 1998.
Kinematics of Human Motion. Human Kinetics, Champaign, IL. 42-48

:
.
.
-
.
-
.
1.

. -
-
, .
. -
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.
. ,
-
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1.1.

.
, , . -
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() 1 s.
Hz, 1 Hz . -
50 Hz, 50 . ,

55
 1/50 = 0.02s ( 3.1). 60 Hz -
, , 100 Hz -
. , -
, ,
( 1000 Hz).

3. 1: .
(30 Hz)
-
(60 Hz).

1.2.
. -
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. -
/ ( 3.2):
, -
.
, .
,
( ) ( ) ,
( 3.22).
, ,
() (), (Z) -
. (0,0,0) , ,
(Zatsiorski, 1998).

56
 3. 2: () () .

1.3.
, 3.3,
,
. ,
(3, 4).

3.3: () .

-
- ( 3.4).
( ) .

57
 3.4: . -
.

(,) -
. , -
. , -
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(.. ), (, )
().
,
(, , ). , (
) , (..
) (, , )
(,,).

3.5: . ( ),
( ) -

58
 . ,
( X, Y, Z).

2.

, , , -
, .
, , -
.

2.1.
. -
() (-
3.6). ,
,
.
: (Tesio, Monzani, Gatti, &
Franchignoni, 1995).
. () -

.
. ,
.

3.6: . .

(Morris, 1973). ,
.

59
 , . ,
g = 9.81 m/s 2.

, .
,
, .
, , ,
.

2.2.
-
.
. ( -
)
.
. , , -
(.. ),
.
,
( 3.7).
,
. .
-
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, ,
.

60
 3.7: .

. -
. , -
,
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() ( ).
(.. AVI, MPEG). ,
,
.

61
 3.8: . -
. , -
.

(.. )
( 3.8) . -
-
. , ,
, . -
, . , -
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) , -
.
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.
3.1 -
.

-
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62
 -

-


-

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()

-

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-

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3.1: .

3.
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3.1.
,
50 Hz. :

3.1.1. 1:

63
 , .
, , ,
.

3.1.2. 2:
.
, ( 3.9). -
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3.9: .
, .

3.1.3. 3:

.
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. , 50 Hz, -
1024 768 .
100 Hz, 512 256 .
. -
.
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, .

3.1.4. 4:

. , ,
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). , , ,
, ( ).

64
 , -
.
, (Lundberg, 1996). ,
.
,
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, 5 ( 3.10):
1. : ( 1) ( 2),
2. : ( 3),
3. : ( 4),
4. : 5 ( 5).

3.10: .

3.1.5. 5:
, . -
, -
.

65
3.1.6. 6:
.
. ,
, , . -
. -
(-
3.11).
,
. . -
, .
-
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(0,0),
. , 3.11
1 1.80. , : (0,0), (0,180)
(100, 180) (180, 0). -
.

3.11: 1.80 X 1.80 m.

3.1.7. 7:

66
 , , , .
.

3.2.
. -
,
.
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. , ,
,
60 120. ,
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.

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(Dapena & Feltner, 1987).
(genlock) ,
. , , . , -
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(offline)
.

, , , .
() .

( 3.12). ,
, 8 () .
.

3. 12: 1.80 X 1.80 1.80 m.

67

. -
(Direct Linear Transformation,
DLT). DLT -
: ) -
)
. DLT.
, DLT.

3.3.
, -
.
.
.
. ,
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.
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8 24 .
, , .
-
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.
(Robertson, Caldwell, Hammill, Kamen, & Whittlesey, 2004).

3.3.1. 1:
,
. .

3.3.2. 2:
.
-
(Jensen, 1993). - -
.
-
, (Della Croce, Leardini, Chiari, &
Cappozzo, 2005). : ) , -
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.
) ,
, .
.

3.3.3. 3:
. ,
.

. ,
. ,
( 10-60 s)
, ,
.

68
 3.13: .

3.3.4. 4:
-
. ,
. -
,
.
( ) -
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( 3.14) (Levanon & Dapena,
1998Wu & Cavanagh, 1995)

3.14: -
(xyz) ().

. ,
( 3.13). -
,

69
( 3.14). , ,
(, -
).
,

. -

. -
. -
, (Della Croce et al., 2005Leardini,
Chiari, Della Croce, & Cappozzo, 2005). ,

.
(Robertson et al., 2004).

3.3.5. 5:

( ).
,
.
.
, ,
. -
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, -
.

3.3.6. 6:
(, )
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/ , Euler (Cardan / Euler),
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. -
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. (9) , -
.
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.

,
.
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4.

(Panjabi, Goel, & Walter, 1982). ,
, :

70
4.1.
1. -
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2. (.. ),
.
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3. , -
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1.
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4.3.
1. , -
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1997Robertson et al., 2004).
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71
, .
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3.15: .
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.
. , , -
,
.
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) . , ,
, (Panjabi et al.,
1982). , , -
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3.16). , (Butteworth Fourier) splines.
Butterworth.
( ).
4 10 Hz,
6Hz (Winter, 1979). ,
4 5 Hz, 7-8 Hz.

72

. , -
,
. -
(-
) -
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3.16: . -
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, -
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73
 3. 17: ,
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74
 3.18: .

.

- (Bartlett,
1997). ,
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3.20).

75
 3.19: : . , -
( = 0) =50.
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76
 3.20: : . ,
0. , -
t1. t1 -
, (~90). : -
( ) (-
). t1 88,
90. , .

77

Baker, R. (2011). Globographic visualisation of three dimensional joint angles. Journal of Biomechanics,
44(10), 1885-1891. doi: S0021-9290(11)00351-4 [pii] 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2011.04.031
Bartlett, R. (1997). Introduction to Sports Biomechanics. London: Taylor and Francis.
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Morris, J. (1973). Accelerometry - a technique for the measurement of human body movements. Journal of
Biomechanics, 6, 729-736.
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Guidelines for optimal experimental design. Journal of Biomechanics, 15(7), 537-544.
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biomechanics. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Tesio, L., Monzani, M., Gatti, R., & Franchignoni, F. (1995). Flexible electrogoniometers: kinesiological
advantages with respect to potentiometric goniometers. Clinical Biomechanics, 10(5), 275-277. doi:
026800339500017F [pii]
Winter, D. A. (1979). Biomechanics of Human Movement. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Wu, G., & Cavanagh, P. (1995). ISB Recommendations for standardization in the reporting of kinematic data.
Journal of Biomechanics, 28, 1257-1261.
Zatsiorski, V. (1998). Kinematics of Human Motion. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

1
1: -
.
: 60 Hz, 120 Hz 200 Hz.
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1

78

. ,
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, 2014-2015, Robertson, G., Caldwell, G., Hamill, J., Kamen, G., & Whittlesey, S. (2013).
Research methods in biomechanics, 2E. Human Kinetics. Champaign, IL.

:
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84

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85
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87
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94
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96
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97
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98
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censed under CC BY-SA 2.0 via Wikimedia Commons).

6.

(Robertson,
Caldwell, Hammill, Kamen, & Whittlesey, 2004).
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99
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100

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1
1: ( ). -
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101


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102
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103
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106
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Switzerland, 2014) , AMTI (AMTI Watertown,
2014) Bertec (Bertec Corp. Columbus, 2014) - (Robertson et al.,
2004).

107
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111
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112
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113
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(Adamec, Novotny, & Vaverka, 1998):

114
 , ,
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115
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116
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117
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118
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(Lord, 1981).
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al., 2011).

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119
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120
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121
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122
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123

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187
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189
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195

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( , . .).
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, B., , ., & , . (2006).
: .
, 4(1), 97-107.
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Biomech, 12(1), 23-29.
Winter, D. A. (1990). Biomechanics and motor control of human movement. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

1
1: 100 kg d = 2 m
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1
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2: 100 Kg,
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Levine, D., Richards, J., Whittle, M.W., Whittles gait analysis, Churchill Livingstone; 5 edition, 2012.

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Kleissen et al., 1997 Winter & Yack, 1987). ,
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214
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215
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216
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218
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219
 9.20: . -
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& Komi, 2005 Novacheck, 1998). ,
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220

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( , . .).
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http://ptjournal.apta.org/cgi/content-nw/full/90/2/157#SEC1
http://www.scienceofrunning.com/2010/11/speed-stride-length-x-stride-frequency.html
http://www.runningnews.gr/item.php?id=6548
http://bretcontreras.com/sprint-mechanics-world-class-athletes-new-insight-limits-human-locomotion/

1
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Hay, J. (1993). The biomechanics of sports techniques. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall
.

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2. ,

3. (Hay, 1993).
. -
, , .
40 - 45m.
.

(J. G. Hay, 1993):
: , -
, . -

.
: -
( ).

. , , , -
(Bridgett & Linthorne, 2006).

3.2.
. -
,
, , .

( 8). , (
10.4):
:
-

.
: -
, 45
( 8). , ,
45 20 25.
,
. , -
. -
, -
, -
(Linthorne, Guzman, & Bridgett, 2005).
:
-
.
. , -
, -
.
: -
, -
. ,
2 m/s 0.5-2%
(Ward-Smith, 1983). 8m, -

231
 4 16 cm. -
, , .
2008 (Jos Campos, Javier Gmez, Alberto
Encarnacin, Marcos Gutirrez-Dvila, & Rojas, 2013),
9,58 m/s, 1,27 m
21.

10.4: . 1: -
. 2: . 3:
4:
.

3.2.2.
, ,
. -
,
(Jos Campos et al., 2013) ( 10.4):
1. (1),
2. (2),
3.
(3).
4. (4).
, :
1. : 1 2.
2. (compression): 2 3.
3. : 3 4.
, 2 3 63% 37%
, (Jos Campos et al., 2013).

3.2.3.
, -
, .
-
8% (Jos Campos et al., 2013). -
8.11 m,
10.29 m/s, 9.55 m/s (Jos Campos et
al., 2013).
, 35-40% -
. -
.

232
 ,
, -
( 10.5).
, (7-10) -
( ), . ,
,
(Graham-Smith & Lees, 2005).
, -
60 ( 10.5). -
.
( 10)
,
( ) 40 - 45. , ,
, (10-15).

10.5: . ,
60 (1), ().
( ). ,
() (). ,
.

, 10-15
15-25, 20-25
(Bridgett & Linthorne, 2006 Graham-Smith & Lees, 2005). -
, (Jos Campos et al., 2013).
-
( )
.
.
, -
- -
(Graham-Smith & Lees, 2005 J. G. Hay & Miller Jr, 1985). -
() ,
. -
, .

233
 , -
. , 3 , Mike
Powell 8,95 m , -
23 . -
, Carl Lewis 8,91 m
(16) -
(Kakihana & Suzuki, 2001).

3.2.4.
, , 11 -
( Hay, 1993).
(Miladinov, 2006).
10.6
. ,
,
. ,
, .
-
.

10.6 .
,
, .

3.2.5.
-
, .
, , -
, .
, , 2/3 .

3.3.
.

. (Hay, 1993):

234
 .
-
-
. , , ( 6.5).
, -
. , ,
( 6-7 ).
" "
("") o
. , , .

3.4.
"" ,
, , .

.
(Kreighbaum & Barthels, 1996).
, -
.
. , -
"" (Hay, 1993).

3.5.

( 10.3) (J. G. Hay & Miller Jr, 1985):
1. KM -
( ),
2. ( ),
3. (
).
. -
, -
.

3.6.
-
. ,
. -
:
1. ( -
),
2. , 3.6.
3. -
,
4. ,
5. ,
6. -
,
7. ,
8. ,
9. .

4.

235
 -
, . -
( 10.7):
1. : .
2. - :
.
3. : -
.

4.1.
,
. ,

. . , ,
,
.
.

, .
, -
. ,

. ,
(J. G. Hay, 1993).
() . -
(
)
, () .

10.7 : 10 , .
.

4.2. -
4.2.1.
, -
. ,
.
.

236
 .
. -
2005, 7,78 m/s ,
4,83 m/s (Isolehto, Virmavirta, Kyrlinen, & Komi, 2007).
.
-0,33 m/s 4,31 m/s -
(Isolehto et al., 2007).

10.8: .
(), , , -
. (),
, , ,
. , -
.

( 10.8). ,
(Isolehto et al., 2007). -
, ,
, -
.
, (
) , . , -
, -
.
,
( 10.8). ,

( ), -
(Dapena, 2000) ( 10.9).
, .
,

( 10.9).
, ,
, (Ae et al., 2007). -

237
 , ,
.

(
) .

. ,
, .

10.9 : .
,
(http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Esthera_Petre_Ostrava_2011.jpg?uselang=el, Erik van Leeuwen,
GNU Free documentation Licence, via Wikimedia Commons)

4.2.2.
,
( ) .
,
.
, -
(Dapena,
2000). 5,5 -
, , :
(Coh, 2007). , , 4
, (Coh, 2007).
-
(Isolehto et al., 2007).
, 0.12 0.23 s (Ae et al., 2007
Isolehto et al., 2007).

4.3.
-
(Kreighbaum & Barthels, 1996) ( 10.10). ,
, ,
( ).
, ,
. -
, ,
, .

238
 10.10: , -
. ,
. , (), -
. ( ), -
(http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2013_IPC_Athletics_World_Championships_-
_26072013_-_Ernesto_Mendonca_of_Brasil_during_the_Men%27s_High_jump_-_T13_1.jpg?uselang=el, Clment
Bucco-Lechat, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons).

4.4.

:
1. ,
2. o K ,
3. K .
2.27 m, 0.93 m,
1,37 m 2,32 m (Isolehto et al., 2007).

4.5.

. , -
.
:
1. ( -
),
2. ,
3. , -
,
4. , -
,
5. ,
6. ,
7. ( )
,
8. ,
9. ,
10. .

239
5.
, -
(
8). :
1. ,
2. ,
3. .
1993, -
31,4 40, 1,36 m 2,05m
22,2 m/s 25,5 m/s (Knicker, 1994). , ,
. , 67,4 m 24,5
m/s, 63,98 m 26,8 m/s.
80% (Bartlett, 1992
Hay, 1993 Knicker, 1994).

. , -
, -
.
(Bartlett, 1992 Hay, 1993).

(Gregor, Whitting, & McCoy, 1985).
, (
8). , , ,

.

5.2.
. , , -
, -
,
. ,
, -
.
, , -
( 10.11):
1. , -
.
2. ,
-
.

240
 10.11. . -
() . (v)
(R). -
(), (a)
.

-
. -
:
1. , -
, (-
10.12).
() .
2. ,
, -
( 10.12). , -
,
(Hay, 1993).
3. ,
( 10.12). -
, -
, .
35-37, 26-
27 -9 -10 (Bartlett, 1992). -
,
.
, -
. , -
,
(Bartlett, 1992). , , -
, -
, .

241
 10.12 (), () () (
a). , v, (
Hay (1993)) .

5.3.
, ,
(.. ) .
, 2,5 m.
, -
. ,
. , (Bartlett, 1992)
( 10.13):
1. :
.
2. :
.
3. 1 : (
)
.
4. : -
, . ,
.
5. 2 :
, , . -
.
6. : -
.
-
(Leigh, Gross, Li, & Yu, 2008). 4% -
, (26%).
(6%), 14% . ,

(Leigh et al., 2008).
,
(Bartlett, 1992).

242
 10.13. . 1: - -
, 2-3: , 4: ,
, 5: , 6: - .
(http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:DiscusRutgerSmith6551.jpg, User:Atalanta, CC BY-SA 3.0, via
Wikimedia Commons).

5.4.
, -
. -
, -
15-20%, -
~2-5%, ( -
), 70-85% (Bartlett, 1992).
-
, -
, -
,
. , -
, .
(Bartlett, 1992 Gregor et al., 1985
Hay & Yu, 1995 Knicker, 1994 Leigh et al., 2008 Leigh, Liu, Hubbard, & Yu, 2010 Leigh & Yu, 2007):
1.
(Bartlett, 1992).
2. , ,
(Gregor et al., 1985).
3. , , -
.
4. , -
. , ( )
( -
). ,
( ). -

(Leigh et al., 2008),

243
 5. - . -
,
-
. , ,
,
. ,

. ,

(Leigh et al., 2008).
6.
, ,
. , ,
, -
(Leigh et al., 2008).
7.
,
.
,
.

5.5.
. -
,
. ,
, .
. -
:
1. ,
2. , ,
3. ,
4. ,
5. ,
6. ,
7. ,
8. .

6. ()
, , .
, , . -

. , -
, .

.
.
. -
, . ,
.
: -
.

6.1.
(Kovacs & Ellenbecker, 2011):

244
 1. :
. (
) . - -
( )
(cocking), ( )
( ).
2. : -
,
.
3. Follow-through:
.
: flat, slide kick. 3 -
,
(Kovacs & Ellenbecker, 2011). flat -
(spin),
(Sheets, Abrams, Corazza, Safran, & Andriacchi, 2011). , ,
, -
. kick
Magnus, -
. slide ,
.

10.14. . . . .
. Follow- through.

, -
. -
(flat) .

6.2.
, ( 100)
. ,

. -
, , -

245
 (~60) -
.
(foot-back) -
(foot-up). -
, .
, (~101), (~172),
104 66 (Fleisig, Nicholls, Elliott, & Escamilla, 2003) (
10.15).

10.15 . , . . -
. . ( -
) . . .

, ,
,
(Reid, Elliott, & Alderson, 2008).
, . -

.
, 40-50, 150-160 -
100-104, 20-27 (Fleisig et al., 2003 Reid et al., 2008) (
10,16).

246
 10.16 , . . -
. . (
) . . .

follow throw, , -
,
. -
, .
. -
, 240 Km/h (Kotze, Mitchell, &
Rothberg, 2000). 40
50 m/s (Reid et al., 2008). -
-
,
(Abrams, Sheets, Andriacchi, & Safran, 2011). -
.
, , -
(800 /s), (403 /s),
(715 /s), (2000 /s), (400/s -500 /s)
(1525 /s) (1911/s)
(Reid et al., 2008). : ,
: (Fleisig et al., 2003). , -
-
(Abrams et al., 2011 Tanabe & Ito, 2007),

247
 ,
(Elliott, 1988).
-
. , -
, -
, -
(Abrams et al., 2011).
,
( ),
( ) (Girard, Micallef, & Millet, 2005).

6.3.
, -
. -
.
.
, .
0 1. ,
( ). , -
.
0,3 0,9, , -
(Kotze
et al., 2000).

. ,
,
,
, (Kotze et al., 2000). , -
, (spin), 128 rad/s (flat service), 232 (slide)
337 (kick) (Sakurai, Reid, & Elliott, 2013).
, .

6.4.
1.3 2.2
( ), 0.10 0.14 () 0,15 0.30
() (Bahamonde & Knudson, 2001).
foot up. () -
,
(Bahamonde & Knudson, 2001).
,
() -
. ( ),
( -
). , , .

6.5.
, -
(
10,17). (Chow, Park, & Tillman, 2009),
50% (MVC)
. (~95% MVC) -
follow through, 50% MVC. ,
(~100% MVC)
(~150% MVC).

248
 ,
.
,
, ,
.

10.17. .

( 80% ) -
, 40%.
(81-83%) , -
(45-70%) .
, 9 36% MVC (Girard et al., 2005
Seeley et al., 2008).
93%, -
. -
60% -
(Seeley et al., 2008).
, .
, -
, ,
. -
, -
(Girard et al., 2005).

6.6.

. -
(>1000 Hz).
:

1. ,

249
 2. ,
3. , ,
,
4. ,
5. ,
6. ,
7. ,
8. .

7. ( )
(.. , , ) -
,
.
-
.
2,60 m, 2,40 m 2,8 cm.
. , ,
.
: , -
-
,
.
( ) ( ),
.
:
1.
, -
.
2. , -
, .
, .
3. , -
, ,
.
,
.

7.1.
,
. -
-
. ,
.

250
 10.18. .
. .

,
, (360). -
0 360,
10.18. ( )
,
.
, .
, ,
.
(, ) -
(1 2 ) -
(3 4 ).
180 (
) 180 ( ). -
( 0),
, 10-20
(Arampatzis & Bruggemann, 1999 Yeadon & Hiley, 2000). , 0 180, -
(~60) ( ) (~60)
,
, (Arampatzis & Bruggemann, 1999 Sevrez, Berton, Rao, &
Bootsma, 2009). 90 -
120.

( 180), . ,
280 (Arampatzis & Bruggemann,
1999 Sevrez et al., 2009 Yeadon & Hiley, 2000) ( 10.19).
(Tsuchiya, Murata, & Fukunaga, 2004).

251
 10.19. , ,
(2015 European Artistic Gymnastics Championships - Horizontal bar - Pablo Braegger 05" by
Pierre-Yves Beaudouin, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons).

:
, -
, .
(Hiley & Yeadon, 2003).
, , -
, ( 10.20).
( 0)
270 310/s (Frere, Gopfert, Slawinski, & Tourny-Chollet, 2012).
( 0 30), , ( 30 90)
. ,
( 180). -
( 180 ). ,
2 m/s 2.2 m/s,
5 m/s (Hiley & Yeadon, 2003).
3
( 270). -
, -
2 (Frere et al., 2012).

252
 10.20. . .
.
, .

7.2.
(Hay, 1993) (-
10.21):
.
: -
, -
.
.
.

253
 10.21. (
(2015_European_Artistic_Gymnastics_Championships_-_Horizontal_bar_-_Vlasios_Maras_08.jpg, Pierre-Yves Beau-
douin, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons)

( 0), -
, , . ,
-
( 90 180), -
. , -
.
. ,

. , .
, -
.
(F) -
. , m r , F
:

, F ()
(r). -
( 10.20), F , 3,5
(Kerwin & Hilley, 2003). , F ,
9 cm (Kerwin & Hilley, 2003).
, , , , -
, .
-
, .
, -
. ,
. :

254
 1.
.
2. .
3. -
(Yeadon & Hiley, 2000).

. ,
,
, . ,
:
1. ,
.
2. , -
.
3. 2 (Sevrez, Rao, Berton,
& Bootsma, 2012).

7.3.

.
:
1. ,
2.
,
3. ,
4.
,
5. ,
6. .

8. ()
-
. 8,
.
, .

,
.

8.1.
(Gourgoulis et al., 2008) ( 10.22):
1. : -
( 30-35%).
2. :
( 15-20%).
3. :
( 17-22%).
4. : -
( 26-33%).

255
 10.22 .

8.2.
- -
, ,
. ,
(Hay, 1993):
, .
,
.
,

( Bernoulli). , -
(Gourgoulis et al.,
2015 Maglischo, 2013 Rushall, Sprigings, Holt, & Cappaert).
,
( 10.25).
, . , ,
(Gourgoulis et al., 2015).
, ,
(~5), . -
, 10, .
, , ,
50, 35 (Gourgoulis et al., 2008 Gourgoulis et al., 2015).

. (
) . ,
, , .
, , .
, , ( )
( ). ( ) .
,
.
, 170-180 (
180 ,
), , 145
( = 180), -
(168 = 180) (Cappaert, Pease, & Troup, 1995 McCabe, Psycharakis, &
Sanders, 2011 Payton, Baltzopoulos, & Bartlett, 2002 Usher, 1993). , -
,
, .
, ( -
131), (147), , -
(162). , ( 40-
45 (Payton et al., 2002)) , -
. , ( = 56)
, ( = 93),
( = 154).

256
 10.23 . -
.

, ( = 18), (
) , ( = 154),
( = 107).
, , (
) , . -
, , .
, .
,
. ,
. -
( )
.
. -
55 65, (Psycharakis &
Sanders, 2010).
.
.
100m, 1992,
(34) (-18),
. 200 m, (107)
(54) (Psycharakis & Sanders, 2008).

8.2.1.
.
.
, .
, -
(Seifert, Chollet, & Bardy, 2004). -

257
 1992, ,
:
2,01 m/s 50 m, 1,84 m/s 100 m 1,70 m/s
400 m.
1,02 /s 50 m, 0.89 /s
100 m 0,78 /s 400 m ,
1,98 m 50 m, 2,09 m/s 100 m 2,20 m 400 m
(Arellano, Brown, Cappaert, & C., 1994).
, , ,
(Keskinen & Komi, 1993). , -
.
(Index of Co-ordination)
(Chollet, Chalies, & Chatard, 2000).
-
. .
, (catch up).
, o , (opposition)
, . -

. , 800 m -7,6%,
100 m -3,2% m, 50 m -0,9% (Chollet,
Chalies, & Chatard, 2000).

10.24. .

8.3.
-
.
,
.

8.3.1.
. -
, : .
, ,
, Bernoull, ,
(sculling) - (Maglischo,
2013 Rushall et al.2015). -
,
.
, , . -
(Bixler & Riewald, 2002 Schleihauf, 2004) ( 10.24):

258
 1. ,

.
2. 40, ,
.
3. 40, , -
.
4. 90,

- . , .
, -

(Gourgoulis et al., 2015):
, (<5 N)
(<10N).
, (~5 N),
, (~5 N).
, , -
. ,
.
, (~10N),
(~10 N).
, , .
, 15 N,
5 N. ,
(Schleihauf, 2004).
,
. ,
10% 15% (Hollander et al., 1986)

8.3.2.
:
:
.
:
.
-
30 120 . , -
.

( 8), 28 66 N. -
, -
. , -
( 1.1 1.5 m/s), 1.6 2.2
m/s (Kolmogorov, Rumyantseva, Gordon, & Cappaert, 1997).
, ,
:
1. :
-
. , -
. , -
, , -
.
.

259
 2. :

. . -
(
50% ), , , 5%,
0.6 m (Vennell, Pease, & Wilson, 2006).
3. :

( .) . -
20% (Zaidi, Taiar, Fohanno, &
Polidori, 2008).

8.4.

, , . ,
,
, -
. -
:
1. ,
2. , ,
3.
,
4. ,
5. , , ,
, ,
6. ,
7. .

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.
8. -
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277
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, ( 11.9):
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.
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.
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.
5. Follow-through:
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400 ms (Wagner et al., 2011)

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.

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( 100) .
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(50-60) .

280
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() (). (
Wagner et al.( 2011), Journal of Sport Science and Medicine, www.jssm.org).

,
. -
(Wagner, Pfusterschmied et al.,
2014Wagner et al., 2011):
1. (350-450/s),
2. (350-450/s),
3. (700-750/s),
4. (850-880/s),
5. (1650-1850/s),
6. (4500-5550/s),
7. (1000- 1200/s).

.
21 25 m/s -
(van den Tillaar, Zondag, & Cabri, 2013Wagner et al.,
2010aWagner, Buchecker, von Duvillard, & Muller, 2010bWagner, Pfusterschmied et al., 2014Wagner et
al., 2011).
,
(van den Tillaar & Ettema, 2004, 2007).
(Wagner et al., 2011).

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281
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.

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:
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282

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.

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( 11.9) (Reeser, Fleisig, Bolt, & Ruan, 2010) (
(Rokito, Jobe, Pink,
Perry, & Brault, 1998)):
1. (approach):
. , 2 3
.

283
 2. - (preparation): -
(
33%).
3. (cocking):
( )
( 23%).
4. (acceleration): -
( 17%).
5. Follow-through:
( 27%).

11.13: . -
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5.2.
,
( 11.13) . , -
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,
, ( 11.14).
, .
(Coleman, Benham, & Northcott, 1993Reeser et al., 2010Wagner, Pfusterschmied et al., 2014):

(50- 60), ( 11.14). ,
20-30 ( 11.13).
(30-40) ( 80-
100) ( 11.13 11.14). , (30-
40)
( 11.14).
(80-90) .
(
.
, :
(20-30) ( 11.14).
60-
80, (

284
 70-90). , (30-40) ,
(65-75) ( 11.13).

,
(Coleman et al., 1993Reeser et al., 2010).
, 20,
30, (20-30) (10-
20), (10-20),
(Reeser et al., 2010).

11.14: (-
) ( ). .
. :
. . -
.

8, -
. , , -
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, ,
.
(top spin)
(Kao, Sellens, & Stevenson, 1994).
, (Baudin, Gervais, & Wu, 2004). ,

, . ,
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-
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285

.
,
. -
(Wagner, Orwat et al., 2014):
1. (300 - 370/s),
2. (600 - 700/s),
3. (450-530/s),
4. (1550-1700/s),
5. (4500-5000/s),
6. (880 - 920/s).

.

5.3.
2,7 6,2 , -
0,30 1,40 ,
0,6 2,1 (Adrian & Laughlin, 1983).

, ( -)
(Adrian & Laughlin, 1983).

5.4.

(Escamilla & Andrews, 2009Hirashima et
al., 2002Rokito et al., 1998). , , , -
,
.
(Escamilla & Andrews, 2009Rokito et al., 1998):
, -
, , 57 71% -
. ,
.
, ,
(50% ) -
(46% ),
.
,

(65%), (65% ), (59%)
(59%),
, ,
, .
,
(30-40%), .
,
, . , follow through
( 3% 27%).

5.5.

.
( 1000 Hz). -
:

286
 1. ,
2. ,
3. ,
4.
,
5. , , , ,
,
6. ,
7. -
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8. ,
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.

6.
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. -

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.

287

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Elbow
Agonist
Strain gauge
Sensory neuron
Swing
Radius of inertia
Actin
Squat Jump
Drop Jump
Long jump
High jump
Counter movement jump
Direct Linear Transformation
Bilateral strength ratio
Markers
Common mode rejection ratio
/ Antagonist / agonist muscle strength ratio
Residual analysis
Frequency analysis
Rectification
Antagonist
Input impedance
Air resistance
Inverse dynamics
( ) Top spin
Lift
Low pass filtering
Take off distance
Landing distance
Flight distance
Principle of energy conservation
Architecture
Walking, gait
Calibration
Base of support
( ) Baseline
Range
Step
Video analysis
Video recording
Projectile motion
Slow twitch
Muscle belly
Global reference system
Giant circle
Glide
Knee
Gait line

294
 Angle of release
Take off angle
Angle of entrance
Angle of attack (pitch angle)
Angle of peak torque
Angle of tilt
Approach angle
Angle of pennation
Segmental angular kinematics
Goniometer
Index of Co-ordination
Muscle fascicles
- Angle-angle diagram
Median frequency
Inter-neuron
Vector
Stride
Multi-bar electrodes
Tendon elongation
Shear force
Double support
Bidepal
Bipolar
Two-dimensional
Discus throw
Hurdles
Resistive forces
( ) Strength
( ) Force
Ground reaction force
Dynamics
Dynamic calibration
Potential energy
Dynamic friction
Action potential
Resting potential
Dynamic pressure analysis
Force plate
Cable dynamometers
Hand-held dynamometers
Genlock
Cross sectional area
Transverse plane
Brain tissue
- Types of muscle action
Eccentric
Selective motor unit recruitment
Elastic or passive elements
Elastic elements in series
Tension arc
Pull
Integrated EMG
Biomechanics

295
 Onset
Amplifier
Smoothing
Recovery
Acceleration
Gravitational acceleration
Accelerometer
Sway area
Contact area
friction drag
Linear motion
Electrically driven dynamometers
Load cell
Electromagnetic systems
Electromyography
Isokinetic dynamometry
Isometric
Balance
Hip
Wrist
Vertical
Vertical Jump
Central nervous system
Center of gravity
Center of mass
Center of pressure
Centripetal
Kinematics
Kinematic chain
Joint kinematics
Cinematography
Kinetics
Kinetic energy
Motor unit
Motor end-plate
Motor neuron
Pixels
, Fatigue
Collision
Cubic splines interpolation
Angular motion
Gait cycle
- Stretch - shortening cycle
wave drag
Instep soccer kick
Soccer kick
Offset
Innervation ratio
Maximum isometric strength
Maximum torque, Maximum moment of force
Central differences method
Mean angular velocity
Middle stance

296
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Linear envelope

Mean pressure
Mean EMG / average EMG
Postsynaptic
Displacement
Frontal plane
form drag
Force-length relationship
Step length
Stride length
Fascicle length
Mechanical power
Mechanical work
Single support
Scalar
Monopolar
Body model
Lever arm, Moment-arm
Myosin
Neuromuscular
Law of inertia
- Law of action - reaction
Law of acceleration
Spinal root
Spinal cord
Sagital plane
Drag
( ) Back spin
- Opto-electronic systems
Momentum
Elastic elements in parallel
Cerebellum
Pedobarograph, plantar pressure system
Bar clearance
Field of view
Peripheral nervous system
Quartz
Pressure
Mediolateral
Calibration frame
( ) Side spin
Ankle
Quantitative analysis
- Pre-swing
Landing
Approach
Horizontal
Prosynaptic
Propulsive forces
Flight
Pelvic tilt

297
 Jump throw
Moment of force, Torque
Moment of inertia
Rate of force development
Firing rate
Sarcomeres
Sarcoplasmatic reticulum
Calibration points
Jump shot
Statics
Static calibration
Static friction
Static pressure analysis
Instantaneous median frequency
Instantaneous mean frequency
Angular momentum
() Trunk roll
Concentric
Continuous wavelet transform
Coefficient of restitution
Drag coefficient
Coefficient of friction
Co-ordinates
Contractile or active elements
Reference system
Insole system
Cadence
Sampling rate
Stride frequency
Measurement error
Normalized EMG signal
Normalization
Fast twitch
Force-velocity relationship
Speed, velocity
Speed of release
Flight speed
Take off speed
Walking speed, gait speed
Shutter speed
Speed of center of pressure
Terminal stance
Tendon
Root mean squared EMG
Local reference system
Friction
Three-dimensional
Standard deviation of the center of pressure
Infrared cameras
Height of release
Take off height
Jump height
Flight height

298
 Frequency bandwidth
Loading response
Handball
Temporal analysis
Digital filter
Digitizing
Impulse
Push
Shoulder

299