Han Ho Quan Tay Co Ban

TNG CNG TY LP MY VIT NAM
TRNG CAO NG NGH LILAMA 1

---------o0o---------
GIO TRNH
M un: HN H QUANG TAY C BN
M s: M15
NGH HN
Trnh :CAO NG NGH
Ninh Bnh, thng 12/2010

1
LI GII THIU
Trong nhng nm qua, dy ngh c nhng bc tin vt bc c v s

lng v cht lng, nhm thc hin nhim v o to ngun nhn lc k thut
trc tip p ng nhu cu x hi. Cng vi s pht trin ca khoa hc cng ngh
trn th gii, lnh vc c kh ch to ni chung v ngnh Hn Vit Nam ni
ring c nhng bc pht trin ng k.
Chng trnh khung quc gia ngh hn c xy dng trn c s phn
tch ngh, phn k thut ngh c kt cu theo cc mun. to iu kin
thun li cho cc c s dy ngh trong qu trnh thc hin, vic bin son gio
trnh k thut ngh theo theo cc mun o to ngh l cp thit hin nay.
M un 15: Hn h quang tay c bn l m un o to ngh c bin
son theo hnh thc tch hp l thuyt v thc hnh. Trong qu trnh thc hin,
nhm bin son tham kho nhiu ti liu cng ngh hn trong v ngoi nc,
kt hp vi kinh nghim trong thc t sn xut.
Mc du c rt nhiu c gng, nhng khng trnh khi nhng khim khuyt,
rt mong nhn c s ng gp kin ca c gi gio trnh c hon
thin hn.
Xin chn thnh cm n!
Thng 12 nm 2010
Nhm bin son
2
MC LC
mc Trang
I. Li gii thiu 1
II. Mc lc 2
III. Ni dung m un
Bi 1: Nhng kin thc c bn khi hn in h quang tay 5
Bi 2: Hn gc v tr 1F 79
Bi 3: Hn gip mi thp tm v tr 1G 92
Kim tra kt thc m un 157
IV. Ti liu tham kho 159

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M UN: HN H QUANG TAY C BN
M s m un: M15
I. V TR, NGHA, VAI TR M UN:

Mun Hn h quang tay c bn l m un chuyn mn ngh, c b tr
sau khi hc xong cc mn hc k thut c s, m un M13, M14.
L mt trong nhng mun c thi lng ln trong chng trnh o to,
ngi hc c trang b nhng kin thc, k nng c bn, s dng nhiu trong
thc t sn xut.
II. MC TIU M UN:

- Gii thch y cc khi nim c bn v hn h quang tay.
- Nhn bit cc loi vt liu dng hn h quang tay.
- Trnh by cu to v nguyn l lm vic ca cc loi my hn h quang tay.
- Tnh ton ch hn h quang tay ph hp chiu dy, tnh cht ca vt liu
v kiu lin kt hn.
- Hn c cc mi hn c bn trn cc kt cu hn thng dng m bo yu
cu k thut.
- Thc hin tt cng tc an ton v v sinh cng nghip.
III. NI DUNG M UN:
Thi gian
S
Tn cc bi trong m un Tng L Thc Kim
TT
s thuyt hnh tra*
Nhng kin thc c bn khi hn
1 56 55 1
in h quang tay
2 Hn gc v tr 1F 16 1 14 1
3 Hn gip mi thp tm v tr 1G 42 2 39 1
4 Hn gc v tr 2F 16 1 14 1
5 Hn gip mi thp tm v tr 2G 44 2 40 2
6 Hn gc v tr 3F 16 1 14 1
7 Hn gip thp tm mi v tr 3G 46 2 42 2
8 Kim tra kt thc M un 4 4
Cng 240 64 162 14
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YU CU V NH GI HON THNH M UN/MN HC
1. Kim tra nh gi trc khi thc hin m un:
- Kin thc: c nh gi qua bi kim tra trc nghim v t lun;
- K nng: c nh gi qua kt qu thc hin bi tp thc hnh ca
M14.
2. Kim tra nh gi trong khi thc hin m un:
Gio vin hng dn quan st trong qu trnh hng dn thng xuyn v
cng tc chun b, thao tc c bn, b tr ni lm vic... Ghi s theo di kt
hp nh gi kt qu thc hin mun v kin thc, k nng, thi .
3. Kim tra sau khi kt thc m un:
3.1 V kin thc:
Cn c vo mc tiu mun nh gi kt qu qua bi kim tra vit, kim
tra vn p, hoc trc nghim t cc yu cu sau:
- Tnh vt liu hn, phi hn chnh xc.
- Chn ch hn ph hp vi chiu dy vt liu v kiu lin kt hn.
- Trnh by ng cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca cc loi my hn in
h quang tay.
- Gii thch y mt s quy nh an ton trong hn in.
3.2. V k nng:
c nh gi bng kim tra trc tip cc thao tc trn my, qua cht lng
ca bi tp thc hnh t cc yu cu sau:
- Vn hnh, s dng my hn xoay chiu v mt chiu thng dng thnh tho
- Chun b phi liu, thit b dng c hn ng theo k hoch lp.
- Hn cc mi hn m bo yu cu k thut.
- Pht hin ng cc khuyt tt mi hn v sa cha mi hn khng ph
phm sn phm.
- Sp xp thit b dng c hp l, b tr ni lm vic khoa hc.
3.3 V thi :
c nh gi qua quan st, qua s theo di t cc yu cu sau:
- Chp hnh quy nh bo h lao ng;
- Chp hnh ni quy thc tp;
- T chc ni lm vic hp l, khoa hc;
- thc tit kim nguyn vt liu;
- Tinh thn hp tc lm vic theo t, nhm.
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Bi 1: Nhng kin thc c bn khi hn in h quang
M bi: 15.1
Gii thiu:
Hn h quang tay l phng php hn c ng dng rng ri trong nhiu
lnh vc ca cc ngnh cng nghip. Nm vng nhng kin thc c bn ca hn
in h quang s gip ngi hc hiu r hn bn cht ca phng php hn in
h quang, qua c c hi pht trin ngh nghip, gc sc vo cng cuc
xy dng nn kinh t nc ta.
Mc tiu:
- Trnh by c cc k hiu, quy c ca mi hn.
- Phn bit c cc loi my hn in h quang tay, g, knh hn, km
hn v cc dng c cm tay.
- Phn bit c cc loi que hn thp cc bon thp theo k m hiu, hnh
dng bn ngoi.
- Trnh by c nguyn l qu trnh hn.
- Nu c cc lin kt hn c bn.
- Trnh by c cc loi khuyt tt trong mi hn.
- Nu c nh hng ca qu trnh hn h quang tay ti sc khe cng
nhn hn.
- Thc hin tt cng tc an ton v v sinh mi trng.
Ni dung:
1. S lc v k hiu, quy c mi hn:
1.1. K hiu quy c mi hn theo tiu chun Vit Nam (TCVN)
1.1.1. Cch biu din mi hn trn bn v:
a. Khng ph thuc vo phng php hn cc mi hn trn bn v c quy c
v biu din nh sau:
Mi hn nhn thy c biu din Nt c bn (Hnh 15.1.1a,b).
Mi hn khut c biu din Nt t (Hnh 15.1.1c).
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Hnh 15.1.1: Biu din mi hn trn bn v

b. Khng ph thuc vo phng php hn, cc im hn (cc mi hn im)
trn bn v c quy c nh sau:
im nhn thy c biu din bng du + (hnh 15.1.1d) du ny c
biu th bng nt lin c bn (hnh 15.1.1e).
c. ch mi hn hay im hn quy c dng mt ng dng v nt gch
ngang ca ng dng. Nt gch ngang ny c k song song vi ng bng
ca bn v, tn cng ca ng dng c mt na mi tn ch vo v tr ca mi
hn.
d. biu din mi hn nhiu lp quy c dng cc ng vin ring v cc
ch s La M ch th t lp hn (hnh 15.1.2).
e. i vi nhng mi hn phi tiu chun (do ngi thit k qui nh) cn phi
ch dn kch thc cc phn t kt cu chung trn bn v (hnh 15.1.3)
g. Gii hn ca mi hn quy c biu th bng nt lin c bn cn gii hn cc
phn t kt cu ca mi hn biu th bng nt lin mnh.
7
1.1.2. Quy c k hiu mi hn trn bn v:
a. Cu trc quy c k hiu mi hn tiu chun (hnh 15.1.4):
Hnh 15.1.4 Quy c k hiu mi hn tiu chun

b. Cu trc quy nh k hiu mi hn phi tiu chun ch dn trn hnh 15.1.5.
Phng php hn hn mi hn ny phi ch dn trong iu kin k thut ca
bn v.
Hnh 15.1.5 Quy c k hiu mi hn phi tiu chun

8
c. Nhng quy c ph k hiu mi hn c ch dn theo bng sau:
ngha ca k hiu V tr k hiu ph
K hiu ph
ph Pha chnh Pha ph
Phn li ca mi hn
c ct i cho bng
vi b mt kim loi c
bn
Mi hn c gia cng
c s chuyn tip
u t kim loi mi
hn n kim loi c
bn
Mi hn c thc
hin khi lp rp
Mi hn gin on
phn b theo kiu mt
xch
Mi hn gin on hay
cc im hn phn b
so le
Mi hn c thc
hin theo ng knh
chu vi kn ng knh
ca k hiu
d = 3 4 mm
Mi hn c thc
hin theo ng chu vi
h.
K hiu ny ch dng
i vi mi hn nhn
thy.
Kch thc ca k hiu
qui nh:
Cao t 3 5 mm
Di t 6 10 mm
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d. Quy c k hiu mi hn i vi pha chnh ghi trn (hnh 15.1.6a) v i
vi pha ph ghi di (hnh 15.1.6b) nt gch ngang ca ng dng ch v tr
hn.
Hnh 15.1.6 Quy c pha ghi k hiu mi hn

e. nhn b mt gia cng ca mi hn c th ghi pha trn hay di nt gch
ngang ca ng dng ch v tr hn v c t sau ky hiu mi hn (hnh
15.1.7) hoc cng c th ch dn trong iu kin k thut trn bn v m khng
cn ghi k hiu.
Hnh 15.1.7 Quy c ghi nhn b mt gia cng ca mi hn

f. Nu mi hn c qui nh kim tra k hiu ny c ghi pha di ng
dng ch v tr hn (hnh 15.1.8)
Hnh 15.1.8 Quy c ghi k hiu kim tra mi hn

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g. Nu trn bn v c cc mi hn ging nhau th ch cn ghi s lng v s hiu
ca chng. K hiu ny c th ghi pha trn nt vch ngang ca ng dng
ch v tr hn (nu pha trn nt gch ngang ca ng ny c ghi k hiu mi
hn) (hnh 15.1.9)
Hnh 15.1.9 Quy c ghi k hiu cc mi hn ging nhau

h. Vt liu mi hn (que hn, dy hn, thuc hn, thuc bc...) c th ch dn
trong iu kin k thut trn bn v hoc c th khng cn phi ch dn.
i. Hin nay c nhiu phng php hn v dng hn khc nhau song chng ta quy
nh mt s quy c k hiu phng php hn v dng dng c bn cng nh
kiu lin kt hn thng dng nht nh sau:
T - Hn h quang tay.
- Hn t ng di thuc khng dng tm lt m thuc hay hn nh
trc.
1 Hn t ng di thuc dng tm lt bng thp.
1 - Hn t ng di thuc dng tm lt bng ng thuc lin hp.
- Hn t ng di thuc dng m thuc.
h - Hn t ng di thuc c hn nh trc.
bv - Hn t ng trong mi trng kh bo v.
B Hn bn t ng di thuc khng dng tm lt, m thuc hay hn
nh trc.
Bt - Hn bn t ng di thuc dng tm lt bng thp.
Bt - Hn bn t ng di thuc dng tm lt bng ng thuc lin
hp.
B - Hn bn t ng di thuc dng m thuc.
Bh - Hn bn t ng di thuc c hn nh trc
Bbv - Hn bn t ng trong mi trng kh bo v.
X - Hn in x bng in cc dy
Xt - Hn in x bng in cc tm.
Xt - Hn in x bng in cc tm dy lin hp.
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* Dng ch ci in thng sau y, c km theo cc ch s ch kiu lin kt
hn:
m - Lin kt hn gip mi.
t - Lin kt hn ch T.
g - Lin kt hn gc.
c - Lin kt hn chng.
- Lin kt hn tn inh.
k. Tt c cc k hiu ph, cc ch s cng nh cc ch (tr cc ch s) trong k
hiu mi hn, qui nh c chiu cao bng nhau (3 5 mm) v c biu th bng
nt lin mnh.
1.1.3. Mt s v d v cch ghi k hiu mi hn trn bn v:

Tit din K hiu qui c mi hn trn bn v
c tnh ca lin kt
ngang ca
hn Mt chnh Mt ph
mi hn
Lin kt hn gip mi
khng vt mp hn c
hai mt. Mi hn c
thc hin bng
phng php hn h
quang tay khi lp rp.
Sau khi hn xong, gia
cng mi hn cho
bng vi b mt kim
loi c bn.
nhn b mt gia
cng ca mi hn.
Mt chnh: Rz = 20
Mt ph: Rz = 20
Lin kt hn gip mi
vt mp hai chi tit
mt mt, hn c hai
mt.
Mi hn c thc
hin bng phng
php han h quang tay
theo ng chu vi kn.
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Lin kt hn gc
khng vt mp, hn c
hai mt. Mi hn gin
on c thc hin
bng phng php hn
bn t ng di lp
thuc khng dng tm
lt, m thuc v hn
nh trc.
Lin kt hn ch T
khng vt mp, hn c
hai mt. Mi hn c
thc hin bng
phng php hn hn
h quang tay theo chu
vi h.
Cnh mi hn: K = 6
mm.
Lin kt hn gip mi
vt mp hai chi tit
mt mt. Mi hn
c thc hin bng
phng php hn t
ng di lp thuc
c dng tm lt bng
thp.
Lin kt hn chng
khng vt mp. Hn
mt mt. Mi hn
c thc hin bng
phng php hn bn
t ng khng dng
tm lt, m thuc hay
hn nh trc.
Cnh mi hn: K = 5
mm.
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Lin kt hn gip mi
gp mp c hai chi tit
mt mt. Hn mt
mt. Mi hn c
thc hin bng
phng php hn h
quang tay.
1.2. K hiu tiu chun ca mt s nc:

1.2.1. Tiu chun Anh BS.4871
Theo tiu chun ny, cc t th hn c bn khi hn h quang tay c k
hiu nh sau:
Hn sp: D
Hn ngang: X
Hn ng t di ln: Vu
Hn ng t trn xung: Vd
Hn trn: O
- Cc t th khc cng c qui nh nh sau:
Mi hn (1G, 1F) cho t th hn D
Mi hn (2G, 2F) cho t th hn X
Mi hn (4G, 4F) cho t th hn O
Mi hn (3G, 3F) cho t th hn Vu v Vd
1.2.2. Tiu chun c DIN 1912
T th hn c bn khi hn h quang c k hiu nh sau:
PA(W) hn sp
PB(h) hn ngang t th sp
PC(q) hn ngang t th ng
PE (u) hn trn
PF (s) hn ng t di ln
PG (f) hn ng t trn xung
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1.2.3. K hiu quy c mi hn theo tiu chun AWS
1.2.3.1. Quy nh chung:
- K hiu mi hn: Mi hn c v bng nt c bn cho c mi hn
khut,trong c k hiu sau:
- i tng b tham chiu :
1.2.3.2. Cc k hiu ph trong mi hn:
K hiu mi hn (Welding Symbols)

Cc loi mi hn Pha mi tn Pha bn kia C hai pha
TT
mi tn
Mi hn gc
1
Mi hn gip mi
2
khng vt cnh
Mi hn gip mi
3 vt cnh ch V
Mi hn gip mi
vt mp mt bn
4
15
Mi hn gip mi
5
vt mp ch U
Mi hn gip mi
6
vt mp ch J
Mi hn gip mi
7
rnh ch V loe
Mi hn gip mi
8
vt mp loe mt bn
Mi hn rnh hoc
9 N/A
hn cht
Mi hn im hoc
10 N/A
hn li
11 Mi hn ng N/A
Mi hn c m lt
12 hoc tm pha N/A
sau
Mi hn p-To b
13 mt N/A N/A
Mi hn mt bch N/A
14
cnh
Mi hn mt bch
15 N/A
gc
16
1.2.3.3. V tr v ngha cc thnh phn ca mt k hiu mi hn:
1.2.3.4. Cc k hiu ph c s dng chung vi cc k hiu mi hn c bn:

* K hiu chu tuyn
Dng ch hnh dng b mt ca mi hn sau khi hon thnh mi hn.

C 3 loai chu tuyn c bn:
Chu tuyn
Bng Li Lm
17
* K hiu mi hn ton b xung quanh cn gi l k hiu mi hn theo chu
vi kn.
* K hiu c m lt pha sau mi hn:
* K hiu mi hn c s dng ming chm
Ch : C hai loi k hiu c m lt v c ming chm u c s dng

kt hp vi cc k hiu mi hn gip mi trnh din gii nhm thnh mi hn
cht hay mi hn rnh.
* K hiu nng chy hon ton

K hiu nng chy hon ton c s dng th hin s thm nhp
ton b lin kt vi phn cng c chn pha sau ca mi hn khi ch hn t
mt pha.
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* ng tham chiu kp
Hai hoc nhiu ng tham chiu c th s dng chung mt mi tn duy
nht ch mt trnh t thao tc.
V d: K hiu ng tham chiu kp: Mi hn gip mi vt mp ch V

kp
* K hiu hn thc hin theo thc t ti hin trng

Mi hn c thc hin ti ni lp rp,khng phi trong phn xng hoc
ti ni xy dng ban u.
* K hiu ngu hon ton(Complete Penetration).

19
* K hiu hn gc ch T kiu so le
20
* K hiu mi hn p, hn to b mt
* K hiu mi hn gip mi rnh vt ch V n
* K hiu mi hn tip xc im
* K hiu mi hn gip mi hn hai pha vt mt bn

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1.3. K hiu mt s phng php hn theo tiu chun quc t:
K hiu phng K hiu phng

Tn phng php hn bng ting
php hn theo php hn theo
Vit
tiu chun ISO tiu chun AWS
Hn h quang tay 111 SMAW
Hn h quang bng in cc nng chy

131
trong mi trng kh tr
GMAW
Hn h quang bng in cc nng chy
135
trong mi trng kh hot tnh
Hn h quang dy kim loi li thuc
114
khng c kh bo v
Hn h quang dy kim loi li thuc FCAW
136
trong kh hot tnh
Hn h quang dy kim loi li thuc
137
trong kh tr
Hn h quang bng in cc khng
141 GTAW
nng chy trong mi trng kh tr
Hn h quang di lp thuc 12 SAW
Hn h quang plasma 15 PAW
Hn in tr 2 RW
Hn hi vi ngn la xy kh chy 31 OFW
Hn hi vi ngn la xy axetylen 311 OAW
Hn ma st 42 FW
Hn in x 72 ESW
Hn in kh 73 EGW
Hn bng tia laser 751 LBW
Hn bng chm tia in t 76 EBW
Hn vy cng 91 Brazing
Hn vy mn 94 Soldering
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2. Cc loi my hn in h quang tay v dng c cm tay:
2.1. My hn in h quang tay:
2.1.1 Yu cu i vi my hn in h quang tay:
H quang dng hn v in thng dng c s khc nhau rt ln.
V d: Trong khi dng n in, in tr ca n hu nh c nh, nhng
s bin i ca h quang dng hn th li v cng phc tp.
Khi mi h quang, trc tin l cho que hn tip xc vi mt vt hn,
to thnh hin tng chp mch tip , nhc ngay que hn ln mi h
quang, trong qu trnh mi. Nh vy in tr chp mch bng 0, khi h quang
t chy th in tr c mt tr s nht nh.
Trong qu trnh t chy h quang v ta thao tc bng tay cho nn chiu
di ca h quang lun b thay i nh vy h quang di th in tr ln, ngc
li khi h quang ngn th in tr nh. Do mun cho h quang hi di t
chy mt cch n nh th i hi phi c mt in th hi cao ngc li nu
h quang hi ngn th i hi in th cng phi hi thp. Ngoi ra cn do que
hn nng chy nh git vo b hn. Trong mi giy que hn nng chy nh git
trn 20 git, khi nhng git to ri xung s to thnh hin tng chp mch lm
h quang b tt sau mi li h quang i hi phi c mt in th tng
i cao ngay lc .
Do nhng c im trn nu dng my in pht hay my bin th thng
thng cung cp in cho h quang th s khng th no duy tr mt cch n
nh qu trnh t chy h quang thm ch khng mi c h quang i khi
cn c th chy my pht in hoc my bin th. p ng nhng nhu cu
trong khi hn my hn in phi t nhng yu cu sau y:
* in th khng ti ca my hi cao hn in th khi hn, ng thi
khng gy nguy hin khi s dng U0 < 80 (V)
- Ngun in xoay chiu U0 = 55 80 (V), in th lm vic ca ngun
xoay chiu l Uh = 25 45 (V)
- Ngun in mt chiu U0 = 30 55 (V), in th lm vic ca dng
in mt chiu l Uh = 16 35 (V)
* Khi hn thng xy ra hin tng ngn mch, lc ny cng dng
in rt ln dng in ln khng nhng lm nng chy thanh que hn v vt hn
m cn ph hng my do trong qu trnh hn khng cho php dng in ngn
mch I = (1,3 1,4).Ih .
* Ty thuc vo s thay i chiu di h quang, in th cng tc ca
my hn in phi c s thay i nhanh chng cho thch ng . Khi chiu di ca
h quang tng th in th cng tc tng , khi chiu di h quang gim th in
th cng tc cng gim.
* Quan h gia in th v dng in ca my hn gi l ng c tnh
ngoi ca my .
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ng c tnh ngoi hn h quang tay yu cu phi l ng cong

dc lin tc. Tc l dng in trong mch tng ln th in th ca my gim
xung v ngc li. ng c tnh ngoi cng dc th cng tha mn nhng
yu cu trn v cng tt, v khi chiu di h quang thay i dng in hn thay
i t. Phi hp gia ng c tnh tnh ca h quang (2) v ng c tnh
ngoi ca my hn (1) ta thy chng ct nhau ti hai im B v A. im B l
im gy h quang, y c in th ln to iu kin gy h quang, nhng
v cng nh nn khng th duy tr s chy n nh ca h quang, m im
A mi l im h quang chy n nh.
* My hn phi iu chnh ng cng dng in thch ng vi

nhng yu cu hn khc nhau v.v ...
2.1.2 My hn xoay chiu.
My hn xoay chiu c chia thnh hai nhm chnh : nhm c t thng
tn bnh thng v nhm c t thng tn cao . Theo th t mi nhm li gm
hai kiu.
a. My hn xoay chiu vi b t cm ring.
My ny dng gim in th mng in t 220 vn hoc 380 vn
xung in th khng ti t 75 n 60 vn m bo an ton khi lm vic.
My kiu CT l i din cho nhm my ny.
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B t cm ring mc ni tip vi cun dy th cp ca my to ra s
lch pha ca dng in v in th, to ra ng c tnh dc lin tc v iu
chnh cng dng in hn.
- Nguyn l lm vic ca my nh sau:
My chy khng ti in th U1 trong cun dy s cp W1, bng in th
ca mng in, trong cun dy s cp ny c dng in s cp I1, chy qua v
to ra t thng 0 chy trong li ca my, t thng 0 gy ra trn cun dy th
cp W2. Lc cha lm vic:
Ih = 0 ; Ih Dng in hn (Ampe).
Ukt = U2 ; Ukt - in th khng ti (V); U2 - in in th trn hai u
dy ca cun th cp (V).
Hnh 15.1.1 S nguyn l ca my hn xoay chiu kiu CT

+ My chy c ti (l lc my lm vic)
Ih 0.
U2 = Uh +Utc : Uh - in th hn , Utc - in th trong b t cm
in th b t cm: Utc = Ih(Rtc + Xtc)
Rtc in tr thun ca b t cm
Xtc Tr khng ca b t cm.
Xtc = 2.L
f - Tn s dng in xoay chiu (Hz).
L - H s t cm ca b t cm.
in tr Rtc nh hn Xtc, nu khng tnh n Rtc th c th kt lun rng:
Dng in hn cng ln, tr khng ca b t cm v in th trong b t cm
cng ln th in th hn lc in th cp khng i cng gim.
Hnh trnh ngn mch: (Lc in th hn gim xung bng khng).
Ih Tng ln bng Id
25
Id C th tnh theo cng thc sau:
U2 Rt
I= .
0,8. . f .108 Wtc2
Trong :
f - Tn s dng xoay chiu (Hz).
Rt - T tr ca b t cm.
Wtc - S vng cun trong cun t cm.
T y ta c th iu chnh c dng in ngn mch cng nh dng
in hn bng hai cch:
* Thay i s vng qun trong cun t cm Wtc.
* Thay i t tr trong b t cm Rt. Mun thay i Rt ta ch vic thay i
khe h khng kh trong b t cm. Tng khe h (a) th Rt tng, L gim nn Xtc
v Utc gim xung, do cng dng in hn tng . Gim khe h th Xtc v
Utc tng nn cng dng in hn gim xung.
iu chnh cng dng in bng cch thay i s vng qun Wtc ca
b t cm th ch c kh nng iu chnh tng cp mt do t dng.
iu chnh dng in hn bng phng php thay i khe h khng kh
(a) trong b t cm th c th iu chnh c tng cp dng in hn. Mt khc
iu chnh dng in hn theo phng php ny d dng v thun li hn.
b. My hn vi b t cm kt hp (CTH) .
V nguyn tc tng t nh my CT , ch khc v phn kt cu. Ngun
cung ng c li st chung cho c bin th v iu chnh.
Trn phn li chnh (phn di) t cun s cp v phn chnh ca cun
th cp, phn trn ca li t phn cn li ca cun th cp v gi l cun dy
phn (cun khng). y bin th (phn di) v iu chnh (phn trn) c lin
quan c v in v t, nhng mi lin quan v t khng ln do c khe h ( a )
li ph . Nh vy ta c th coi cun dy phn nh cun t cm ring mc vo
mch hn ni tip vi h quang. Cun t cm c th mc cng chiu hay ngc
chiu vi cun th cp.
Hnh 15.1.2 S nguyn l ca my hn xoay chiu kiu CTH

26
c. My hn xoay chiu c li di ng:
y l loi my hn xoay chiu c t thng tn cao. Gia khong hai
cun dy s cp v th cp t mt li di ng A to ra s phn nhnh t
thng o sinh ra trong li ca my.
Hnh 15.1.3: S nguyn l ca my hn xoay chiu c li di ng .

- Cu to:
Gm khung t B, trn khung t c qun 2 cun dy s cp W1 v cun
dy th cp W2. Cun dy th cp c chia thnh 2 phn, ng thi iu chnh
c s vng ca cun dy trn my c my lp tm ni dy, dng iu
chnh s dng in, gia hai cun dy t li di ng iu chnh k dng
in.
- Nguyn l lm vic:
Li st di ng trong khung dy to ra phn nhnh ca t thng o.
Nu li st (4) nm trong mt phng ca khung t (3) th tr s t thng
o s chia lm hai phn, mt phn l t thng i qua li st (4), mt phn 2
i qua cun dy th cp W2 gim i, sc in ng cm ng sinh ra trong cun
dy th cp nh v dng in sinh ra trong mch hn nh. Ngc li iu chnh
li st (4) chy ra to nn khong trng khng kh ln th t thng s ln lc ny
sc in ng cm ng ln to cho dng in trong mch hn ln.
- Vic iu chnh dng in:
*iu chnh s: Thng qua cch u dy ca cun th cp W2 nhm thay
i s vng ca cun dy W2.
- Trn tm u dy ca cun dy th cp c hai cch u:
27
+ Cch u 1 dy hn nh in th khng ti cao.
+ Cch u dy hnh 2 dng in hn ln, in th khng ti thp.
* iu chnh k: Nu vn tay quay cng chiu kim ng h dng in hn
gim. Ngc li nu vn ngc chiu kim ng h dng in tng.
d. c im v thng s k thut ca mt s my hn xoay chiu:
* My hn TURBO 270
+ c im:
- My hn AC 1 pha Turbo 270 s dng cng ngh iu khin dng hn bng
sun t
- S dng qut lm mt
- iu chnh c lin tc dng hn
- Thch hp sa cha trong nh xng, nh my,
+ Thng s k thut:
Thng s k thut TURBO 270
in p vo 1 pha V 230/400
Cng sut KVA 6.2
Cu ch tr A 25/16
in p mch h V 52
Dng hn A 40195
100% 100
Chu k lm vic 60% A 120
25% 195
ng knh que hn mm 1.6 5.0
Cp bo v IP 21
Cp cch in CL H
D 620
Kch thc mm R 400
C 600
Trng lng Kg 34
28
* My hn TM
+ c im:
- My hn TM s dng cng ngh iu khin dng bng sun t
- Lm mt bng qut
- iu khin dng lin tc
- in th ngn mch cao, thch hp hn dng AC vi nhng in cc c
bn
+ Thng s k thut:
TM 250 TM 401
Thng s k thut
AC DC
Ngun vo 1 pha V 230/400 230/400
Cng sut kVA 14 19
Cu ch tr A 63/35 80/50
in p mch h V 75 68 70
Dng hn A 42 250 30 190 60-350
ng knh que hn mm 1,6-5 2-6
130 130 200
100%
Chu k lm vic 170 170 250
60% A
(40C)
220 180 350
X%
(35%) (50%) (35%)
Cp bo v IP 23 23
Cp cch in CL H H
D 825 1000
Kch thc mm R 425 560
C 660 730
Trng lng Kg 80 79
29
* My hn MEGA 161/A
+ Thng s k thut:
Thng s k thut MEGA 161/A

in p vo 1
V 230/400
pha
Cng sut KVA 3.3
Cu ch tr A 16/10
in p mch
V 51
h
Dng hn A 60140
ng knh
mm 2.0 3.25
que hn
Cp bo v IP 21
Cp cch in CL H
D 420
Kch thc mm R 250
C 320
Trng lng Kg 15.5
30
2.1.3 My hn mt chiu.
Theo cu to v nguyn l tc dng, my hn mt chiu c chia thnh 4
kiu chnh:
- My hn mt chiu c cun kch thch c lp.
- My hn mt chiu c cun kch thch mc song song v kh t ni tip.
- My hn mt chiu c cc cc t lp ri.
- My hn mt chiu vi t trng ngang.
Hin nay Lin X, Trung Quc dng loi my hn mt chiu c cc cc
t lp ri ph bin hn c vi cc kiu: CM, C.300 v C.300M (Lin X);
AT.320 (Trung Quc).
- Cu to:
Hnh 15.1.4 Hnh dng bn ngoi ca my hn mt chiu c cc cc t lp ri

1. Thn my pht in 2. B bin tr . 3. Phn ng rto.
4. Chi in. 5. C gp. 6. Tay quay.
7. M nam chm 8. Mch in ngoi. 9. Tay nm
My pht in mt chiu kiu cc cc t lp ri dng hn gm 4 cc
t, hai cc cng tn c ni song song vi nhau. Trn cc t c 3 t chi than,
hai t chi in than chnh A v B cung cp in cho h quang, gia lp t
chi in than ph C, chi in than A v C cung cp in cho cun kch t ca
my pht in, ta c th iu chnh dng in ca cun dy kch t bng b bin
tr lp trn my hn, c th dng tay nm di chuyn v tr ca chi in than.
- Nguyn l lm vic:
31
Hnh 15.1.5 My hn
mt chiu vi cc cc t
lp ri
a. Hnh cu to
b. Hnh nguyn l
1. B bin tr.
2. Cun dy kch t.
3. Tay nm.
4. Chi in than
5. Cc t
6. R to
Theo nguyn l in t khi c dng in thng qua rto ca my pht

in s sinh ra t thng, t thng do rto sinh ra tc dng lm yu t trng sn
c hin tng ny gi l phn ng rto.
Lc khng ti, trong rto ca my pht in khng c dng in hn
thng qua, khng sinh ra phn ng rto do in th khng ti ca my pht
in hi cao, rt d mi h quang. Lc hn trong rto ca my pht in c dng
in hn thng qua sinh ra phn ng rto lm gim t thng ca my pht in
cui cng in th ca my pht in s gim xung ti mc tng ng.
Vi in th dng t chy h quang mt cch n nh ty thuc vo
s thay i chiu di h quang, phn ng rto cng thay i lm nh hng ti
in th cng tc ca my pht in. Do lc chiu di ca h quang tng th
in th cng tc ca my pht in cng s tng theo nh vy p ng c
nhu cu khi hn.
Lc chp mch phn ng rto rt ln khin cho in th ca my pht
in gim xung ti mc xp x s 0, nh vy hn ch c dng in chp
mch.
- iu chnh dng in hn:
C hai phng php diu chnh dng in, iu chnh s v iu chnh k.
+ iu chnh s: Th dng in hn thay i rt ln, n thng qua vic di
chuyn v tr chi in than thc hin vic iu chnh, lc di chuyn chi in
than theo chiu quay ca rto th phn ng rto s tng cng, in th ca my
hn in gim xung, dng in hn cng s gim xung ngc li nu di
chuyn chi than ngc vi chiu xoay ca rto th dng in s tng ln.
+ iu chnh k: Th dng in thay i t nhim v chnh ca n l lm cho
dng in hn sau khi iu chnh s c iu chnh li mt cch u n, ta
dng b bin tr thay i dng in ca cun dy kch t tng hoc gim
t thng ca my pht in nhm thay i in th ca my hn in nh vy
l t c mc ch iu chnh k dng in hn.
32
Cnh my hn mt chiu c cc cc ni dy. Cn c theo nhu cu ta c
th thay i cch u dy thay i cc tnh hn.
* c im v thng s k thut ca mt s my hn in h quang tay mt

chiu:
- My hn ARCTRONIC
+ c im:
- Chc nng ARC FORCE cho php chn c ng c tnh ng tt
nht ca h quang hn
- Chc nng HOT START cho php d dng gy h quang vi nhng
in cc khc nhau.
- Mi h quang bng tip xc hoc khng tip xc.
- T ng b in p li 10%
- Thi ng hn bng in cc cacbon
- Ting n thp
+ Thng s k thut:
Thng s k thut ARCTRONIC 426 ARCTRONIC 626
in p vo V 230/400 230/400
Cng sut KVA 20 30
Cu ch tr A 50/32 80/45
in p mch h V 64 64
Dng hn A 5400 5600
100% 220 330
Chu k lm vic 60% A 290 430
35% 400 600
ng knh que
mm 1.6 8.0 1.6 8.0
hn
Tiu chun IEC 60974-1 IEC 60974-10 S
Cp bo v IP 23 23
Cp cch in H H
D 1260 1260
Kch thc mm R 730 730
C 615 615
Trng lng Kg 147 196
33
- My hn RIARC
+ c im:
- S dng cng ngh sun t iu khin dng hn
- Thch hp hn vi bt k loi que hn khc nhau
- Hn c c hai phng php : MMA v TIG
- c tnh h quang tt v n nh
- Thch hp bo dng, sn xut, cng nghip ng tu v kt cu thp
+ Thng s k thut:
TRIARC TRIARC TRIARC
Thng s k thut
306/L 406/L 506/L
in p vo V 230/400 230/400 230/400
Cng sut KVA 14,9 22,4 30,5
Cu ch tr A 40/25 50/32 63/40
in p mch h V 65 75 75
Dng hn A 45270 60400 80500
100% 145 230 290
Chu k lm
60% A 180 300 380
vic
35% 260 400 500
ng knh que
mm 1.6 5.0 2.0 8.0 2.5 8.0
hn
Cp bo v IP 23 23 23
Cp cch in CL H H H
D 880 1120 1120
Kch thc mm R 425 570 570
C 690 725 725

Trng lng Kg 82 122 139
34
- My hn ARC
+ c im:
- S dng cng ngh sun t iu khin dng hn
- Thch hp hn vi bt k loi que hn khc nhau
- Hn c c hai phng php : MMA v TIG
- c tnh h quang tt v n nh
- Thch hp bo dng, sn xut, cng nghip ng tu v kt cu thp
+ Thng s k thut:
ARC ARC ARC 403 ARC 503
Thng s k thut
253 303
in p vo V 230/400 230/400 230/400 230/400
Cng sut KVA 12,8 14,9 19,3 24
Cu ch tr A 32/20 40/25 50/32 63/35
in p mch h V 65 65 71 75
Dng hn A 55250 70300 60370 70450
100% 135 145 200 230
Chu k lm vic 60% A 170 180 260 300
35% 230 260 350 400

ng knh que
mm 2.0 5.0 2.0 5.0 2.0 6.0 2.5 8.0
hn
Cp bo v IP 23 23 23 23
Cp cch in CL H H H H
D 880 880 1120 1120
Kch thc mm R 425 425 570 570
C 690 690 725 725

Trng lng Kg 53 64 95 117
35
2.1.4 My hn bng dng in chnh lu.
Cng vi s pht trin nhanh chng ca cng ngh bn dn trong k thut
hn ngy cng ng dng nhiu chnh lu.
My hn bng dng in chnh lu gm hai b phn chnh: my bin th
(c c cu iu chnh) v b phn chnh lu dng in. My bin th hon ton
ging my bin th hn xoay chiu. B phn chnh lu b tr trn mch th cp
ca my bin th v thng dng l chnh lu Slen v Silic. Tc dng ca
chnh lu l bin dng in xoay chiu thnh dng in mt chiu hn.
a. My hn chnh lu 1 pha
* S mch in: (Hnh 15.1.6)
Cu to ca my gm hai b phn chnh: phn bin th (c c cu iu
chnh) v phn chnh lu dng in. Phn bin th hon ton ging nh bin th
ca my hn in xoay chiu. Phn chnh lu b tr trn mch th cp ca my
bin th v thng dng l cc i- t chnh lu loi slen hoc silc.
Hnh 15.1.6. S mch in my hn chnh lu mt pha

* Nguyn l lm vic:
Gi s na du ca chu k, u A mang in dng, dng in i qua
bin tr n nt (a), qua n 1 n nt (b), qua mch hn (gm cp hn, que hn,
vt hn) n nt (d). Do in th (a) cao hn (d) nn dng in khng i qua
n 4 m qua n 3 n nt (c). Do in th (b) cao hn (c) nn dng in
khng i qua n 2 m tr v u B.
na sau ca chu k u B mang in dng, dng in n nt (c) qua
n 2 n nt (b), qua mch hn n nt (d). Do in th nt (c) cao hn (d)
nn dng in khng qua n 3 m qua n 4 n nt (a). Do in th (b) cao
hn (a) nn dng in khng qua n 1 m qua bin tr v u A. Nh vy kt
thc mt chu k dng in lun i theo mt chiu nht nh.
b. My hn chnh lu 3 pha.
* S mch in: (Hnh 15.1.7)
My cng gm hai b phn chnh: phn bin th c b phn iu chnh
dng in th cp ca my v phn chnh lu dng in. Phn bin th hn l
loi bin th hn 3 pha u Y hoc . mi mch ca th cp c b tr mt
bin tr c bit dng iu chnh dng in th cp mi pha trc khi a
qua chnh lu. Phn chnh lu c b tr trn mch th cp ca my bng b
chnh lu cu gm 6 n bn dn.
36
Hnh 15.1.7. S mch in my hn chnh lu ba pha

* Nguyn l lm vic:
Khi ni cc pha ca cun dy s cp ca my vo li in xoay chiu ba
pha th cc cun dy th cp ca my s xut hin dng in cm ng. Do
trong mch chnh lu cu c b tr 6 n bn dn nn trong mi mt phn su
ca chu k c mt cp chnh lu lm vic theo trnh t: 1 - 5; 2 - 4; 3 - 6. Kt
qu l trong ton b chu k, dng in c chnh lu lin tc v ng cong
dng in gn nh l ng thng. Nh vy dng in xoay chiu ba pha sau
khi i qua chnh lu ch i theo mt hng v c nhp nh rt nh v vy
dng in hn rt n nh, hiu sut s dng li in cao. chnh l l do
hin nay ch yu s dng loi my hn chnh lu loi ba pha.
Nhn xt: my hn bng dng in chnh lu khng c phn quay nn kt
cu n gin v tt hn my hn mt chiu kiu ng c my pht. Ngoi ra n
cn c h s cng sut hu ch cao, cng sut lc khng ti nh hn 5 - 6 ln so
vi my pht dng in hn mt chiu. So vi my hn xoay chiu th qu trnh
hn n nh hn, thun li cho vic hn cc loi vt liu khc nhau.V vy my
hn bng dng in chnh lu ngy cng c s dng rng ri.
c. My bin p 3 pha MHD - 1000 (6 m):

- Thng s k thut:
+ Cng sut biu kin S = 100 KVA
+ in p th cp khng ti: 62 75V
+ Dng in th cp I2max = 1500A
+ in p s cp: 380V (3 pha)
+ Tn s: 50HZ
+ Dng in s cp I1max = 160A
37
- Kt cu ca my:
Bin p hn MHD - 1000 l loi bin p kh c t trong khung c v
bo v, hai u c ca thong nhit. My c t v tr c nh trnh di
chuyn khi my hn lm vic.
Rut my c qut thng gi 3 pha dng lm mi it (b phn chnh
lu) v rut my khi vn hnh.
+ Ngun vo b tr p t mt 250A dng ng ct bo v khi my lm
vic qua ti hay b ngn mch.
+ V my c lp t ng h (A) v (V) theo di khi vn hnh.
- Nhng iu lu khi s dng my hn MHD - 1000 (6m):
+ Khi s dng cn lp dy lin tip t tt cho my m bo an ton.
+ Dy dn in cho my dng loi dy li ng 3 pha, 4 dy tit din 35
50mm2, dy ni ra km hn (cp hn) tit din 50 70mm2, p cht u ct bt
cht vo u ra ca my.
+ Cn b tr che chn cc bng u dy vo my v u dy ra trnh
ngi hoc cc vt khc chm phi m bo an ton cho ngi v my.
+ Khi ngng my nn ct p t mt.
+ Khng nn ni u m ra ca my vi sn kim loi.
+ Ngoi ra c n bo hiu xanh, phn bit my c in hay ang
ch vn hnh:
- Khi n sng my ang c in.
- Khi n tt, n xanh sng bo hiu my ang ch vn hnh.
+ H thng nt xanh, dng iu khin my hot ng hay ngng:
+ Cc loi my bin p u thit k c mc cu m bo kh nng di
chuyn v thay i v tr. Do vy khi cn vn chuyn xa phi t trn cc
phng tn chuyn dng nh t v xe ko.
+ Tuyt i khng t my ni c dc trn 100 v trc khi u in
vo my cn kim tra cc thit b trong rut my trnh trng hp chm chp
m vn u in.
+ Khi chy th my cn kim tra chiu quay qut gi.
38
d. c im v thng s k thut ca mt s my hn chnh lu:
* My hn MMA: Pi 200E/ 250E ca hng Migatronic - an Mch
- iu khin dng hn: v cp (m bo chn chnh xc im lm vic ti u
ca my)
- Gc my c lm bng vt liu chng rung, tng tui th v s lm vic
tin cy ca h thng mch in t
+ Thng s k thut:
Thng s k thut PI 200E PI 250E
Ngun in s dng 3 400V 15%, 50/60Hz 400V 15%, 50/60Hz
pha
Cng sut max 6,7 KVA 9 KVA
Dng hn cc i 200A 250A
Di iu chnh dng hn 7 200A 7 250A
H s lm vic 60% 200A 60% 210A
in p khng ti 95V 95V
Kch thc my 360 x 220 x 570 mm 360 x 220 x 570 mm
Trng lng my 20 Kg, d dng di 20 Kg, d dng di
chuyn bng xch tay chuyn bng xch tay
+ Chc nng c bit
- Kiu chnh lu: INVERTER k thut s, dng siu mn, trng lng
nh
- Chc nng: hn MMA vi dng DC
- iu khin dng hn: v cp (m bo chn chnh xc im lm vic ti
u ca my)
- Gc my c lm bng vt liu chng rung, tng tui th v s lm
vic tin cy ca h thng mch in t
- Trang b chc nng khi ng nng (hotstart) cho hn MMA: 0 100%
dng hn
39
- iu chnh c tnh ng ca h quang MMA: 0 100%
- Trang b ng h s, mn hnh LCD, hin th chnh xc tt c cc thng
s hn
- Trang b chc nng ci t v ghi nh chng trnh hn: 10 chng trnh
hn
- Trang b chc nng la chn chng trnh hn np
- Trang b h thng phm mm chng bi thng minh, tc ng cc nhanh
ng dng cho hn cc loi vt liu: thp thng, thp cng cao, thp
khng g, nhm, v.v
40
+ My hn DYNAMIC 400 / 500
- c tnh:
My hn mt chiu DYNAMIC s dng cng ngh chnh lu Thyristor cho
kt cu hn chc kho, khng rung n so vi my cng loi nh cng ngh ch to
bin p hn tin tin qua nhiu nm th nghim.
Vi cng ngh Thyristor tt c cc thng s hn c duy tr n nh vi
ngun cp cho php dao ng 10%.
Mi h quang d dng, gim thiu bn to khi hn v c bit l n nh v
kh nng ph hp vi nhiu kch thc khc nhau ca vt liu thng qua kh
nng iu chnh dng hn d dng.
C cu hp iu khin t xa gip ngi thao tc thun tin cho vic iu
chnh m khng cn phi iu chnh trn ngun hn.
- Ngun hn
Model DYNAMIC 400 DYNAMIC 500

in p ngun (V/pha) 380 10%/ 3 pha
Input voltage (V/ phase)
Tn s (Hz) 50/60
Frequency (Hz)
Cng sut ti a (KVA)
Max. Power consumption (KVA) 32
Dng hn ti a (A)
Max. Welding current (A) 400 500
Phm vi dng hn (A)

Welding current range (A) 60 ~ 400 80 ~ 500
Di in p hn (V)
Welding voltage range (V) 16 ~ 47 2
41
in p khng ti (V)
No-load voltage (V) 75
Chu k lm vic (%)

Duty cycle (%) 100%
Chnh lu
Rectifier THYRISTOR
Cp bo v
Protection class IP21S
Trng lng (Kg)

Weight (Kg) 220
Kch thc (di x rng x cao) mm
Dimensions (L x W x H) mm 724 x 488 x 800
- Ph kin:
Km hn 500A 600A
Electrode holder
Kp mt 500A 500A
Earth clamp
Cp ngun 5m
Power cable
Cp hn SQ50 x 10m SQ70 x 10m
Welding cable
Cp mt SQ50 x 3m SQ70 x 3m
Earth cable
42
+ My hn VNS - DC 1000
- c tnh:
My hn mt chiu 6 km VNS - DC 1000 s dng cng ngh chnh lu
DIODE cho kt cu hn chc khe, khng rung n so vi my cng loi nh
cng ngh ch to bin p hn tin tin qua nhiu nm th nghim.
iu chnh dng hn cho tng m ring bit bng bin tr.
Cung cp dng hn mt chiu n nh, h quang t bn te khi hn. My lm
vic m, n nh, tit kim in nng.
-Ngun hn:
Model: VNS - DC 1000

in p ngun (V/pha) Input
voltage (V/ phase) 380 10%/ 3 pha
Tn s (Hz) 50/60
Frequency (Hz)
100
Cng sut (KVA)
Power consumption (KVA)
Dng hn ti a (A) 1300
Max. Welding current (A)
in p khng ti (V)
No-load voltage (V) 75
Chu k lm vic (%)
Duty cycle (%) 100
43
Cp bo v
Protection class IP21S
Trng lng (Kg)
Wieght (Kg) 400Kg
-Bin tr:
Model BT 320
in th trn bin tr (V)
Voltage on rheostat (V) 30
Dng hn ti a (A)
Max. Welding current (A) 320
Phm vi iu chnh dng hn (A)

Welding current range (A) 20 ~ 320

Trng lng (Kg) Weight

(Kg) 50
- Ph kin tiu chun:

Km hn 500A (B)
6
Electrode holder 500A (Sets)
Kp mt 500A (B)
6
Earth clamp 500A (Sets)
Cp ngun 10m (B) Power

1
cable 10m (Sets)
Cp hn 15m (B) Welding
6
cable 15m (Sets)
Cp mt 3m (B) Earth
6
cable 3m (Sets)
Cp ra tr 2m (B) Output
6
cable 2m (Sets)
44
1.2.5. My hn vn hnh song song:
* Mc ch vn hnh song song my hn:
Trong qu trnh hn, c nhng lc i hi phi c dng in hn rt ln,
nu mt my hin c xng khng cung cp dng in hn th ta c th
dng hai my hn cho vn hnh song song mi c th p ng c yu cu ca
cng vic hn.
* Nguyn tc vn hnh song song my hn:
- Nhng my hn u song song phi c in th khng ti, cng sut
nh mc v nhng tnh nng k thut ging nhau hoc gn ging nhau do tt
nht l dng nhng my hn cng loi.
- Khi hai my hn vn hnh song song, phi iu chnh sao cho cng
dng in ca mi my hn bng mt na cng dng in khi hn.
a. My hn mt chiu vn hnh song song: (Hnh 15.1.8)
Khi ni song song hai my hn mt chiu kiu cc t lp ri, ta c th
dng phng php kch t ln nhau. Dng in kch t ca my hn A do my
hn B cung cp, dng in kch t ca my hn B li do my hn A cung cp
mi c th lm cho my hn lm vic n nh c.
Ngoi ra phi ni cc dng vi cc dng, cc m vi cc m ca hai
my hn li ri mi ni cc dng chung v cc m chung vi vt hn v que
hn.
b. S dng my hn xoay chiu ni song song: (Hnh 15.1.9)
Khi ni hai my hn xoay chiu, ta phi u 2 cun dy s cp ca 2 my
vo cng mt pha ca li in, ng thi cun dy th cp cng phi u vo
cng mt pha.
kim tra xem u dy c ng hay khng, trc ht u 2 u dy ca
cun dy th cp ca hai my hn vo vi nhau, sau u 2 u dy cn li
vo bng n 110V. Nu bng n khng sng, chng t u chnh xc, nu
bng n sng ln th chng t u sai, lc ny ch cn thay i cch u cho
cun dy s cp hoc cun dy th cp ca my hn l c.
Khi hai my hn vn hnh song song, phi iu chnh sao cho cng
dng in ca mi my hn bng mt na cng dng in khi hn.
45
2.2 Dng c cm tay v dng c bo h lao ng.
2.2.1 Km hn:
- Tc dng ca km hn: Dn in v cp cht que hn, cu to ca km

hn tt xu s nh hng rt ln ti vic hn.
- Phn loi: Km hn c chia lm 2 loi 300A v 500A
- Yu cu ca km hn: Tnh nng dn in tt, trng lng nh, thay i
que hn d dng. B phn dn in ca km hn lm bng ng, tit din ca n
to hay nh do dng in hn quyt nh.
Tay cm lm bng cht cch in, da vo l xo cp cht cc loi que hn
c ng knh khc nhau theo cc chiu khc nhau.
2.2.2 Dng c ph tr:
- Dng c ph tr gm: ba u nhn (ba g x hn), bn chi thp, hp
ng que hn, ba u trn, c.
46
2.2.3 Dng c bo h lao ng trong hn h quang tay:
+ Mt n: L mt loi dng c dng bo h u

v mt ca th hn khi b kim loi nng chy bn vo.
Ngn cn s nh hng ca nhng quang tuyn c hi
pht ra t h quang in. Mt n gm hai loi l loi i
vo u v loi cm tay. Mt n thng rt nh v chc
chn, c lm bng ba cc tng, nha php, c mu en
hoc mu nung trc c khung knh lp knh bo
h mt, bn trong c ly l xo gi ming knh bo h
mt.
+ Ming knh mu: C tc dng gim bt cng nh sng h quang

mt khc cn c tc dng lc tia hng ngoi, tia t ngoi. Th hn thng qua
ming knh bo h m quan st vng nng chy nm vng qu trnh hn.
- Chn knh bo h tham kho bng sau:
S hiu ghi trn ming Mu xm hay nht Phm vi dng in hn

knh bo h thch hp (Ampe)
9 Hi nht 100(A)
10 Trung bnh 100 350 (A)
11 Hi xm 350 (A)
- trnh nhng ht kim loi nng chy bn vo ming knh bo h lao

ng mt lm hng knh. Ta lng nhng ming knh trng ln trn ming knh
mu.
- Nhng dng c bo h lao ng khc: Qun o bo h bng vi bt,
gng tay da, ming p chn lm bng vi d, giy cch in, knh trng thng.
47
3. Cc loi que hn thp cc bon thp:
3.1 Cu to:
Gm 02 phn li thp v thuc bc que hn. Theo tiu chun vit nam TCVN
3734 89. Quy c ng knh que hn c gi theo ng knh ca li thp
que hn.
3.2. Phn loi que hn:

3.2.1 Phn loi theo cng dng:
Que hn c chia thnh cc nhm sau:
- Que hn hn hn thp cc bon v thp hp kim kt cu.
- Que hn hn thp hp kim chu nhit.
- Que hn hn thp thp hp kim cao v c tnh cht c bit.
- Que hn p.
- Que hn gang.
- Que hn kim loi mu
3.2.2. Phn loi theo chiu dy lp thuc bc:

Chiu dy lp thuc bc thay i ty theo in cc c biu th bi h
s lp thuc bc, t s gia ng knh ton phn v ng knh li thp que
hn D/d.
- Nu D/d = 1.2 n 1.35 in cc c lp thuc bc mng .
- Nu D/d = 1.4 n 1.7 in cc c lp thuc bc trung bnh
- Nu D/d = 1.8 n 2.2 in cc c lp thuc bc dy .
3.2.3 Phn loi theo tnh cht ch yu ca v thuc bc que hn.

a. Que hn loi v thuc h axt (k hiu ch A).
Thuc bc loi ny ch to t cc loi oxt st, oxt mangan, oxt silic
Que hn loi ny c tc chy ln, cho php hn bng hai loi dng in
AC v DC v hn c cc v tr hn trong khng gian.
48
- Nhc im: D b nt nng do t dng hn cc loi thp c hm
lng lu hunh v cacbon cao.
b. Que hn loi v thuc h baz (k hiu ch B).
Trong v thuc ch yu l cc thnh phn nh canxi cacbonat, magi
cacbonat, hunh thch, fermangan, silic, titan Khi hn s to ra cc kh bo
v CO v CO2 do phn ng phn ly ca cacbonat. Que hn h baz thng ch
s dng vi dng in hn mt chiu ni nghch. Mi hn t b nt kt tinh
nhng d b r kh. C th s dng loi ny hn cc thp c bn cao, cc
loi kt cu hn quan trng.
c. Que hn loi v thuc h hu c (k hiu ch O hay C).
Loi que hn ny c cha nhiu loi tinh bt, xenlul, to ra mi
trng kh bo v cho qu trnh hn. c im ca loi que hn ny c tc
ng c nhanh do c th s dng hn leo, hn ngang, hn trn, loi dng
hn AC, DC .
d. Que hn loi v thuc h rutin ( k hiu ch R; v bc dy RR )
Trong thuc bc c cc thnh phn: oxit titan, grafit, mica, trng thch,
canxi, magi cacbonat, fer hp kim. Loi que hn ny khi hn h quang chy
n nh t bn to, mi hn hnh thnh tt, loi dng hn AC, DC nhng d r
kh v nt kt tinh trong mi hn
3.2.4 Phn loi theo bn ko:

Cn c vo bn ko ti thiu ca kim loi que hn phn loi. Theo
tiu chun vit nam c loi N38, N46..., theo tiu chun ISO c cc loi E60...,
E70..., E80...
3.3 Tc dng ca thuc bc que hn:

3.3.1 Nng cao tnh n nh h quang:
- Khi hn bng dng mt chiu que hn trn khng thuc bc vn c th
duy tr h quang chy c, nhng khng n nh.
- Nu hn bng dng xoay chiu khng th hn c.
Que hn c thuc bc khng nhng nng cao tnh n nh ca h quang,
m tin hnh hn bnh thng i vi dng xoay chiu.
3.3.2 Bo v kim loi nng chy khi tc ng c hi ca khng kh.

- Khi hn, thuc bc chy sinh ra th kh ph ln h quang lm cho kim
loi chy cch ly vi khng kh bo v kim loi chy.
- Sau khi chy thuc bc to thnh lp x ph ln mt mi hn, bo v
kim loi mi hn trnh xy ho v s xm nhp ca cc tp cht khc. ng thi
49
x hn c th lm cho kim loi mi hn ngui dn, thc y kh thot ra, gim
bt kh nng sinh ra l hi.
3.3.3 y oxy thot khi kim loi mi hn tt hn:

Thuc bc tuy c kh nng sinh ra th kh bo v cch ly khng cho tip
xc vi kim loi chy, nhng khng cch ly tuyt i, vn cn mt t khng kh
xm nhp vo v xy cn c kh nng do nhng nguyn nhn khc m c a
vo vng nng chy.
Cho nn xy tc dng vi kim loi s to thnh xt lm cho mt s yu
t no ca kim loi b chy hng, dn n cht lng ca mi hn gim
xung. Do trong thuc bc cn c thm mt t cht hon nguyn y xy
trong xt ra, mi m bo cht lng mi hn.
3.3.4 B sung nguyn t hp kim nng cao c tnh mi hn:

Do nh hng nhit cao ca h quang mt s nguyn t hp kim ca
kim loi vt hn v li thp que hn b chy hng, lm cho c tnh ca mi hn
gim xung.
trnh nhng nhc im trn, trong thuc bc c tng thm mt s
nguyn t hp kim, khi bc thuc chy, s nguyn t ny s theo vo kim loi
mi hn, nng cao c tnh ca kim loi mi hn, thm ch c kh nng vt qu
c tnh vt hn.
3.3.5 Lm cho qu trnh hn thun li v nng cao hiu sut lm vic:

Thuc bc nng chy chm hn tc nng chy ca li thp que hn,
u li thp que hn thuc bc hnh thnh ng bc li ra, lm cho kim loi nng
chy rt d chy vo vng nng chy tin cho khi hn nga v hn ng c
thuc bc nhit lng cng tp trung, kim loi bn ra c gim bt, lng kim
loi hn trong n v thi gian c nng cao.
Phn loi v cng dng

Tn nguyn liu
nguyn liu
Cc-bon-nt ka li, xo a, phen pt, thu tinh

nc, thu tinh nc ka-li, qung st t tnh
Cht n nh h quang
Titan, hoa ChaL-K, Cc-b-nt Ba-ri, kim
loi kim th, cc vt xy ho.
St Mng gan, st si lch, st ti tan, st nhm,

Cht kh - xi
Gra-pt than g.
50
Tnh kim Qung Mng gan, ChaL-K, hoa, qung Ma-

nh-t
Cht to x t Si lch, phen-pt, t tht (t tht mn thun,
Tnh axt
hn t cao lanh, hoa cng).
Trung tnh Qung st, ti tan chn k.
Bt A-mi-dng, bt De-xtrin, bt m, mn ca,

Cht to th kh
Xen-lu-l, hoa ChaL-K, Qung Ma-nh-t
hunh thch, thu tinh, Clo-Ba ri, Bi--xt

Cht ho long
Ti tan
St Man gan, st Si lch, st ti tan, st Crm, st

Cht thm hp kim
m lp en, st Vonfram, st Va-na-i.
Cht kt dnh Thu tinh nc, Xtrin, t tht, t cao lanh
3.4. Li thp que hn:

3.4.1 Thnh phn ho hc ca li thp que hn:
m bo cht lng mi hn, i vi cht lng li thp que hn
thng yu cu cao, c nhiu loi i vi que hn dng hn thp cc bon thp
v thp hp kim thp xem bng sau:
S hiu thp Hm lng nguyn t
Nhn
K hiu (C) (Mn) (Si) (Cr) (Ni) (S) (P)
hiu
Khng qu
0,1
Hn 0,8 H 0,8 0,1 0,30,55 0,03 0,3 0,04 0,04
5
Hn 0,8
H 0,8A 0,1 0,30,55 0,03 0,1 0,25 0,03 0,43
CaO
Hn 0,1
H0,8Mn 0,1 0,81,1 0,03 0,3 0,04 0,04
0,8Mn 5
51
Hn
H0,8Mn
0,8Mn, 0,1 0,80,1 0,03 0,1 0,25 0,03 0,03
A
CaO
Hn 15 H15 0,110,18 0,350,55 0,03 0,2 0,3 0,04 0,04
Hn 15
H15 Mn 0,110,18 0,81,1 0,03 0,2 0,3 0,04 0,04
Mn
Hn
H10Mn2 0,12 1,51,9 0,03 0,2 0,3 0,04 0,04
10Mn2
Hn 10 0,6-
H10MnSi 0,14 0,81,1 0,2 0,3 0,03 0,04
Mn, Si 0,9
3.4.2 S nh hng ca cc nguyn t trong li thp que hn

- Cac bon: L cht kh xy tng i tt, khi nhit cao sinh ra kh
(CO, CO2) n khng ho tan trong kim loi, nhng c kh nng y th kh
khng c li i vi mi hn trong khng kh nh xy, nit to ra lung hi
thi nhng git kim loi chy, do m khi hn ng v hn nga tng i d
nhng n li tng thm sc bn to ca kim loi.
Nu lng cc bon nhiu hn, khi thao tc hn khng c chnh xc, kim
loi nng chy b ngui nhanh th kh sinh ra kh thot to thnh nhng l hi.
Cc bon nhiu qu lm cho im nng chy ca li thp que hn h xung, tnh
lu ng v in tr sut tng ng thi tnh do gim, tnh gin tng, tnh nhy
cm ng nt tng.
Do hm lng ccbon trong li thp que hn thng hn ch di 0,18%
- Mangan : L cht kh xy rt tt n c th ho hp vi lu hunh to
thnh sun pht mangan (MnS), c th tc dng kh lu hunh v kh nng gim
nt v nng. N l cht thm hp kim, nng cao c tnh mi hn.
Hm lng Mn trong li thp que hn thng hn ch t 0,4 0,6 %, c mt
s li thp que hn trn 0,8 1,1%.
- Silic: Nng lc y xy ca Silic mnh hn Mangan. Nhng v Bixt Silic
do Silic v xt to thnh Si02 c im nng chy cao, lm cho x hn c
thm, mi hn d ln x. Mt khc do nng lc y xy ca n, lm cho ccbon
trong vng nng chy nhit cao, khng xy ho c, nhng khi vng
nng chy ng c, ccbon mi b xy ho th sinh ra, sau khi b xy ho kh
thot to thnh l hi. Ngoi ra (Si) nhiu lm cho kim loi bn te, nn hm
lng (Si) trong li thp que hn thng hn ch di 0,03%.
52
- Crm: Trong li thp que hn ccbon thp, Crm l tp cht, sau khi b
xy ho s thnh xt Crm (Cr203) kh chy lm tng hm lng x hn ln
trong mi hn, do hn ch di 0,03%.
- Ni Ken: Cng l tp cht, nhng n khng nh hng g i vi qu
trnh hn.
Hm lng Niken cho php trong li thp que hn khng qu 0,30%
- Lu Hunh - Pht pho: L hai tp cht c hi tn ti trong thp khi khai
thc v luyn kim trong thp, lu hunh kt hp vi st to thnh sunft st
(FeS) im nng chy thp so vi st, cho nn mi hn nhit cao s b nng
nt.
Pht pho hp vi st thnh pht pho st (Fe2P) hoc (Fe4P) lm tng tnh
lu ng ca kim loi, nhit bnh thng bin gin. Cho nn hm lng
pht pho v lu hunh trong li thp que hn ch c nh hn 0,04%. i vi
hn kt cu quan trng yu cu P , S < 0,03%.
3.5 Quy cch que hn:

- Chiu di que thng t 250 450 mm, n ph thuc vo ng knh,
thnh phn kim loi v thuc bc. Nu gim ng knh m tng chiu di th s
tng hin tng nung nng que hn khi hn, to iu kin nng chy nhanh gy
hin tng bn te khi hn, dn n s hnh thnh mi hn khng tt. Cn nu
chiu di ngn th lng ph kim loi (u tha khng hn) bi vy ng vi mt
ng knh que hn phi c chiu di thch hp.
- ng knh que hn ph thuc vo chiu dy vt hn v c kch thc
t 1 12 mm. Thng dng l que hn c ng knh t 1 6 mm, ln hn 6
mm t dng.
- Quy cch que hn c quy nh chung trong h thng quy nh quc t:
ng knh que hn (mm) Chiu di (mm)

2 250
2,5 300 400
3,2 350 400
4 350 400
5 400 450
6 450
53
3.6. K hiu que hn:
3.6.1. Theo tiu chun Vit Nam:
* Que hn thp cc bon thp v thp hp kim thp TCVN 3734 -89.
Cu trc chung ca k hiu que hn c dng nh sau :
N XX X X
(1) (2) (3)
N : Que hn.
(1) : C hai ch s ch gii hn bn ko ti thiu (KG /mm2) v ch tiu
khc ch c tnh mi hn (Bng TCVN 3223 -89)
(2) : C mt ch s (6) ch loi dng in mt chiu v phng php u
(DC +) vi que hn .
(3): C mt ch in hoa ch h v thuc bc ca que hn: A (Axt), B
(Baz), R (Rutin)
Bng15.1.1 C tnh ca kim loi mi hn theo tiu chun TCVN 3223 -89
Cc ch tiu v c tnh
gin di
Gii hn bn ko dai va p Gc un
tng i
Loi que N/mm2 KG/mm2 MJ/m2 KGm/cm2 %

hn
Khng nh hn
N42 410 42 0.8 8 18 150
N46 450 46 0.8 8 18 150
N50 490 50 0.7 7 16 120
N42 6B 410 42 1.5 15 22 180
N46 6B 450 46 1.4 14 22 180
N50 6B 490 50 1.3 13 20 150
N55 6B 540 55 1.2 12 20 150
N60 - 6B 590 60 1.0 10 18 120

54
Bng15.1.2 Quy nh cc ch tiu v thnh phn ho hc ca kim loi p
Thnh phn ho hc ( % )
C Si P S Mn
Loi que
hn 1 2 3 1 2 3
Khng ln hn Khng
nh
hn
N42 0.12 0.25 0.38
N46 0.12 0.25 0.04 0.045 0.05 0.035 0.04 0.045 0.04
N50 0.25 0.04
N42 -6B 0.12 0.30 0.50
N46 -6B 0.12 0.03 0.03 0.60
N50 -6B 0.12 0.35 0.70
N55 -6B 0.15 0.50
N60 -6B 0.15 0.60 0.03 0.03 1.00
* Que hn thp chu nhit (c cu trc nh sau)

Hn Cr XX Mo XX V XX ..... XXX X
(1) ( 2) ( 3) (4) (5) (6)
Hn : Ch que hn thp hp kim chu nhit .
(1) : Crm v hm lg tnh theo phn nghn .
(2) : Molip en v hm lng ca n tnh theo phn nghn .
(3) : Vanai v hm lng ca n tnh theo phn nghn .
(4) : Nguyn t hp kim khc v hm lng ca n tnh theo phn
nghn .
(5) : Nhit lm vic ln nht (OC).
(6) : Nhm v bc (A, B , R ... ).
V d : Hb. Cr 05. Mo 10 .V04 450R .
* Que hn thp bn nhit v khng g nhit (c cu trc nh sau ).
Hb . Cr XX Ni XX Mn XX - XXX X
(1) .................................(2) .........(3)
55
Hb: Ch que hn thp bn nhit v khng g .
(1): K hiu cc nguyn t hp kim Cr, Ni , Mn v cc nguyn t
khc (nu c) cng hm lng tng ng ca chng tnh theo
phn % .Nu khng c cc ch s km theo th hm lng ca
cc nguyn t l xp x 1% .
(2) : L nhit lm vic n nh ca mi hn (0 C) .
(3) : Nhm v bc (A , B ...)
V d : Hb Cr18 Ni8 Mn 600 B .
* Que hn thp hp kim c bn cao (c cu trc nh sau).
Hc XX Cr XX Mn XX W XX XXX - X
(1) .........(2) . (3).(4)
Hc : Ch que hn thp hp kim c bn cao .
(1) : Gi hn bn ko ti thiu (Tnh theo KG/ mm2).
(2) : K hiu cc nguyn t hp kim Cr, Mn, W v cc nguyn t
khc (nu c) vi hm lng tng ng ca chng tnh theo
phn trm, nu khng c cc ch s km theo th hm lng ca
cc nguyn t xp x 1% .
(3) : Nhit lm vic n nh ca cc mi hn 0C .
(4) : Nhm v thuc bc que hn (A, B...).
V d: Que hn c k hiu Hc .60.Cr18. V.W.Mo - B
3.6.2 K hiu que hn theo tiu chun ISO

Cu trc nh sau: Gm c 8 loi thng tin khc nhau trong 4 loi phn
u l bt buc, cn 4 loi phn cui ch cung cp them thng tin (nu c ch
khng bt buc).
E XX X XX XXX X X X
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)
(1) : K hiu bng ch E l que hn .
(2) : C hai ch s 43 hay 51 ch gii hn bn ko ca kim loi mi
hn .
(3) : Mt ch s trong cc s t nhin ( 0; 1 ; 2 ; 3; 4; 5).Ch
gin di %
(4) : C 1 n 2 ch ci nhm v thuc bc que hn (A, B..).
(5) : C 3 ch s (110 , 120 ).Ch hiu sut p ca que hn Kc (%)
(6) : C 1 ch s (1; 2 . 5). Ch v tr hn trong khng gian.
56
(7) : C 1 ch s (1; 2 . 9.) Loi ngun in hn.
(8) : Hm lng H2 nh hn 15 M3/100 gam kim loi p .
V d: E 51 5B 120 2 6 H
3.6.3 K hiu que hn theo tiu chun AWS:

a. Que hn thuc bc hn thp C:
+ Quy nh v v tr hn:
1 - Hn tt c mi v tr
2 - Hn bng v hn ngang
3 - Hn bng, hn ngang, hn trn v hn ng t trn xung.
+ Quy nh v lp thuc bc que hn:
S Loi thuc bc Loi dng in ch dn
10 Natri, Xellulo DCEP
11 Kali, Xellulo AC hoc DCEP
12 Natri, Titan AC hoc DCEN
13 Kali, Titan AC hoc DCEP hoc DCEN
14 Bt st v Titan AC hoc DCEP hoc DCEN
15 Natri, Hyr thp DCEP
16 Kali, Hyr thp AC hoc DCEP
18 Kali, Hyr thp, bt st AC hoc DCEP
19 Ylmenite AC hoc DCEP hoc DCEN
24 Bt st, Titan AC hoc DCEP hoc DCEN

57
27 xt st, bt st AC hoc DCEN
Ghi ch: AC = Dng in xoay chiu

DCEN = Dng in mt chiu u thun
DCEP = Dng in mt chiu u nghch
Phn loi dn di
Gii hn bn ko (min) Gii hn chy ( min)
(AWS ) L= 4d (%)
Que hn E60
Ksi MPa Ksi MPa
E6010 62 430 50 340 22
E6011 62 430 50 340 22
E6012 67 460 55 380 17
E6013 67 460 55 380 17
E6020 62 430 50 340 22
E6022 67 460 Khng ch nh
E6027 62 430 50 340 22
Que hn E70
E7014 17
E7015 22
E7016 22
E7018 22
72 500 60 420
E7024 17
E7027 22
E7028 22
E7048 22
58
b. Que hn thuc bc hn thp hp kim thp:
+ Quy nh v nguyn t hp kim: Mt hoc nhiu ch ci ch th hm

lng % cc nguyn t hp kim chnh ca que hn:
K
C Mn Si Ni Cr Mo
hiu
A1 - - - - - 0,5
B1 - - - - 0,5 0,5
B2L 0,05 - - - 1,25 0,5
B2 - - - - 1,25 0,5
B3L 0,05 - - - 2,25 1
B3 - - - - 2,25 1
B4L 0,05 - - - 2 0,5
B5 - - - - 0,5 1
C1 - - - 2,5 - -
C2 - - - 3,25 - -
C3 - - - 1 0,15 0,35
D1 - 1,251,75 - - - 0,250,75
D2 - 1,652 - - - 0,250,45
G(**) - 1 0,8 0,5 0,3 0,2

59
* Tiu chun ny chia que hn thnh 6 nhm chnh nh sau:
Nhm 1: Que hn thp C Mo ( loi 0.5 Mo ).
Phn loi: Loi E 70 XX A1.
- XX thng l 10, 11, 15, 16, 18, 20, 27 tu theo v thuc bc (tiu
chun AWS A5.1 ).
- Thnh phn ho hc ca mi hn (%):
C 0.12%, Mn 0.6 1.0%, Si 0.4 0.8%, Mo 0.4 0.65%.
Tnh cht mi hn:
- Gii hn bn ko: 480 MPa, gii hn chy 390MPa, gin di 22
25%.
Nhm 2 :Que hn thp Cr Mo (gm 5 phn nhm).
+ Nhm 2.1: E 8016 B1; E 8018 B1; (0.5Cr 0.5Mo).
Tnh cht mi hn :
- Gii hn bn ko 550 MPa, gii hn chy 460 MPa, gin di 19%
+ Nhm 2.2: E80XX -B2 hoc B2L(1Cr 0.5Mo) vi XX l 15, 16, 18.
Tnh cht mi hn :
- Gii hn bn ko : 550 MPa, gii hn chy 460 MPa, gin di 19%.
+ Nhm 2.3 : E 90 XX B3 hoc B3L (2Cr 1Mo) vi XX l 15, 16, 18.
Tnh cht mi hn :
- Gii hn bn ko 620MPa, gii hn chy 530MPa, gin di 17%.
+ Nhm 2.4 : E 8015 B4L (2Cr 0.5Mo)
Tnh cht mi hn :
- Gii hn bn ko 620 MPa, gii hn chy 530 MPa, gin di 19%.
Nhm 2.5 : E 8016 B5 ( 0.5Cr 1Mo V )
Tnh cht mi hn :
- Gii hn bn ko 550 MPa, gii hn chy 460 MPa, gin di 19%.
Nhm 3: Que hn thp Ni gm (5 phn nhm) .
+ Nhm 3.1: E8016 C1 ; E8018 C1 (2.5Ni ) .
Tnh cht mi hn :
- Gii hn bn ko 550 MPa, gii hn chy 460 MPa, gin di 19%,
dai va p 27 J - 59oC .
+ Nhm 3.2: E 7015 C1L, E7016 C1L, E7018 C1L
Tnh cht mi hn :
60
- Gii hn bn ko 550 MPa, gii hn chy 460MPa, gin di 19%,
dai va p 27J - 730C.
+ Nhm 3.3 : E8016 C2, E8018 C2 ( 3.5Ni ) .
Tnh cht mi hn :
dai va p 27 J - 730C.
+ Nhm 3.4 : E7015 C2L, E 7016 C2L, E7018 C2L .
Tnh cht mi hn :
- Gii hn bn ko 550MPa, gii hn chy 460MPa, gin di 19%,
dai va p 27 J - 1010C.
Nhm 3.5 : E 8016 C3, E 8018 C3 (1Ni)
Tnh cht mi hn :
dai va p 27 J - 4000C.
Nhm 4: in cc thp Ni Mo.
Phn loi : E8018 NM .
Tnh cht mi hn
Gii hn bn ko 550 MPa, gii hn chy 470 MPa, gin di 24%,
dai va p 27 J - 40C .
Nhm 5: Que hn Mn Mo gm (3 phn nhm)
+ Nhm 5.1 : E9015 D1, E9018 D1 (1.5Mn , 0.3Mo).
Tnh cht mi hn :
- Gii hn bn ko 620 MPa, gii hn chy 530 MPa, gin di 17%,
dai va p 27 J - 510C.
+ Nhm 5.2 : E 8016 D3, E 8018 D3 (1.5 Mn , 0.5 Mo).
Tnh cht mi hn :
dai va p 27 J - 510C.
+ Nhm 5.3 : E100XX D2, (1.75Mn, 0.3Mo ), XX l 15, 16, 18.
Tnh cht mi hn :
dai va p 27 J - 510C.
Nhm 6: Tt c cc loi que hn thp hp kim thp khc (khong cc
nguyn t hp kim kh rng) gm hai phn nhm , pha cui c ch G cho
phn nhm th nht , ch M hoc W cho phn nhm th hai .
61
Nhm 6.1: E XX 10 G; E XX11 G, E X13 G; E XX15 G; EXX16 G,
E XX18 G; XX l 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120.
Tnh cht mi hn :
- Khi XX l 70, 80, 90, 100 cc tnh cht tng t cc mc bn tng
ng nu trn .
- Khi XX l 110 v 120 cc tnh cht nh sau .
Que hn Gii hn bn Gii hn gin di (%) dai va p

ko chy (J)
E11018 G 760MPa 670MPa 15 Khng yu cu
E12018 G 830MPa 740MPa 14 Khng yu cu
+ Nhm 6.2: ( Mn Ni Cr Mo V ) gm 7 loi, thnh phn ho hc

mi hn c nu trn bng 15.1.3, tnh cht c hc trong bng sau:
Bng15.1.3 Yu cu thnh phn ho hc ca que hn cp M v W.
Phn loi Thnh phn kim loi hn ( % )
C Mn Si Ni Cr Mo V
E 9018 - 0.10 0.60-1.25 0.80 1.40- 0.15 0.35 0.05

M 1.80
E10018- 0.10 0.75-1.70 0.60 1.40- 0.35 0.25- 0.05

M 2.10 0.50
E10018- 0.10 1.30-1.80 0.60 1.25- 0.40 0.25- 0.05

M 2.50 0.50
E12018- 0.10 1.30-2.25 0.60 1.75- 0.30-0.15 0.30- 0.05

M 2.50 0.15
E12018-1 0.10 0.80-1.60 0.65 3.00- 0.65 0.20- 0.05

3.80 0.30
E7018-W* 0.12 0.40-0.70 0.40- 0.20- 0.15-0.30 - 0.08

0.70 0.40
E8018-W* 0.12 0.50-1.30 0.35- 0.40- 0.45-0.70 - -

0.80 0.80
62
Bng 15.1.4 Cc yu cu v c tnh ca que hn cp M v W.
Phn loi C tnh ca kim loi mi hn
Gii hn bn Gii hn chy gin di % dai va p

ko ( MPa ) min min min
( MPa ) min
E9018-M 620 540 620 24 27J -510C
E9019-M 625 540 625 24 27J -510C
E10018-M 690 605 690 20 27J -510C
E11018-M 760 670 760 20 27J -510C
E7018-W Tng t E 70 XX A1 27J -180C
E8018-W Tng t E 8016 B1 27J -180C
c. Que hn thp khng g v thp Crm Niken theo AWS A5.4.

Tiu chun ny c ti 38 loi que hn vi hm lng Cr trong kim loi
mi hn t 0.4 n 32% v Ni c th n 37%. Que hn c phn loi da vo
thnh phn ho hc, cc yu cu v c tnh ca mi hn v loi dng in hn.
K hiu bt u bng ch E ch que hn, tip theo t hp cc ch s v cc k t
biu th thnh phn ho hc ca kim loi mi hn ( Bng 15.1.6) ; hai ch s 15
hoc 16 dng k hiu v tr ca mi hn trong khng gian, loi dng in, cc
tnh ca dng mt chiu nh trong bng.
Bng15.1.6 Yu cu c tnh ca kim loi mi hn theo AWS A5.4
Phn loi Gi hn bn ko ( min ) gin di % Nhit luyn
Ksi MPa
E 209 100 690 15 Khng
E 219 90 620 15 Khng
E 240 100 690 15 Khng
E 307 85 590 30 Khng
E 308 80 550 35 Khng
E 308 H 80 550 35 Khng
E 308 L 75 520 35 Khng

63
E 308 Mo 80 550 35 Khng
E 308 MoL 75 520 35 Khng
E 309 80 550 30 Khng
E 309 L 75 520 30 Khng
E 309 Cb 80 550 30 Khng
E 309 Mo 80 550 30 Khng
E 310 80 550 30 Khng
E 310 H 90 620 10 Khng
E 310 Cb 80 550 25 Khng
E 310 Mo 80 550 30 Khng
E 312 95 660 22 Khng
E 316 75 520 30 Khng
E 316 H 75 520 30 Khng
E 316 L 70 490 30 Khng
E 317 80 550 30 Khng
E 317 L 75 520 30 Khng
E 318 80 550 25 Khng
E 320 80 550 30 Khng
E 320 LR 75 520 30 Khng
E 330 75 520 25 Khng
E 330 H 90 620 10 Khng
E 347 75 520 30 Khng
E 349 100 690 25 Khng
E 410 65 450 20 a
E 410NiMo 110 760 15 b

64
E 430 65 450 20 c
E 502 60 420 20 a
E 505 60 420 20 a
E 630 135 930 7 d
E 16 -8 -2 80 550 35 Khng
E 7Cr 60 420 20 a
Ch thch :
- Nung nng 840 870 0C, gi nhit 2 gi, lm ngui cng l 65 0C /h
n 600 0C , lm ngui bng khng kh.
- Nung nng 600 -620 0C , gi nhit 1 h . lm ngui bng khng kh .
- Nung nng 760 790 0C gi nhit 2h, lm ngui cng l 55 0C /h).
- Nung nng (1020 1050 0C /h ), gi nhit 1h lm ngui bng khng kh
n 20 0C , gi nhit 4h lm ngui bng khng kh .
d. Que hn thuc bc hn thp khng g - AWS
E XXX XX - XXX
(1) (2) (3)
Trong :
* E (Electrode) : in cc.
(1) Gm 3 ch s : Ch th thnh phn ho hc kim loi hn kt tinh
(2) Mt hoc nhiu ch ci ch th s thay i thnh phn ho hc c
bn
L : Hm lng corban thp
Lb : Thm vo nguyn t Coban, gim hm lng Carbon
M0 : Thm vo nguyn t Molyden, gim hm lng Carbon
(3) S ch th v tr hn, loi thuc bc v dng in hn
15 : Thuc bc c cha vi
16 : Thuc c cha vi hoc Titan, dng AC hoc DCEN
( DC - ) hoc DCEP (DC +)
65
3.6.4 K hiu que hn thp cc bon thp theo tiu chun Nht Bn (JIS).
D XX X X V d : D4313
(1) (2) (3) (4)
(1) Ch in cc hn .
(2) Ch s ch biu th bn ko ti thiu ca mi hn ( KG/ mm2).
(3) Ch v tr hn :
0- Hn mi t th .
1- Hn mi t th .
2- Hn bng v hn ngang .
3- Hn mi v tr v c v tr c bit .
(4) loi thuc bc .
1. Hn hp ilmente.
2. Oxt titan.
3. Hn hp xit- titan cao.
3.7 Phng php bo qun que hn:

Vic bo qun que hn tt hay xu c nh hng rt ln cht lng
mi hn. Bo qun theo cc iu kin sau:
- Que hn phi trong kho kh ro v thng gi tt. Nhit trong kho
khng nh qu 1800 C.
- Khi ct gi cc loi que hn phi k cao (khng thp qu 300mm), ng
thi phi cch vch tng ln hn 300mm, phng que hn m m bin
cht.
- Kho cha que hn phi c thit b nung nng sy kh que hn.
- Nu thy que hn b m th phi sy: Que hn c tnh axt sy nhit
150 C (t 12 gi), que hn c tnh kim sy nhit 2500C (t 12 gi).
0
- Cc loi que hn b m sau khi sy kh em hn th, nu khng pht

hin thy hin tng thuc bc ri ra tng mng, hoc trn mi hn c l hi th
chng t que hn vn m bo cht lng hn.
- Khi lm vic ngoi tri cch m cn phi gi que hn cho tt,
phng que hn b m m bin cht.
66
4. Nguyn l ca hn h quang:
a. Thc cht. Hn h quang tay l mt trong nhng bin php hn nng chy
dng nng lng ca h quang in dng nung nng kim loi ch cn hn n
trng thi nng chy, sau khi kt tinh s to thnh mi hn ni cc chi tit thnh
mt lin kt bn vng. S nguyn l ca qu trnh hn h quang tay c
gii thiu trn hnh 15.1.10.
Trong qua trnh hn, mi thao tc nh: gy h quang, dch chuyn que
hn duy tr chiu di h quang, dao ng to chiu rng cn thit cho
ngi th hn thc hin bng tay. Chnh v vy, n c tn gi rt gin d: hn h
quang tay.
Hnh 15.1.10. Nguyn l hn h quang tay

1. Ngun in hn; 2. Cp hn; 3. Km hn; 4. Que hn; 5. Chi tit hn;
6. H quang hn; 7. Mi trng kh; 8. Vng hn; 9. Git kim loi lng
b. c im: Cho n nay hn h quang tay vn c s dng rt ph bin tt
c cc nc k c nhng nc c nn cng nghip pht trin bi tnh linh ng,
tin li v a nng ca n. Phng php ny cho php thc hin cc mi hn
mi v tr trong khng gian. Thit b hn h quang tay d vn hnh, sa cha,
bo dng v mc u t thp. Tuy nhin, do mi chuyn ng c bn u
thc hin bng tay, nn cht lng v nng sut hn hon ton ph thuc vo
trnh tay ngh v kinh nghim ca ngi th hn. Nu trong qu trnh thao
tc ngi th thc hin cc chuyn ng khng hp l, gc nghing que hn v
chiu di h quang thay i th thnh phn ho hoc, kch thc v hnh dng
mi hn s khng ng u, kh nng xut hin cc khuyt tt hn tng ln lm
gim cht lng ca sn phm. Bn cnh , nng sut hn h quang tay tng
i thp (do phi s dng dng hn hn ch) v iu kin lm vic ca th hn
khng tt (chu tc ng trc tip ca mi trng khi, nh sng v nhit ca h
quang).
67
5. Cc lin kt hn c bn:
5.1 Khi nim:
Lin kt hn l mt b phn ca kt cu c ni vi nhau bng hn. Lin
kt hn bao gm mi hn, vng nh hng nhit v kim loi c bn.
5.2 Phn loi:

- Lin kt hn gip mi (hnh 15.1.11a)
Ty thuc vo chiu dy ca chi tit hn, c th gp mp (khi chiu dy
S3 mm) hoc c th khng vt cnh han c vt cnh ( khi S4 mm). Loi lin
kt ny n gin, d ch to, tit kim kim loi... do c dng ph bin
trong thc t.
- Lin kt hn gc (hnh 15.1.11b)
Loi lin kt ny c s dng kh rng ri khi thit k cc kt cu mi.
Ty theo chiu dy ca chi tit hn c th vt cnh hoc khng vt cnh.
Hnh 15.1.11 Cc dng lin kt hn c bn

68
- Lin kt ch T (hnh 15.1.11c):
Do c bn cao, nht l i vi cc kt cu chu ti trng tnh, nn loi
lin kt ny c dng kh ph bin trong thc t. Ty thuc vo chiu dy ca
chi tit c th vt cnh hoc khng vt cnh thnh ng.
- Lin kt hn chng (hnh 15.1.11d)
Ty theo yu cu bn ca kt cu, c th khng cn dng tm m hay
c th dng tm m mt pha hoc c hai pha. V ni chung lin kt ny c
bn thp v tn nhiu kim loi nn trong thc t t c s dng khi thit k
cc kt cu mi n thng c dng khi sa cha cc kt cu c.
6. Cc khuyt tt ca mi hn:
S tn ti cc khuyt tt s nh hng trc tip n cng chu lc ca
mi hn dn n chi tit hn b ph phm, mt s trng hp khuyt tt khng
c pht hin sm thay th hoc sa cha gy nn nhng thit hi to ln
v kinh t v tnh mng con ngi. Nhng khuyt tt ny do rt nhiu nguyn
nhn gy nn, trong c c nguyn nhn khch quan v ch quan ca con
ngi, trang thit b kim loi vt hn, ch hn, qu trnh cng ngh hoc tc
ng ca mi trng. Do vy ngi th hn phi chn quy phm hn chnh xc
v nghim chnh chp hnh quy nh cng ngh. Khi hn h quang tay cc
khuyt tt mi hn thng xy ra cc dng nh sau:
6.1. Nt:
L mt trong nhng khuyt tt nghim trng ca mi hn. Trong qu trnh
s dng cu kin hn, nu mi hn c vt nt th vt nt s rng ra khin cho
cu kin b hng. Cn c vo v tr nt, c th chia ra lm hai loi nt: nt trong
v nt ngoi, vt nt c th sinh ra ngay trong khu vc chu nh hng nhit ca
u:
Nt ngoi Nt vng nh hng nhit Nt trong

- Nguyn nhn:
+ Hm lng lu hunh v pht pho trong kim loi vt hn hoc que hn
qu nhiu.
+ Dng in hn qu ln, rnh h quang ca u mi hn khng p y,
sau khi ngui co ngt trong rnh h quang xut hin ng nt.
+ cng vt hn ln, cng thm ng sut trong sinh ra khi hn ln khi
lm ngui hoc nung nng qu nhanh s lm nt mi hn.
- Bin php phng nga:
+ Chn vt liu thp c hm lng lu hunh v pht pho thp, ng thi
chn que hn c tnh chng nt tt.
+ Chn trnh t hn chnh xc.
69
+ Gim tc lm ngui vt hn, khi cn thit phi p dng phng php
nung nng v lm ngui chm.
+ Chn dng in hn thch hp, c th dng cch hn nhiu lp v ch
p y rnh h quang.
6.2. L hi:
V c nhiu th hi ho trong kim loi nng chy, nhng th hi khng
thot ra trc lc vng nng chy ng c do to thnh l hi.
- Nguyn nhn:
+ Hm lng cc bon trong kim loi vt hn hoc trong li thp que hn
qu cao, nng lc y xy ca que hn qu km.
+ Dng que hn b m, trn mt u ni c nc. Du bn, g st...
Do s tn ti l hi, lm gim bt mt cng tc ca mi hn do lm
gim bt cng v tnh cht ch ca mi hn.
- Bin php phng nga
+Dng loi que hn c hm lng cc bon thp v kh nng y xy
kho.
+Trc khi hn, que hn phi sy kh v mt hn phi lau kh sch s.
+Khong cch h quang ngn, khng vt qu 4mm.
+Sau khi hn khng vi g x hn ngay, phi ko di thi gian gi nhit
cho kim loi mi hn.
6.3. Ln x hn:
L tp cht kp trong mi hn, tp cht ny c th tn ti trong mi hn,
cng c th nm trn mt mi hn.
- Nguyn nhn:
+ Dng in hn qu nh, khng nhit lng cung cp cho kim loi
nng chy v x chy i, lm cho tnh lu ng b gim bt.
+ Mp hn ca u ni c vt bn hoc khi hn nh hay khi hn nhiu
lp cha lm sch trit ch hn.
+ Khi hn gc v s chuyn ng ca que hn khng thch hp vi
tnh hnh vng nng chy, lm cho kim loi chy ra trn ln vi x hn.
70
+ Lm ngui mi hn qu nhanh, x hn cha thot ra c y .
+ Ln x hn c nh hng ti cht lng ca mi hn ging nh l hi.
N cng lm gim bt cng ca mi hn v tnh cht ch ca mi hn.
- Bin php phng nga:
+ Tng dng in hn cho thch hp, khi hn cn thit rt ngn h quang
v tng thi gian dng li ca h quang, lm cho kim loi nng chy v x hn
chy ht c sc nng y .
+ Trit chp hnh cng tc lm sch ch hn.
+ Kp thi nm vng tnh hnh vng nng chy iu chnh gc que
hn v phng php a que hn, trnh x hn chy trn ln vo kim loi
nng chy v mt pha trc vng nng chy.
6.4. Hn khng ngu:

L khuyt tt nghim trng nht trong mi hn, n l dn n b nt, lm
hng cu kin. Thc t chng minh phn ln cu kin b h hng u do hn
khng ngu gy nn.
71
- Nguyn nhn
+ Khe h, gc vt hoc u ni khng ph hp vi quy phm.
+ Dng in hn qu nh hoc tc hn nhanh.
+ Gc que hn hoc cch a que hn khng hp l
+ Chiu di h quang ln.
- Bin php phng nga
Trong qu trnh hn trnh xy ra cc hin tng ni trn. Khi cn thit
tng thm, khe h u ni v cho tm m xung pha di ca u ni hn.
6.5. Khuyt cnh:

ch giao nhau gia kim loi vt hn vi mi hn c rnh dc, rnh
gi l khuyt cnh
- Nguyn nhn:
+ Dng in hn ln, h quang di.
+ Gc que hn v cch a que hn khng chnh xc.
+ Khuyt cnh l mt trong nhng thiu st nguy him ca mi hn. N
lm gim bt b dy vt hn, khi cu kin chu ph ti ng th s sinh ra vt
nt.
- Bin php phng nga: Chn dng in hn chnh xc, nm vng cch
a que hn v chiu di h quang khi hn.
6.6. ng cc.
Trn tm mp hn c nhng kim loi tha ra nhng khng trn vi kim
loi vt hn gi l ng cc
- Nguyn nhn:
+ Tc que hn nng chy qu nhanh,
+ H quang di
- Bin php phng nga
+ Chn ch hn chnh xc nht l cc tnh ca dng in.
+ Khi hn gn ht que hn tc chy nhanh phi rt ngn khong cch
h quang v tng tc hn
72
6.7. Sai lch hnh dng hnh hc.
- Nguyn nhn:
+ Do lp ghp chi tit trc khi hn khng ng yu cu
+ Do bin dng nhit trong qu trnh hn
- Bin php phng nga:
+ Lp ghp ng v tr, kim tra kch thc v hnh dng trc khi hn.
+ C bin php chng bin dng trc v trong khi hn
7. Nhng nh hng ca h quang hn ti sc khe cng nhn hn.

7.1. Kh c:
- Khi hn c cha nhiu cht c lm nh hng ti sc khe ca th

hn v nhng ngi xung quanh. V vy phi trnh ht phi kh c trong khi
hn.
- Phi c h thng ht kh cc b ti v tr hn v h thng ht kh chung.
- Khi hn phi ngi xui theo chiu gi trnh ht phi kh c.
- Khi hn cc chi tit trc c tip xc vi kh c phi ra k trc
khi hn. Khi hn phi trnh ht phi khi hn v kh bay ln.
7.2. in git.
73
in git s lm cho nn nhn t vong v vy khi hn phi:
+ Kim tra h in ca cc b phn trong my v v ngoi ca my.
+ i giy, ng cch in vi ni m t phi k sn bng g hoc cao su
thao tc.
+ Thc hin ng cnh bo ghi trn thit b.
7.3. Bng do h quang
- nh sng ca h quang c th gy bng, chy da hoc mt v nguy him

hn nhiu so vi nh sng mt tri v vy th hn phi bo v mt v da trc
nh sng h quang bng cch mc bo h v dng m hn ng quy nh, khi
cng lm vic phi c tm chn bo v ngi xung quanh.
7.4. Chy n:
Khi hn, do nhit tng cao lm p sut tng c th lm n nhng vt

kn, hoc bt la cc cht d chy v vy khi hn:
+ Khng cc cht d chy n gn ni hn 5 m.
+Trc khi hn phi loi b nhng cht d chy n trn vt hn.
+ C trang b cha chy ti ch hn.
+ Kim tra chy n sau khi hn 30 pht.
7.5. Nhit v ting n:
Ting n v nhit cao c nh hng khng tt ti sc khe ca con
ngi, c th gy nn bnh thn kinh, ic v mt mi. V vy khi hn phi dng
phng tin hn ch ting n n tai nh dng nt tai, bao tai.
74
Cu hi n tp
Cu 1: Trnh by cu to v nguyn l lm vic ca my hn c li t di
ng.
Cu 2: Nu cu to v cch phn loi cc loi que hn thp cc bon thp
Cu 3: Trnh by cc khuyt tt ca mi hn nguyn nhn v bin php
phng nga.
Cu 4: Gii thch cc k hiu c trn bn v sau:
75
76
nh gi kt qu hc tp:
Kt qu
Cch thc v
im thc hin
TT Tiu ch nh gi phng php
ti a ca ngi
nh gi
hc
I Kin thc
1 K hiu, quy c ca mi 1
hn Vn p, i chiu
1.1 Nu k hiu mi hn ng vi ni dung bi 0,5
hc
1.2 Nu quy c mi hn chnh 0,5
xc
2 Cc loi my hn in h
quang tay v dng c cm tay 2
2.1 Trnh by ng cu to,

Lm bi t lun,
nguyn l lm vic v iu
i chiu vi ni 1
chnh dng in hn ca cc
dung bi hc
loi my hn
2.2 Nu tc dng ca cc dng c
cm tay ng 1
3 Cc loi que hn thp cc bon

2
thp
3.1 Trnh by cch phn loi que
0,5
hn ng Lm bi t lun v
3.2 Nu tc dng ca thuc bc trc nghim, i
chiu vi ni dung 0.5
que hn ng
bi hc
3.3 Nu y s nh hng ca
cc nguyn t trong li thp 0,5
que hn
3.4 Trnh by ng cch k hiu
0,5
ca que hn
4 Nu chnh xc nguyn l ca Lm bi t lun,
qu trnh hn h quang i chiu vi ni 1
dung bi hc
5 Nu ng cc lin kt hn c Vn p, i chiu
bn vi ni dung bi
hc 1
77
6 Cc khuyt tt ca mi hn 2
6.1 Nu ng nguyn nhn sinh
ra cc loi khuyt tt ca mi Lm bi t lun, 1
hn i chiu vi ni
6.2 Nu y bin php phng dung bi hc
nga cc loi khuyt tt ca 1
mi hn
7 Trnh by nhng nh hng Lm bi t lun,
ca h quang hn ti sc i chiu vi ni 1
kho cng nhn hn ng dung bi hc
Cng 10
II K nng
1 Nhn bit cc loi my hn Quan st hnh nh,

in h quang tay: My hn vt tht v k hiu
xoay chiu vi b t cm cc loi my hn,
ring; My hn vi b t cm i chiu vi ni
4
kt hp (CTH); My hn xoay dung bi hc
chiu c li di ng; My hn nhn bit
mt chiu; My hn bng
dng in chnh lu.
2 Nhn bit cc loi dng c Quan st hnh nh,

cm tay v cc loi dng c vt tht v k hiu
ph tr: Km hn; Ba u cc loi dng c
2
nhn (ba g x hn; bn chi cm tay, i chiu
thp; Hp ng que hn; Ba vi ni dung bi
u trn; c hc nhn bit
3 Phn bit cc loi que hn Quan st k hiu

thp cc bon thp cc loi que hn
thp cc bon thp,
4
i chiu vi ni
dung bi hc
nhn bit
Cng 10
III Thi
1 Tc phong cng nghip Theo di vic thc 4

1.1 i hc y , ng gi hin, i chiu vi 1,5
78
1.2 Khng vi phm ni quy lp ni quy ca

hc trng. 1,5
1.3 Tnh cn thn, t m Quan st vic thc

hin bi tp 1
2 m bo thi gian thc hin Theo di thi gian

bi tp thc hin bi tp,
i chiu vi thi 2
gian quy nh.
3 m bo an ton lao ng v
4
v sinh cng nghip
3.1 Tun th quy nh v an ton Theo di vic thc 1,5
hin, i chiu vi
3.2 y bo h lao ng( qun quy nh v an ton
o bo h, giy, th hc v v sinh cng 1,5
sinh,) nghip
3.3 V sinh xng thc tp ng
1
quy nh
Cng 10
KT QU HC TP
Kt qu thc Kt qa
Tiu ch nh gi H s
hin hc tp
Kin thc 0,3
K nng 0.4
Thi 0,3
Cng
79
Bi 2: Hn gc v tr 1F
M bi 15.2
Gii thiu:
Hn gc v tr bng 1F c ng dng trong ch to kt cu thp nht l
trong cc kt cu chu ti trng tnh. Tnh ton c ch hn v hn c cc
mi hn 1F vi chiu dy khc nhau s p ng c cc yu cu cng vic
trong thc t sn xut.
Mc tiu:
- Chun b phi hn sch, m bo yu cu k thut.
- Chn ch hn ph hp vi chiu dy vt hn.
- Trnh by c k thut hn gc v tr 1F.
- Hn c mi hn gc v tr 1F ng kch thc v yu cu k thut.
- Kim tra nh gi ng cht lng mi hn.
Ni dung:
1. Chun b thit b, dng c v phi hn:
1.1 c bn v:
Yu cu k thut:
- Kim loi mi hn bm u hai cnh
- Mi hn ng kch thc, khng b khuyt tt
80
1.2 Chun b thit b v dng c:
1.2.1. Thit b:
- My hn h quang tay ngun 500A AC/DC
- T sy que hn 50 kg, Max 3500C
- ng sy que hn xch tay 5 kg, Max 2400C
1.2.2. Dng c:
- Dng c ph tr dng trong ngh hn: bn chi st, gng tay da, ba g
x, thc l, km rn, ke vung, ba ngui...
- Thc o kim mi hn.
1.2.3. Phi hn:
- Thp tm CT3 hoc tng ng c kch thc:
+ (200x100x6) mm x 1 tm
+ (200x50x6) mm x 1 tm
2. Tnh ch hn:
2.1. ng knh que hn:
p dng cng thc:
K
d= +2
2
Thay s K = 3 mm ta c d = 3,5 mm. V que hn ch to theo tiu chun nn ta
chn d = 3,2 mm.
2.2 Cng dng in hn:
t c ngu phn chn ca mi hn gc nn cng dng
in mi hn gc ch T phi tng 10 15% so vi hn gip mi v tr bng
p dng cng thc :
I = ( + .d ).d (A)
Trong :
, l h s thc nghim, khi hn bng que hn thp ( =20, = 6)
d l ng knh que hn (mm)
Thay s ta c I = 125 (A). Chn Ih = 135(A).
2.3 in p hn:
p dng cng thc:
Uh = a + b.Lhq
Trong :
a l tng in p ri trn ant v catt, a = (15 20) V.
b l tng in p ri trn mt n v chiu di ct h quang, b =
15,7 V/cm.
Lhq l chiu di ct h quang, Lhq = 0,32 (cm)
Thay s ta c : Uh = (20 25) V. Khi hn gc chn h quang ngn nn
ta chn Uh = 21 V.
81
3. K thut hn 1F.
3.1. K thut hn gc ch T khng vt cnh v tr bng:
i vi dng lin kt ny, iu quan trng l t c ngu phn gia
mi hn. Do vy khi hn h quang lun hng trc tip vo phn gia (khng dao
ng que hn) v tc hn phi ph hp sao cho x hn khng chy ngc v
pha trc. kim loi mi hn bm u hai cnh th que hn lun nm gia hai
chi tit v que hn hp vi trc ng hn theo hng hn t 70 800
Hnh 15.2.1 Gc que hn khi hn gc mt lp

C th thc hin hn lin kt gc trong bng mt trong hai cch sau:
- Hn t: que hn t st vo thnh hai chi tit, lc ny tc hn ph
thuc nhiu vo tc nng chy ca que hn. t c mi hn theo yu
cu, cn phi iu chnh tc hn (chuyn ng que hn dc trc mi hn) cho
thch hp.
- Que hn i thng: gi que hn ng gc v i thng theo trc mi
hn (khng t que hn vo vt hn). Trong qu trnh hn lun gi h quang
ngn.
Trong hai phng php trn phng php hn t d thc hin hn nhng
cnh mi hn nh hn so vi phng php hn khng t. Phng php hn t
thng c p dng cho hn lp th nht ca mi hn nhiu lp.
Bt u mi hn thng b r x do x hn rt d chy vo khe gia ca
lin kt. Khc phc hin tng ny khi bt u mi h quang chng ta ko di
h quang tin hnh d nhit cho vt hn sau rt ngn h quang tin hnh hn
bnh thng. Kt thc mi hn nn thc hin chm ngt lp y rnh h
quang.
Ni tip ng hn m bo phng cn thc hin ng thao tc: v
sinh sch x hn ch ni, mi h quang trc tip vo vng hn, nhanh chng
nng chiu di h quang v dao ng ngang que hn. Khi ht vng hn mi tin
hnh hn bnh thng.
3.2. K thut hn gc ch T c vt cnh v tr bng:
Vi cc chi tit c chiu dy S 6 mm, khi hn m bo ngu th
chng ta phi vt mp mt pha hoc hai pha (tm ng).
Lp th nht tin hnh dao ng que hn theo kiu ng thng m
bo ngu chn mi hn. Cc lp tip theo dao ng que hn theo kiu vng
82
trn lch hoc rng ca c im dng chn. Gc que hn thay i theo tng
lp hn.
Khi hn gc nhiu lp, iu cn ch l gia cc lp hn phi m bo
ngu. Do vy, trc khi hn cc lp tip theo phi v sinh sch x hn lp hn
trc, lun gi ng gc que hn theo tng lp hn.
* Trnh t thc hin mi hn gc ch T khng vt cnh v tr bng :

Ni
dung Dng c Yu cu t
TT Hnh v minh ha
cng Thit b c
vic
- Nm c
Chun cc kch
b thc c bn
- c - Hiu c
bn v yu cu k
thut
Yu cu k thut:
- Kim loi mi hn bm u hai
cnh
- Mi hn ng kch thc, khng
1
b khuyt tt
- Phi
phng, thng
- Kim Thc l, khng b
tra phi, ba tay, pavia, ng
chun b my mi knh thc.
mp hn cm tay, bn - Gc lp
tri thp ghp bng
90o
83
- Mi nh
nh gn,
bn, ng v
Thit b hn
- G tr
h quang
nh - Chn ch
tay
hn tng
lp hp l
- m bo
an ton cho
ngi v
Tin Thit b hn thit b
2 hnh h quang - Dao ng
hn tay v gc
que tng lp
phi hp l
- Pht hin
c cc
Kim Thc kim
3 khuyt tt
tra tra mi hn
ca mi hn
84
* Trnh t thc hin mi hn gc ch T c vt cnh v tr bng :
Ni
dung Dng c Yu cu t
TT Hnh v minh ha
cng Thit b c
vic
- Nm c
Chun cc kch
b thc c bn
- c - Hiu c
bn v yu cu k
thut
Yu cu k thut:
- Kim loi mi hn bm u hai
cnh
- Mi hn ng kch thc, khng
1 b khuyt tt
- Phi
phng, thng
- Kim Thc l, khng b
tra phi, ba tay, pavia, ng
chun b my mi knh thc.
mp hn cm tay, bn - Gc lp
tri thp ghp bng
90o
85
- Mi nh
nh gn,
bn, ng v
Thit b hn
- G tr
h quang
nh - Chn ch
tay
hn tng
lp hp l
- m bo
an ton cho
ngi v
thit b
- Lp th
nht: dao
ng que
hn theo
Tin Thit b hn
kiu ng
2 hnh h quang
thng.
hn tay
- Lp ph:
dao ng
que hn theo
kiu vng
trn lch
hoc rng
ca.
- Pht hin
c cc
Kim Thc kim
3 khuyt tt
tra tra mi hn
ca mi hn
86
4. Cc khc phc cc khuyt tt ca mi hn
TT Tn Hnh v minh ha Nguyn nhn Cch khc phc

- Dng in hn- Gim cng
ln dng in
- H quang di - S dng h
Chy quang ngn.
1
cnh - Dao ng que - Dao ng que
khng hp l hn ph hp
- Do cng
- Tng cng
dng in hn
dng in hn v
thp, h qung
hn vi h quang
chy khng n
2 Ln x ngn
nh
- V sinh sch s
- V sinh mp
mp hn
hn khng t
yu cu
- Do tc hn - iu chnh li
Mi chm tc hn
3 hn b - Cng dng - Cng dng
li cao in hn thp in hn hp l
5. Phng php kim tra cht lng mi hn:

Kim tra ngoi dng bng mt thng (hoc knh lp) v kim tra mi
hn bng thc xc nh:
- B mt v hnh dng vy mi hn.
- Cnh ca mi hn.
- im bt u, kt thc ca mi hn.
- Khuyt tt ca mi hn: Chy cnh, ln x...
6. An ton lao ng v v sinh cng nghip.

- Ch c hn khi c y trang b bo h lao ng dnh cho th hn.
- Ni y dy tip t cho cc thit b.
- Thc hin y cc bin php an ton khi hn h quang tay.
- Khng thay tho que, iu chnh ch hn khi tri ma.
- Dng thc tp khi nn xng b m t.
- Khi pht hin s c phi ngt in kp thi v bo cho ngi c trch
nhim s l.
- Thc hin y cc bin php phng chy cha chy.
87
Bi tp v sn phm thc hnh bi 15.2
Kin thc:
Cu 1: Trnh by cng tc chun b, tnh ton ch hn cho mi hn gc
ch T v tr bng 1F vi chiu dy phi l 8 mm.
Cu 2: Hy nu k thut hn gc ch T c vt cnh v tr hn bng 1F.
K nng:
Bi tp ng dng: Hn gc 1F - bn v km theo.
- V tr hn: 1F
- Phng php hn: SMAW
- Vt liu: Thp tm dy 8 mm, vt liu CT3 hoc tng ng.
- Vt liu hn:
* SMAW: que hn 2.6, 3.2 mm E7016 (LB-52 KOBELCO) hoc
tng ng.
- Thi gian: 01 gi (k c thi gian chun b v g nh)
Yu cu k thut:
88
CH DN I VI HC SINH THC HIN BI TP NG DNG
1. Bi tp ng dng phi thc hin ng phng php, ng v tr hn theo

qui nh. Nu hc sinh la chn sai phng php, sai v tr hn bi s b
loi v khng c tnh im.
2. C th s dng bn chi st lm sch b mt mi hn.
3. Phi thi phi c c nh trn gi hn trong sut qu trnh hn.
4. Hn nh
- Cc mi hn nh c chiu di khng qu 15 mm.
5. Phng php hn.
- Hn h quang tay: SMAW - MMA - 111.
6. Thi gian cho php chnh my v th trc khi hn l 10 pht.
7. Tng im v kt cu im ca cc bi nh sau:
Tng s im ti a cho bi: 100 im, kt cu nh sau:
a, im ngoi dng khch quan: Tng cng 70 im
b, im tun th cc qui nh: 30 im
- Thi gian thc hin bi tp vt qu 5% thi gian cho php s khng
c nh gi.
- Th sinh phi tuyt i tun th cc qui nh an ton lao ng, cc qui
nh ca xng thc tp, nu vi phm s b nh ch thi.
89
nh gi kt qu hc tp
Kt qu
Cch thc v
im thc hin
ti a ca ngi
nh gi
hc
I Kin thc
1 Cc loi dng c, thit b 1
dng trong hn in h Vn p, i chiu
1.1 Lit k y cc loi dng vi ni dung bi 0,5
c dng trong hn in h hc
1.2 Lit k y cc loi thit 0,5
b dng trong hn in h
t
2 Trnh by cc loi vt liu Lm bi t lun,
hn ng i chiu vi ni 1
dung bi hc
3 Chn ch hn ca mi
2.5
hn gc 1F
Lm bi t lun v
3.1 Trnh by cch chn ng
trc nghim, i 1
knh que hn chnh xc
chiu vi ni dung
3.2 Trnh by cch chn cng bi hc
1
dng in hn chnh xc
3.3 Trnh by cch chn in th
0,5
hn chnh xc
4 Trnh by k thut hn mi Lm bi t lun,
hn gc 1F ng i chiu vi ni 2
dung bi hc
5 Trnh t thc hin mi hn
1,5
gc 1F
5.1 Nu y cng tc chun
b: c bn v; Kim tra
phi, chun b mp hn; G 0,5
nh. Lm bi t lun,
i chiu vi ni
5.2 Trnh by ng gc que dung bi hc
hn, cch giao ng, hng 0,5
hn.
5.3 Nu chnh xc cch kim tra

mi hn 0,5
90
6 Trnh by cch khc phc Lm bi t lun,

cc khuyt tt ca mi hn i chiu vi ni 1
ph hp dung bi hc
7 Trnh by ng phng
php kim tra cht lng Lm bi t lun,
mi hn (kim tra ngoi i chiu vi ni 1
dng mi hn ) dung bi hc
Cng 10
II K nng
1 Chun b y dng c, Kim tra cng tc

thit b ng theo yu cu chun b, i chiu 1
ca bi thc tp vi k hoch lp
2 Vn hnh thnh tho thit b Quan st cc thao

hn in h quang tay tc, i chiu vi 1,5
quy trnh vn hnh
3 Chun b y vt liu Kim tra cng tc

ng theo yu cu ca bi chun b, i chiu 1,5
thc tp vi k hoch lp
4 Chn ng ch hn khi Kim tra cc yu

hn gc v tr 1F cu, i chiu vi 1
tiu chun.
5 S thnh tho v chun xc Quan st cc thao
cc thao tc khi hn gc v tc i chiu vi 2
tr 1F quy trnh thao tc.
6 Kim tra cht lng mi hn 3

6.1 Mi hn m bo su
0,5
ngu
6.2 Mi hn ng kch thc Theo di vic thc 1
(cnh K ca mi hn ). hin, i chiu vi
6.3 Mi hn khng b khuyt tt quy trnh kim tra
(ln x, chy cnh, mi hn b 1
li cao )
6.4 kt cu hn bin dng trong 0,5
phm vi cho php
Cng 10
91
III Thi
1 Tc phong cng nghip 5

1.1 i hc y , ng gi Theo di vic thc 1
1.2 Khng vi phm ni quy lp hin, i chiu vi
hc ni quy ca 1
trng.
1.3 B tr hp l v tr lm vic Theo di qu trnh
lm vic, i chiu
1
vi tnh cht, yu
cu ca cng vic.
1.4 Tnh cn thn, chnh xc Quan st vic thc
hin bi tp 1
1.5 thc hp tc lm vic theo Quan st qu trnh

t, nhm thc hin bi tp 1
theo t, nhm

i chiu vi thi 2
gian quy nh.
3
v sinh cng nghip
3.1 Tun th quy nh v an ton Theo di vic thc 1
hin, i chiu vi
3.2 y bo h lao ng quy nh v an ton
(qun o bo h, giy, m, v v sinh cng 1
ym da, gng tay da,) nghip
1
quy nh
Cng 10
KT QU HC TP
Kt qu thc Kt qa
Tiu ch nh gi H s
hin hc tp
Kin thc 0,3
K nng 0,5
Thi 0,2
Cng
92
Bi 3: Hn gip mi v tr 1G
M bi 15.3
Gii thiu:
Hn gip mi v tr bng 1G c p dng nhiu trong thc t vi u
im l nng sut qu trnh hn cao. Do nu iu kin cho php chng ta nn
chuyn v v tr bng hn. Vic c c k nng hn gip mi v tr bng s
gip chng ta c bc ban u trong vic pht trin k nng.
Mc tiu:
- Chun b phi hn sch v cc loi dng c, thit b hn y .
- Tnh ton ch hn ph hp vi chiu dy vt liu, vi tng lp hn.
- Trnh by c k thut hn gip mi v tr 1G.
- Hn c mi hn gip mi v tr 1G ng kch thc v yu cu k
thut.
Ni dung:
1.1 c bn v:
Yu cu k thut:
- Mi hn ng kch thc
- Mi hn khng b khuyt tt
93
1.2. Chun b thit b v dng c:
1.2.1. Thit b:
1.2.2. Dng c:
- Thc o kim mi hn.
1.2.3. Phi hn:
- Thp tm CT3 hoc tng ng c kch thc (200x100x6) mm x 2
tm
2. Tnh ch hn:
2.1. ng knh que hn:
p dng cng thc:
S
d= +1
2
Thay s S = 6 mm ta c d = 4 mm. V mi hn thc hin v tr bng nn
ta c th chn ng knh que hn ln tng nng sut do chung ta chn d
= 4 mm.
2.2. Cng dng in hn:
p dng cng thc :
I = ( + .d ).d (A)
Trong :
Thay s ta c I = 176 (A). Chn Ih = 176 (A).
2.3. in p hn:
p dng cng thc:
Uh = a + b.Lhq
Trong :
15,7 V/cm.
Thay s ta c : Uh = (20 25) V. Khi hn gip mi chn h quang
trung bnh nn ta chn Uh = 22 V.
94
3. K thut hn 1G.
3.1 K thut hn gip mi khng vt cnh v tr bng:
m bo ngu mi hn, khi hn que hn c th dao ng theo hnh
ng thng hay dao ng rng ca. Nu i theo hnh ng thng th h quang
tp trung vo gia mi hn, do ngu trong trng hp ny tt hn. Khi
dao ng hnh rng ca tc hn phi ph hp (m bo b rng mi hn) v
phi c im dng hai bn t ngu cnh mi hn.
Hnh 15.3.1 Gc que hn khi hn bng gip mi khng vt cnh

+ Gi ng gc que hn v chiu di h quang n nh trong sut qu
trnh hn.
+ Que hn i thng hoc dao ng rng ca vi bin nh, m bo b
rng mi hn.
+ Thc hin ng thao tc ni tip ng hn.
+ Kt thc ng hn, vng hn phi c in y.
3.2. K thut hn gip mi c vt cnh v tr bng:
Khi b dy vt hn t 6mm tr ln, m bo su nng chy ca mi
hn ta phi vt cnh, cc loi vt cnh thng dng gm vt hnh ch V v hnh
ch X. i vi mi hn vt cnh ta dng cch hn nhiu lp
a. Cch hn nhiu lp c vt cnh:

Khi hn nhiu lp ta nn chn que hn c ng knh nh hn lp th
nht, cch a que hn do khe h quyt nh.
95
Khi khe h nh ta dng kiu ng thng, khe h ln ta dng kiu ng
thng i li.
Khi hn lp th hai, c th dng que hn c ng knh ln hn, cch a
que hn theo kiu ng thng hoc kiu rng ca nh v dng h quang ngn
hn. Cn lp sau a que hn kiu rng ca hn nhng phm vi dao ng
ngang ca n phi rng dn.
Ch dng li thi gian ngn hai mp cnh phng khuyt cnh. Ngoi
ra cn phi ch mi lp hn khng nn qu dy.
trnh bin dng vt hn, chiu hn gia cc lp phi ngc nhau v cc
u ni ca mi hn phi so le.
- Cng vic lm sch mi lp hn rt quan trng, n nh hng trc tip
n cht lng mi hn, do sau khi hn xong mi lp ta phi lm sch x hn
v nhng ht kim loi nh bn ra, sau tip tc lm sch lp khc. Mi hn bt
y ca vt cnh hnh ch V ging mi hn khng vt cnh.
+ Khi hn vt cnh ch X trnh bin dng, trnh t hn ca mi lp khc
vi vt cnh ca ch V, cc thao tc khc ging hn vt mp ch V
b. Hn nhiu lp nhiu ng c vt cnh:
Cch hn cn bn ging cch hn va ni trn, ch khc ch mi hn
ca cc lp l do rt nhiu ng hn nh hp to thnh, trnh t hn ca n.
Khi hn dng cch a que hn kiu ng thng thao tc, nm vng vng
nng chy.
* Trnh t thc hin hn gip mi khng vt cnh v tr bng:
TT Ni dung Dng c Hnh v minh ha Yu cu t c

cng vic Thit b
Chun - Nm c cc
b kch thc c bn
- c - Hiu c yu
bn v cu k thut
Yu cu k thut:
1 - Mi hn ng kch thc
96
- Kim Thc l, - Phi phng,

tra phi, ba tay, thng khng b
chun b my mi pavia
mp hn cm tay, - Phi ng kch
bn tri thc
thp
- Mi nh nh
gn, bn, ng
Thit b v tr
- G nh hn h - Chn ch hn
quang tay tng lp hp l
- m bo an ton
cho ngi v thit
Tin Thit b b
2 hnh hn h - Dao ng v gc
hn quang tay que tng lp
phi hp l
Thc - Pht hin c

3 Kim tra kim tra cc khuyt tt ca
mi hn mi hn
97
* Trnh t thc hin hn gip mi c cnh v tr bng:
TT Ni dung Dng c Hnh v minh ha Yu cu t

cng vic Thit b c
Chun - Nm c
b cc kch
- c thc c bn
bn v - Hiu c
yu cu k
thut
Yu cu k thut:
1
- Mi hn ng kch thc

tra phi, ba tay, thng khng
chun b my mi b pavia
mp hn cm tay, - Phi ng
bn tri kch thc
thp
- Mi nh
nh gn,
bn, ng v
Thit b tr
- G nh hn h
- Chn ch
quang tay
hn tng lp
hp l
98
- m bo an
ton cho
ngi v thit
Tin Thit b b
2 hnh hn h - Dao ng
hn quang tay v gc que
tng lp phi
hp l
Thc - Pht hin

3 Kim tra kim tra c cc
mi hn khuyt tt ca
mi hn
Cch khc
TT Tn Hnh v minh ha Nguyn nhn
phc
- Dng in
hn ln - Gim cng
Chy dng in
1 - H quang di
cnh - dao ng que
- Dao ng que ng k thut
khng hp l
99
- Dng in
hn nh
- Kim tra que
- Que hn b trc khi hn
2 Ln x
m, v thuc
- Tng Ih
- Dao ng
khng hp l
Mi - Gc cha - iu chnh
hn, ng. ng gc .
lch
3
trc - Cha quan - Ch quan
ng st c mi st s hnh
hn hn thnh b hn

5.1 Kim tra ngoi dng bng mt thng hoc qua knh lp:
Gc v khong cch quan st ngoi dng mi hn phi tha mn.
Kim tra ngoi dng mi hn (bng mt thng) xc nh:

- B mt mi hn.
- Chiu rng mi hn.
- Chiu cao mi hn.
- im bt u, v kt thc ca mi hn.
5.2 S dng thc o
5.2.1 o lch
- t mp tm thp ri quay cho ti khi mi t chm vo tm cao

100
5.2.2 o chy chn
- o t 0 5 (mm).
- Xoay l cho ti khi mi t chm vo y rnh.
5.2.3 o chiu cao mi hn
- o c kch thc n 25 mm.

- t mp trn tm v quay cho ti khi mi t chm vo phn nh ca
kim loi mi hn (hoc phn li y) im cao nht ca n.
- Dng thc tp khi nn xng b m t hoc b dt do ma.
nhim x l.
101
Kin thc:
Cu 1: Trnh by cng tc chun b, tnh ton ch hn cho mi hn
gip mi v tr bng 1G vi chiu dy phi l 8 mm.
Cu 2: Hy nu k thut hn gip mi c vt cnh v tr hn bng 1G.
K nng:
Bi tp ng dng: Hn tm 1G - bn v km theo.
- V tr hn: 1G
- Phng php hn: SMAW
- Vt liu hn:
tng ng.
Yu cu k thut:
- Mi hn ng kch thc
102

4. Hn nh
5. Phng php hn.
c nh gi.
103
nh gi kt qu hc tp
Cch thc Kt qu
v phng im thc hin
TT Tiu ch nh gi
php nh ti a ca ngi
gi hc
I Kin thc
1 Chn ch hn ca mi hn gip
Lm bi t 4
mi thp tm v tr 1G
lun v trc
1.1 Trnh by cch chn ng knh
nghim, i 1,5
que hn chnh xc
chiu vi
1.2 Trnh by cch chn cng ni dung bi
1,5
dng in hn chnh xc hc
1.3 Trnh by cch chn in th hn
1
chnh xc
2 Trnh by k thut hn mi hn Lm bi t
gip mi thp tm v tr 1G ng lun, i
chiu vi 2
ni dung bi
hc
3 Trnh t thc hin mi hn 1G 1,5
3.1 Nu y cng tc chun b: c
bn v; Kim tra phi, chun b Lm bi t 0,5
mp hn; G nh. lun, i
chiu vi
3.2 Trnh by ng gc que hn,
ni dung bi 0,5
cch giao ng, hng hn.
hc
3.3 Nu chnh xc cch kim tra mi
hn 0,5
4 Trnh by cch khc phc cc Lm bi t

khuyt tt ca mi hn ph hp lun, i
chiu vi 1,5
ni dung bi
hc
5 Trnh by ng phng php kim Lm bi t
tra cht lng mi hn (kim tra lun, i
ngoi dng mi hn ) chiu vi 1
ni dung bi
hc
Cng 10
104
II K nng
1 Chun b y dng c, thit Kim tra cng

b ng theo yu cu ca bi tc chun b, i
1
thc tp chiu vi k
hoch lp
2 Vn hnh thnh tho thit b hn Quan st cc

in h quang tay thao tc, i
1,5
chiu vi quy
trnh vn hnh
3 Chun b y vt liu ng Kim tra cng

theo yu cu ca bi thc tp tc chun b, i
chiu vi k 1,5
hoch lp
4 Chn ng ch hn khi hn Kim tra cc

gip mi thp tm v tr 1G yu cu, i
1
chiu vi tiu
chun.
5 S thnh tho v chun xc cc Quan st cc
thao tc khi hn gip mi thp thao tc i
tm v tr 1G chiu vi quy 2
trnh thao tc.

6.1 Mi hn m bo su ngu 0,5
6.2 Mi hn ng kch thc (b Theo di vic
rng b, chiu cao h ca mi 1
thc hin, i
hn).
chiu vi quy
6.3 Mi hn khng b khuyt tt (ln trnh kim tra
x, chy cnh, mi hn lch trc 1
ng hn )
phm vi cho php
Cng 10
III Thi

1.1 i hc y , ng gi Theo di vic 1
1.2 Khng vi phm ni quy lp hc thc hin, i 1
105
chiu vi ni
quy ca trng.
1.3 B tr hp l v tr lm vic Theo di qu
trnh lm vic,
i chiu vi
1
tnh cht, yu
cu ca cng
vic.
1.4 Tnh cn thn, chnh xc Quan st vic
thc hin bi 1
tp
1.5 thc hp tc lm vic theo t, Quan st qu

nhm trnh thc hin
bi tp theo t, 1
nhm
2 m bo thi gian thc hin bi Theo di thi

tp gian thc hin
bi tp, i 2
chiu vi thi
gian quy nh.
3 m bo an ton lao ng v v
3
sinh cng nghip
Theo di vic
3.1 Tun th quy nh v an ton thc hin, i 1
3.2 y bo h lao ng (qun chiu vi quy
o bo h, giy, m, ym da, nh v an ton 1
gng tay da,) v v sinh cng
nghip
1
quy nh
Cng 10
KT QU HC TP
Kt qu thc Kt qa
Tiu ch nh gi H s
hin hc tp
Kin thc 0,3
K nng 0,5
Thi 0,2
Cng
106
Bi 4: Hn gc v tr 2F
M bi 15.4
Gii thiu:
Hn gc v tr ngang 2F c ng dng rng ri trong thc t sn xut
nht l trong cc kt cu bn, b. Vic c c k nng hn gc v tr ngang 2F
s gip ngi hc t tin thc hin cc cng vic trong thc t.
Mc tiu:
- Chn ch hn ph hp vi chiu dy vt liu, vi tng lp hn.
Ni dung:
1.1 c bn v:
Yu cu k thut:
1.2. Chun b thit b v dng c:

1.2.1. Thit b:
107
1.2.2. Dng c:
- Thc o kim mi hn.
1.2.3. Phi hn:
- Thp tm CT3 hoc tng ng c kch thc
+ (200x100x6) mm x 1 tm
+ (200x50x6) mm x 1 tm
2. Tnh ch hn:
2.1 ng knh que hn:
p dng cng thc:
K
d= +2
2
Thay s K = 3 mm ta c d = 3,5 mm. Theo tiu chun chung ta chn d = 3,2
mm.
2.2 Cng dng in hn:

in mi hn gc ch T phi tng 10 15% so vi hn gip mi v tr bng.
p dng cng thc :
I = ( + .d ).d (A)
Trong :
2.3 in p hn:
p dng cng thc:
Uh = a + b.Lhq
Trong :
15,7 V/cm.
108
ta chn Uh = 21 V.
3. K thut hn 2F:
3.1. K thut hn gc ch T khng vt cnh v tr hn ngang:
Khi hn lp gc chiu dy vt hn khc nhau, th h quang phi hng v
phi tm thp dy hai tm thp c nhit u nhau.
Mi hn u ni hnh ch T c th dng cch hn mt lp, hn nhiu lp

hoc nhiu ng.
Nhng mi hn c chn hn di 6mm dng cch hn mt lp, chn hn
khong 6 8mm th hn nhiu lp, chn hn trn 8 mm th phi dng cch hn
nhiu lp nhiu ng
Mi hn c chn hn di 6mm, dng que hn 4 mm hn, phng
php dao ng que hn theo kiu ng trn lch nhng tc hn hi chm.
Nu dng que hn 5mm, th dao ng que hn kiu ng trn lch hoc kiu
ng thng nhng tc hn hi nhanh mt cht. Phi dng h quang ngn
hn, nh vy mi hn mi m bo thu.
3.2. K thut hn gc ch T c vt cnh v tr hn ngang:
Khi hn nhiu lp nhiu ng que hn khng cn phi lc ngang, nhng
tc que hn phi u n. Trnh t cc lp hn: Khi hn ng th nht cng
dng in phi tng i ln t ng th hai cng gim cho ph hp,
tc hn tng nhanh trnh b khuyt cnh mi hn, gc que hn thay i theo
v tr ng hn.
Khi hn mi hn chn hn ln 8mm, nu dng cch hn nhiu lp s hnh

thnh mi hn kh v vy trong thc t thng dng cch hn nhiu lp nhiu
ng hn hn. Trng hp chn hn nh hn 14mm, ta dng que 4mm
thao tc, nu mi hn c chn hn ln hn 14mm ta dng que hn 5mm s c th
nng cao nng sut.
109
* Trnh t thc hin mi hn gc ch T khng vt cnh v tr ngang :
Ni Dng
dung c Yu cu
TT Hnh v minh ha
cng Thit t c
vic b
- Nm
c cc
kch
Chun
thc c
b
bn
- c
Yu cu k thut: - Hiu
bn v
c yu
cu k
- Mi hn ng kch thc, khng b thut
khuyt tt
- Phi
Thc phng,
l, ba thng
- Kim tay, khng b
tra phi, my pavia,
chun b mi ng knh
mp hn cm thc.
tay,
- Gc lp
bn
ghp
tri
bng 90o
thp
1
- Mi
nh nh
gn,
Thit bn, ng
b hn v tr
- G
h - Chn
nh
quang ch
tay hn tng
lp hp
l
110
- m
bo an
ton cho
ngi v
Thit thit b
Tin b hn
- Dao
2 hnh h
ng v
hn quang
gc
tay
que tng
lp phi
hp l
- Pht
Thc hin c
kim cc
Kim khuyt tt
3 tra
tra ca mi
mi
hn hn
* Trnh t thc hin mi hn gc ch T c vt cnh v tr ngang :
Ni Dng
dung c Yu cu
TT Hnh v minh ha
cng Thit t c
vic b
- Nm c
cc kch
Chun
thc c
b
bn
- c
Yu cu k thut: - Hiu c
bn v
- Kim loi mi hn bm u hai cnh yu cu k
thut
- Mi hn ng kch thc, khng b
khuyt tt
111
1 - Phi
Thc
l, ba phng,
tay, thng khng
- Kim b pavia,
tra phi, my ng knh
chun b mi thc.
mp hn cm
tay, - Gc lp
bn ghp bng
tri 90o
thp
- Mi nh
Thit nh gn,
b hn bn, ng v
- G
h tr
nh
quang - Chn ch
tay hn tng
lp hp l
- m bo
an ton cho
ngi v
thit b
- Lp th
nht: dao
ng que
Thit
hn theo
Tin b hn
kiu ng
2 hnh h
thng.
hn quang
- Lp ph:
tay
dao ng
que hn
theo kiu
vng trn
lch hoc
rng ca.
112
Thc - Pht hin

kim c cc
Kim khuyt tt
3 tra
tra ca mi hn
mi
hn
- Dng in hn - Gim cng

ln dng in
Chy - H quang di - S dng h
1
cnh quang ngn
- Dao ng que
khng hp l
- Do cng - Tng cng

dng in hn dng in hn v
thp, h qung hn vi h quang
chy khng n ngn
2 Ln x nh
- V sinh sch s
- V sinh mp mp hn
hn khng t
yu cu
- Do tc hn - iu chnh li
Mi chm tc hn v
3 hn b - Cng dng cng dng
li cao in hn thp in hn hp l
5. Phng php kim tra cht lng mi hn.

Kim tra ngoi dng bng mt thng (hoc knh lp) v kim tra mi hn
bng thc xc nh:
- Cnh ca mi hn.
- Chiu cao mi hn.
- Khuyt tt ca mi hn: chy cnh, ln x...
113
- Dng thc tp khi nn xng b m t .
nhim s l.
Kin thc:
ch T v tr ngang 2F vi chiu dy phi l 8 mm.
Cu 2: Hy nu k thut hn gc ch T c vt cnh v tr hn ngang 2F.
K nng:
- V tr hn: 2F
- Phng php hn: SMAW
- Vt liu hn:
tng ng.
Yu cu k thut:
114

4. Hn nh
5. Phng php hn.
c nh gi.
115
nh gi kt qu hc tp
Cch thc v Kt qu thc
im
TT Tiu ch nh gi phng php hin ca
ti a
nh gi ngi hc
I Kin thc
1 Chn ch hn ca mi hn
4
gc 2F Lm bi t lun
1.1 Trnh by cch chn ng v trc nghim,
1,5
knh que hn chnh xc i chiu vi
1.2 Trnh by cch chn cng ni dung bi
dng in hn chnh xc hc 1,5

1
hn chnh xc
hn gc 2F ng i chiu vi
3
ni dung bi
hc
3 Trnh by cch khc phc cc Lm bi t lun,
khuyt tt ca mi hn ph i chiu vi
1,5
hp ni dung bi
hc
4 Trnh by ng phng php Lm bi t lun,
kim tra cht lng mi hn i chiu vi
(kim tra ngoi dng mi 1,5
ni dung bi
hn ) hc
Cng 10
II K nng
1 Chun b y dng c, Kim tra cng

thit b ng theo yu cu ca tc chun b, i
1
bi thc tp chiu vi k
hoch lp
2 Vn hnh thnh tho thit b Quan st cc

hn in h quang tay thao tc, i
1,5
chiu vi quy
trnh vn hnh

theo yu cu ca bi thc tp tc chun b, i 1,5
chiu vi k
116
hoch lp
4 Chn ng ch hn khi hn Kim tra cc

gc v tr 2F yu cu, i
1
chiu vi tiu
chun.
5 S thnh tho v chun xc Quan st cc
cc thao tc khi hn gc v thao tc i
tr 2F chiu vi quy 2
trnh thao tc.

6.2 Mi hn ng kch thc Theo di vic
1
(cnh K ca mi hn ). thc hin, i
6.3 Mi hn khng b khuyt tt chiu vi quy
(ln x, chy cnh, mi hn b trnh kim tra 1
li cao )
phm vi cho php
Cng 10
III Thi

1.2 Khng vi phm ni quy lp thc hin, i
hc chiu vi ni 1
quy ca trng.
trnh lm vic,
i chiu vi
1
tnh cht, yu
cu ca cng
vic.
thc hin bi 1
tp
1.5 thc hp tc lm vic theo Quan st qu

t, nhm trnh thc hin 1
bi tp theo t,
117
nhm
2 m bo thi gian thc hin Theo di thi

bi tp gian thc hin
bi tp, i 2
chiu vi thi
gian quy nh.
3
v sinh cng nghip
Theo di vic
3.2 y bo h lao ng (qun chiu vi quy
nghip
1
quy nh
Cng 10
KT QU HC TP
Kt qu thc Kt qa
Tiu ch nh gi H s
hin hc tp
Kin thc 0,3
K nng 0,5
Thi 0,2
Cng
118
M bi 15.5
Gii thiu:
Hn gip mi v tr ngang 2G l mt v tr hn tng i kh thc hin
v trong ton b qu trnh hn kim loi mi hn chu tc dng ca trong lc nn
r sinh ra cc khuyt tt. Do nm c v kin thc v c k nng thnh tho
khi thc hin mi hn ny gip chng ta t tin trong khi thc hin cc cng vic
trong thc t.
Mc tiu:
thut.
Ni dung:
1.1 c bn v:
Yu cu k thut:
- Mi hn ng kch thc
119
1.2.1. Thit b:
1.2.2. Dng c:
- Thc o kim mi hn.
1.2.3. Phi hn:
tm
2. Tnh ch hn:
2.1 ng knh que hn:
p dng cng thc:
S
d= +1
2
Thay s S = 6 mm ta c d = 4 mm. V mi hn thc hin v tr hn
ngang trong sut qu trnh hn kim loi mihn chu tc dng ca trong lc d
sinh ra khuyt tt gim bt khuyt tt c th xy ra chng ta chn d = 3,2
mm.
2.2 Cng dng in hn:

Khi hn v tr ngang do kim loi lng ca b hn chu tc dng ca trong
lc lun c xu hng ri xung di. khc phc hin tng ny, ta phi
gim lng nhit ca b hn xung gii hn cho php. V vy Ih gim 10 15 %
so vi hn bng.
p dng cng thc :
I = ( + .d ).d (A)
Trong :
2.3 in p hn:
p dng cng thc:
Uh = a + b.Lhq
Trong :
15,7 V/cm.
120
Thay s ta c : Uh = (20 25) V. Khi hn gip mi v tr ngang chn h
quang ngn nn ta chn Uh = 21 V.
3. K thut hn 2G
3.1. K thut hn gip mi khng vt cnh v tr ngang:
- Khi hn ngang, do tc dng ca trng lc kim loi lng b hn c xu th
chy xung di gy nn hin tng chy x v chy cnh.
V vy khi hn phi rt ngn khng cch ca h quang, s dng que hn c

ng knh nh v gim dng in hn t 15 20% so vi hn bng cng chiu
dy.
Khi chiu dy vt hn 3 5mm khng vt cnh, khi hn mi hn loi ny
thng phi hn hai mt. Khi hn mt chnh nn dng que hn 3 4mm gc
gia que hn (hng xung di) vi tm thp di hnh thnh mt gc 75
850. ng thi vi hng hn phi duy tr mt gc 70 850.
Khi vt hn tng i mng cch dao ng que hn kiu ng thng i

li, nu vt hn tng i dy cch dao ng que hn kiu ng thng hoc
ng trn lch nh. t c su nng chy thch hp, tc hn phi hi
nhanh v u, trnh kim loi que hn nh qu nhiu vo vng nng chy dn
n nhit cao, kim loi chy xung hnh thnh ng cc ng thi mi hn s
b khuyt cnh lm nh hng n cht lng mi hn.
Khi hn mt tri chn ng knh que hn nh nhng dng in hn hi
ln. Cch dao ng que hn theo kiu ng thng .
hn ch hin tng chy x c th hn 2 3 ng.
121
75 85
75 85
122
Ch dng li thi gian ngn hai mp cnh phng khuyt cnh. Ngoi
ra cn phi ch mi lp hn khng nn qu dy.
trnh bin dng vt hn, chiu hn gia cc lp phi ngc nhau v cc
u ni ca mi hn phi so le.
- Cng vic lm sch mi lp hn rt quan trng, n nh hng trc tip
n cht lng mi hn do sau khi hn xong mi lp ta phi lm sch x hn
v nhng ht kim loi nh bn ra, sau tip tc lm sch lp khc. Mi hn bt
y ca vt cnh hnh ch V ging mi hn khng vt cnh.
+ Khi hn vt cnh ch X trnh bin dng, trnh t hn ca mi lp khc
nhau vi vt cnh ca ch V, cc thao tc khc ging hn vt mp ch V.
* Trnh t thc hin mi hn gip mi khng vt cnh v tr ngang:
TT Ni dung Dng c Hnh v minh ha Yu cu t c

cng vic Thit b
Chun - Nm c cc
b kch thc c bn
- c - Hiu c yu
bn v cu k thut
Yu cu k thut:
- Mi hn ng kch thc

1 tra phi, ba tay, thng khng b
chun b my mi pavia
bn tri thc
thp
123
- G nh Thit b - Mi nh nh
hn h gn, bn, ng
quang tay v tr
- Chn ch hn
tng lp hp l
Tin Thit b 75 85
2 hnh hn h
hn quang tay
75 85
124

1 chun b my mi pavia
bn tri kch thc
thp
hn h gn, bn,
quang tay ng v tr
15
- Chn ch
hn tng lp
hp l
Tin Thit b
2 hnh hn h 650 850
0 0
hn quang tay 75 85
125
4. Cch khc phc cc khuyt tt ca mi hn:
- Dng in - Gim cng

hn ln dng in
1
Chy
- H quang di - Dng h quang
cnh ngn hn, dao
- Dao ng que ng que ng k
khng hp l thut
- Dng in
hn ln - Gim Ih
Chy
2
x - Gc que - Dao ng ng
hn khng ph k thut
hp
- Mp hn - Lm sch mp
khng c vt hn khi cc
lm sch cc vt du m, sn
vt du m, ,g st...
sn, g st...
- Tng dng in
- Dng in hn iu chnh
3 Ln x
hn nh, tc tc hn, iu
hn ln gc chnh gc
nghing v nghing que hn
chuyn ng v phng php
que hn cha dao ng ph
hp l. hp.

Kim tra ngoi dng mi hn (bng mt thng hoc qua knh lp) xc
nh:
- B mt mi hn.
- Chiu rng mi hn.
126
- Chiu cao mi hn.
- o lch
- o chy chn
- o chiu cao mi hn
- Dng thc tp khi nn xng b m t.
nhim x l.

Kin thc:
gip mi v tr ngang 2G vi chiu dy phi l 8 mm.
Cu 2: Hy nu k thut hn gip mi c vt cnh v tr hn ngang 2G.
K nng:
- V tr hn: 2G
- Phng php hn: SMAW
- Vt liu hn:
tng ng.
- Thi gian: 1,5 gi (k c thi gian chun b v g nh)
Yu cu k thut:
- Mi hn ng kch thc
127

4. Hn nh
5. Phng php hn.
c nh gi.
128
nh gi kt qu hc tp
Cch thc v Kt qu thc
im
TT Tiu ch nh gi phng php hin ca
ti a
nh gi ngi hc
I Kin thc
1 Chn ch hn ca mi
hn gip mi thp tm v 4
tr 2G Lm bi t lun
1.1 Trnh by cch chn ng v trc nghim,
1,5
knh que hn chnh xc i chiu vi ni
1.2 Trnh by cch chn cng dung bi hc
1,5
dng in hn chnh xc
1
hn chnh xc
hn gip mi thp tm v i chiu vi ni 3
tr 2G ng dung bi hc
3 Trnh by cch khc phc Lm bi t lun,
cc khuyt tt ca mi hn i chiu vi ni 1,5
ph hp dung bi hc
4 Trnh by ng phng
php kim tra cht lng Lm bi t lun,
mi hn (kim tra ngoi i chiu vi ni 1,5
dng mi hn ) dung bi hc
Cng 10
II K nng
1 Chun b y dng c, Kim tra cng

thit b ng theo yu cu tc chun b, i
1
ca bi thc tp chiu vi k
hoch lp

hn in h quang tay tc, i chiu vi
1,5
quy trnh vn
hnh
3 Chun b y vt liu Kim tra cng

ng theo yu cu ca bi tc chun b, i 1,5
thc tp chiu vi k
129
hoch lp
4 Chn ng ch hn khi Kim tra cc yu

hn gip mi thp tm v tr cu, i chiu 1
2G vi tiu chun.
cc thao tc khi hn gip mi tc i chiu vi
thp tm v tr 2G quy trnh thao 2
tc.

6.1 Mi hn m bo su
0,5
ngu
Theo di vic
6.2 Mi hn ng kch thc (b thc hin, i
rng b, chiu cao h ca mi 1
hn ). chiu vi quy
trnh kim tra
6.3 Mi hn khng b khuyt tt 1
(chy cnh, chy x, ln x)
phm vi cho php
Cng 10
III Thi

hc chiu vi ni 1
quy ca trng.
trnh lm vic,
i chiu vi
1
tnh cht, yu
cu ca cng
vic.
thc hin bi tp 1

t, nhm trnh thc hin
bi tp theo t, 1
nhm
130

bi tp gian thc hin
bi tp, i chiu 2
vi thi gian quy
nh.
3
v sinh cng nghip
Theo di vic
3.2 y bo h lao chiu vi quy
ng( qun o bo h, giy, nh v an ton 1
m, ym da, gng tay da,) v v sinh cng
nghip
1
quy nh
Cng 10
KT QU HC TP
Kt qu thc Kt qa
Tiu ch nh gi H s
hin hc tp
Kin thc 0,3
K nng 0,5
Thi 0,2
Cng
131
Bi 6: Hn gc v tr 3F
M bi 15.6
Gii thiu:
Hn gc v tr ngang 3F c ng dng rng ri trong thc t sn xut
nht l trong cc kt thnh, vch. Vic c c k nng hn gc v tr ng 3F
s gip ngi hc t tin thc hin cc cng vic trong thc t.
Mc tiu:
- Chn ch hn ph hp vi chiu dy vt liu, vi tng lp hn.
Ni dung:
1.1 c bn v:
Yu cu k thut:
132
1.2.1. Thit b:
1.2.2. Dng c:
- Thc o kim mi hn.
1.2.3. Phi hn:
- Thp tm CT3 hoc tng ng c kch thc:
+ (200x100x6) mm x 1 tm
+ (200x50x6) mm x 1 tm
2. Tnh ch hn:
2.1 ng knh que hn:
p dng cng thc:
K
d= +2
2
Thay s K = 3 mm ta c d = 3,5 mm. Que hn ch to theo tiu chun do
chng ta chn d = 3,2 mm.
2.2 Cng dng in hn:

in mi hn gc ch T phi tng 10 15% so vi hn gip mi v tr bng
p dng cng thc :
I = ( + .d ).d (A)
Trong :
2.3 in p hn:
p dng cng thc:
Uh = a + b.Lhq
Trong :
15,7 V/cm.
ta chn Uh = 21 V.
133
3. K thut hn 3F:
3.1. K thut hn gc ch T khng vt cnh v tr ng:
Khi hn ng u ni ch T thng gp khuyt tt: hn khng ngu, mi
hn hay b khuyt cnh do kim loi nng chy b chy mt khi b hn.
khc phc nhc im trn, khi hn ng u ni ch T lc a que
hn hai mp mi hn th nn dng li mt t kim loi nng chy lp y vo
ch khuyt cnh kim loi vt hn, h quang hn nn rt ngn li. Dao ng ngang
que hn khng ln qu, chiu rng mi hn, chn dao ng mi hn thch hp,
t c cht lng mi hn.
Phng php thao tc hn ng mi hn u ni ch T, cng ging nh
hn ng gip mi.
3.2. K thut hn gc ch T c vt cnh v tr ng:

Lp th nht que hn i theo kim rng ca hoc tam gic nh.Cc lp
tip theo que hn dao ng kiu rang ca hoc bn nguyt. Cn ch v sinh
sch x hn trc khi hn lp tip theo.
Que hn dao ng phi c im dng chn hai bn cnh mi hn t
phng, trnh khuyt tt. Gc que hn thay i theo tng lp hn.
134
* Trnh t thc hin mi hn gc ch T khng vt cnh v tr ng:
Ni Dng
dung c Yu cu
TT Hnh v minh ha
cng Thit t c
vic b
- Nm
c cc
kch
Chun
thc c
b
bn
- c
- Hiu
bn v
c yu
cu k
thut
Yu cu k thut:
khuyt tt
1
- Phi
Thc phng,
l, ba thng
- Kim tay, khng b
tra phi, my pavia,
chun b mi ng knh
mp hn cm thc.
tay,
- Gc lp
bn
ghp
tri
bng 90o
thp
135
- Mi
nh nh
gn,
Thit bn, ng
b hn v tr
- G
h - Chn
nh
quang ch
tay hn tng
lp hp
l
- m
bo an
ton cho
ngi v
Thit thit b
Tin b hn
- Dao
2 hnh h
ng v
hn quang
gc
tay
que tng
lp phi
hp l
- Pht
Thc hin c
kim cc
Kim khuyt tt
3 tra
tra ca mi
mi
hn hn
136
* Trnh t thc hin mi hn gc ch T c vt cnh v tr ng:
Ni Dng
dung c Yu cu
TT Hnh v minh ha
cng Thit t c
vic b
- Nm
c cc
kch
Chun
thc c
b
bn
- c
- Hiu
bn v
c yu
cu k
thut
Yu cu k thut:
khuyt tt
- Phi
1 Thc phng,
l, ba thng
- Kim tay, khng b
tra phi, my pavia,
chun b mi ng knh
mp hn cm thc.
tay,
- Gc lp
bn
ghp
tri
bng 90o
thp
137
- Mi
nh nh
gn,
Thit bn, ng
b hn v tr
- G
h
nh - Chn
quang
tay ch
hn tng
lp hp
l
- m
bo an
ton cho
ngi v
thit b
- Lp th
nht: dao
Thit ng que
Tin b hn hn theo
2 hnh h kiu
hn quang ng
tay thng.
- Lp
ph: dao
ng que
hn theo
kiu vng
trn lch
hoc rng
ca.
- Pht
Thc hin c
kim cc
Kim khuyt tt
3 tra
tra ca mi
mi
hn hn
138
4. Cch khc phc cc khuyt tt ca mi hn.
Nguyn Cch khc

TT Tn Hnh v minh ha
nhn phc
- Dng in
hn ln
- Gim cng
- H quang dng in
Chy
1 di
cnh - S dng h
- Dao ng quang ngn
que khng
hp l
- Dng in
hn nh
- V sinh sch
Ln - V sinh s mp hn
2
x mp hn
- Tng Ih
khng t
yu cu
- Cng - Tng cng

dng in dng in
hn qu nh; hn (120 135)
Hn A;
3 khng
ngu - Gc que - iu chnh
hn cha hp gc que0 hn
l t 70 80
5. Phng php kim tra cht lng mi hn.

Kim tra ngoi dng bng mt thng (hoc knh lp) v kim tra mi hn
bng thc xc nh:
- Cnh ca mi hn.
- Chiu cao mi hn.
- Khuyt tt ca mi hn: chy cnh, ln x...
- Ni y dy tip t cho cc thit b, dng thc tp khi nn xng b
m t
139
- Khi pht hin s c phi ngt in v bo cho ngi c trch nhim x l.

Kin thc:
ch T v tr ng 3F vi chiu dy phi l 8 mm.
Cu 2: Hy nu k thut hn gc ch T c vt cnh v tr hn ng 3F.
K nng:
- V tr hn: 3F
- Phng php hn: SMAW
- Vt liu hn:
tng ng.
Yu cu k thut:
140

4. Hn nh
5. Phng php hn.
c nh gi.
141
nh gi kt qu hc tp:
Kt qu
Cch thc v
im thc hin
ti a ca ngi
nh gi
hc
I Kin thc
4
gc 3F
Lm bi t lun v
trc nghim, i 1,5
knh que hn chnh xc
chiu vi ni dung
1.2 Trnh by cch chn cng bi hc
1,5
dng in hn chnh xc
1
hn chnh xc
hn gc 3F ng i chiu vi ni 3
dung bi hc
khuyt tt ca mi hn ng i chiu vi ni 1,5
dung bi hc
4 Trnh by ng phng php
kim tra cht lng mi hn Lm bi t lun,
( kim tra ngoi dng mi i chiu vi ni 1,5
hn ) dung bi hc
Cng 10
II K nng
1 Chun b y dng c, Kim tra cng tc

thit b ng theo yu cu ca chun b, i chiu
1
bi thc tp vi k hoch
lp

hn in h quang tay tc, i chiu vi 1,5
quy trnh vn hnh
3 Chun b y vt liu ng Kim tra cng tc

theo yu cu ca bi thc tp chun b, i chiu
vi k hoch 1,5
lp
142
4 Chn ng ch hn khi hn Kim tra cc yu

gc v tr 3F cu, i chiu vi 1
tiu chun.
cc thao tc khi hn gc v tc i chiu vi 2
tr 3F quy trnh thao tc.

6.2 Mi hn ng kch thc Theo di vic thc 1
(cnh K ca mi hn ).
hin, i chiu vi
Mi hn khng b khuyt tt
6.3 quy trnh kim tra
(chy cnh, ln x, hn khng 1
ngu )
phm vi cho php
Cng 10
III Thi

hc chiu vi ni quy 1
ca trng.
1.3 B tr hp l v tr lm vic Theo di qu trnh
lm vic, i
chiu vi tnh 1
cht, yu cu ca
cng vic.
1.4 Tnh cn thn, chnh xc Quan st vic thc
hin bi tp 1
1.5 thc hp tc lm vic theo Quan st qu trnh

t, nhm thc hin bi tp 1
theo t, nhm

i chiu vi thi 2
gian quy nh.
143
3
v sinh cng nghip
3.1 Tun th quy nh v an ton Theo di vic thc 1
hin, i chiu vi
3.2 y bo h lao ng( qun quy nh v an
o bo h, giy, m, ym da, ton v v sinh 1
gng tay da,) cng nghip
1
quy nh
Cng 10
KT QU THC HIN M UN
Kt qu Kt qa
Tiu ch nh gi H s
thc hin hc tp
Kin thc 0,3
K nng 0,5
Thi 0,2
Cng
144
M bi 15.7
Gii thiu:
Hn gip mi v tr ng 3G l mt v tr hn tng i kh thc hin.
Do nm c v kin thc v c k nng thnh tho khi thc hin mi hn
ny gip chng ta t tin trong khi thc hin cc cng vic trong thc t.
Mc tiu:
thut.
Ni dung:
1.1 c bn v:
Yu cu k thut:
- Mi hn ng kch thc
145
1.2.1. Thit b:
1.2.2. Dng c:
- Thc o kim mi hn.
1.2.3. Phi hn:
tm
2. Tnh ch hn:
2.1 ng knh que hn:

p dng cng thc:
S
d= +1
2
Thay s S = 6 mm ta c d = 4 mm. hn ch cc khuyt tt c th xy
ra khi thc hin v tr hn ng chng ta chn d = 3,2 mm.
2.2 Cng dng in hn:

Khi hn v tr ng do kim loi lng ca b hn chu tc dng ca trong
lc lun c xu hng ri xung di. khc phc hin tng ny, ta phi
gim lng nhit ca b hn xung gii hn cho php. V vy Ih gim 10 15 %
so vi hn bng.
p dng cng thc :
I = ( + .d ).d (A)
Trong :
2.3 in p hn:
p dng cng thc:
Uh = a + b.Lhq
Trong :
15,7 V/cm.
146
Thay s ta c : Uh = (20 25) V. Khi hn gip mi chn h quang
trung bnh nn ta chn Uh = 22 V.
3. K thut hn 3G
3.1. K thut hn gip mi khng vt cnh v tr ng:
Khi hn ng kim loi lng trong b hn lun c xu th b trng lc ko
chy xung di v bt ra khi b hn hoc to thnh hin tng ng cc, mt
khc kim loi lng t u que chy vo b hn cng kh khn do tc ng ca
trng lc. V vy khi hn v tr ng phi hn ch trng lng ca b hn, hn
ch trng lng ca git kim loi, tng lc y ca h quang v tng lc phn t
kim loi lng bm c vo b hn.
- Khi hn ng gip mi gc que hn tnh theo bn phi bn tri l 900.

Bi mt phng ng pha di to thnh mt gc 600 800
Dng loi que hn c ng knh nh, dng in hn nh hn so vi hn
bng cng chiu dy t 10 15%.
Dng h quang ngn hn, gim bt s nh git kim loi vo vng nng
chy.
- Hn gip mi khng vt cnh thng c hn hai mt. Cch dao ng que
hn thch hp nht kiu h quang nhy kiu rng ca, kiu bn nguyt
+ Kiu h quang nhy: Sau mi ln kim loi nng chy tch khi u que
hn, dnh vo kim loi vt hn th n s hnh thnh vng nng chy cho nhng
git kim loi nng chy qu ng c kp thi phi di ng v tr h quang
cho vng nng chy c dp to nhit sau di chuyn h quang v vng nng
chy hn tip. Trong thao tc thc t trnh kiu h quang nhy n thun cn c
vo tnh nng que hn v mi hn c th p dng phi hp gi kiu h quang
nhy vi cc kiu khc.
147
Khi hn trong trng hp yu cu ngu ca mi hn cao, phi rt ngn
thi gian nung nng h quang trn vt hn trnh h quang dng li mt im
trong mt thi gian di. Tc hn v dao ng que hn khng cn thit phi
nhanh m cn phi hp cht ch, ly tc a que hn v chiu di h quang
iu chnh nhit lng vng nng chy. ng thi trong mt n v thi gian
phi duy tr lng kim loi nng chy thch hp, trnh mi hn sinh ra mi
khuyt tt. Khi hn mt sau dng hn ln t su nng chy cch dao ng
que hn p dng kiu rng ca hay bn nguyt.
3.2. K thut hn gip mi c vt cnh v tr ng:
Thng c hn nhiu lp, s lp hn nhiu hay t l cn c vo chiu
dy vt hn.
Hn lp th nht dng que hn 2,5 mm cch a que hn c 3 loi: i
vi vt hn dy dng cch a que hn kiu tam gic nh, i vi vt hn c
chiu dy va phi hoc hi mng dng kiu h quang nhy v kiu bn nguyt
nh. T lp th hai tr ln dng thch hp cch dao ng que hn hnh rng ca,
ng knh que hn t 3,2 4 mm.
Nhng mi hn ph lp cui cng, cn c yu cu b mt mi hn chn
cch dao ng que hn cho ph hp.
Khi mi hn cao th dng kiu bn nguyt, khi b mt mi hn yu cu

bng phng th dng kiu rng ca.
Bt c dng cch a que hn theo kiu no hn ng hn lp th nht

ngoi vic trnh nhng khuyt tt nh: ln x, hn cha ngu, khuyt cnh cn
yu cu mt ca mi hn phi bng phng trnh li. Nu b mt li x hn d nht
vo k v sinh ra khuyt tt cho lp sau.
148
Cch dao ng que hn ca ng hn ph mt khi hn ng gip mi vt

cnh, thng dng kiu rng ca, bn nguyt mi hn m bo m quan v
bng phng, ngoi vic m bo chiu dy mi hn tng i mng, tc que
hn phi duy tr u n th mi hn m bo yu cu k thut khng b khuyt
tt
* Trnh t thc hin mi hn gip mi khng vt cnh v tr ng:
cng vic Thit b c
Chun - Nm c cc
b kch thc c
- c bn
bn v - Hiu c yu
cu k thut
Yu cu k thut:

chun b my mi pavia
bn tri thc
thp
hn h gn, bn,
quang tay ng v tr
- Chn ch
hn tng lp hp
l
149
- m bo an
ton cho ngi
v thit b
- Ngi ng t
Tin Thit b th, que hn
hnh hn h ng gc
2 hn quang tay
- Bt u v kt
thc ng hn
ng k thut
- Pht hin c
Thc cc khuyt tt
3 Kim tra kim tra ca mi hn
mi hn
* Trnh t thc hin mi hn gip mi c vt cnh v tr ng:

cng vic Thit b c
Chun - Nm c
b cc kch thc
- c c bn
bn v - Hiu c
yu cu k
thut
Yu cu k thut:
150

tra phi, ba tay, thng khng
chun b my mi b pavia
bn tri kch thc
thp
- G nh Thit b - Mi nh
15
hn h nh gn,
quang tay bn, ng v
tr
- Chn ch
hn tng lp
hp l
ng thao
tc v an ton
khi hn:
- Lp th
nht: Mi hn
Tin Thit b 650 850 ngu, b mt
hnh hn h mi hn phng
2 hn quang tay - Lp ph:
900 m bo mi
hn t ng
kch thc v
khng c
khuyt tt.
- Pht hin
Thc c cc
3 Kim tra kim tra khuyt tt ca
mi hn mi hn
151
4. Cch khc phc cc khuyt tt ca mi hn
Cch khc
TT Tn Hnh v minh ha Nguyn nhn
phc
- Dng in - Gim
hn ln cng
Chy dng in
1 - H quang di
cnh
- Dao ng que - S dng h
khng hp l quang ngn
- Dng in
- V sinh
hn nh
sch s mp
2 Ln x - V sinh mp hn
hn khng t
- Tng Ih
yu cu
- Gc que
hn khng - Gi gc
ng ng que hn
3
cc ng k
- Tc hn thut
chm

Kim tra ngoi dng mi hn (bng mt thng hoc qua knh lp) xc
nh:
- B mt mi hn.
- Chiu rng mi hn.
- Chiu cao mi hn.
- o lch
- o chy chn
- o chiu cao mi hn

- Ni dy tip t cho cc thit b, dng thc tp khi nn xng b m
t.
- Khi pht hin s c phi ngt in v bo cho ngi c trch nhim x
l.
152
Kin thc:
gip mi v tr ng 3G vi chiu dy phi l 8 mm.
Cu 2: Hy nu k thut hn gip mi c vt cnh v tr hn ng 3G.
K nng:
- V tr hn: 3G
- Phng php hn: SMAW
- Vt liu hn:
tng ng.
- Thi gian: 1,5 gi (k c thi gian chun b v g nh)
Yu cu k thut:
- Mi hn ng kch thc
153

4. Hn nh
5. Phng php hn.
c nh gi.
154
nh gi kt qu hc tp:
Kt qu
Cch thc v
im thc hin
ti a ca ngi
nh gi
hc
I Kin thc
4
gip mi thp tm v tr 3G
Lm bi t lun
v trc nghim, 1,5
knh que hn chnh xc
i chiu vi ni
1.2 Trnh by cch chn cng dung bi hc
1,5
dng in hn chnh xc
1
hn chnh xc
hn gip mi thp tm v tr i chiu vi ni 3
3G ng dung bi hc
khuyt tt ca mi hn ph i chiu vi ni 1,5
hp dung bi hc
4 Trnh by ng phng php Lm bi t lun,
kim tra cht lng mi hn i chiu vi ni 1,5
(kim tra ngoi dng mi hn) dung bi hc
Cng 10
II K nng
1 Chun b y dng c, thit Kim tra cng

b ng theo yu cu ca bi tc chun b, i
1
thc tp chiu vi k
hoch lp

hn in h quang tay tc, i chiu vi
1,5
quy trnh vn
hnh

theo yu cu ca bi thc tp tc chun b, i
chiu vi k 1,5
hoch lp
155
4 Chn ng ch hn khi hn Kim tra cc yu

gip mi thp tm v tr 3G cu, i chiu 1
vi tiu chun.
cc thao tc khi hn gip mi tc i chiu vi
thp tm v tr 3G quy trnh thao 2
tc.

6.2 Mi hn ng kch thc (b Theo di vic
rng b, chiu cao h ca mi thc hin, i 1
hn ). chiu vi quy
6.3 Mi hn khng b khuyt tt trnh kim tra
(chy cnh, ln x, ng cc) 1
phm vi cho php
Cng 10
III Thi

hc chiu vi ni 1
quy ca trng.
trnh lm vic,
i chiu vi
1
tnh cht, yu
cu ca cng
vic.
thc hin bi tp 1

t, nhm trnh thc hin
bi tp theo t, 1
nhm

2
bi tp gian thc hin
156
bi tp, i chiu
vi thi gian quy
nh.
3
v sinh cng nghip
Theo di vic
3.2 y bo h lao ng( qun chiu vi quy
nghip
1
quy nh
Cng 10
KT QU HC TP
Kt qu thc Kt qa
Tiu ch nh gi H s
hin hc tp
Kin thc 0,3
K nng 0,5
Thi 0,2
Cng
157
Kim tra kt thc m un
s 01
Thi gian: 4 gi
Kin thc:
Cu 1: (02 im) Nu cu to v cch phn loi cc loi que hn thp cc
bon thp.
Cu 2: (03 im) Trnh by cng tc chun b, tnh ton ch hn cho
mi hn gip mi v tr ngang 2G vi chiu dy phi l 10 mm.
K nng:
Bi tp: (05 im) Hn tm 2G - bn v km theo.
- V tr hn: 2G
- Phng php hn: SMAW
- Vt liu hn:
tng ng.
Yu cu k thut:
- Mi hn ng kch thc
158
s 02
Thi gian: 4 gi
Kin thc:
Cu 1: (02 im) Trnh by cc khuyt tt ca mi hn nguyn nhn v
bin php phng nga.
Cu 2: (03 im) Trnh by cng tc chun b, tnh ton ch hn cho
mi hn gip mi v tr ng 3G vi chiu dy phi l 10 mm.
K nng:
Bi tp: (05 im) Hn tm 3G - bn v km theo.
- V tr hn: 3G
- Phng php hn: SMAW
- Vt liu hn:
tng ng.
Yu cu k thut:
- Mi hn ng kch thc
159
IV. TI LIU THAM KHO:
[1]. Trng Cng t - K thut hn - NXBKHKT H Ni 1977
[2]. Ng L Thng Cng ngh hn nng chy (tp 1 c s l thuyt) -
NXBKHKT H Ni 2004.
[3]. Lu Vn Huy, Tn Dn - K thut hn - NXBKHKT 2006.
[4]. TS. Nguyn c Thng, m bo cht lng hn, Nh xut bn
Khoa hc v k thut, 2009.
[5]. Trung tm o to v chuyn giao cng ngh Vit c, Chng
trnh o to Chuyn gia hn quc t, 2006.
[6]. Metal and How to weld them - the James F.Lincoln Arc Welding
Foundation (USA) 1990.
[7]. The Procedure Handbook of Arc Welding the Lincoln Electric
Company (USA) by Richart S.Sabo 1995.
[8]. Welding science & Technology Volume 1 American Welding
Society (AWS) by 2006.
[9]. ASME Section IX, Welding and Brazing Qualifications, American
Societyt mechanical Engineer, 2007.
[10]. AWS D1.1, Welding Structure Steel, American Welding Society,
2008
[11]. The Welding Institute (TWI), Welding Inspection, Training and
Examination Services.
[12]. Cc trang web: www.aws.org, www.asme.org

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TNG CNG TY LP MY VIT NAM

TRNG CAO NG NGH LILAMA 1

Ninh Bnh, thng 12/2010

Trong nhng nm qua, dy ngh c nhng bc tin vt bc c v s

Bi 5: Hn gip mi thp tm v tr 2G 118

Bi 7: Hn gip mi thp tm v tr 3G 144

Kim tra kt thc m un 157

IV. Ti liu tham kho 159

I. V TR, NGHA, VAI TR M UN:

II. MC TIU M UN:

III. NI DUNG M UN:

Hnh 15.1.1: Biu din mi hn trn bn v

Hnh 15.1.4 Quy c k hiu mi hn tiu chun

Hnh 15.1.5 Quy c k hiu mi hn phi tiu chun

Hnh 15.1.6 Quy c pha ghi k hiu mi hn

Hnh 15.1.7 Quy c ghi nhn b mt gia cng ca mi hn

Hnh 15.1.8 Quy c ghi k hiu kim tra mi hn

Hnh 15.1.9 Quy c ghi k hiu cc mi hn ging nhau

1.1.3. Mt s v d v cch ghi k hiu mi hn trn bn v:

1.2. K hiu tiu chun ca mt s nc:

- i tng b tham chiu :

1.2.3.2. Cc k hiu ph trong mi hn:

K hiu mi hn (Welding Symbols)

1.2.3.4. Cc k hiu ph c s dng chung vi cc k hiu mi hn c bn:

Dng ch hnh dng b mt ca mi hn sau khi hon thnh mi hn.

* K hiu c m lt pha sau mi hn:

* K hiu mi hn c s dng ming chm

Ch : C hai loi k hiu c m lt v c ming chm u c s dng

* K hiu nng chy hon ton

V d: K hiu ng tham chiu kp: Mi hn gip mi vt mp ch V

* K hiu hn thc hin theo thc t ti hin trng

* K hiu ngu hon ton(Complete Penetration).

* K hiu mi hn gip mi rnh vt ch V n

* K hiu mi hn gip mi hn hai pha vt mt bn

K hiu phng K hiu phng

Hn h quang tay 111 SMAW

Hn h quang bng in cc nng chy

Hn h quang di lp thuc 12 SAW

Hn h quang plasma 15 PAW

Hn hi vi ngn la xy kh chy 31 OFW

Hn hi vi ngn la xy axetylen 311 OAW

Hn bng tia laser 751 LBW

Hn bng chm tia in t 76 EBW

ng c tnh ngoi hn h quang tay yu cu phi l ng cong

* My hn phi iu chnh ng cng dng in thch ng vi

Hnh 15.1.1 S nguyn l ca my hn xoay chiu kiu CT

Hnh 15.1.2 S nguyn l ca my hn xoay chiu kiu CTH

Hnh 15.1.3: S nguyn l ca my hn xoay chiu c li di ng .

Chu k lm vic 60% A 120

Kch thc mm R 400

Kch thc mm R 425 560

Thng s k thut MEGA 161/A

Kch thc mm R 250

Hnh 15.1.4 Hnh dng bn ngoi ca my hn mt chiu c cc cc t lp ri

Theo nguyn l in t khi c dng in thng qua rto ca my pht

* c im v thng s k thut ca mt s my hn in h quang tay mt

Kch thc mm R 425 570 570

C 690 725 725

Chu k lm vic 60% A 170 180 260 300

35% 230 260 350 400

Kch thc mm R 425 425 570 570

C 690 690 725 725

Hnh 15.1.6. S mch in my hn chnh lu mt pha

Hnh 15.1.7. S mch in my hn chnh lu ba pha