64 CHAPTER 2 SME Logic Functions and Gates ‘Through-Hole A means of mounting DIP ICs on a circuit bard by inserting the IC leads through holes inthe board and soldering them in place, ‘Transistor-Transistor Logic (ITL) _A family of digital logic devices whose basic element is the bipolar junction transistor. ‘Tristate Buffer A gate having thee possible output states: logic HIGH, logic LOW, and high-impedance. ‘True Form Not inverted, ‘Truth Table A list ofall possible input values toa digital circuit, iste in ascending binary ‘order, and the output response for each input combination. Voc The power supply voltage ina transistor-based electronic circuit. The term often refers to the power supply of digital circuits Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) An integrated circuit having more than 10,000 equivalent gates, Wire-Wrap A circuit construction technique in which the connecting wires are wrapped. around the poss ofa special chip socket, usually used for prototyping or laboratory work. PROBLEMS Problem numbers set in color indicate more dificult problems. 2.1 Basic Logic Functions 241 Draw the symbol for the NOT gate (inverter) in both reetangular-outline and distinctive-shape forms. 22 Draw the distinctive-shape and rectangular-outine symbols for a3-input AND gate. 23° Draw the dstinctive-shape and rectangular-outline symbols fora 3-input OR gate. 24 Write a sentence that describes the operation ofa 4-input AND gate that has inputs P,Q R, and S and output T. Make the truth table of this gate and draw an asterisk beside the line(s) ofthe truth table indicating when the gate output isin its active state 25 Write a sentence that describes the operation ofa 4-input OR gate with inputs J Ky {and M and output, Make the truth table of this gate and draw an asterisk beside the lines) of the truth table indicating when the gate output is in its active state 2.6 State how three switches must be connected to represent a 3-input AND function Draw a ciruit diagram showing how this function can control a lamp. 2.7 State how four switches must be connected to represent a4-input OR function. Draw circuit diagram showing how this function ean control a lamp. 28 Draw the circuit ofa 3-input AND function, made using only 2-input logic gates. 29° Draw the circuit of 3-input OR function, made using only 2-input logic gates 2.2 Derived Logic Functions 2.10 Fora d-input NAND gate with inputs A, B, C, and D and output ¥ ‘a, Write the truth table and a descriptive sentence. 1b. Write the Boolean expression. Draw the logic eireut symbol in both distinctive-shape and rectangular-outline symbols, 2411 Repeat Problem 2.10 fora 4-input NOR gate, 2.12 State the active levels ofthe inputs and outputs of a NAND gate and a NOR gate,‘ummm Problems = 65 Write a descriptive sentence of the operation of a S-input NAND gate with inputs A, B, C.D, and E and outpot ¥. How many lines would the truth table ofthis gate have? Repeat Problem 2.13 for a S-input NOR gate, ‘A pump motor in an industrial plant will start only if the temperature and pressure of liquid in tank exceed a certain level, The temperature sensor and pressure sen- sor, showin in Figure 2.47 each produce a logic HIGH if the measured quantities ‘exceed tis value. The logic circuit interface produces a HIGH output to tur on the ‘motor. Draw the symbol and ruth table ofthe gate that comesponds to the action of the loge cireuit, Temperature sensor el Logic Pump motor Pressure sensor FIGURE 2.47 Problem 2.15: Temperature and Pressure Sensors 216 247 218 219 220 221 Repeat Problem 2.15 for the case in which the motor is activated by a logic LOW. Draw the circuit of «3-input NAND function, made using only 2-inpat logic gates. Draw the circuit of «4-input NAND function, made using only 2-nput logic gates. Draw the circuit of @ 3-input NOR function, made using only 2-input loge gates. Draw the cireut of a 4-input NOR function, made using only 2-inpu loge gates. Figure 2.48 shows a circuit for a two-way switch fora stairwell. This is a common circuit that allows you to turn on alight from either the top or the bottom of the stai- ‘well and off at the other end, The cicuit also allows anyone coming along after you todo the same thing, no matter which direction they are coming from. Lamp 420 Vac a a (hot) 2 2e9 le Upstairs Downstairs (Neutra) switch switch FIGURE 2.48 Problem 2.21: Circuit for Two-Way Switch ‘The lamp is ON when the switches are in the same positions and OFF when they are in opposite postions. What logie function does this represent? Draw the truth {able ofthe function and use it to explain your reasoning.66 CHAPTER 2 UHM Logic Functions ond Gates 222 Find the truth table forthe logic circuit shown in Figure 2.49, a Age 8 aa) Dn (aesec ‘6 eee FIGURE 2.49 Problem 2.22: Logic Circuit 223. Recall the description of a2-input Exclusive OR gate: “Output is HIGH if one input is HIGH, but not both.” This snot the best statement ofthe operation of a multiple- input XOR gate. Look atthe truth table derived in Problem 2.22 and write a more accurate description of r-input XOR operation 2.3 DeMorgan’s Theorems and Gate Equivalence 224 Foreach ofthe gates in Figure 2.50: ‘Write the uth able be Inicate with an * which ns onthe truth able sow the gate oust init active state Conver te gate to its DeMorgan equivalent form 44 Rewrite the truth table and indicate which lines onthe truth table show output active sates forthe De Morgan enuvalet form ofthe gt. De ae DD) FIGURE 2.50 Problem 2.24: logic Gotes 228 Referto Figure 2.51. State which to gates ofthe three shown are DeMorgan equiv alents of each other. Explain your choice. p> De ©. FIGURE 2.51 Problem 2.25: Logic Gates24 226 227 228 229 230 231 25 232 223 234 A ummm Problems 67 Logic Switches and LED Indicators ‘Sketch the circuit ofa single-pole single-throw (SPST) switch used a a logic switch. Briefly explain how it works Refer to Figure 2.26 (logic pushbuttons). Should the normally open pushbutton be ‘considered an active HIGH or active LOW device? Briefly explain your choi ‘Should the normally closed pushbutton be considered an active HIGH or active LOW device? Why? Briefly state what is required for an LED to illuminate. Briefly sate the relationship between the brightness of an LED and the current flow ‘ng through it. Why i a series esistor required? Draw a circuit showing how an OR-gate output will illuminate an LED when the gate output is LOW. Assume the required series resistor is 470 Q. Enable and Inhibit Properties of Logic Gates [Draw the output waveform of the Exclusive NOR gate when a square waveform is applied to one input and 1. The other input is held LOW bi. ‘The other input is held HIGH. How does this compare tothe waveform that would appear atthe output of an Exclu- sive OR gate under the same conditions? Sketch the input waveforms represented by the following 32-bit sequences (use |M4-inch graph paper, 1 square per bit. Spaces are provided for readability only): 10000 0000 00001111 111111111111 0000 10100111 0010 1011 0101 0011 1001 1011 Assume that these waveforms represent inputs toa logic gate. Sketch the waveform for gat output Y if the gate function is: a. AND b. OR &. NAND 4. NOR fe. XOR £, XNOR Repeat Problem 2.33 for the waveforms shown in Figure 2.52, 8 y FIGURE 2.52 Problem 2.34: Input Waveforms68 CHAPTER 2. MEME Logc Functions ond Gates 8 y 235 The and B waveforms shown in Figure 2.53 are inputs to an OR gate, Complete the sketch by drawing the waveform for output ¥. FIGURE 2.53 Problem 2.35: Woveforms 296 Repeat Problem 2.35 for a NOR gate. 237 Figure 2.54 shows a circuit dhat will make a lamp flash at 3 Hz when the gasoline Jevel in a car's gas tank drops below a certain point. A float switch in the tank mon- itors the level of gasoline. What logic level must te float switch produce to make the light flash when the tank i approaching empty? Why’? Lamp 2.38 Repeat Problem 2.37 forthe case where the AND gate is replaced by a NOR gate. 239 Will the cicuit in Figure 2,54 work properly if the AND gate is replaced by an Exclusive OR gate? Why or why not? 2.40 Make a truth table forthe tistate buffers shown in Figure 2.38. Indicate the high- impedence state by the notation “Hi-Z.” How do the enable properties ofthese gates ier from gates such as AND and NAND? 2.6 Integrated Circuit Logic Gates 2A Name two logic families used to implement digital logic functions. How do they siter 242 —_Listhe industry stand numbers fra quadruple input NAND gat in low-power Schotky TTL and high-speed CMOS technologies. 23. Repeat Problem 2.42 for a quadruple 2-input NOR gate, How does each numbering system differentiate between the NAND and NOR funetions? 2A4 List six types of packaging that a logic gate could come in.