)DISPLACED SINGLE MOTHERS IN THE AFTERMATH OF HURRICANE KATRINA: RESOURCE NEEDS AND RESOURCE ACQUISITION DONT CRY FOR ARGENTINA HIV-AIDS IN LATIN AMERICA: THE CHALLENGE AHEAD SOCIALISM HAS FATLED. NOW CAPITALISM IS BANKRUPT IMPERIALISM, THE STATE, AND THE CRISIS OF GLOBAL CAPITALISM THE INNOVATION VISITING THE MILLIONAIRE AND OTHER ATTACHMENTS RATS, WE Inglés Ill Gufa para la lectura de textos académicos en Ciencias Sociales CatedraPampillo + Facultad de Ciencias Sociales (UBA)Inglés tl Gufa para la lectura de textos académicos en Ciencias Sociales Soledad Pampillo (M.A.) Colaboracién: Lic. Sandra Lauria Facultad de Ciencias Sociales Universidad de Buenos Aires 2012Teag wore semeree OLeT pera qowg| 9p 0 za ressed wourexs op ojopow | —_- 000z ~PIFoJOID0$ |_“1z. ‘ ssydiooxo oup ur soyeuoo aumpapuy) “¢ -upppeayide op sorxaqu09 80330 = soaoysnjouoo se] ap sounaye jo euo!ouoM as O}uDUTeULy “FOpEr|RSDA So} OpEpHEAN! 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(-un ‘1040 “wapun sno) uoroefigy “(serepout soquaa ‘yoafiag mosaic [eqI0A oduion ‘eAIsed 204 ap UOISIAas) UOIIEBASAATT ‘9 o[Nope ap s9U0|9996 sv] # SopeUOIETOI SoOHSINBuy| sowsuodKy zeNBua] ap soarafaQ, Jemx91 upioeziueBig ‘uo!oeSysoauT op onan jap seuor099g :84m99] 9p $0A110[4 699/9s9'dd {p) sp mipayy 2uonraI7 F Supsvopvosy (1007) "fF POISED -T NOL fo yournog b10z ~ oldwed espayen ~ 111 5916uj - (yan) se1e!00g se/ousiD ap peynoeyFacultad de Cienciae Sociales (UBA) ~ Inglés Ill ~ Catedra Pampilio ~ 2011 WHILE READING 5. Read the text and do the exercises below 5.1 Which is the title of this research article? Sex on Prime-Time in the 90s Gender Roles on Prime-Time Network Television: Demographics and Behaviors Exploring Gender Differences and Attitudes Toward Television 6.2 Match each excerpt with its corresponding heading, INTRODUCTION METHOD. RESULTS DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION AFTER READING 7. Match the following language descriptions with each section (Introduction, Method, Results, Discusion), Underline examples of each language description. + Uso frecuente del tiempo verbal Simple past en voz pasiva, por ejemplo, were collected, + Uso fiecuente de elementos de atenuacién (hedging), por ejemplo, verbos modales (may, ‘could), verbos modales léxicos (appear, seem), ete + Frases que indican propésito. Referencia a limitaciones de estudios y teorias existentes (uso de negativos y palabras pseudonegativas). Referencia a informacién relevada por ‘otros estudios (Tiempo verbal Present Perfect). + Referencia a cuadrosy grificos. Lenguaje referido a estadisticas y tendencias (ignificantly higher proportions of... the percentage of .. decreased...) 8, Ifyou had to decide whether to readin detail a research article or not, what TWO sections ‘would you read? 9, Affixation: Discuss affixation in the following: Discuta afijacién en las siguientes palabras: Underrepresented (section B) ‘Outmumbered (section C) Unrelated (section D) Over-represented (section D) 10. Innot more than three sentences, summarize what this paper is about. Resuma este texto en no més de tres oraciones.Facultad de Ciencias Sociales (UBA) ~ Inglés Ill ~ CAtedra Pampitlo ~ 2011 11. Specific vocabulary: Underline vocabulary related to television. ‘A sample of prime-time television fictional series for the three major networks and ‘ox was taped during the 1996-97 television season. During prime time, these four Networks still command the majority (61%) of the total viewing audience (“People’s Choice, “ 1997), Excluded from the sample were sports, news, specials, variety shows, and movies. One episode from each show that appeared at least three times during the 1996-97 season was randomly taped. In all 94 shows (40 one-hour dramas, 54 half-hour comedies) were taped, representing 67 hours of programming, Programming was categorized as either drama or comedy. ‘A total of 1, 269 characters with speaking parts were coded. As can be seen from ‘able 1, males outnumber females in front of as well as behind the camera in television prime-time programming. Most pronounced is the disparity between creative personnel behind the scenes ~ producers, directors, writers and creators. In this area males outnumber females by about 3.6 to 1. Less pronounced, but still significant were gender differences among all characters, main characters, and speaking time, The ratio for these categories was about 1,7 to 1 in favor of males, as Speaking time was reflected in the ratio of male-to-female characters. All differences ‘between males and females for these variables were significant for total shows, for comedies, and for dramas. There were slight differences between genres. For example, the percentage of female speaking time in comedies (41%) was found to be higher than in dramas (33%),o Previous research of television programming has shown that males and females wwe often been portrayed in stereotypical ways. Coinciding with the modem feminist ‘movement in the 1960, a primary concern has been the treatment of female characters Initially, researchers found females underrepresented (McNeil, 1975; Tedesco, 1974) and, in general, dominated (ordered about, controlled, restrained, etc.) by men (Lemon, 1977; Turow, 1974). Recently commentators have maintained that television programming, in particular situation comedies, has undergone drastic change, with females now taking center stage (Farhi, 1995) and males relegated to secondary status as either villains (Kloer, 1996) or ‘unreciprocating targets of female put-downs (Stein, 1994). The intent of the stdy is to determine how the roles of male and female characters may have changed on prime-time television since the 1970s, when much of the content analyses of the medium began. G.) While males and females appear less provocatively dressed than in the past, ‘enticement is still more common among females. And hair color on television seems to embody the dectee “Gentlemen prefer blondes.” In sum, not much has changed in this regard since Davis (1990) concluded over 10 years ago that the appearance of the television woman was “reflective of traditional cultural definitions of beauty and femininity” (P.330), ‘Race appears unrelated to gender, but part of a broader issue. Compared to U.S. Consus data, it appears that whites are over-represented at the expense of several minority groups, specifically Asian, Hispanic, and Native American. Behaviors associated with male stereotypes on television have included siving orders, ‘making plans, and physical agaression (Greenberg, 1980; Signorelli, 1989; Turow, 1974). More emphatic behaviors such as sharing, giving, concern for others, and affection have been associated with female stereotypes (Greenberg, 1980). Overall males and females were comparable on many of these characteristics, the exceptions being verbal aggression and affection, for which females were rated higher than males. What stands out in the present study is that dominance seems to depend ‘upon genre. While males may still be more dominant in dramas, in comedies it may be the females who has gotten the upper hand by virtue of verbal aggression. Such a notion’ would be consistent with Butsch’s (1992) analysis of the working-class comedy series, in which gender inversion-the inept male, failing as a man, contrasted with the more intelligent, responsible female who fills the vacuum-is the norm. G)Facultad de Ciencias Sociales (UBA) — Inglés It! ~ CAtedra Pampillo ~ 2011 ‘Texto N° 2- Levitsky, S.' (2003). “From Labor Politics to Machine Politics: The ‘Transformation of Party-Union Linkages in Argentine Peronism, 1983-1999", Latin American Research Review, Vol. 38, No. 3, October 2003, Objetivos de lectus Objetivos de lengua: Seleccién de dos objetivos por el alumno, USE” Thup:iimute, fu edu FROM LABOR POLITICS TO MACHINE POLITICS: ‘The Transformation of Party-Union Linkages in Argentine Peronism, 1983-1999* Steven Levitsky Harvard University “Abstract: The Argentine (Peronist) Justicialista Party (PJ)** underwent a farreaching Coalitional transformation during the 1980s and 1990s. Party reformers dismantled Peronism’s traditional mechanisms of labor participation, and ‘clientelist networks replaced unions as the primary linkage fo the working and lower classes. By the early 1990s, the PJ had transformed from a labor-dominated party into a machine party in which unions were relatively marginal actors. This ‘process of de-unionization was critical to the PJ's electoral and policy success during, the presidency of Carlos Menem (1989-99). The erosion of union influence facilitated efforis to attract middle-class votes and eliminated a key source of ‘internal opposition to the government's economic reforms. At the same time, the consolidation of elientelist networks helped the PJ maintain its traditional working and lower-class base in a context of economic crisis and neoliberal reform. This article argues that Peronism's radical de-unionization was facilitated by the weakly institutionalized nature of its traditional party-union linkage. Although unions dominated the PJ in the early 1980s, the rules of the game governing their participation were always informal, fluid, and contested, leaving them vulnerable to internal changes in the distribution of power. Such a change occurred during the 1980s, when office-holding politicians used patronage resources to challenge labor's privileged position in the party. When these politicians gained control of the party in 1987, Peronism’s weakly institutionalized mechanisms of union participation collapsed, paving the way for the consolidation of machine polities—and a steep decline in union influence—during the 1990s. "Este autor forma parte de la bibliografia obligatoria del seminario optativo de la Carrera de Ciencias Politicas (UBA): “Gobernabilidad, Representacién y Control en las Democracias del Cono Sur".10 45 20 25 30 35 40 45 Facultad de Ciencias Sociales (UBA) ~ Inglés It! ~ Cétedra Pampilto ~ 2011 CONCLUSION: PERONISM AND THE FUTURE OF WORKING CLASS POLITICS IN ARGENTINA ‘As Gosta Esping-Andersen has observed, the fate of contemporary labor-based parties hinges on “how they simultaneously manage working- class decline and the rise of new strata” (1999, 315). Yet European and Latin American labor-based parties differ considerably with respect to the nature of the new strata and the strategies needed to manage them Whereas most European labor-based parties compensated for the loss of blue-collar votes by making inroads among white-collar sector workers, in most of Latin America these sectors were too small for such a strategy to succeed. To remain viable, Latin American labor-based parties were forced to appeal to the rapidly growing informal sector, a strategy that often entailed replacing class-based linkages with clientelist linkages. Drawing on the case of Argentine Peronism, this article argued that parties with weakly institutionalized linkages to unions were able to adapt more quickly to the challenge of working-class decline than those with institutionalized party-union linkages. When PJ politicians gained access to state resources, which reduced their dependence on unions, they quickly dismantled Peronism’s informal mechanisms of labor participation and replaced union organizations with patronage networks. This transformation allowed the PJ to appeal to a new constituency (middle sector voters) and find new bases upon which to maintain its old constituency (low-income voters). ‘The longer-term implications of the Peronist transformation remain uncertain. Argentina’s post-1998 economic collapse was accompanied by a profound crisis of political representation. The crisis was made manifest in December 2001, when a massive civic rebellion against the political elite (behind the extraordinary slogan que se vayan todos, or “throw them all out”) brought down two presidents in a span of ten days. Although hostility toward the established parties was most pronounced in the (non-Peronist) middle sectors, the crisis nevertheless threatened the PJ on two fronts. First, the profound alienation of the metropolitan middle-class electorate, to which Peronism’s extensive reliance on patronage and clientelism had clearly contributed, raised serious questions about the longer-term viability of the party’s post-industrial adaptive strategy. Second, the emergence of the piquereros, a movement of poor and unemployed people who blocked roads and highways to demand jobs and protest the government's economic policies, suggested that the PJ’s popular sector linkages may be eroding. ‘The piqueteros were the most significant lower-class movement to emerge at the ‘margins of Peronism in more than sixty years. As of 2003, however, Peronism had survived, both as an organization and as a collective identity. Unlike Peru and Venezuela, where the collapse of labor-based parties left the working and lower classes without stable mechanisms for political representation ot collective political action during the 1990s, the primary political organization of the Argentine working and lower classes remained intact after more than a decade of neoliberal transformation. Whether a ‘machine-based Peronist party can serve as an effective vehicle for channeling working- and lower class demands, however, remains open to question.Facultad de Ciencias Sociales (UBA) ~ Inglés III ~ Cétedra Pampillo ~ 2011 BEFORE READING I. Get into groups of 4. Groups should be made up of students that have attended level 2 in this Chair and students that have not in order to get acquainted with the Chair's methodology. 2. Read the following quote by Paula Carlino and discuss its relationship with this subject's ‘approach to reading comprehension of academic text: En sintesis, quien lee necesariamente deja ir parte de la informacién del texto. Intentar centrarse en cada uno de los detalles atenta contra la posibilidad de entender. Para ‘entender es preciso cribar. Todo lector independiente, es decir, estratégico, desecha parte de los impreso ya sea porque lo distrae de su propésito de lectura, ya sea porque le resulta hipersabido, ya sea porque no lo entiende y evaléa que no es indispensable para capturar Jo importante del escrito, Es cierto que ef texto da pistas que guian este proceso, pero también es cierto que los contenidos que pasan a primer plano dependen de fo que busca yy sabe el lector. (Eseribin, leery aprender en la universidad, 2005: 70) 3. In groups look at the text. What strategies can you apply to get a global idea of text content? “Apply these strategies. 4, What other strategies can you apply to get a more specific idea about the text? Apply them. 5. Write 2 questions you would like the text to answer. ‘WHILE READING ‘5. Read the text quickly individually and find (if possible) the answer to your questions. 6.Jn pairs read the text more carefully and elaborate a reading activity (questions, chart, matching, tc.) for another group to solve.Facultad de Ciencias Sociales (UBA) ~ Inglés II! ~ CAtedra Pampillo ~ 2011 AFTER READING 7. Solve the activities provided by another group. Were their activities very different from yours? Did they focus on the same content? 8, Does the text have a main idea? If so, what is it? 9, Decide on two language objectives that you think are important to focus on. Share your ideas with those of another group. 10. Write the main idea of the text in not more than 2 sentences. 11. You may check text #20 to see what the Chair's reading guide for this text was,Facultad de Ciencias Sociales (UBA) ~ Inglés Ill ~ Cétedra Pampilio ~ 2011 ‘Texto N'3- Tobin-Gurley, J. and Peek, L. “Displaced Single Mothers in the Aftermath of ‘Hurricane Katrina: Resource Needs and Resource Acquisition”. International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters. August 2010, Vol 28, No 2, pp. 170-206, Opbjetives de Tectura: Secciones del articulo de iivestigacton (Conclusion). Organizacion texttal Objetivos de lengua: Verbos modales (should have). Conectores (by +-ing, not only... but so), Palabras negativas y pseudonegativas, Vocabulario especifico (trabajo social). ‘Tobin-Gurley: Displaced Single Mothers International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters ‘August 2010, Vol. 28, No. 2, pp. 170-206, Displaced Single Mothers in the Aftermath of Hurricane Katrina: Resource Needs and Resource Acquisition Jennifer Tobin-Guntey Lor Peek _Departinent of Sociology and ‘Center foe Disaster and Risk Analysis Colorado State University Fost Collins. CO USA Jeamifer Loomis epastuent of Sociology Portland State University Portland. OR USA, Email: Jeuifer-Tobin-Gurleycolostate edu “This research, which was conducted inthe alermath of Huoricane Katrina, draws on 50 Inedepth interviews with displaced single mothers and disaster relief providers in Colorado. Government agencies and charitable organizations offered vavions resources ad services to Karyna evacuees, including food, clothing, energency shelter, temporary housing transportation, employment assistmice, femporary childcare, school enrfiment assistance, nd heath care. THs study Musrates that there was close alignment benween resources provided by disaster response organizations and resources needed by tisplaced singe mothers, Ye, despite the considerable overap, the single mothers inthis “snidy experienced many recovery-related difculies associated with accessing available resources. In particular, single mothers 1) were often anaware of availabe resources: 2) experienced a conjunction of many’ diferent, pressing needs; 3) suffered a Tass oftheir ‘informal socal safety net; 4) encountered numerous bureaucratic obstacles accessing ‘id: and 5) often felt mistreated and stigmatized. These Darriers fo accessing resources Iierghtened the wuiverability of single morher headed householis ‘Keywords: gender, single mothers, Huricane Katrina, displacement recovery 17010 15 20 25 30 35 40 Facultad de Ciencias Sociales (UBA) ~ Inglés Ill - Cétedra Pampillo ~ 2011 ‘Conclusion Disaster relief organizations, case managers, and volunteers in Denver and Colorado Springs engaged in a number of response and recovery activities intended to remedy the most negative impacts of Hurricane Katrina and to assist displaced persons with their transition to Colorado. Our research documents the resources that government and charitable organizations offered to Katrina evacuees, including food, clothing, emergency shelter, temporary housing, transportation, employment assistance, childcare in shelters, school enrollment assistance, and health care. This study illustrates that there was close alignment between resources provided by disaster response organizations and resources needed by displaced single mothers. Yet, despite the considerable overlap, the single mothers in our sample experienced many recovery-related difficulties associated with accessing available resources. Specifically, this research reveals several barriers to access that single mothers confronted in the aftermath of Katrina In the first place, many of the single mothers in this study were initially unaware of the public and private resources that were made available after Katrina. Only two of the ‘women in our sample stayed at the temporary shelter at Lowry Air Force Base in Denver. ‘The remainder of the women self-evacuated, and as such, were not privy to the information and resources that were provided on site at Lowry and at the Pikes Peak Recovery Center in Colorado Springs. Aside from the 211 hotline, there was no systematic, comprehensive way for self-evacuated single mothers to learn about resources in Colorado. Disaster relief providers reported that they relied heavily on “word ‘of mouth” to distribute information to displaced individuals. This approach was ineffective because displaced people, and especially single mothers, were isolated in this new, unfamiliar context and they had little or no contact with other evacuees. In the second place, the data suggest that it was the conjunction of many different needs—food and shelter and transportation and employment and childcare and health ‘care—that overwhelmed single mothers and the local support system. The single mothers in our study, like many single mothers elsewhere, had few if any savings and were mostly living just above the poverty line before Katrina (see Tobin-Gurley 2008). The disaster and subsequent displacement pushed these women “over the margins” and into a socially and economically precarious position. ‘This finding regarding the conjunction of life-sustaining needs helps explain why problems arose for our interviewees during the recovery period, even though there were programs available to address most of the various needs individually. Our research demonstrates that when even one “piece of the recovery puzzle” was missing, single mothers quickly became overwhelmed and unable to adequately attend to their own and their children’s many different pressing needs (see Figure 1). For example, when women lacked transportation, they were unable to secure employment. Without a steady income, women could not afford childcare, health care, food, clothing, or rent. In the third place, single mothers experienced a loss of their informal social safety net as a direct consequence of their post-Katrina displacement to Colorado. Prior research has demonstrated that single mothers and other low-income individuals often depend on family and fictive kin for survival (Edin and Lein 1997; Stack 1974), and these “networks of care” become especially important in the aftermath of disaster (Litt 2008; Morrow 1997; Tierney, Lindell, and Perry 2001). In fact, Robe and Mouw (1991: 57) argue that in 1045 50 55 65 Facultad de Ciencias Sociales (UBA) ~ Inglés Ill ~ Catedra Pampillo ~ 2011 order for relocations to work, it is critical to preserve “important primary social relationships and social support networks” found in families, neighborhoods, and the ‘broader community. For the women in our study, the loss of their informal social safety net meant that they were unable to obtain childcare, food, and other forms of assistance from friends and relatives—many of whom had also been affected by Katrina and were displaced to different regions of the United States. Because of the severing of these social networks, the women we interviewed were forced to access formal sources of aid through government assistance programs. Figure 1, Recovery Needs after Katrina N (J In the fourth place, single mothers encountered a number of bureaucratic obstacles as they attempted to access aid. Inconsistent rules and regulations resulted in the denial of aid to over half of the women in our sample. These women were deemed ineligible for food stamps or TANF because of the FEMA emergency funds they had received, even though case managers contended that this should not have happened. FEMA housing assistance policies were especially confusing and unreliable. ‘The way that FEMA offered to pay rent and then threatened to discontinue assistance month by month created instability, confusion, and unnecessary anxiety in these women’s lives. This hindered their ability to find stable employment and build a routine because they were living in constant fear of being forced to move. Navigating bureaucracies was also difficult for the women in our study. Single mothers cannot afford to spend time in long lines waiting for resources. The women we interviewed were already experiencing many time constraints related to juggling the responsibilities of childcare and employment. This, paired with limited social networking abilities, made their need for quick, easily accessible food and cash assistance a top priority. "This was especially true for those women who were unfamiliar with the process u70 15 85 Facultad de Ciencias Sociales (UBA) ~ Inglés Ill ~ Cétedra Pampillo ~ 2011 of accessing government assistance, as was the case with the majority of women in our sample In the fifth place, some of the single mothers in our sample experienced mistreatment as a consequence of their race (African American), region of origin (the South), social class (low-income), and/or household status (female-headed). The “quadruple stigma” was further amplified by their status as Katrina evacuees. For many women, they felt like they were being stigmatized and even criminalized as they sought assistance. in order to recover from disaster and displacement, single mothers have many needs ‘that have to be addressed. Securing food, clothing, shelter, transportation, employment, childcare, and health care are just some of the competing responsibilities that evacuees faced upon relocation to Colorado. For all single mothers, these demands are immense, and meeting these demands is even more difficult when the mother is economically disenfranchised, is ineligible for government assistance, and/or is living in an unfamiliar place, Moreover, when social networks are shattered as a result of post-disaster displacement, the recovery prospects of single mothers are further hindered. Our research illustrates how the organization of disaster relief can significantly influence the recovery experiences of marginalized individuals, and especially single mothers. By supporting single mothers after displacement, not only will the women benefit, but so will the dependent children in their care. Note 1 The first and second authors (Tobin-Gurley and Peek) gathered the empirical data for this article. However, for clarity and flow in the text, we refer to the collective “we” in reference to our data gathering efforts. Acknowledgement ‘This work was supported by the National Science Foundation Small Grants for Exploratory Research Program and the Midwest Sociological Society. The opinions expressed here do not necessarily represent those of the sponsoring agencies. BEFORE READING 2. What reading strategies can you apply to determine topic, type of text and text organization? 3, Apply the strategies selected, 4. At this point you have probably realized that ‘aftermath’ is a key word, What does it mean? 5, We expected you use bibliographical data and the abstract as reading strategies, Were you able to spot the results of the study? What were they? What about the methods used? ‘6. What strategies can you apply to get a more specific idea about the text? Apply this strategy. 7. Write a specific reading hypothesis. 12Facultad de Ciencias Soci 5 (UBA) = Inglés Il - Catedra Pampillo ~ 2011 WHILE READING 8, Complete the following chart: Presién ante un efimulo de necesidades (alimentacién, vestimenta, transporte, empleo) fs iblem description “Ademis de la linea 211, no hubo otro medio ‘que permitiese alas afectadas conocer los recursos disponibles. Por lo tanto, recurrieron al boca en boca, lo que resulté poco efectivo ya que las evacuadas se encontraban mayormente aisladas. ‘9, What was the main conclusion of the study? 3Facultad de Ciencias Sociales (UBA) ~ Inglés Ill ~ Cétedra Pampillo ~ 2011 AFTER READING 10, Affixation: Discuss suffixes in the following words: evacuees (line 5), interviewees (line 32) 11, What do the words in bold express? 1. speculation about a past fact b. criticism of a past action ‘These women were deemed ineligible for food stamps or TANF because of the FEMA. ‘emergency funds they had received, even though case managers contended that this should not have happened. (lines 55-57) 12. What do the following words have in common? Why are they so frequent in this text? ‘unaware (line 13) unable (line 35) lacked (line 37) Joss (line 39) denial (line 54) ineligible (line 56). ‘unreliable (line 58) threatened (line 59) hindered (line 61) mistreatment (Hine 71) Which of the words above carry negative prefixes? Which are pseudonegative words? Discuss their meaning. EI reconocimiento de palabras de denotacién negativa es importante para Ia comprensién, ya que estas producen un giro en el sentido del texto. Las pistas morfolégicas de las palabras que portan prefijos negativos facilitan su comprensién; las palabras pseudonegativas, en cambio, son aquellas que no ofrecen pistas morfoldgicas que permitan identificar su sentido negativo. Estas suelen aparecer, por ejemplo, en secciones del texto académico en el que el escritor intenta refutar alguna idea, sefialar Ia falta de conocimientos ‘sobre un tema o indicar un problema en Ia realidad estudiada. Su reconocimiento facilita la tarea de Ia lectura de textos académicos en lengua extranjera. 13. Specific vocabulary (social work): State whether the following words have a positive (+) or negative (-) connotation, Relief (line 1), displaced person (Line 3), shelter (line 6), housing (line 6), aftermath (line 11), isolated (line 22), overwhelmed (line 26), networks of care (line 43) 4Facultad de Ciencias Sociales (UBA) — Inglés Ill ~ Catedra Pampillo ~ 2011 14, Underline connectors in the following sentences and translate the text By supporting single mothers after displacement, not only will the women benefit, but so will the dependent children in their care. 15. Write the main idea in not more than two sentences. 15,Sociales (UBA) - | of Glol in the Tonceptualizacion de parratos 10), Sustitueién (so). Vocabulario eS safes snoyrea sit yBnoryp areas asypende> aep pue wisipede> yeqoj8 jo wourdopasp pur sufizo ayy, | aun | en) trot 2) es aioonuissvip" ~— te — == === some oe Teas RERUN dP Tn RIOR) RENN LORE ES | me Eney espa ean ml joremudoniag yada POM PL “+ amncn Soroyjonoucopisy (orms pon 9 us pmudeo yo vogamartaoe janes smideat) Urrudes Jo woejmuntenn j ances syne) + BVOSTVaD10 V HO LONVTaOvE JONDUYUO IG = =~ — === <== ORV HOVE LONOUYLITIG ~ =< — rnd jo mpeg pee sem amedacoms nad uipsnnsuorss assed pu mm (rang owes mid 918 ‘sea ma psapsaes SSUES pe lng WORE! ero ee ECE Jat) suotsaep poe somaitiy ae = — — ‘ent naming — — aq — — 06061 10 NOISSTEERG LENO THL— ——- por nouns — — ot Lean bE GLIOMA AREEOA TERA PPK menjovois 1am metpabo —uagamos ee ae re | TET TDdUt . ree ep ene 64 ponwan bru =< 810 odes 4 pride) <—— —, : wag PEI Kus odin ea pe Sau "a a x 01 (unt pine potas oemapales) (opm) are weradeg pecign Aodonoe he a metas ipa ee ee f ie EAS Jo voOEE NUON UL a ‘spjovonnusoyaay “+ pes vorremmoves celina move th gay” a7 2 eendeas eee ae wrpoyhey er WUONIIGY vOUNFORDY pUINpYT aL10 1s 20 30 35 40 45 Facultad de Ciencias So 2 (UBA) ~ Inglés Ill = Cétedra Pampillo ~ 2011 Imperialism, the State, and the Crisis of Global Capitalism TThe global expansion of capital over the past 100 years has had varied effects on the economy, state, and clase relations on a world scale. Figure 1 outlines the origins and development of capitalism and the capitalist state through its various stages ~ from its early beginnings to the modern global age. It shows that, as capitalism developed from its competitive to monopoly stage, it underwent a major transformation that elevated it from the national to the global level. This was accompanied by a worldwide process of economic expansion as the export of capital replaced the export of goods that was characteristic of the earlier stage of capitalist development. Monopoly rule over the global economy, facilitated by the advanced capitalist state, set the stage for imperialism through the internationalization of capital and capitalist relations across the world, and led to the consolidation of capital’s grip over the world economy. This provided the political framework for the direct role of the advanced capitalist state in safeguarding the interests of capital and the ‘capitalist class around the world ~ a role facilitated by theWorld Bank, the International Monetary Fund, and the World Trade Organization ~ global institutions designed to advance the worldwide operations of the transnational corporations as the instruments of global capitalism (Kloby, 2003; Payer, 1974, 1982) “The capitalist state, now controlled by the monopoly fraction of the capitalist class, thus came to serve the long-term interests of global capital and the global capitalist system through its political and military apparatus in service of the transnationals and the transnational capitalist class (Skiair, 2001). Looking at neoliberal globalization in class terms, we see that a complex web of class relations has developed at the global level that is both complementary and contradictory. Thus while the capitalist classes of the dominant imperialist states cooperate in their collective exploitation of labor and plunder of resources at the global level, the underlying contradictions of global competition and conflict among these classes lead at the same time to inter-imperialist rivalries and confrontation around the world (Hart, 1992). Just as each imperialist power exploits its own fs well as its rivals’ working classes for global supremacy, so too one observes the potential unity of the working classes of these rival imperialist states as workers come together in forging a protracted struggle against the entire global capitalist system. It is here that the capitalist/imperialist state comes to play a critical role in facilitating the exploitation of global labor by transnational capital, but in doing so also risks its demise through the Unfolding contradictions of this very same process that it is increasingly unable to control and regulate (Berberoglu, 2003, 2005). ‘The problems that the imperial state has come to tackle, at both the global and national levels, are such that it is no longer able to manage its affairs with any degree of Certainty, At the global level, the imperial state has been unable to deal with the consequences of ever-growing superexploitation of labor in Third World sweatshops that has fed to immense poverty and inequality worldwide; nor has it been able to take measures to reverse the depletion of resources, environmental pollution and other health hazards, 2 growing national debt tying many countries to the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, and other global financial institutions, and a growing militarization of society through the institution of brutal military and civilian dictatorships that violate basic human rights, The domination and control of Third World countries for transnational profits through the instrumentality of the imperial state has at the same time created Various forms of dependence on the center that has become a defining characteristic of neoliberal globalization and imperialism today (Amaladoss, 1999; Sklair, 2002), Domestically, the globalization of capital and imperialist expansion has caused {immense dislocations in the national economies of imperialist states. Expansion of manufacturing, 7so 35 Cy 6s ot) 15 80 Inglés 111 ~ Catedra Pampillo - 2011 Facultad de Ciencias Sociales (UBA) industry abroad has meant a decline in local industry, as plant closings in the United States of America and other advanced capitalist countries have worsened the ‘unemployment situation, The massive expansion of capital abroad has resulted in hundreds of factory shutdowns with millions of workers losing their jobs, hence the surge in unemployment in the USA and other imperialist states (Phillips, 1998; Wagner, 2000). This has led to a decline in wages of workers in the advanced capitalist centers, as low wages abroad have played a competitive role in keeping wages down in the imperialist heartlands. The drop in incomes among a growing section of the working class has thus lowered the standard of living in general and led to a further polarization between labor and capital (Berberoglu, 1992, 2002) ‘The dialectics of global capitalist expansion, which has caused so much exploitation, oppression, and misery for the peoples of the world, both in the Third World and in the imperialist countries themselves, has in tum created the conditions for its own destruction, Economically, it has afflicted the system with recessions, depressions, and an associated realization crisis; politically, it has set into motion an imperial interventionist state that through its presence in every comer of the world has incurred an enormous military expenditure to maintain an empire, while gaining the resentment of millions of people across the globe who are engaged in active struggle against it. ‘The imperial state, acting as the repressive arm of global capital and extending its rule across vast territories, has dwarfed the militaristic adventures of past empires many times over. Moreover, through its political and military supremacy, it has come to exert its control over many countries and facilitate the exploitation of labor on a world scale, As a result, it has reinforced the domination of capital over labor and its rule on behalf of capital This, in turn, has greatly politicized the struggle between labor and capital and called for the recognition of the importance of political organization that many find necessary to effect change in order to transform the capitalist-imperialist system The global domination of capital and the advanced capitalist/imperial state during the 20th century did not proceed without a fight, as a protracted struggle of the working class against capital and the capitalist state unfolded throughout this period of capitalist globalization. The labor movement, the anti-imperialist national liberation movements, and the civil rights, women’s, student, environmental, anti-war, and peace movements all contributed to the development of the emerging anti-globalization movement in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. These and related contradictions of late-20th-century capitalist globalization led to the crisis of the imperial state and the entire globalization project which increasingly came under attack by the mass movements of the global era that came to challenge the rule of capital and the capitalist state throughout the world (Brecher et al, 2000). ‘The Crisis of the Imperial State on a Global Scale ‘The crisis of the imperial state at the global level is a manifestation of the contradictions of the global economy, which in the early 21st century has reached a critical stage in its development, The massive flow of US transnational investment throughout the world. Ge) 18Facultad de Ciencias Sociales (UBA) ~ Inglés Ill ~ Catedra Pampillo ~ 2011 BEFORE READING 1, Complete the following chart Publishing year ‘Pages 2. In pairs, look atthe concept map on page 21. How does itrelae to the title? From what perspective will they author analyze this topic? What does it show? 3. Read paragraph boundaries (1" and last sentence of each paragraph). Underline key words and ‘connectors, 4, Write a specific reading hypothesis. WHILE READING 5, What do the following refer back to? ‘This (line 11), ‘These (line 81) 6. Explain concepts related by ‘while’ (line 22). CONCEPT #1 ‘CONCEPT #2: 7. Give each paragraph a title using a noun phrase /e.g. paragraph #1: La expansién global del capital: efectos sobre la economia, el estado y las relaciones de clase. 19Facultad de Ciencias Sociales (UBA) ~ Inglés Il! - Ctedra Pampillo - 2011 8, 1, Work in pairs, Look at the following concept maps based on this text How is the hierarchy of ideas expressed? ‘What are the main concepts? Do the arrows (—+) indicate any kind of relation? ‘Are subideas well developed? ‘What would you change if anything? 8.2.. Choose the map you think best represents the text and improve it, CONCEPT MAP 1, ‘CAPITALISMO-|———+| ETAPAS |» [_ ESTADO CAPITALISTA__ CAPITALISMO, mata IMPERIALISTA Eey ‘CAPITALISMO MONOPOLIO GLOBAL a " [PROTECCIONISMO v ‘ORGANISMOS EXPLOTACION GLOBALES _| v COLECTIVA INTERNALIZACION DEL CAPITAL oem FUERZAS v ARMADAS POBREZA + ‘CAPITALISMO- VIOLACION COMPETITIVO, DELOS y DERECHOS HUMANOS. INEQUIDAD | + SOCIAL, RIVALIDAD DICTADURAS DE RECURSOS fee apo at POBREZA DESEMPLEO POBREZA. 20Facultad de Ciencias Sociales (UBA) ~ Inglés Ill - Catedra Pampillo ~ 2011 CONCEPT MAP2 — ‘NIVEL NACIONAL, ‘NIVEL GLOBAL ~~ SUPREMACIA : DEPENDENCIA DEL MUNDIAL ~~" | ESTADO IMPERIAL + - Explotacién laboral -Talleres clandestinos __,, /~ Expansién de la enel teycer mundo industria extranjera = Saqueo de recursos -Unidad de la clase v ajadora Disminucién de Ja industria local RIVALES INTER- | a“ ISTAS a ‘VIOLACION DE ‘MILITARIZACION DERECHOS HUMANOS BASICOS T > ee el trabajo Intervenciones y el capital -Movimiento obrero 2Facultad de Ciencias Sociales (UBA) ~ Inglés Ill - Catedra Pampillo ~ 2014 AFTER READING 9, Connectors: 9,1 The connector ‘thus’ can: a. express the logical relationship of consequence b. summarize 0 reformulate a previous concept or idea. Decide which function corresponds to the following ‘examples from the text: Thus (Hine 18) ‘Thus (line 22). Thus (tine 56). 9.2 What logical relation do the connectors in bold express? contrast ~ cause ~ consequence - Purpose ‘Monopoly rule over the global economy ..set the stage for imperialism through the internationalization of capital and capitalist relations across the world, and led to the consolidation of capital’s grip over the world economy. (line 10) the underlying contradictions of global competition and conflict among these classes lead at the same time to inter-imperialist rivalries and confrontation around the world. (line 25) ‘The massive expansion of capital abroad has resulted in hundreds of factory shutdowns with millions of workers losing their jobs, hence the surge in unemployment in the USA and other imperialist states. (line 52) 9.3 What type of connectors predominate in this text? What does it tell us about text organization? ‘The main rhetorical sequence in this text is — Listing — Cause - effect — Comparison - contrast = Problem-solution “El texto [...] no se trata de frases aisladas puestas una a continuacién de otra casualmente, sino organizadas en una estructura superordenada més compleja (Simone, 1993: 340). Dicha estructura superordenda global o superestructura se desarrolla mediante procedimientos retéricos (categorfas procedimentales) intermedios y/o menores, que equivalen a operaciones cognitivas estratégicas de los interlocutores. (...) [Llos procedimientos y su combinacién organizan las partes menores 0 parrafos del texto (microactos del habla). (...) Por ejemplo, en Ia Introduceién la descripcién puede incluir los procedimientos, entre otros, de causa-consecuencia, caso, comparacién, etc.” (El articulo de investigacin cientifica”, Hilda Piuatti de Gémez, 2005: 47) 22Facultad de Ciencias Sociales (UBA) ~ Inglés Ill ~ Catedra Pampillo ~ 2011 10. Discuss the use of ‘able’ between lines 35-38. 11, Substitution: What idea is expressed by the word in bold? Itis here that the capitalistimperialist state comes to play a critical role in facilitating the exploitation of global labor by transnational capital, but in doing $0 also risks its demise... (line 31) 12. General academic vocabulary: Why are they important to understand academic text in English? Which do you know from levels 1 and 2? Look up the rest. Which is a pseudonegative word? Underwent (line 5) framework (line 11) Underlying (line 24) demise (line 31) ‘Tackle (line 34) challenge (line 34) Este léxico es propio del discurso académico y comin a todas las disciplinas de Ciencias Sociales. Sirve para definir conceptos, organizar la informacién y articular posiciones tebricas, Su identificacién facilita la lectura, ya que, entre otras funciones, permite establecer relaciones textuales de cohesién . 13, Specific vocabulary (politics and work): Classify the following words according to the categories below: rule (line 8, 67), plunder (line 23), rivalries (line 25), sweatshop (line 37), factory shutdown (line 52), wages (line 54), income (line 56), empire (line 65), struggle (line 76) Polities Both Work 14, The following main ideas were written by previous students. In pairs order them according to how well they were written.. Comment on any problems you may find in each, 1. El crecimiento del capitalismo global en el siglo XX tuvo como consecuencias tranformaciones sobre la economia, el estado y las relaciones de clases a nivel mundial desembarcando en una crisis invevitable del propio sistema capitalist. 235 Sociales (UBA) ~ Inglés II! - Catedra Pampillo ~ 2011 Facultad de Cien , La expansién del capitalismo a escala global, es un fenémeno que data los 100 affos ha tenido grandes impactos en la economia global, en los estados, influy6 en la relaciones, de clases a ‘scala mundial. Este proceso que en un principio repercutié negativamente en los patses subdesarrollados termind generando su propia destruccién. Esto dio paso al surgimiento de ‘movimientos antiglobalizacion. .c. El autor se propone abordar la fase actual del capitalismo denominada “capitalismo ‘monopélico” desarrollando sus consecuencias sobre la Economia (intemalizacion de los ‘capitales), sobre el Estado (imperialismo e ineficacia) y sobre las Relaciones de Clase (exaltacién, de la polarizacién entre el capital y el trabajo), concluyendo que la dialéctica de la expansién crearé Jas condiciones para su destruccién.Facultad de Clencias Sociales (UBA) — Inglés Ili - Catedra Pampillo ~ 2011 Texto N’ 5 I arral Investigaciones previas, Definicién de conceptos. Objetivos de lengua: Verbos modales (revision de would). Conectotes (On the one hand...) COraciones difiiles. Elipsis(’s) y sustitucién (do). Palabras pseudonegativas. Vocabulario académico general BEFORE READING 1, Complete the following chart Title ‘Author ‘Source Publishing year ‘Pages ‘What are your own views on the relationship between violence against women and patriarchy? ‘What is patriarchy? 2, Look at the excerpt you will read. What specific aspect of the title will it deal with? 3, Scan the text between lines 60-75, What do these figures refer to? 90% 85% To 14 times 4, Read the first and last sentence of each paragraph. + Circle key words and connectors. + Check the meaning of connectors with a classmate to help you in the While reading stage. + “female”, “male” and “rape” are key words. What do they mean? ‘+ What paragraph defines “patriarchy”? How is it defined? + What paragraphs would you read in detail? Justify. ‘5, Write a specific reading hypothesis. Take into account the way the text is organized (ideas and ‘connectors) to formulate this hypothesis. 25Facultad de Ciencias Sociales (UBA) ~ Inglés 111 ~ Cétedra Pampillo ~ 2011 WHILE READING 6, Were the paragraphs you chose in 4 important? 7. Indicate limitations in theories about violence against women, 8, What is the author's proposal for a theory that could overcome these limitations? 9, Define patriarchy. Think about any other concept/s that are important to define, AFTER READING 10, What do you think of the author's proposal? 11, El autor presenta las limitaciones de Ins teorias existentes (gap in knowledge) para explicar Ia violencia contra Ia mujer con el fin de justificar In necesidad de su propuesta tebrica, la que compensaria estas falencias y permitiria comprender el fendmeno estudiado. Este movimiento retérico se caracteriza por una gran cantidad de palabras pseudonegativas. Subraye estas palabras entre las lineas 11 y 46. 12. Find between lines 45-55 where the author speculates about possible improvements in theory. ‘What language items does she use to speculate? 13. Difficult sentences: Go over the following sentences and underline the main verbs. 2. Given that feminist scholars see gender as the primary mechanism of difference and that violence is patterned along gender lines, theorizing should begin by examining the gender social order. (line 43) 26Facultad de Ciencias Sociales (UBA) ~ Inglés il! - Cétedra Pampillo ~ 2011 'b, These wildly divergent victimization rates for men's and women’s violent death and rape are rarely in dispute. ine 66) c. Results from studies using the Conflict Tactic Scales, developed by Murray Straus and colleagues, show that there Is gender symmetry in spousal violence. (line 74) d, The fact that men of every clan and culture victimize women more than the reverse suggests that violence is structured along gendered lines. (line 105) 14, On one hand (line 85) correlates with Explain the ideas related 15, Ellipsis and substitution: What word has been omitted after the word in bold? «women's rates of victimization are much higher than men's. ‘What idea is expressed by the word in bold? the resuits show that women commit almost as much intimate partner violence as men do 16. General academic vocabulary: ‘You probably remember he meaning of the following words from previous texts, What do they ‘Theorizing (line 7) Core theoretical framework (line 18) ‘Mainstream theory (line 21) Approach (line 30) Point of view (line $7) Insight (line 57) Assumption (line 127) Arises from (line 133) 17. Go over your specific reading hypothesis. Now that you have read the text, how would you change it to express the main idea of the text in not more than 2. sentences? Remember to reread the ttle. 2710 15 25 35 Facultad de Ciencias Sociales (UBA) ~ Inglés Ill ~ Cétedra Pampilfo ~ 2011 ‘ume None ay 2009 358573 1 200 SAGE oben, Ae : Lorman 20831246 Varieties of Patriarchy apsnenageat os and Violence Against Women —_ratoessesminen R Gwen Hunnicutt University of North Carolina at Greensboro | surrecting “Patriarchy” as a Theoretical Tool eer ‘The Case for a Theory of Patriarchy Although feminist theories take a number of different forms, there is a common acknowledgement among all that (a) although women and men live intimately, gender is a principal division among members in society; (b) theory should uncover the social sources of gender oppression and inequality; and (c) the patriarchal structures of societies are one of the sources of such oppression (Turner, 1998). Violence against women is one type of oppression that requires its own theoretical explanation. Of the theorizing that has been done from a “gender center,” radical feminists have contributed the greatest share of work on violence against women. This group of scholars first promoted the idea that patriarchy could explain male violence against women (Brownmiller, 1975; Caputi, 1989; Firestone, 1972; Griffin, 1971; Millet, 1970; Russell, 1975). Compared with the other aspecis of female oppression that have been theorized, such as work, family, and sexuality (Chavetz, 1990; Chodorow, 1978; Oakley, 1974; Walby, 1990), theory development on violence against women has stagnated. In 1993, Bonnie Fox argued that violence against women is ‘the most poorly theorized of all aspects of gender inequality” (p. 321). Nearly a decade later, in addressing the use of feminist theory to explain crime, Flavin (2001) argued that “feminist perspectives have worked better to criticize than construct core theoretical frameworks’ (p. 273). Today, research on violence against women continues to amass at impressive rates, yet theory development remains slow. In the void left by the lack of gender-sensitive theories, mainstream theories of victimization have been employed to explain gender-specific violence. Mainstream theories often strip explanations of their gender coloring, casting perpetrators and victims instead as generic “social units,” obscuring the ways in which gendered power arrangements structure human action (R. P. Dobash et al., 1992). The theories commonly evoked to explain violence against women either are gender biind or minimize gender as an explanatory factor. Theories often used in explaining violence against women are general systems theory, resource theory, 2835 40 4s 50 55 6s Facultad de Ciencias Sociales (UBA) — Inglés Ill ~ Cétedra Pampilio ~ 2011 exchange or social contro! theory, and ‘subculture of violence theory (Jasinski, 2001). The “family violence” approach pioneered by Murray Straus and Richard Gelles incorporates strands of each of these theoretical traditions to explain various types of violence that take place within the family, one of which is violence against women. Researchers working in the Straus and Gelles family violence tradition have produced massive amounts of scholarship. The key limitation of family violence theory is that male dominance is seen as only one contributing variable to violence against women rather than as the central organizing feature. Psychological and other individual-level theories used to explain the victimization of women are limited in that they focus on “sick” people to the exclusion of “sick” social arrangements (Flax, 1983). Exclusive focus on individual characteristics of victim, offender, or situation is problematic in that it conceals the ways in which every act of violence against women is embedded in a larger social organization. Given that feminist scholars see gender as the primary mechanism of difference and that violence is patterned along gender lines, theorizing should begin by examining the gender social order. Existing theories used to explain violence against women are less informative for their lack of gender focus. Rather than adding gender as one variable in a model, a gender-centered theory would expose how violence plays out in a gendered social context and would permit understanding of the complex ways that gender interacts with other social Conditions and processes. Patriarchy is a chief characteristic of social structures but is easily obscured. So pervasive, it is hard to “see” it unless the lens is calibrated to gauge it. In what follows, I begin the process of theorizing from a gender center. The ideas that | present here follow from the belief that the causes of violence against women are to be located in the social. The social is the environment that is external to individuals. Furthermore, my primary objective is to develop an alternative way of seeing how the social is shaped by gender and how this point of view can give us insight into violence against women. Data consistently show that violent victimization varies dramatically by key characteristics of the victim. For homicide, aggravated assault, and robbery, women’s rates of victimization are much lower than men's rates. For rape, sexual assault, and domestic violence, however, women's rates of victimization are much higher than men's (U.S. Department of Justice, 1996). The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) estimated in 2003 that 90% of rapes were committed against females (Catalano, 2004). These wildly divergent victimization ates for men's and women’s violent death and rape are rarely in dispute. Researchers, however, are in disagreement over the gender distribution of intimate partner violence. The NCVS finds that around 85% of all intimate partner violence is committed against women (Rennison & Welchans, 2000). The results of the National Violence Against Women Survey show that women are between 7 to 14 times more likely than men to report serious intimate partner violence (Tjaden & Thoennes, 2000). Results from studies using the Conflict Tactic Scales, developed by Murray Straus and colleagues, show that there is gender symmetry 29Facultad de Ciencias Sociales (UBA) ~ Inglés Il! - CAtedra Pampillo ~ 2011 75 in spousal violence. That is, when respondents are asked to report on violence that ranges from slapping each other to using a lethal weapon, the results show that women commit almost as much intimate partner violence as men do (Gelles & Loseke, 1993). The “sexual symmetry” findings have been the source of heated debate among scholars. Some of the criticisms waged against this finding 80 are that much of the violence women commit against male partners is in self- defense, that rape is excluded from this survey, that the survey strips the violent incidents of context, and that men’s violence against women is more severe than women's violence against men (R. P. Dobash et al., 1992). With the possible exception of intimate partner violence, women’s pattems of ss Victimization look much different than men’s victimization. On one hand, women are particularly vulnerable to rape, sexual assault, and more serious forms of domestic violence. But, on the other hand, compared with their male counterparts, women are less at risk of violent death, robbery, and aggravated assault. Theory needs to be able to explain the pattems of both vulnerability and protection—why 99 women are victimized in some ways but not in other ways. ‘What emerges from these data is a picture that indicates that victimization falls along gendered lines. Not only are levels of violent victimization different for males and females, but the context in which violence plays out tends to differ for males and females as well. When women are killed, the circumstances, 95 relationships, and etiologies tend to be different from when men are killed. When women are victims of homicide, they are more likely to be killed by an intimate partner than are men, and the killing often follows a history of domestic violence. Unlike men, women are most at risk of violence from their heterosexual male too Partners (R. P. Dobash & R. W. Dobash, 1995; Moraco, Runyan, & Butts, 1998; Tjaden & Thoennes, 2000; U.S. Department of Justice, 1996). These empirical observations indicate quite clearly that violence against women is a product of a gendered arrangement, that is, when women are targeted in patterned ways that are distinct from other demographic groups, it suggests that they are being targeted precisely because of their gender. The fact that men of every clan and 105 culture victimize women more than the reverse suggests that violence is structured along gendered lines. Theories of violence must be gender sensitive in that they explain this overwhelmingly obvious fact: Taking violence as a whole, men are more likely to commit violence against women than the reverse. ‘Although patriarchy has been variously defined, for purposes of this article, it 110 means social arrangements that privilege males, where men as a group dominate women as a group, both structurally and ideologically—hierarchical arrangements that manifest in varieties across history and social space. There are patriarchal systems at the macro level (bureaucracies, government, law, market, religion), and there are patriarchal relations at the micro level 115 (interactions, families, organizations, patterned behavior between intimates). A family or an academic department might be characterized as patriarchal structural terms, or an individual might hold patriarchal views. Micro- and macropatriarchal systems exist symbiotically. Interpersonal dynamics are nested within the macro-level gender order (Blumberg, 1984). Although gender 120 hierarchies are the central organizing feature of patriarchal systems, age, race, 30125 130 Facultad de Ciencias Sociales (UBA) ~ Inglés II! - Catedra Pampillo ~ 2011 class, sexuality, religion, historical location, and nationality mediate gender statuses, assigning males and females varying amounts of social value, privilege, and power. The line of theorizing the link between patriarchy and violence against women falls squarely within a conflict tradition. Conflict theories emphasize dominance and power relationships. The core assumption of conflict theory is that humans are engaged in a constant struggle for status and are continually working to maximize their advantage. If individuals are pursuing self-interest, then people will necessarily be engaged in struggles over power (Collins, 1975). This basic conflict principle helps us understand both the stratification of society and why violence is an outgrowth of dominance hierarchies. The dominance relationships between men and women, and the violence that arises from them, display a number of unique and complex features, however. Historically, the literature on violence against women presented this relationship far too simplistically. 310 ne Vv Facultad de Ciencias Sociales (UBA) ~ Inglés II ~ Catedra Pampillo ~ 2014 ‘Text N° 6- Jensen, J. (1992). "Fandom as Pathology: The Consequences of Characterization" in Lewis, L. (comp.) The Adoring Audience. London & New York: Routledge. Objetivos de lestura: Paratexto (contratapa). Lectura dela primera oracién del pirafo, Identification detesis y argumentos Objetivos de lengua: Sustituién (do, so). Condicionales/iaversién (Were... 0). Voz pasiva is believed 10). Afijaci6n (-dom, -hood). Conectores (rather than). Aficionados as Fans “The literature on fandom, celebrity and media influence tells us that Fans suffer from psychological inadequacy, and are particularly vulnerable to media influence and crowd contagion. They seek contact with famous people in order to compensate for theit own inadequate lives. Because modem life is alienated and atomized, fans develop loyalties to celebrities and sports teams to bask in reflected glory, and attend rock concerts and sports events to feel an illusory sense of community. But what happens if we change the objects of this desctiption from fans to, say, professors? What if we describe the loyalties that scholars feel to academic disciplines rather than to team sports, and attendance at scholarly conferences, rather than Who concerts and soccer matches? What if we describe opera buffs and operas? Antique collectors and auctions? Trout fishemnfan and angling contests? Gardeners and horticulture shows? Do the assumptions about inadequacy, deviance and danger still apply? I think not. The paragraph makes sense only if itis believed to describe recognizable but nebulous “others” who live in some world different from our own. Fandom, it seems, is not readily conceptualized as a general or shared trait, as a form of loyalty or attachment, as a mode of “enacted affinity. “ Fandom, instead, is what “they’ do; ‘we,’ on the other hand, hhave tastes and preferences, and select worthy people, beliefs and activities for our admiration and esteem. Furthermore, what “they” do is deviant, and therefore dangerous, while what ‘we’ do is normal, and therefore safe. ‘What is the basis for theses differences between fans like ‘them’ and aficionados like ‘us’? There appear to be two crucial aspects — the objects of desire, and the modes of enactment. ‘The objects of an aficionado’s desire ate usually deems high culture: Eliot (George or TS.) not Elvis; paintings not posters; the New York Review of Books not National Enguirer. Apparently, if the object of desire is popular with the lower or middle class, relatively inexpensive and widely available, it is fandom (or « harmless hobby); if itis popular ‘with the wealthy and well educated, expensive and rate, itis preference, interest or expertise. ‘Am I suggesting, then, that a Barry Manilow fan be compared with, for example, a Joyce scholar? ‘The mind may reel at the comparison, but why? The Manilow fan knows intimately every recording (and every version) of Barry’s songs; the Joyce scholar knows intimately every volume (and every version) of Joyce’s aeure. The relationship between Manilow’s seal life and his music is explored in detail in stars biographies and fan magazines; the relationship between Dublin, Bloomsday and Joyce’s actual experiences are explored in detail in biographies and scholarly monographs. Yes, you may say, there are indeed these surface similarities, But what about the fans who are obsessed with Barty, who organize their life around him? Sutely no Joyce scholar would become equally obsessive? But the uproar over the definitive edition of Ubjses suggests that 32Facultad de Ciencias Sociales (UBA) ~ Inglés Ill - Catedra Pampillo ~ 2011 the participant Joyceans ate fully obsessed , and have indeed organized theit life (even their ‘dentity” and ‘community? around Joyce. But is a scholas, collector, aficionado “in love’ with the object of his or her desire? Ts it VIT_ the existence of passion that defines the distinction between fan and aficionado, between dangerous and benign, between deviance and normalcy? ‘So fat we have established that one aspect of the distinction between “them” and ‘us’ involves a cultural hierarchy. At least one key difference, then, is that it is normal and therefore safe to be attached to lite, prestige-confetring objects (aficionado-hood), but it can be abnormal, and therefore dangerous to be attached to populas, mass-mediated objects (fandom). ‘But there is another key distinction being made between the fan and the aficionado. Fans are believed to be obsessed with their objects, in love with celebrity figures, willing to die for their team. Fandom involves an ascription of excess, and emotional display ~ hysterics at IX tock concerts, hooliganism at soccer matches, autograph secking at celebrity sites. Affinity, on the other hand, is deemed to involve rational evaluation, and is displayed in more measured ways — applause and a few polite “Bravos!” after concerts; crowd murmurs at polo ‘matches; attendance of sessions at academic conferences. "This valuation of the genteel over the rowdy is based in status (and thus class) distinctions. It has been described in nineteenth-century parades, public cultural x performances, and turn of the century newspaper styles. Unemotional, detached, “cool” behavior is seen as more worthy and admirable than emotional, passionate, ‘hot’ behavior.” “Good” parades are orderly and sequential and serious (not rowdy, chaotic o lighthearted); “good!” audiences are passive and quiet and respectful (not active, vocal or exitical); “good” newspapers are neutral, objective and gray (not passionate, subjective and colorful), Congruently, then, "good affinities are expressed in a subdued, undisruptive manner, while bad’ affinities (Fandom) are expressed in dramatic and disruptive ways. “The division between worthy and unworthy is based in an assumed dichotomy between x st1son and emotion. ‘The reason-emotion dichotomy has many aspects. It deseubes a presumed difference between the educated and uneducated, as well as between the upper End lower classes. It is a deeply rooted opposition, one that the ascription of intrinsic differences between high and low culture automatically obscures. ‘Apparently, the real dividing Kine between aficionado and fan involves issues of status and dass, as they inform vernacular cultural and social theory. Furthermore, the Joyce scholar dnd the Barry Manilow fan, the antique collector and the beer can collector, the opera buff XM and Heavy Metal fan aze differentiated not only on the basis of the status of their desired object, but also on the supposed nature of theit attachment. The obsession of a fan is deemed emotional (low class, uneducated) and therefore dangerous, while (the obsession of the aficionado is rational (high class, educated) and therefore benign, even worthy. ‘These culturally-loaded categories engage Enlightenment originated ideas based on rationality. Reason is associated with the objective apprehending of realty, while emotion is tssociated with the subjective, the imaginative, and the itrational. Emotions, by this logic, scutt lead to a dangerous blurring of the line between fantasy and reality, while rational obsession, apparently, does not. But does this reason — emotion dichotomy, complete with dividing line, hold up? Let me give you some examples from my own life, to suggest that the Tine is inevitably and constantly crossed, without pathological consequences, by respectable professorial types like me. "Anyone in academia, especially those who have written theses or dissertations, can attest to the emotional components of supposedly rational activity. A figure or topic can become vill 33xiv xv XVI XVI xix Facultad de Ciencias Sociales (UBA) ~ Inglés II ~ Catedra Pampillo ~ 2011 the focal point of one’s life; anything even remotely connected to one’s research interests can have tremendous impact and obsessive appeal. For example, while I was writing my dissertation (on the commercialization of country music in the 1950s), the chance to touch Patsy Cline’s mascara wand, retrieved from the site of her 1963 plane crash, gave me chills. Similarly, (but far more respectably) the handling of a coffee cup made by William Mott was deeply moving. I have also envied a colleague who once owned a desk that had been used by John Dewey, and I display a framed copy of a drawing of William James in my office. I would be thrilled if I could own any memorabilia associated with Lewis Mumford, to whom I regret not having written a letter of appreciation before he died. ‘Am I, then, a fan of Patsy Cline, William Mortis, William James, John Dewey and Lewis ‘Mumford? Or of country music, the pre-Raphaelites, the pragmatists and iconoclastic social critics? Yes, of course I am, if fandom is defined as an interest in, and an attachment to, a particular figure or form. Would I write a fan letter to these figures? Yes, if fan letter includes (as it does, in academic circles) review essays or appreciative quotation. Would 1 read a fanzine? Again yes, but in the scholasly versions — heavily footnoted biographies and eloquent critical appreciations. Would I seek autographs? Yes, ifT could do so without losing face, via auctions or books of scholady correspondence. Would I collect memorabilia? Well, Tonfess here to having at least one version of all 100 of Patsy Cline's recordings; calendars and a piece of cloth designed by Morris; and as many books as I can afford to purchase by James, Dewey and Mumford, along with miscellaneous biographies, reviews and ‘commentaries. Would I defend my “team,” the pragmatist, against the attacks on them by, say, Hegelians, neo-Marxists and/or poststructuralis? You bet. Would I do so in a rowdy, rambunctious or violent way? Of course not. I would respond instead with respectable rowdiness (acerbic asides in scholarly articles) and acceptable violence (the controlled, intellectual aggression often witnessed in conference presentations), Would I claim to be “in love’ with any of these individuals, would I offer to die for any of these preferences? Not likely, and certainly not in public. I would lose the respect of my peers. Instead, I will say that I ‘admire’ William James, I “read with interest’ Lewis Mumford, T “enjoy” pre-Raphaelite design and “am drawn to’ aspects of pragmatism. In short, I will display aficionado-hood, with a vengeance. But, as I hope my confessions have made ‘obvious, my aficionado-hood is really disguised, and thereby legitimated, fandom. "The pejorative connotations of fans and fandom prevent me from employing those terms to describe and explore my attachments. While my particular affinities may be somewhat idiosyncratic, everyone I’ve ever met has comparable ones. Most of us seem to have deep, and personal, interests, and we enact our affinities by investing time, money and “ourselves” jn them. I have even been fortunate enough to make a living in relation to my interests. Does that mean I am truly “obsessed” by them? Am I, pethaps, even more dysfunctional ‘than most because I force other (like students) to listen, even temporarily to participate in sy predilections? Were I to call myself a fan, I would imply that I am emotionally engaged with unworthy ccultutal figures and forms, and that I was risking obsession, with dangerous consequences. I ‘would imply that I was a psychologically incomplete person, trying to compensate for my inadequate life through the reflected glory of these figures and forms. My unstable and fragile identity needs them, they are a “therapeutic crutch,” a form of ‘para-social relations,” functioning as ‘personas’ in my life. I must have these relationships because my lonely, marginal existence requires that I prop myself up with these fantasy attachments to famous dead people, and these alliances with abstract, imaginary communities. 34Facultad de Ciencias Sociales (UBA) — Inglés Ill ~ Cétedra Pampillo ~ 2011 Obviously, I find these asctiptions of dysfunction, based on my affinities, to be misguided and muddicheaded, as well as extraordinarily insulting. I assume that others would, too, XxI ether they all themselves aficionados or Fan. ‘The pejorative association of fandom with pathology i stunningly distespectal, when i is applied to “us” eather than “then” BEFORE READING | Based on the information on this book’ parent, predict ts content, Why are some words in italic n the book blurb? . WHAT IS A FAN? WHY IS FANDOM STIGMATIZED ‘AND WHO IS MOST LIKELY ADORING TO BECOME A FAN? AUDIENCE Fans get a bad press. The familiar images of fandom are loaded with negative stereotypes and levels of deviancy. Yet in many ways we are all ‘fans’, and fans remain the most visible and dedicated of any audience. What defines and motivates this intense admiration? And why is it so maligned and stigmatized? The Adoring Audience considers the relationship between fans, stars, media texts and media industries. From Beetlemania to Elvis worship, from science fiction fans and ‘Trekkies’ to Hollywood films about fans, this fascinating collection of essays examines the way in which fandom related to identity, sexuality and textual production. Its contributors argue for fandom as a complex and contra- dictory arena for critical enquiry, rather than a subject to be trivialized and dismissed. They also recognize fans as creative and energetic respondents to their often repressive social milieux, and cultural producers in their own right. ‘The editor: Lisa A. Lewis is a commercial TV producer in Tucson, Arizona, and author of Gender, Politics and MTV: Voicing of the Difference. Cover photograph: Meditation Garden, Graceland. Courtesy of Don Lancaster. PARTI Defining Fandom 1, Fandom as Pathology: The Consequences of Characterization JOLT JENSON 9 2, The Cultural Economy of Fandom JOHN FISKE 30 3. 1s there a Fan in the House?: The Affective Sensibility of Fandom LAWRENCE GROSSBERG 50 PART II Fandom and Gender 35Facultad de Ciencias Sociales (UBA) ~ Inglés Ill ~ Cétedra Pampillo ~ 2011 2. Look at the excerpt you are going to read from chapter 1. Can you provide examples of the things aficionados can be interested in? Are you an aficionado? In what ways can aficionados be considered fans in your opinion? 3, This is a well-structured text, You will find most topic sentences in the first sentence of each paragraph, This should help you get an overall idea of text content and organization during the ‘anticipation stage. Now read the first sentence of each paragraph. * Circle any words that allow you to follow the author's organization of ideas. Concentrate on discursive markers, academic vocabulary, connectors, etc ‘© What do the words you circled tell us about text organization? The main rhetorical sequence in this text is: Listing Cause - effect Comparison - contrast Problem-solution e000 Were you able to identify the author's thesis in those lines? 4, Write a specific reading hypothesis. WHILE READING 5. Characterize fandom. 6, Draw a concept map to compare and contrast fans and aficionados. 36Facultad de Ciencias Sociales (UBA) — Inglés Ill ~ Cétedra Pampillo ~ 2011 37Facultad de Ciencias Sociales (UBA) - Inglés II ~ Cétedra Pampillo ~ 2011 7. What does “These culturally-loaded categories® (par. XII) refer back to? 8. In what way are paragraphs XV to XX different from the rest of the text? What are their function? 9. What is the author's thesis? What are her arguments? 10, Why are the following written between inverted commas ("')? “they’ ‘we" (par. I], “us” (par. TV), ‘cool’, ‘hot’ and ‘good’ (par. X) AFTER READING 11. What is the tone of this excerpt? humorous, ironic, serious, other 12. What is the function of the rhetorical questions used? 13. This book was written in 1992, Are concepts still relevant? 14, In groups discuss what concepts are important to understand and explain the text. 141 Read the following passages written by other students and order them according to how well they express the main idea of the text. Comment on any problems you may find in each. a, La autora realiza una comparacién entre fandticos y aficionados, caracterizando y analizando para cada uno, cuales son sus objetos de deseo y cual es el modo de expresarlo de acuerdo a su nivel cultural y socio-econémico y que papel juegan la emocién y la razén para unos y otros. 38Facultad de Ciencias Sociales (UBA) ~ Inglés Ill ~ Catedra Pampillo - 2011 b. La autora analiza las conduetas desarrolladas por los fans y aficionados para demostrar que la linea que los divide no es mas que un asunto de status y clase. Este supuesto es fundamentado a partir de la jerarquizacién cultural que asocia a los objetos de desco y a las formas de llevar a cabo las adhesiones con la dicotomia razon y pasién, entendiendo a la primea como una virtud ‘valorada de las clases altas y a la segunda como una patologfa no valorada de las clases altas. c. La autora intenta derrumbar el argumento de que los Fandom presentan caracteristicas patolégicas, contraponiendo a los aficionados como gente de “la alta cultura”; en ese sentido pplantea que la diferencia trazada entre un “ellos y un nosotros” responde a una jerarquia cultural, de clase e historice (dentro de esta tiltima la razén/emocién es la principal dicotomia). La autora utiliza ademas una estrategia de escritura; colocéndose como “aficionada” busca mediante el ejemplo desnaturalizar una situacién. 4. Fl autor analiza las diferentes conductas entre faniticos y aficionados basindose en caracteristicas tales como si son de clase popular o alta, si el gusto es barato y accesible o caro y taro, si ¢3 peligroso o benigno, desvariado 0 normal, obsesivo o racional. Define los fans como psicolégicamente inadecuados y vulnerables que utilizan a los famosos para compensar las fallas {que tienen y ven reflejada en ellos la perfeccién y el éxito fomentado por la influencia de los, medios. 15, Discuss form and meaning of the structures in bold! ‘The paragraph makes sense only if it is believed to describe recognizable but nebulous ‘others’. qm) Fans are believed to be obsessed with their objects... (IX) Affinity,...is deemed to involve rational evaluation ... (IX) 16, Affixation: Discuss the affixes in the following words: Aficionado-hood (XVIII) Fandom (XVIII) 39Facultad de Ciencias Sociales (UBA) ~ Inglés Ill ~ Catedra Pampillo ~ 2014 17 Substitution: What idea is expressed by the word in bold? Yes, if fan letter includes (as it does, in academic circles) review essays or appreciative quotation. (XVI) Would I seek autographs? Yes, if [ could do so without losing face, via auctions or books or scholasly correspondence. (XVI) 18, Connectors: What logical relationship does ‘rather than’ express? What if we describe the loyalties that scholars feel to academic disciplines rather than to team sports, and attendance at scholarly conferences, rather than Who concerts and soccer matches? (I). Find another example of this connector in the book blurb. 40Catedra Pampillo ~ 2011 Facultad de Ciencias Sociales (UBA) ~ Inglés 11 ‘Texto N’ 7 - Weinberger, J., & Westen, D. (2008). RATS, We Should Have Used Clinton: Subliminal Priming in Political Campaigns. Political Psychology,2%5), 631-651. Objetivos de lectura: Para texto (abstract), Secciones del articulo de investigacién. Organizacién textual, Selecoién de estrategias. Referencia, Objetivos de lengua: Atenuacién, Verbos modales (could have, should have). Conectores (since, whether, by +-ing). The later. Voz pasiva. RATS, We Should Have Used Clinton: Subliminal priming in Political Campaigns ‘Joel Weinberger, Demner Institute of Advanced Psychological Studies, Adelphi University, Garden City, NY, USA; weinberg@panther.adelphi.edu & Drew Westen, Depts. of Psychology and Psychiatry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, dwesten@emory.edu ABSTRACT Political strategists decide daily how to depict candidates. Growing recognition of the importance of implicit processes (processes occurring outside of awareness) suggests limitations with focus groups and polling. Three experiments, inspired by national political campaigns, employed Internet presented subliminal primes to study evaluations of politicians. In Experiment 1, the subliminal word "RATS" increased negative ratings of an unknown politician. In Experiment 2, a subliminal photo of Bill Clinton weakened negative ratings of the unknown politician, In Experiment 3, conducted during former CA ‘governor Gray Davis® recall referendum, a subliminal photo of Clinton affected ratings of Davis, primarily among Independents. Results showed that subliminal studies can be conducted in a mass media outlet (the Internet) in real time, and that campaign strategists should supplement voters self-report. Key Words: implicit processes, subliminal, Internet, political attitudes, campaign Strategy EXPERIMENT 1 G) Our first Experiment revisited concerns about the use of subliminal messages to influence evaluative responding (in this case, towards a politician). Previous research, cited above, showed that ratings of various kinds of neutral targets could be influenced by subliminal stimulation. We wanted to see whether that 5 would hold for a political target presented via the web. Gd 410 15 25 30 35 4s Facultad de Ciencias Sociales (UBA) ~ Inglés III ~ Cétedra Pampillo ~ 2011 During the 2000 presidential election, the Bush campaign aired an advertisement containing what appeared to be the subliminal word RATS (Berke, 2000). Gore supporters cried foul play. Bush supporters insisted it was inadvertent. Advertising executives were gencrally skeptical, likening subliminal effects to belief in astrology and alien abduction (Egan, 2000) or alligators in the sewers of New York City (Shapiro, 2000). We tried to replicate essential aspects of the ad on the Internet by testing the effect of the subliminal word RATS on appraisals of a hypothetical, anonymous candidate. We used three control stimuli, each comprising four letters. To control for the physical structure of the stimulus, we used STAR, which is RATS spelled backwards and has a completely different meaning. A second control condition was ARAB. Although negative attitudes toward Arabs have increased since the World Trade Center bombing, Devine ( 1989) has argued that for prejudice to be unconscious and therefore susceptible to subliminal stimulation, it has to have been repeated over a long period of time. Locke, MacLeod, and Walker (1994) supported Devine’s hypothesis by demonstrating that immigrants in Australia did not show the automatic prejudiced responses of native-born Australians to the indigenous Aborigines. We predicted that, at the time we ran this study (September to November, 2000), prejudice against Arabs had not developed negative unconscious connotations in our sample. Finally, we presented the letters ‘XXXX as a control for meaningfulness of stimulation, We predicted that RATS would result in a more negative evaluation of the politician than would any of the control messages. METHOD. Participants Ninety-one (91) individuals (27 males and 64 females) logged onto our website (www.thoughtscan.com) and completed the experimental task (mean age 23.74, s.d. 4.21). Procedure Participants (Ps) were asked to take part in a study aimed at determining how immediate impressions influenced reactions to political candidates. After completing a demographic page, Ps were asked to fix their gaze on an “X” in the middle of the screen, ‘which would be replaced by a picture of a candidate, Ps were then presented with one of fout subliminal stimuli (RATS, STAR, ARAB, or XXXX), The subliminal stimulus was followed immediately by a photograph of a young man in a shirt and tie, presented for five seconds. This photograph functioned both as the object of evaluation (see below) and as a mask to degrade recognition of the subliminal stimulus. Following a subliminal stimulus with a supraliminal stimulus that helps to prevent conscious recognition of the subliminal stimulus is called backwards masking. (see Breitmeyer (1984) for a thorough discussion of masking.) We repeated the procedure three times in case a P blinked or was distracted during one of the presentations. We presented the subliminal and supraliminal (masking) stimuli in Quicktime. Next, we asked Ps to evaluate the supraliminal (masking) stimulus, We presented ten evaluative items on seven-point scales, ranging from completely agree to completely disagree: This candidate looks competent; This 4258 60 65 70 15 80 85 90 Facultad de Ciencias Sociales (UBA) ~ Inglés Ill - Catedra Pampillo ~ 2011 candidate strikes me as honest; There is something about this candidate that makes me feel positive; There is something about this candidate that makes me feel disgusted; ‘There is something about this candidate that makes me feel angry; There is something fishy about this candidate; There is something about this candidate that makes me feel that I can trust him; T like this candidate; I dislike this candidate; I would vote for this candidate. Next, we asked Ps to describe what they had seen during the subliminal stimulation, using an open-ended response format. We then asked them to choose which of seven stimuli they had been exposed to, one of which was the correct stimulus. (We ‘also gave them the option of indicating that they had seen nothing.) We included this second cued response assessment as a more stringent test of awareness. Recognition of previously seen stimuli is easier than is recall (Dixon, 1981).A debriefing form followed. RESULTS Two Ps wrote the correct word when asked what they saw (one saw STAR; one saw ARAB). One P wrote that she saw “text” but could not identify it. When Ps were asked to guess which of several stimuli had been presented, only five guessed any of the words actually shown and, of these, only three were correct. Most (52) chose the XXXX option; another 33 guessed that nothing was shown subliminally. Thus, there was no evidence for awareness of the subliminal stimulus. We therefore concluded that the stimulus was truly subliminal. A caveat is in order however. Because of the different computers, operating systems, and Internet platforms that these stimuli were sent fo, we could not assess nor precisely control the exact timing of the subliminal stimulus. Thus, the speed at which the stimulus was presented was not uniform across all subjects. What we were able to do was to determine that Ps could not accurately identify the stimulus and that it was therefore subliminal. The fact that we obtained results speaks, we believe, to the robust nature of our subliminal effects. We believe this because despite what one would expect to be randomly distributed error around presentation times, we obtained predicted results and then did so two more times in Experiments 2 and 3 (see Experiments 2 and 3 for details). ‘The ten evaluative item ratings were highly intercorrelated, so we conducted a Principal Components Analysis with Varimax rotation for data reduction purposes (see Fabregar, Wegener, MacCallum & Strahan, 1999). Consistent with a large body of research distinguishing positive and negative affect (¢.g,, Watson & Clark, 1984), 1 two-component solution, one consisting of positive, the other of negative items, best accounted for the variance. Table I reports the relevant findings ‘We conducted a 4 X 2 between-subjects ANOVA for each dependent variable (Positive Evaluation and Negative Evaluation). The factors of the ANOVA were subliminal stimulus (RATS, STAR, ARAB, XXXX) and gender (male, female). The ANOVA yielded a main effect for subliminal stimulus on the Negative Evaluation Principal Component: F (3, 83) = 3.41, p = .02. The means were: STAR, 0.12; ‘ARAB, -3.10; RATS, 3.78; XXXX, -5.37. (Factor scores were multiplied by 10 to make them easier to read.) (The higher the number, the more negative the evaluation.) No 4395 100 Facultad de Ciencias Sociales (UBA) ~ Inglés Il! - Cétedra Pampillo ~ 2011 effect for gender was obtained. There was also no interaction (Fs < 1.0, ps > 40). No effects approached significance for Positive Evaluation (ps > 14). Table T Eigenvalues, Cumplative percentages, and Rotated Component Matrix for Principle ‘Components Analysis of Negative Evaluative Ratings of Hypothetical Candidate ‘Component Eigenvalue __| of Variance hie 556 55.61 2 218 2179 77.40 ‘Varimax Rotated Component Matix @ Component Sofution) ‘Component ‘Evaluative Questions 1 2 Like 93 i Honest 20 2 Positive 89 uw ‘Trustworthy 39 a7 Vote 89 o7 ‘Competent 82 30 Dislike 05 8 Disgusted B 86 Angry 15 80 Fishy 32 4 Our prediction was that RATS would show effects whereas the other stimuli would not. We conducted a planned contrast to test this hypothesis, using orthogonal polynomial weightings (3, -1, -1, -1) (Rosenthal, Rosnow, & Rubin, 2000). We only tested it for ‘Negative Evaluations since they yielded the main effect predicted. The contrast was significant, F (1,83) = 11.04, p < .005, showing that the RATS condition uniquely elicited negative ratings of the hypothetical candidate, DISCUSSION ‘As predicted, subliminal presentation of RATS led to a more negative evaluation 44105 10 us 120 125 130 135 140 145 Facultad de Ciencias Sociales (UBA) ~ Inglés III ~ Cétedra Pampillo ~ 2011 of the hypothetical candidate. RATS did not lead to lower positive evaluations, however. Although this might simply reflect the nature of the stimulus, it might also suggest, if replicated, that negative evaluations (at least of politicians) are more easily manipulated than are positive evaluations, This would suggest that those trying to influence evaluations of others might have more success if they target negative, as opposed to positive, evaluations, Such data support the political adage that negative campaigns (attack ads) are effective, even though voters claim to deplore them (Carville & Begala, 2006; Lau & Pomper, 2002). Attack ads are in fact widely used in political campaigns (Ansolabehere & Iyengar, 1993, 1994; Jamieson, 1992), and data support their impact. ‘The 1992 National Election Study Survey (Wattenberg & Brians, 1999) found that people who recalled negative campaign messages were more likely to vote in an upcoming lection than those who did not. Experiments 2 and 3 also looked at positive and negative evaluations, thereby testing this understanding of the results ‘The failure to obtain effects with STAR rules out the possibility that the physical characteristics of RATS carried the effects. Similarly, the meaningless stimulus XXXX had no effect. ARAB also did not affect responses, supporting Devine’s (1989) hypothesis that only long-held attitudes affect unconsciously stimulated evaluations. ‘The results show that subliminal stimulation presented via the Intemet can affect subsequent evaluations of a neutral other. That subliminal stimulation affects evaluations of neutral target stimuli is not new (see e.g., Eagle, 1959; Krosnick, et al., 1992), although this had not yet been shown for an identified political target. What is new is that Experiment 1 obtained its effects using the web, despite all of its distractions and the possibly widely differing speeds of presentation of the subliminal stimulus (see above) Experiment I also suggests that a TV ad could have yielded subliminal effects, a subject of moe hl ce ovat tery rey, Using the web has a number of methodological and practical advantages for research generally, Methodologically, blindness of experimenters is assured, Practically, web studies opens up many possibilities for testing large and diverse samples and allow for a quick turnaround (cf. McGraw, et al. 2000). Several caveats are in order. First, participants knew that they were participating in a study. People watching TV do not. The analogy from the Internet to TV is therefore far from perfect. Whether the two media would yield different or similar effects is an empirical question. One can argue that the presentation speed on a TV ad would be more uniform than that of an Internet study since there would not be the kinds of variations present in computer presentations. A TV presented subliminal stimulus might therefore be even more effective than one presented via the Internet. Alternatively, the lesser degree of attention afforded TV ads might lessen the impact of subliminally presented ‘messages. Such issues await further empirical research. Next, our results do not indicate whether the Bush campaign purposely subliminally presented RATS in a campaign ad ‘Nor does it indicate that, purposeful or not, doing so could have increased negative reactions to Gore, given that the Ps in our study viewed an unknown politician and Gore 45Facultad de Ciencias Sociales (UBA) ~ Inglés Ill ~ Catedra Pampillo ~ 2011 ‘was quite well known. In our third experiment, we addressed this latter issue by asking for evaluations of a well-known politician EXPERIMENT 2 Experiment | examined whether evaluations of a politician can be influenced by subliminal stimulation of known affective valence and suggested that, at least for an unknown politician, they can. (...) BEFORE READING 1, Refer to the following text, State the required reading strategies to determine kind of text, topic and text organization. 2. Apply the strategies selected and write down what you think the text is about. 3, What word in the title may require further clarification? Some help: ‘Subliminal Priming Historically, the best known and most controversial way to study implicit processes was through ‘subliminal stimulation. It rose to prominence in popular culture in the 1950s when Vicary claimed that he had subliminelly influenced drive-in movie patrons to eat popcom and drink Coke (this was subsequently discovered to be a hoax; Merikle, 2000). A best-selling popular book (Packard, 1957) alleged that advertisers routinely influence consumers subliminally. 4, Scan the text for the authors’ purpose, Read it, What words express purpose? 5. As this is a research article, itis important to determine the hierarchy of sections before you ‘read in detail. Choose the three (3) sections to read in detail. 6, Read the frst sentence of each paragraph of the sections selected. Choose TWO paragraphs. Read them. 7. Write down a specific reading hypothesis. 8. In point 4 we expected you to read the following sections: Abstract, Introduction and Discussion. Were these the ones you chose? Why are they usually more important than the rest to ‘get an idea of the text? 46Facultad de Ciencias Sociales (UBA) ~ Inglés Ill ~ Catedra Pampillo ~ 2014 WHILE READING 9, What real life problem and gap in knowledge motivated the study? 10. Underline the researchers’ hypothesis. 11, What were the main findings of this experiment? 12. What limitations in the results are mentioned? 13, What suggestions for further research are made? 14, Explain the experiment in not more than 4 sentences. ARTER READING 15. Now that you know what the study is about, imagine you are you interested in knowing about the method the researchers used, Read that section quickly. 16, Analyze the Discussion section. Which is the best representation of text organization? ‘Which corresponds to the Introduction section? Resultados de la investigacién particular Generalizaciones, Generalizaciones Problemética a investigar a7jo ~ 2014 Facultad de Ciencias Sociales (UBA) ~ Inglés Ill - Catedra Pam; 17, Hedging (atenuacién): Why are the words in bold used in this Discussion section? Although this might simply reflect the nature ofthe stimulus, it might also suggest, if replicated, that negative evaluations (at least of politicians) are more easily manipulated than are positive evaluations. This would suggest that those trying to influence evaluations of others might have more success if, they target negative, as opposed to positive, evaluations. (lines 105-109) 17.1 Read Swales’ explanation of the phenomenon of hedging in research articles. it remains the case that RAS [research articles] are rarely simple narratives of es, at least part of this reconstructive process deriving from a need to ipate and discountenance negative reactions to the knowledge claims being advanced. ‘And this need in turn explains the long-standing (Shapin, 1984) and widespread use of “hedges” as rhetorical devices both for projecting honesty, modesty and proper caution in self-reports, and for diplomatically creating research space in areas heavily populated by other researchers.” (Swales, 1990: 175) ‘Some examples taken from Salager-Meyer, 2007: 1. Modal auxiliary verbs, the most tentative ones being: may, might, can, could, would, 2, Modal lexical verbs: to seem, fo appear, to believe, to assume, f0 estimate, to tend, to think, to indicate, to suggest 3. Adjectival, adverbial and nominal modal phrases: a. probability adjectives: e.g, possible, probable, (un)likely nouns: e.g. assumption, claim, possiblity, estimate, suggestion ¢. adverbs: e.g, perhaps, possibly, probably, practicaly, likely, presumably, virtually, apparently 4, Approximators of degree, quantity, frequency and time: e.g, approximately, roughly, about, often, occasionally, generally, usually, somewhat, somehow, a lot of. 5. Introductory phrases I believe ‘As far as I>ve know To our knowledge/standpoint 1 is our view that We feel that 172 Find some examples between lines! 27-130. 18, Find the following between the lines indicated: ‘A phrase that expresses speculation on a past fact (lines 145-49) [A phrase that expresses regret about a past action (title) A connector of cause (lines 135-140) 48Facultad de Ciencias Sociales (UBA) ~ Inglés Ill ~ Catedra Pampillo ~ 2011 A connector of condition (lines 135-140) ‘A connector that introduces a method (lines 10-15 and 145-149) ‘A word that means “to describe” (line 1) ‘A word that means “to see, mention, or show as similar” (lines 5-10) ‘A word that means “an assessment or estimation ofthe worth, value, or quality” (line 10-15) ‘A word that means “to exelude” (line 115-120) ‘A word that means “a warning or caution” (lines 135-140) 19. What does ‘the latter” (line 149) refer back to? This expression may appear together with ‘another one, Which one? 20, What do the structures in bold have in common? _it has to have been repeated over a long period of time. (line 20) ‘That subliminal stimulation affects evaluations of neutral target stimuli is not new (see e.g., Eaale, 1959; Krosnick, et al., 1992), although this had not yet been shown for an identified political target. (line 125) 20.1 Identify more examples of passive voice in the Methods section. Discuss tense. 4910 15 20 25 30 5 Sociales (UBA) ~ Inglés Ill ~ Cétedra Pampillo ~ 2011 ‘Texto N 8- Anthony, G. “Visiting The Millionaire”. Retrieved from Objetivos de lectura: Referencia, Inferencia. Objetivos de lengua: Afijacion (-ess). Tiempo verbal Past Perfect. Voz. pasiva. Cognado falso (eventually), Adjetivos y adverbios relacionados con lugar y direccién. Visiting The Millionaire In the end, it got a bit tedious, queuing to see the millionaire. As befitted our colour, marshals waved us through the outer gates into the court of preliminary investigation; but here we waited for some hours with perhaps a thousand others until, eventually, there were checks on the authenticity of our displays; and then more serious enquiries into records. In eight of our group a deficiency was revealed. Our number fell to twelve. After that it was the whole day progressing along an upward-spiralling ramp, rehearsing answers to hypothetical questions, eyeing each other until we reached the first level platform and presented ourselves. "You have been informed,” sald the evaluator, "that only one qualifies here. I decide who’. Tests continued throughout the night; but I experienced no difficulty in producing correct responses. As the sun rose, the other eleven of my group were on the downward ramp, while I rejoined the slow onward climb. It was not easy to avold contact with those around me, who - also sole survivors of their groups - attempted to find out in disingenuous conversation what level of competition they now faced. I feigned an auditory defect and gave short, bizarre, answers. I was soon left to myself. ‘The second level was reached, once again, some time towards evening. Here the questioning was more indeterminate, designed to pick up motivational anomalies, signs of ambivalence. But my preparations were adequate. The reasons for wishing to observe the millionaire were seen to reflect an inherent temporal sense, developed to a keen historical perspective. My experience would have novelty. And so I rose to the third and final level. The thousands which had presented themselves at the outer gate had been winnowed down to some twenty - the maximum permitted at any one time - being those most likely to pass on something of value. It was possible, indeed, that we might be the last. The existence of the millionaire was after all a statistical improbabllity, and one which grew steadily more improbable as the years passed. We passed through various final security screens; but, again, my preparations proved faultless. A chain of locks took us up a gentle pressure gradient and into a hall where the millionaire’s chamber hung suspended in an intricate maze of conduits. 5040 45 50 jedra Pampilio ~ 2014 Facultad de Ciencias Sociales (UBA) — Inglés Il! ~ C We began the last stage of the journey: a spiral ramp leading to the viewing platform. T made myself ready, Looking down at the millionaire in its envelope of support machinery, I found it icult to believe that such a misshapen, pallid being was of any cosmic significance. Yet its race had at one time dominated our space, not through force, but through the irresistible spread of its freely-shared technologies and cultures. ‘And now, here was the last of them. The natural ageing of the species had at some point deprived it of fertility; but its biology had been engineered to give each Individual effective immortality. Yet, in the end, they could not defeat the grindstone of time. Accident, conflict, the wear-and-tear of existence had whittled the numbers down: from trillions to billions, and then to millions; from millions to thousands, hundreds, tens; and at last to one, who, according to the records, was over a million years old. The millionaire. My moment had come. Reciting the codes, I focused energies on the being below, and watched as the radiance flowed from its body, turning the liquids in the surrounding tubes to vapour, the metals and synthetics to liquid. Attendants reached out for me; but it was over. The light below ended as suddenly as it had come, leaving only black dust. So died the last of the human beings. A thousand civilisations, smothered in infancy by human benevolence, had been avenged. COLLECTIVE READING 1. You are going to read “Visiting the Millionaire” by G. Anthony. What kind of textis it? ‘Speculate on the meaning of the title. Who/what can the millionaire be? 2. Listen to your teacher read lines 1-6. What were the people doing? What for? Explain “our rnuimber fell to twelve”. 3. Listen to your teacher read lines 7-14. Describe where the story takes place, Explain “As the sun rose, the other eleven of my group were on the downward ramp, while I rejoined the slow ‘onward climb.” 4, Listen to your teacher read lines 15-30, What does the narrator tell us about his selection process? What else do you learn about “the millionaire”? 5, Listen to your teacher read lines 31-35, What does “we” refer to? Describe the spatial setting. 6, Listen to your teacher read lines 36-46, What do the following refer back to: “them” (line 40), they (line 43)? What or who is “the millionaire”?) 7. Listen to your teacher read the end of the story. What happens at the end? 51Facultad de Ciencias Sociales (UBA) — Inglés Ill ~ Catedra Pampillo ~ 2011, WHILE READING 8, Mention at least 3 stages in the selection process to see the millionaire. 9. What do the following refer back to? Bach other (Line 8) Ourselves (line 9) ‘Themselves (line 25) Us (ine 32) Its (line 36) Why has the author used this possessive adjective? 10, Why was the narrator chosen? 11, Explain the ideas contrasted by: a. Yet (line 37) b. Yet (line 43) 12, Explain the following: “A thousand civilisations, smothered in infancy by human benevolence, had been avenged.” (lines 52-53) AFTER READING 13, What is the author's view of the human race? Do you agree? Did you enjoy the story? 14, Eventually (line 4) isa false cognate. What meaning does it wrongly suggest? What does it really mean? 15, Analyze affixation in faultless (line 32). 16, Tenses (Past perfect): Look at the events in bold, Which took place first? “... found it difficult to believe that such a misshapen, pallid being was of any cosmic significance. Yet its race had at one time dominated our space...” 52Facultad de Ciencias Sociales (UBA) ~ Inglés Ill ~ Cétedra Pampillo ~ 2011 17. Find examples of passive voice between lines. 1s 10-15 40-45 Discuss tense. 18, Adverbs and adjectives related to place and direction: Compare the meaning of the words in bold. marshals waved us through the outer gates into the court of preliminary investigation. After that it was the whole day progressing along an upward-spiralling ramp. the other eleven of my group were on the downward ramp, while I rejoined the slow onward climb, focused energies on the being below 19, The following comments were made by readers who read this story and posted their views on the web site below. Read them and compare them with your own interpretation and appraisal of the story as discussed in points 7, 12 and 13. hitp://wmw.eastoftheweb.com/short-stories/UBooks/VisiMill.shtm! ‘Comment 1 ‘A good story. I think the protagonist must have been a human creation himself , may be a machine , and as he has commented in the end human ‘benevolence’, which could have meant tinkering with the order of nature ,genetic experimentation gone wrong -hybrids , roboids , androids and what not- all in the quest of progress of mankind. So ultimately it could have been a genetic experiment gone wrong , a new species of man like machine taking over and wiping out the very source that created it. ‘Comment 2 Few more hints required as to who the narrator is and the reason for visiting and killing the millionaire ‘Comment 3 wow to the person earlier if you cant finish a whole two page story because of the first sentence thats pretty sad. as for my two cents on the story i thought it was very interesting. & as for the "benevolence" of humans, that fit perfectly. it has pretty much always been that way in history that humans, thinking they were doing some other culture a favor by colonizing them and ruining their culture, basically destroy others with supposed benevolence. & its really just for money & power anyways. this is not just the US, stop thinking everything revolves around them. 33Facultad de Ciencias Sociales (UBA) ~ Inglés Ill - Cétedra Pampillo ~ 2011 Comment 4 ‘Smothering of civilizations by Human benevolence? Could that be where the U.S., Great Britain or any of the other democratic nations go into another country under the pretense of saving them from whatever evil is in control only to exert our control on them. We are a democracy, you need to be too. We are capitalist you should be too. We are Christian you should be too. We try to impose our belief system on them whether they want it or not. In the end it smothers their civilization. They lose their cultural identity to become carbon copies of us. 3410 15 20 25 Facultad de Ciencias Sociales (UBA) ~ Inglés III ~ Catedra Pampillo ~ 2011 ‘Texto N° 9- Miles, R.; Miles, G. ; Snow, Ch (2007) “The Ideology of Innovation’ Strategic Organization. Vol 5 (4): 423-435. Sage Publications. Objetivos de leetura: Secciones del articulo de investigacién (Introduccién). Organizacién ‘textual. Limites de pitrafos. Referencia. Elaboracién de mapa conceptual Objetivos de lengua: Oraciones dificiles. Participios pasados irregulares. Vocabulario académico ‘general, Vocabulario especifico (trabajo). STRATEGIC ORGANIZATION vo 59): 423-405 Dor rearzzca7627007065380 Coppi 207 Sige Pobre Loe Anges. Lane. New Oa ana Signore) age The ideology of innovation Raymond E.| les. Universi of California Berkeley. USA, Charles C.Snow Pennsylvania Stave University, USA Grant Miles Univers of North Teas, USA Undaunted by over a decade of scholarly criticism (e.g. Bebchuk and Fried, 2005; Ghoshal and Moran, 1996), senior American executives have stood firm on their moral beliefs about the free-enterprise system ~ beliefs that justify extravagant increases in executive compensation despite declining firm competitiveness, and the preservation of corporate profits through outsourcing to low-wage countries, layoffs and reductions in benefits for American workers. Of course, moral positions are built to withstand rational critiques. The current moral foundation was Taid in the 1980s when President Reagan and Prime Minister Thatcher successfully wrapped the US and British economies in a cloak of righteousness as part of their efforts to bring down what was often referred to as the ‘godless’ Communist regimes of the Soviet Union and itsallies. Given the power of moral beliefs, and the fact that managers’ values reflect broader societal values ~ a linkage examined in depth in the 1950s and 1960s (Bendix, 1956; Parsons, 1959; Sutton et al., 1956; Weber, 2001, Weber and Parsons, 1968) but mostly ignored in the management literature today — we believe that any attempt to substantially reorient US firms must consider the moral underpinnings of the policies that guide them. "A focus on business practices and the managerial values and beliefs underlying them is particularly important, we suggest, because the USA and other advanced countries compete primarily on the basis of knowledge-driven innovation and entrepreneurship (Baumol, 2002; Baumol et al., 2007). Knowledge is Shared most freely in organizational settings where trust is anticipated and consistently maintained. Trust, in turn, is created end sustained when equitable treatment is valued and pursued by both the leaders and members of firms. In such settings, the excitement and pleasure of creating value through collaborative innovation is reinforced over time by the equitable sharing of rewards (Miles et al., 2005). It is our contention that the managerial values essential to the creation of 3530 35 45 50 55 60 70 18 Facultad de Ciencias Sociales (UBA) ~ Inglés Il ~ Catedra Pampillo - 2011 conditions such as these have been eroding in the US marketplace for more than two-and-a-half decades, a decline that threatens to weaken the ability of US firms to compete through continuous product and service innovation Indeed, the relative US position on key indicators of social and economic health has noticeably declined, a phenomenon that began in the mid- to late 1970s. While the disparity between executive and hourly employee wages is the most dramatic difference between US firms and their international competitors, it is becoming increasingly difficult to find a work or social welfare category in which the USA is a leader in the global economy. The concern that the shift in societal and managerial values reflected in these indices has had a negative impact ‘on the capabilities and innovation initiatives of US firms was reinforced by The Global Competitiveness Report (2006), issued by the World Economic Forum, in which the US economy was ranked sixth behind the economies of Switzerland, Finland, Sweden, Denmark and Singapore. This report, based on available statisties and a global survey of more than 11,000 executives in 125 countries, is of interest primarily because the USA has the world’s leading research universities and numerous firms widely respected for their R&D capabilities ~ both of which had contributed to the USA being number one in all previous World Economic Forum rankings ‘Although the accuracy of the competitiveness rankings is debatable, it seems clear that the world of international business is no longer in awe of US competitive prowess. Such was not the case 50 years ago, when the US economy and its constituent firms were the standard to which most of the nations outside the Soviet bloc and mainland China aspired. During the last few decades, foreign companies have equaled and even surpassed US firm performance in older industries such as automobiles, metals and consumer electronics. Now, perhaps, the USA may be losing its competitive edge in the newer, knowledge-intensive industries in which it has always been a world leader. In this essay, which we hope will spark increased research on management ideology among strategic management and other scholars, we first briefly describe the societal and managerial values that appear to have guided firms in the early days of American business, relying heavily on the historical accounts of Bendix (1956), Chandler (1962, 1977) and Pelling (1960) as well as a recent analysis by Hoffman (2007). We then discuss how those values changed, largely as a result of the Great Depression and the Second World War. Lastly, we describe the managerial and societal values that dominate today. In the process, we explore the ideological basis of innovation and the changes in values that the USA would have to undertake in order to remain among the global leaders of advanced economies. To preview our conclusion, we are not optimistic about the likelihood of major changes occurring in the short run. Individual and societal values change slowly, and a great deal of change is needed. In fact, based on past US experience, we believe that it may take a severe recession, or some combination of traumatic experiences, to convince American political, business and academic leaders that they are on the wrong moral track, On a positive note, however, we point to the example of Finland, which, we believe, not only substantiates our claim that innovation is driven by trust-supporting values and the pursuit of equitable treatment but may also demonstrate a transformation process of interest to US policy-makers. In addition, we recommend that scholars increase their research-based normative theorizing about fundamental relationships among national culture, societal and managerial values, and the structure and conduct of economic enterprise, 56Facultad de Ciencias Sociales (UBA) ~ Inglés Ill ~ Cétedra Pampillo - 2011 Early American business values (.) Changes in values caused by the Great Depression and the Second World War (.) Changes in values produced by the free-market era The ideological changes that began in the 1970s were due, in large part, to the achievements of the generations of the 1930s and 1940s ~ resulting in the coming 80 of age of the postwar baby boomers, who had experienced only the relative good times of the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s and who had largely avoided wartime military service. Policies begun in the Great Depression, and expanded during and after the Second World War, had created a comfortable middle class that was highly appreciative of the good life generated by the US economy. Great Britain 85 was equally enamored with its evolving economy, which, while less robust than the US economy, was far better than the British had experienced over the previous four or five decades. It was on this base of material wealth and economic security that President Reagan and Prime Minister Thatcher stood as they sought to encourage change 90 within and defection from Soviet bloc countries. They argued that western economies were winning the ‘war’ of attrition in military spending because their production machines were built on principles that were both economically sound and morally justified. Against this rhetorical backdrop, several economic and social policies created in the previous era — particularly those reflecting a collective 95 or multi-stakeholder view in which the countervailing power of key stakeholders was seen as desirable ~ began to be regarded as constraints on the conduct of ‘free’ trade and enterprise, While neither leader argued for dramatic increases in executive salaries, neither was eager to protect old programs that fostered union strength and income redistribution. Such ‘values restructuring’, if you will, resulted in substantial 100 economic gains for both firms and individuals. The expanding number of American white-collar managers and employees identified with the new values as their mutual fund portfolios grew, and business schools in the USA and abroad enjoyed unprecedented growth and influence. Now the race was on to supplant the stakeholder value model with the shareholder value model (Blair, 1998). 105 In Great Britain, with a broad social welfare system firmly in place, the impact of a shift in political emphasis was less dramatic than in the USA, where, for example, employment bases in the automobile and shipbuilding industries that had been important contributors to minority advancement began to deteriorate, with accompanying losses in educational and healthcare benefits for those 110. workers, Nevertheless, in both societies — even with the assumption of benign intentions on the part of their political leaders ~ the outcomes were often painful, particularly to the lower class and lower-middle class, which were and are heavily populated with minorities and the less educated. ‘More importantly, in terms of our argument, many of the policy shifts made 115 to assure firm and market freedom required that the societal values that had supported the reforms and social investments of the 1930s and 1940s had to be either discarded or subjected to the revisionist arguments of free-market economic purists (e.g. Friedman, 1970, 1982; Hayek, 1967). Many of those societal values, of course, were closely related to the managerial values that spawned participative 120 leadership and decision-making, job enrichment, team building, gender equity, diversity and so on. In short, if innovation is dependent on knowledge sharing, 37Facultad de Ciencias Sociales (UBA) ~ Inglés Ill ~ Cétedra Pampillo ~ 2011 and if knowledge sharing in turn is dependent on trust building and the pursuit of equitable treatment for all involved, then it would be difficult to imagine a less supportive values base than that which emerged in the USA, with much popular 125 support, in the 1980s. By the end of that decade, American society was steeped in a belief system based on values such as individualism, self-interest, freedom, choice, self-improvement, adaptability to change, survival of the fittest and material wealth (Yankelovich, 1999), Can a values base supporting innovation be reconstructed? (..) implications for research () Acknowledgments Co) BEFORE READING 1, Check bibliographical data, 2. Go over section headings. What is the whole article about? What TWO sections would you choose to read? Introduction Early American business values ‘Changes in values caused by the Great Depression and the ‘Second World War Changes in values produced by the free-market era Can a values base supporting innovation be reconstructed? Implications for research 3. According to your experience in level 2, what information or rhetorical moves does the Introduction section tend to include?" 4, Read paragraph boundaries in the Introduction: ‘Identify one or two paragraphs that pose a problem or state a gap in knowledge that |justfies in some way this research article. ‘© Identify the author's purpose and read that paragraph in detail © Relate concepts to predict text content. 5. How do you understand the title so far? * Nivel 2 (ficha 6), Movimientosretéricos de la Introduccién: A. Revision de estudios o teorias preexistentes, B, Presentaci6n del problema y conocimientos faltantes sobre el tema. C. Explicitacién del propésito del articulo y de la postura del autor. D. Presentacién de los resultados més importantes. 58Facultad de Ciencias So: Jes (UBA) ~ Inglés Ill ~ Catedra Pampillo - 2011 6. Write a specific reading hypothesis WHILE READING 7 What contribution in knowledge does this study make? (In other words, what gap in knowledge is implicitly suggested by the authors?) What rea life situation motivated this study? 8, Complete the following chart in Spanish. ‘Management models _ Prior to 70s 705-803 Name of Management Model ‘Values, beliefs and socio-economic approach ‘Main actors No information 59Catedra Pampillo ~ 2014 Facultad de Ciencias Sociales (UBA) - Inglés II! 9. Lines 93-103 explain some of the reasons for the changes in values produced by the free market era, Explain these reasons, 10. Underline in the first or second paragraph a sentence that you think best explains the title, AFTER READING 11, Can the situation deseribed in the text be applied to our reality? 12, Difficult sentences: Identify in the following sentence: subject and main verb, What is the function of these punctuation marks: - -? Given the power of moral beliefs, and the fact that managers” values reflect broader societal ‘values ~a linkage examined in depth in the 1950s and 1960s (Bendix, 1956; Parsons, 1959; Sution et al, 1956; Weber, 2001; Weber and Parsons, 1968) but mostly ignored in the ‘management literature today — we believe that any attempt to substantially reorient US firms must consider the moral underpinnings of the policies that guide them. (line 11) Policies begun in the Great Depression, and expanded during and after the Second World War, had created a comfortable middle class that was highly appreciative of the good life generated by the US economy. (line 82) 13, Find the past participle forthe following verbs between lines. lay (5-10) » drive (70-75) sev seek (85-90) 14, General academic vocabulary: Look at the words below. Which do you know from levels 1 and 2? Look up the rest. beliefs (line 3) fact (line 12) linkage (line 12) underpinnings (line 16) contention (line 26) shift (line 35) ‘concer (line 35) claim (line 72) achievements (line 79) constraints (line 90) assumption (line 110) outcome (line 111) 60Facultad de Ciencias Sociales (UBA) ~ Inglés Ill - Catedra Pampillo - 2011 15. In pairs draw a concept map of the text of the section "Changes in values produced by the free-market era” 16. Write the main idea in not more than two sentences. 17. Vocabul io especifico (trabaj Find in the text the English for. Between ~ Iines Libre-empresa oe Subcontratacién an Tio Despidos Dinero ecibido como salario. | >> 36 Investigacién y desarrollo ie 00 Gremios oa Empleados de grupos | 95-105 empresoriales/empleados administrativos/empleados de oficina (seatin contexto) 61Facultad de Ciencias Sociales (UBA) ~ Inglés Ill - Catedra Pampillo ~ 2011 Texto N° 10-Ficha de revis jn (Textos 1-10) ‘Objetivo: Revisar las estrategias de lectura y los contenidos de lengua presentados hasta el ‘momento y en nivel 2. 1.1 Reading strategies: In pairs make a list of reading strategies that we have used to anticipate the text's content and elaborate a specific reading hypothesis. 1. 2 Get together with another pair of students and share your strategies. Order them according to ‘whether they allow you to anticipate a more general idea ofthe text ora specific reading hypothesis. MORE GENERAL MORE SPECIFIC 2.1 Tenses and modals: Match column A and B to make a meaningful sentence. The design of the experiment seems to | have affected the generalizability of the results, 2, The continuous strikes may it would be able to recover its economic autonom; 3. When the demonstrators arrived at the | have defaulted in 2001. square = 4. If Greece left the Euro have overthrown the government. = ‘5. Argentina should not ithad already been fenced to stop them from moving Forward. 2.2 Which of the sentences above express. «past event that happened prior to another event in the past? speculation on a past fact? criticism of a past action? ‘hypothetical situation? 23 Which two sentences could be considered an example of hedging? 2.4 Translate the sentences above. 3. Connectors: Classify the following words (prepositions and conjunctions) according to the relationship they establish, Provide their translation: despite, so long as, by + -ing, by contrast, yet, thus, though, hence, lead to, on the other hand, not only... but also, for, whether, due to, moreover, whereas, as well a, since, unless, in order to 62Facultad de Ciencias Sociales (UBA) ~ Inglés Ill ~ Catedra Pampillo ~ 2011 [Contrast | Addition ‘Consequence/result jondition | Purpose | | Loo : | 4. Affixes Match the following prefixes with a possible equivalent in Spanish? Self. contra- Over- auto- Counter- sobre- Under sub- 4,1 Translate the following: sobrepoblacién ~ autoconocimiento ~ contraataque ~ subdesarrollo 4.2 What part of speech (noun, verb, adjective) do the following suffixes indicate? hood sles +e “en sable th ship -ness 5.1 Academic vocabulary: Classify the following words into the categories below and provide their Spanish equivalent view, summarize, contend, improvement, claims, lack, shift, stems from, proposal, enhancement, draw on, achievement, theme, purport, feature, entail, hinge on, reliance, linkage, fail, arise from, beliefs, fact, linkage, contention, shift, concern, claim, constraints, assumption, outcome, undergo, tackle, framework, underlying, demise, policy, means, aim, ‘undermine, theorize, core, mainstream, approach, insight, assumption, underpinnings, loss, features, belief, view. Academic vocabulary to articulate concepts and theoretical stances: Pseudonegative words. 5.2.Can you identify some pairs of synonyms? 6, In what sections of a research article are the following rhetorical moves usually found? In the Introduction , Discussion or both? Results Gap in knowledge Hypothesis Suggestions for further research Limitations of present result Author's purpose and stance 63Facultad de Ciencias Sociales (UBA) ~ Inglés Il ~ Catedra Pampillo ~ 2011 Texto N° 11 -# Lack of sleep, work and the long hours culture: evidence from the UK Time Use Survey”. Work Employment Society. 2009; 23; 30 INGLES U1; PARCIAL Introduction: time poverty and work-life balance in contemporary Britain Contrary to the optimism of earlier sociological literature that predicted a ‘leisure revolution’ driven by economic progress and technological automation in the work place and household, societies where the majority of individuals experience a ‘glut of free time’ have not yet eventuated (Putnam, 1997; Wajcman, 2008). Phrases such as ‘time poverty’ and ‘time famine’, which are used to describe a shortage of time and an ‘overwhelming acceleration of rhythms of daily life, currently abound in popular discourse. Time and its allocations have become a matter of high politics in Britain and a lively debate over issues of work-life balance is currently unfolding in policy and academic circles. ‘The most common among competing explanations regarding ‘time poverty’ has linked the phenomenon with the temporal operation of the labour market in post-industrial societies. Indeed, substantial transformations concerning working time arrangements have shifted the boundaries of work and social life over the last 20 years in the UK. In the mid-1980s, a series of economic and political circumstances, such as increased competition in the globalized economy, the neoliberal shift in governmental policies and ‘weakened trade unions halted the long-term trend of reduction in full-time working hours (Green, 2001; Kodz et al. 1998). An ever-increasing deregulation of working time started, turning’ working time into a private arrangement made between employers and ‘employees rather than a matter to be settled through governmental policies or collective agreements. ‘At present, the UK maintains minimal legistation to protect employees from working long hours. It is the only member of the European Union to retain the right for an exemption from the 1993 European Working Time Directive that set a weekly limit of 48 hours of paid work to protect employees. Strongly related to the paid work ethic that underpinned successive UK governments’ social and economic policies, a controversial ‘opt-out agreement can be signed by British employees allowing more than 48 hours of weekly paid employment. An increasing number of employees sign this agreement either because of pressures to work long hours exerted by their employer and the competitive workplace or to earn more money in order to respond to economic burdens. As a result, Britain is currently renowned for its long hours culture and Europe's longest working hours, with over a quarter of employees working over 48 hours a week (Kodz et al, 2003). This increase in working time is particularly manifest in certain sectors of the ‘economy, with the longest hours worked by men at both ends of the occupational Spectrum, namely in manual and higher professional and managerial occupations (Warren, 2002). However, working time is not the only factor affecting employees’ work-life balance. The workload associated with domestic work and childcare activities leaves employed individuals with less free time for other pursuits. Despite recent expansions of government funding of childcare, the provision of childcare services in the UK remains 64Par § Facultad de Ciencias Sociales (UBA) — Inglés Ill ~ Catedra Pampillo ~ 2014 inadequate and lower than in other European countries. While the ‘dual full-time arrangement’ is becoming more common among couples (Rubery et al., 1999), women’s ‘move into the workplace has not been matched by an equivalent rise in men’s domestic ‘work in the home (Bryson, e007: 146). Thus while men’s work-ife balance is more affected by trends in working time, it is working women that are affected by what has been termed the ‘second shift’ of childcare and domestic work regardless of their living arrangements (Hochschild and Machung, 1997) ‘The issue of workslfe balance has been recently addressed by high profile government initiatives that encourage companies to offer work-lfe balance friendly practices on a voluntary basis. However, the voluntary nature of such initiatives does not ‘quarantee an even distribution of policies, and a large number of employees in Britain may experience a ‘time squeeze’ from both working fong hours and demanding family responsibilities. ‘While there has been extensive research on the impact of working time arrangements and family responsibilities on employees’ leisure time, sociological studies have neglected the impact these may have on individuals’ sleep duration. Social scientists have tended to assume that sleep is an activity that is largely unaffected by social context, thus excluding it from analysis of time allocation. However, sleep loss may reflect a ‘cultural imperative for wakefulness’ in contemporary society (Basner et al., 2007). Both the long work hours and family responsibilities of working people may compress the time left for sleep and demote sleep to an activity to be traded with other activities considered of a greater value (Biddle and Hamemesh, 1990). The omission within sociology of examining the social determinants of sleep duration is important because sleep is functional for individual and societal well-being and its duration is strongly correlated with individuals’ health and safety. Our article examines the links between sleep duration and both working time and family responsibilities and whether these differ by gender. The aim is to contribute to debates on the health consequences of the British labour market and place sleep as a ovel ingredient in the work-life balance agenda. The next section outlines the consequences of sleep restriction at the individual and societal level and reviews the existing sociological analyses of time use data addressing the socio-economic determinants of sleep duration. (855) I. Answer the following questions (in Spanish): (40%) 1, Explain the concept of “leisure revolution’. (8 p.) 2, What political and economic circumstances have caused these shifts in the balance ‘between working hours and leisure in the last 20 years in the UK? (12 p.) 65Facultad de Ciencias Sociales (UBA) ~ Inglés Il! ~ CAtedra Pampillo - 2011 3, Has the British legislation observed the 1993 European Working Time Directive? Explain (10 p.) 4, What aspect of the topic has not been considered by previous studies (gap in knowledge)? (0p) ‘5. Underline in the text the author's purpose. (10 p.) TI, What logical relation does the connector “while” (in bold in the text) express 1d what two concepts does it connect? (15 p) ADDITION PURPOSE CONTRAST CONCEPT 1 ‘CONCEPT 2: II Find an example of a non-cognate pseudo-negative in paragraph 5 (5 p.) IV. Summarize the main idea of the text in no more than TWO sentences. (30 p.)Facultad de Ciencias Sociales (UBA) ~ Inglés Ill ~ Cétedra Pampillo ~ 2011 KEY I. Answers to questions: 1. Refiere a predicciones o expectativas de aumento del tiempo libre como resultado de la automatizacién tecnol6gica en el trabajo y el hogar 2. Una serie de circunstancias politicas y econémicas, tales como la mayor competencia en la economfa globalizada, la adopeién de politicas neo-liberales, el debilitamiento de los sindicatos frenaron la tendencia hacia una reduccién de las horas de trabajo. La desregulacién implicé que las relaciones laborales resultaran de acuerdos entre empleadores y empleados, en lugar de definirlas por convenciones colectivas 0 politicas gubernamentales. 3. No, El Reino Unido es el iinico miembro de la Unién Europea que ha conservado el derecho de estar exento de la Directiva Europea sobre Tiempo Laboral de 1993 que fija un limite semanal de 48 horas de trabajo, para proteger a los empleados. Ademés ‘conservan un controvertido acuerdo, por el cual se permite a los empleados briténicos ‘optar por una mayor carga laboral. 4, Estudios previos analizaron el impacto que tiene el tiempo destinado al trabajo ya las responsabilidades familiares sobre el tiempo libre, pero la mayoria de ellos ‘no consideré la repercusién que esto puede tener en las horas de suefio. Este aspecto es importante, ya que el suefio esté intimamente ligado a la salud de los individuos y al Dienestar social. ria CONCEPTO 1 El equilibrio que existe entre el trabajo y el tiempo libre en los hombres se encuentra afectado por la cantidad de tiempo que trabajan. CONCEPTO 2 ‘Las mujeres no solo sufren ese problema sino que tienen el agregado del ‘segundo tummo’, ya que ellas son las que se hacen cargo de las tarcas domésticas, independientemente de las horas que trabajen fuera de la casa. TI Pseudo-negative ‘Neglect / Loss IV. Summary EI texto se refiere a la tendencia que se dio en las dltimas décadas con respecto al incremento del tiempo destinado al trabajo, a expensas del tiempo libre, concentrandose, particularmente, en Ia situacién del Reino Unido. Los autores abordarén la incidencia que esta tendencia tiene sobre el tiempo destinado al suefio y cémo la falta de descanso adecuado repercute en la salud, el rendimiento y la seguridad, tanto laboral como social. 6710 20 Facultad de Ciencias Sociales (UBA) ~ Inglés Ill - Cétedra Pampillo - 2011 ‘Texto N° 12 - Hobsbawn, E. “Socialism has Failed. Now Capitalism is Bankrupt. So What Comes Next?”. The Guardian, Friday 10 April 2009, Euaaae ‘Objetivos de lectura:. Lectura de limites de parrafos, Referencia, Pardirasis Objetivos de lengua: Verbos modales (should have). Conectores (so long as, revision of not only... but also, though). Elipsis (don’t) y sustitucién (the same). Inversién. Vocabulario general ism is bankrupt. So what comes next? Socialism has failed. Now capit Whatever ideological logo we adopt, the shift from free market to public action needs to be bigger than politicians grasp © Eric Hobsbawm © The Guardian, Friday 10 April 2009 Atle history ‘The 20th century is well behind us, but we have not yet learned to live in the 21st, or at least to think in a way that fits it. That should not be as difficult as it seems, because the basic idea that dominated economics and politics in the last century has patently disappeared down the plughole of history. This was the way of thinking about modern industrial economies, or for that matter any economies, in terms of two mutually exclusive opposites: capitalism or socialism. We have lived through two practical attempts to realise these in their pure form: the centrally state-planned economies of the Soviet type and the totally unrestricted and uncontrolled free-market capitalist economy. The first broke down in the 1980s, and the European communist political systems with it. The second is breaking down before our eyes in the greatest crisis of global capitalism since the 1930s. In some ways it is a greater crisis than in the 1930s, because the globalisation of the economy was not then as far advanced as it is today, and the crisis did not affect the planned economy of the Soviet Union. We don't yet know how grave and lasting the consequences of the present world crisis will be, but they certainly mark the end of the sort of free-market capitalism that captured the world and its governments in the years since Margaret Thatcher and President Reagan. Impotence therefore faces both those who believe in what amounts to a pure, stateless, market capitalism, a sort of international bourgeois anarchism, and those who believe in a planned socialism uncontaminated by private profit-seeking. Both are bankrupt. The future, like the present and the past, belongs to mixed economies in which public and private are braided together in one way or another. But how? That is the problem for everybody today, but especially for people on the left. Nobody seriously thinks of returning to the socialist systems of the Soviet type - not only because of their political faults, but also because of the increasing sluggishness and inefficiency of their economies - though this should not lead us to underestimate their impressive social and educational achievements. On the other hand, until the global free 6830 40 50 60 Facultad de Ciencias Sociales (UBA) ~ Inglés Ill ~ Catedra Pampillo ~ 2011 market imploded last year, even the social-democratic or other moderate left parties in the rich countries of northern capitalism and Australasia had committed themselves more and ‘more to the success of free-market capitalism. Indeed, between the fall of the USSR and now I can think of no such party or leader denouncing capitalism as unacceptable. None ‘were more committed to it than New Labour. In their economic policies both Tony Blair and (until October 2008) Gordon Brown could be described without real exaggeration as ‘Thatcher in trousers. The same is true of the Democratic party in the US. The basic Labour idea since the 1950s was that socialism was unnecessary, because a capitalist system could be relied on to flourish and to generate more wealth than any other. All socialists had to do was to ensure its equitable distribution. But since the 1970s the accelerating surge of globalisation made it more and more difficult and fatally undermined the traditional basis of the Labour party's, and indeed any social-democratic party's, support and policies. Many in the 1980s agreed that if the ship of Labour was not to founder, which was a real possibility at the time, it would have to be refitted. But it was not refitted. Under the impact of what it saw as the Thatcherite economic revival, New Labour since 1997 swallowed the ideology, or rather the theology, of global free-market fundamentalism whole. Britain deregulated its markets, sold its industries to the highest bidder, stopped making things to export (unlike Germany, France and Switzerland) and put its money on becoming the global centre of financial services and therefore a paradise for zillionaire money-launderers. That is why the impact of the world crisis on the pound and the British economy today is likely to be more catastrophic than on any other major western economy - and full recovery may well be harder. You may say that's all over now. We're free to return to the mixed economy. The old toolbox of Labour is available again - everything up to nationalisation - so let's just go and use the tools once again, which Labour should never have put away. But that suggests we know what to do with them. We don'. For one thing, we don't know how to overcome the present crisis. None of the world's governments, central banks or international financial institutions know: they are all like a blind man trying to get out of ‘a maze by tapping the walls with different kinds of sticks in the hope of finding the way ‘out. For another, we underestimate how addicted governments and decision-makers still are to the free-market snorts that have made them feel so good for decades. Have we really got away from the assumption that private profit-making enterprise is always a better, because more efficient, way of doing things? That business organisation and accountancy should be the model even for public service, education and research? That the growing chasm between the super-rich and the rest doesn't matter that much, so long, as everybody else (except the minority of the poor) is getting a bit better off? That what a country needs is under all circumstances maximum economic growth and commercial competitiveness? I don't think so, But a progressive policy needs more than just a bigger break with the economic and ‘moral assumptions of the past 30 years. It needs a return to the conviction that economic growth and the affluence it brings is a means and not an end, The end is what it does to the lives, life-chances and hopes of people. Look at London. Of course it matters to all of 6970 80 Facultad de Ciencias Sociales (UBA) — Inglés Ill - Cétedra Pampillo - 2014 us that London's economy flourishes. But the test of the enormous wealth generated in patches of the capital is not that it contributed 20%-30% to Britain's GDP but how it affects the lives of the millions who live and work there. What kind of lives are available to them? Can they afford to live there? If they can't, it is not compensation that London is also a paradise for the ultra-rich. Can they get decently paid jobs or jobs at all? If they can't, don't brag about all those Michelin-starred restaurants and their self-dramatising chefs. Or schooling for children? Inadequate schools are not offset by the fact that London universities could field a football team of Nobel prize winners. ‘The test of a progressive policy is not private but public, not just rising income and consumption for individuals, but widening the opportunities and what Amartya Sen calls the "capabilities" of all through collective action, But that means, it must mean, public non-profit initiative, even if only in redistributing private accumulation, Public decisions aimed at collective social improvement from which all human lives should gain. That is the basis of progressive policy - not maximising economic growth and personal incomes. ‘Nowhere will this be more important than in tackling the greatest problem facing us this century, the environmental crisis. Whatever ideological logo we choose for it, it will ‘mean a major shift away from the free market and towards public action, a bigger shift than the British government has yet envisaged. And, given the acuteness of the economic crisis, probably a fairly rapid shift. Time is not on our side. + Eric Hobsbawm's most recent publication is On Empire: America, War, and Global Supremacy BEFORE READING 1. Read the bibliographical data, title and subtitle. What is the author's main concern? What do ‘you know about this topic and the author? 2. Read the first paragraph, Can you answer the question in the title? 3. Scan the text for proper names, What additional information do you get? 4. Predict text content ‘5. Read paragraph boundaries (1 and last sentence of each paragraph), a. Circle key words b. Choose two paragraphs you would read in detail, 6. Write a specific reading hypothesis, 70Facultad de Ciencias Sociales (UBA) ~ Inglés Ill ~ Catedra Pampilio ~ 2011 WHILE READING 7. Are the paragraphs you chose in Sb key paragraphs? 8, What do the following refer back to? Both (line 20) ‘That (line 22) None (line 31) ‘The old toolbox of Labour (line 50) 9. What flaws in the socialist system are mentioned? 10. Where does Great Britain stand regarding the economic crisis mentioned in the text? 11, What is the author's thesis (What is his answer to the question in the title?) Is his view optimistic or pessimistic regarding the future? 12, Define progressive policy 13. Paraphrase (don’t iranslate) the following: “Many in the 1980s agreed that if the ship of Labour was not to founder, which was a real possibility at the time, it would have to be refitted.” “they are all like a blind man trying to get out ofa maze by tapping the walls with different kinds of sticks in the hope of finding the way out” nFacultad de Ciencias Sociales (UBA) ~ Inglés I11 ~ Cétedra Pampillo ~ 2011 AFTER READING 14, Who's probably the intended audience of this text? 15. What do you think of his thesis (conclusion)? 16. General academic vocabulary: You have seen some of the following words in the previous levels. What do they mean? Failed (ttle) Undermined (line 38) Policy (line 66) Assumption (line 68) Means (line 69) ° ‘Aimed (line 82) Improvement (line 82) Growth (line 83) ‘Tackling (line 84) Shift (Line 86) Which of the words above are pseudonegative words? 17. Ellipsis: Which words have been omitted after the word in bold? “The old toolbox of Labour is available again - everything up to nationalisation - so let's just ‘g0 and use the tools once again, which Labour should never have put away. But that suggests ‘we know what to do with them. We don't.” (line 51) 18, Substitution: The words in bold substitute for other words previously presented in the text What words? “In their economic policies both Tony Blair and (until October 2008) Gordon Brown could be described without real exaggeration as Thatcher in trousers, The same is true of the Democratic party in the US.” (line 34) Have we really got away from the assumption that private profit-making enterprise is always fa better, because more efficient, way of doing things? That business organisation and accountancy should be the model even for public service, education and research? That the growing chasm between the super-rich and the rest doesn't matter that much, so long as everybody else (except the minority of the poor) is getting a bit better off? That what a nRFacultad de Ciencias Sociales (UBA) ~ Inglés II! ~ Catedra Pampillo ~ 2011 country needs is under all circumstances maximum economic growth and commercial ‘competitiveness? I don't think so. (line 63) 19, Connectors: What logical relation does the connector in bold below establish? Explain the concepts linked the growing chasm between the super-rich and the rest doesn't matter that much, s0 long as everybody else (except the minority of the poor) is getting a bit better off. (lines 61-63) 19.1 Underline connectors between lines 24-34. What logical relation do they establish? 20. Modal verbs: What do the words in bold express? © Prohibition * Criticism ofa past action © Apiece of advice “...so let's just go and use the tools once again, which Labour should never have put away.” 21. Inversion: What is special about the order of the words in bold? What precedes them? Nowhere will this be more important than in tackling the greatest problem facing us this century, the environmental crisis. (line 84) 22. Work in pairs: Make a list of concepts you should include in your main idea. Take into account the ttle of the text and your pre-reading hypothesis. 22. 1 Summarize the main ideas of the text in not more than two sentences. 2BFacultad de Ciencias Sociales (UBA) ~ Inglés II! ~ Cétedra Pampilio ~ 2011 ce Crime out of the Drugs Trade”, Texto N"13 - Palmer, A. “We'll Never Be Able to The Telegraph, December 18,2010, Retrieved from hitp://www.telegrapl ment/column be-able-to-take-crime-out-of-the rade html Objetivos de lectura:. Seleccién de estrategias. Lectura de la primera oracién del parrafo, Identificacién de tesis y argumentos Objetivos de lengua: Condicionales (if + tiempo verbal Simple pas y adverbios (up, down, off). Even. Verbos multipalabra (phrasal verbs), if + were 10), Preposiciones Alasdair Palmer i We'll never be able to take crime out of the drugs trade Bob Ainsworth's plan to decriminalise drugs won't solve the problem, argues Alasdair Palmer. Costing a fortune: drugs such as cocaine are inextricably tied to the criminal underworld Photo: ANDY DRYSDALE/REX eC use 4 By Alasdair Palmer 6:05PM GMT 18 Dec 2010 E100 comments Bob Ainsworth, a former Home Office minister, called last week for the decriminalisation™ of all drugs. The idea was immediately slapped down as “irresponsible” by Ed Miliband, his party leader - and with some justification. Mr Ainsworth claimed that the decriminalisation of drugs would take the trade out of the hands of criminals and see it controlled by legitimate businesses or the state. That's just plain wrong. Legalisation of all drugs might conceivably have that effect. But decriminalisation simply means that itis. 410 1s 20 30 35 Facultad de Ciencias Sociales (UBA) — Inglés Il! - Catedra Pampillo ~ 2011 no longer a criminal offence for an individual to be in possession of drugs: dealing is stil illegal, which means the trade continues to be illegal, and remains in the hands of criminals. While some countries have experimented with decriminalisation, not one has proceeded with legalisation — partly because United Nations conventions prohibit states from taking that step Would the problems caused by drugs be easier to solve if all criminal penalties for their use, cultivation and trade were removed’ Advocates of that policy insist that if the drug trade was in lawful hands, it could be taxed, so the vast revenues would flow not to thugs but to the state. Prices would fall, they say, and to levels low enough to mean that ‘addicts would no longer have to steal in order to feed their habits. That would lead to a drop in the amount of property crime, and allow police officers to spend their time arresting people for serious crimes ~ rather than trivial ones such as possession of cannabis. {tall sounds wonderful — but it's not credible, The reason is simple: making an activity legal does not necessarily stop there being a colossal illegal market. Sex between adults is legal, but that has not prevented the development of a huge sex industry, controlled by criminal gangs who kidnap, rape and ensiave the girfs involved. Even supposing that legalisation could eventually end the criminals’ control of the drugs trade, that would only happen if drugs were legalised, simultaneously, by every country across the globe. If one country were to legalise drugs on its own, it would immediately become the centre for the world drug trade, since it would be the easiest place for the criminals to operate. Drug gangs deal with competition by eliminating it: they are exceptionally violent, killing indiscriminately, as the dreadful carnage in Mexico recently demonstrates. Their huge resources give them the power to corrupt legal and political systems, as they have done in a number of Latin American and eastern European countries. No reasonable person would want to import that kind of disaster to Britain — which is why legalisation remains off the agenda of all the main parties. *Decriminalisation” of the possession of drugs has much less dramatic effects than legalisation: it does not, for example, do anything to affect the control of the supply by criminals. The stock response to itis that it would also "send the wrong message" and encourage teenagers to dabble in narcotics. But Portugal decriminalised the possession of drugs in 2001, and drug use has not dramatically increased. Deaths from heroin are 1540 45 Facultad de Ciencias Sociales (UBA) — Inglés Il! - Cétedra Pampillo - 2011 down, as is the rate of HIV infection. The use of cannabis is up, but more addicts are going to treatment programmes. This is helpful to the cause of deoriminalisation, but it doesn't end the argument. Sweden has one of the lowest rates of drug use in Europe — and also has some of the harshest laws and strongest enforcement. Stil, the "war on drugs" hasn't been won there, any more than it has been won in Portugal But then, i's a mistake to think that this war can be won at al: its impossible, even in a police state, to stop people taking drugs they shouldn't. The best we can hope for is to minimise the distressing effects of drug use. Judging by the amount of drug-related ccrime in the UK, we're not doing well. To that extent, Mr Ainsworth has a point: even if we don't support his views, itis certainly worth trying to find a more effective approach. BEFORE READING 1. What strategies can you apply to get an initial idea of texttype and topic? 2. Apply these strategies, 3. Read the first sentence in each paragraph. Identify the author's position © Identify inthe text some arguments to support his position. ‘+ What connector may anticipate a tum in the author's position? * Why was the article written? 4, Write a specific reading hypothesis. 16Facultad de Ciencias Sociales (UBA) ~ Inglés Ill ~ Catedra Pampillo ~ 2011 WHILE READING 5. Read the text carefully and confirm or disconfirm your initial hypothesis by answering the following questions. 6. Why was this article written? 7 What isthe author's purpose? Does he want to provoke dissent or gain consent? Explain, 8, What is the author's thesis? ©. Underline in the text the arguments the author uses to support his position. Only underline ONE sentence per argument. 10. What does ‘this’ (line 41) refer back to? AFTER READING 11. Is the author persuasive? Justify. 12, Do you agree with the author's position? 13, How is this text different from other texts we have seen so far? 14, Find 2 or 3 sentences that describe a hypothetical situation. Discuss the structure that renders such meaning 1Facultad de Ciencias Sociales (UBA) ~ Inglés Ill ~ Catedra Pampillo ~ 2014 14, | Compare the structures in bold in the following conditionals. How is their meaning different? that would only happen if drugs were legalised, simultaneously, by every country across the globe. If one country were to legalise drugs on its own, it would immediately become the centre for the world drug trade... (lines 25-27) 15. Discuss the meaning of the prepositions and adverbs in bold. Which have a negative meaning? legalization remains off the agenda of all the main parties. (ine 33) Deaths from heroin are down... (line 38) ‘The use of cannabis is up.... (line 39) 15.1 Underline ONE phrasal verb in each sentence. Discuss form and meaning. 4 former Home Office minister called last week for the “decriminalization” of all drugs, dine 1) ‘The idea was immediately slapped down as “irresponsible”... (line 2) ‘the decriminalization of drugs would take the trade out of the hands of criminals... (line 4) 16. Compare the meaning of ‘even’ in the sentences below. Even supposing that legalisation could eventually end the criminals’ control ofthe drugs trade, that would only happen if drugs were legalised, simultaneously... (line 24) itis impossible, even in a police state, to stop people taking drugs they shouldn't (line 45) ‘even if we don't support his views, itis certainly worth trying to find a more effective approach (ine 48) 17. Discuss in pairs what concepts should be included in the main idea, 17.1 Write the main idea of the text in not more than 2 sentences, ®Facultad de Ciencias Sociales (UBA) ~ Inglés II! ~ Catedra Pampillo ~ 2011 Texto N° 14 - Scoville, J. (2001 ). “The Taylorization of Viadimir Mich Lenin”. Industrial Relations. Vol 40.No 4. Objetivos de lectura: Paratexto, Seleccién de estrategias. Referencia. Identificacién de argumentos. ‘Objetivos de lengua: Expresiones latinas (NB, sic). Atenuacién (verbos modales, appear, seem), ‘Vocabulario académico general, Worth The Taylorization of Vladimir Nich Lenin JAMES G. SCOVILLE* In 1913, Lenin's view of scientific management could only be termed scornful. By 1918, his views had changed dramatically: Importation of the Taylor system ‘was fundamental fo the success of the Revolution; without it, socialism would be impossible. T contend that the scientific claims of Taylorism meshed with Marxist claims to scientific socialism in the transformation of views. ! JIN MARC: 1913 THE SOON-ENOUGH-T0-SUCCEBD REVOLUTIONARY LENIN took note of F. W. luyior’s scientific management in a short article in Pravda. This article, entitled “A ‘Scientific’ System of Sweating,” heaped ‘scorn on Taylor’s “scientific system.” “The most widely discussed topic ‘in Europe,” he wrote, “is the latest methods of exploiting the workers: . . It is sweating in strict accordance with all the precepts of science” (Lenin 1968:Vol. 18, pp. 594-5). ‘Fast forward now to March 191.6) where we find Lenin addressing The Immediate Tasks of Soviet Government as some successes in. the Civil ‘6 War have given hope that the Revolution might endure more than a few months. Chapter VIII of Immediate Tasks looks at the resources available to the poor and lonely Soviet state in contrast to those available to western European countries where (unfortunately) the Revolution had been slow to arrive. The solution: “We must to a considerable extent, take a lesson in socialism from the trust managers, we must take a lesson in socialism from capitalism's big organizers. . . . [IJn order to solve the practical “Indostsal Relations Ceater, University of Minnesota. E-mal: [Scovile@csomoneda {think the late Adolf Sturmthal (Univesity of Hinoin) may have fust suggested tome tht Lenin had been a propo- rent of slentife management. Joba T, Dunlop (Harvard) added 1 my eatiosty by remarking thet Stalin (was a Taylorte, but he was nr sure abut Leia, Digcussions with Victor Devinatz (Iinois State) rog- bested there might be something worth look, Rebecea Custer tok a frst eutat Lenin's Collected Works fs my reseazch esistan tthe University of Minnesota. Iheousrmat Ratan, Vol, 40, No.4 (Ostober 2001). © 2001 Regents of the University of California Published by Blackwell Publishers, 350 Main Suoct, Malden, MA 02148, USA, and 108 Cowiey Read, Oxford, OX4 UP, UK. 620 79Facultad de Ciencias Sociales (UBA) ~ Inglés ke © a Cétedra Pampilio - 2011 problems of socialism, when the organizational aspects of it are pushed to the fore, we must enlist to the service of the Soviet power a great number of bourgeois intellectuals, especially from among those who were engaged in the practical work of organizing large-scale capitalist produc- tion . ..” (Vol. 42, p. 77). After wrestling with the fact that it may be necessary to pay these experts very well (much more than “the best sections of the working class") but that it will be well worth it “in the interests of the national economy,” Lenin goes on: Big capitalism has created systems of work organization, which, under the pre- ‘ailing conditions of exploitation of the masses, represent the harshest form of caslavement by which the minority, the propertied classes, wring out of the working people surplus amounts of labour, strength, blood and nerves. At the same time, they are the last word inthe scientific organisation of production, and as such, have to be adopted by the Socialist Soviet Republic. .--ru1 instance, the famous Taylor system, which is so widespread in America, is famous precisely ' because it is the last word in reckless capitalist exploitation. One can understand Why this system met with such an intense hatred and protest on the part of the workers, Atthe same time, we must not for a moment forget that the Taylor sys. tem represents tuc weinendous progress of science, which systematically analy. se the process of production and points the way towards an immense inevease in the efficiency of human labour [Vol. 42, pp. 79-80}. Summing up, Lenin thought that “the Taylor system, properly con- irolied and iniclligently applied by the working people themselves, will serve as a reliable means of further reducing the obligatory [in the context of labor conscription] working day for the entire working population, will serve as an effective means of dealing, in a fairly short space of time, with a task that could roughly be expressed as follows: six hours of physical work daily for every adult citizen and four hours work in ranning the state” (Vol. 42, p. 80). According to the editors of Collected Works, Immediate Tasks was not published until 1933, but Lenin’s enthusiasm for well-managed ‘Taylorism comes through in a speech delivered to the Supreme Economic Council (SEC) a few days after the preceding words were written. In dis- cussing a draft decree on labor discipline, Lenin insisted that “[tJhe decree should definitely provide for the introduction of the Taylor system, in other words, every use should be made of the scientific methods of work ‘suggested by this system. Without it, productivity cannot be raised, with- out it, we shall not be able to introduce socialism. In the application of this system American engineers are to be enlisted” (Vol. 42, pp. 86-7). Was it the mere shift from Bolshevik social and economic critic to a position where he needed to run an economy that changed Lenin’s mind? 80Facultad de Cienci be io given by “Mr. Sein s Sociales (UBA) ~ Inglés Il! ~ Cétedra Pampillo ~ 2011 After all, in that same April , 1918 Ypeech to the SEC, he made two other proposals: first, that piece rate’ b= introduced everywhere without excep- tion (bonus systems where truly impossible) and, second, that penal mea- sures for breach of discipline be made stricter. (“Under the capitalist system dismissal was a breach of a civic agreement. Now, a breach of dis- cipline, especially with the introduction of compulsory labour service, will be a criminal offense subject to a definite punishment.”) Stark reality may have been a part of Lenin's revised opinion of Taylorism, but the fact that he had studied it jn some detail during the {interim} appears to have been an important component as well. During the “Vist Bart of 1916, Lenin had amassed considerable material for Imperial- ism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism in a large number of notebooks (which for the most part make up Volume 39 of Collected Works). As a part of this study, he had made notes on three sources dealing with scien tific management: Frederick W. Taylor, Shop Management, 24 ed., translation and additions by Wallichs. Berlin, 1912. Rudolf Seubert, The Taylor System in Practice. Berlin, 1914. Frank B. Gilbreth, “Motion Study as an Increase of National Wealth,” ‘Annals of the American Academy, May 1915. By contrast, he 1913 Pravda piece appears to draw solely on a paper zor" atthe “assembly hall of the Railway Engi- neering Institute in St. Petersburg,” probably earlier in 1913, Lenin's notes on the three sswirces make up slightly more than 8 of the 768 text pages of Volume 39. How might we characterize the comments and observations that he found important enough to record for his own future use and reference? The listing below reflects an effort to put the 8 pages of notes into a limited number of general themes. From Taylor Pom Setter From Gites ‘Bramples of productivity Snereat, reduction in lbor 4 1 inputs, andlor labor east ‘Worker and union resistance, sks, go-slows 5 ° ° General difficulty of taniion period 3 2 ° ‘Impoctaat fonctions of foremen “in workshop and in office” 1 ° ° Importance of using a much larger numberof 3 ° 0 “onprodsctive” worker: foreman and ropervisor ++» Resulting incest in possibility of promation 1 o ° * Paricular difclties that German eystem of social o 1 ° ‘ratification wil pss to workers becoming foreen Need to select high-productivity worker forthe experiment 2 1 ‘and pay invested wages (eboat a third higher) 81Facultad de Ciencias Sociales (UBA) ~ Ingiés Ill ~ Catedra Pampillo ~ 2011 toe Inporance of writen perfomance evaluation, even bref, 2 ° ° to easue firues Ditfcaly of time and motion sade; aed to ata 1 5 ' ‘salest pas othe wore Ingoanee of fines a a dixptary toot 1 ° 0 US. higher labor productviy compared with German ° 1 0 Foo standing quote: "the sloce of work” ° 1 0 Detailed discussion at Iengh of “mierooton clocks" and 0 0 1 “ebronoeylographs” Valo o vociety of time and roton ses ° ° 1 ‘Waste of dalton, need for U.S. government 6 o I standard ine and motion research ‘Similarity emong wades and profesons “on the mechanical 0 ° 1 sido" : ‘Ned for young workers to be trne i seboo! to be ° ° 1 ete", ening [i] asl (t] spond casly and qiciy to demands for led work" emg} do not purport to summatize the overall work of y reflect at attempt-to-SUrfimarize a Lenin thought worth writing down while reading each author's work: faot that “the science of work” appears in his notes on Seubert cold con- ceal the reality that “the science of {many different specific kinds of] work” is pure Taylor: It appears everywhere in Scientific Management and Shop Management (see the “Story of Schmidt” for an example) Running throughout this set of themes is one interwoven with the oth- ers: Americans are the people who do this; America has Taylorism to teach the world. This point is, of course, picked up directly in Lenin's ‘April 1,)1918 speech to the SEC summarized earlier. “Turfiing to other themes, it would seem from their frequency that Lenin especially valued the concrete examples of results, especially those bear- ing on productivity (without which, no socialism). However, he drew strong attention (by means of heavy marginal lines) to Seubert’s report on Taylor’s work with the Tabor Manufacturing Company. Figure 1 shows how it appears on page 157 of Volume 39 of Collected Works, This passage embodies several key themes: the resulting productivity ‘improvement, the necessary wage increase, the difficult transition to sci- entific management, and the incredible importance of adequate numbers of supervisors and staff. [tis interesting that today’s neo- or proto-Marx- ‘sts put an entirely different twist on the comparatively high and rising share of nonproduction workers in the United States—not only, it appears, {do they not know their Taylor, it seems they also do not know their Lenin either!) What is equally interesting about the 8 pages devoted to scientific management is the almost total lack of negative, caustic, or pejorative 82Facultad de Ciencias Sociales (UBA) ~ Inglés Ill ~ Catedra Pampillo - 2011 V0 iso docreased: 57% 5. ‘gangs Iredale tn 6008 (TT recone wit sore ™ fo Ey a led woe: Next come eth ae a" abbot me Para we eee 28s, papers, suiskkuetione—a, jvc highly ‘commples... Mee Workers “cath i no eg comment, particularly about the three authors personally. When Lenin quotes Taylor about the likelihood of “resistance . . . especially from the backward section of the workers,” a couple of marginal lines are accom- panied by “sic!!”" Wallichs’s supplementary chapter to his translation of ‘Shop Management, noting that some 60,000 U.S. workers are employed in “reorganized institutions,” draws a marginal comment: “N.B. Under capitalism a ‘torture or a conjuring trick’ only 60,000 workers.” And Seubert’s observation (as recorded by Lenin) that “the method must be putinto effect cautiously, in keeping with American democratic customs, $0 that it shal riot be regarded as “torture” “earns three marginal lines and asiclll NB.” This is pretty mild stuff. Compare it with Lenin’s evaluation of Joseph Schumpeter's Theory of Economic Development (Leipzig, 1912), sig nificant work by a major twentieth-century economist: “Also nil. Decep- tive title. Examination revealed something in the nature of ‘sociological’ chatter. Might have to consult again, but on the subject of development nib? (Vol. 39, p. 75). Or his summary of Robert Liefmann’s Holding and Financing Companies (Jena, 1909): “The author is a double-dyed idiot, ‘who makes a great fuss about definitions—very stupid ones—revolving about the word ‘substitution’. His factual data, however, mostly quite raw, are valuable, Opponent of the labour theory of value, etc., etc.” (Vol. 39, p. 373). 832014 Facultad de Ciencias Sociales (UBA) ~ Inglés Ill ~ Catedra Pampillo When he encounters a book and author he really does not like, Lenin gets pretty thorough—here are the opening and closing paragraphs brack- eting his notes on G. von Schulze-Gaevernitz’s British Imperialism and English Free Trade at the Beginning of the Twentieth Century (Leipzig, 1906): Scoundrel of the first order and vulgar to boot, Kantian, pro-religion, chauvin. ist—has collected some very interesting facts about British imperialisin and has ‘written a lively, readable book. Travelled in Britain and collected a mass of ma terial and observations. You've done alot of plundering, you British gentlemen; allow us, too, a bit of plundering—with Kant, God, patriotism, and science to “sanctify” it such is the sum and substance of the position of this “savant”! (Also a lot of needless verbiage.) [Vol. 39, p. 446]... ..In general, everything of scientific valuc has been stolen from Hobson. Heis « plagiarist in the cloak of a Kantian, aeligious scoundrel, an imperialist, that's all (Vol. 39, p. 457]. son. the three authors on Taylorism escape censure almost © " enurety, perhaps no more than the equivalent of an occasional slightly raised eyebrow. In this treatment, Taylor, Seubert, and Gilbreth are on a par with the three American or English economists found in the name index to Volume 39. Richard Ely and Henry George are mentioned not unfavorably in passing; Robert Giffen’s estimates of national incomes and wealths are summarized at length and (I think) invariably strictly dispassionately. Taylor, Seubert, and Gilbreth are treated essentially as scientists—of work, to be sure. ‘Whv is this so? Perhaps it stems from Lenin’s apparent attention to the outcomes of the Tayloristic experiments, especially the productivity vw? enhancements that are a necessary condition for the establishment of socialism—much more so for the achievement of Lenin’s vision of the 6 + 4 hour day referred to carlier. However, there is doubtless more to it than that, We need to focus our eyes on the importance of the concept of “science” in the intellectual framework of Marxism. Marx had conducted the scientific analysis of capitalism; the Marxists had developed the basis for “scientific socialism.” When “the science of work” comes along, it is straightforwardly adopted as a natural part of the whole schema. Put alternatively, the unscientific management of work would surely be un-Marxist. * Scientific management, so reprehensible under capitalism, is not—as a cynic might charge—suddenly and inconsistently acceptable for the socialist state but is in fact a necessary feature of such a state. REFERENCES Lenin V. 1. 1968. Collected Works. Moscow: Progress Publishers. References throughout are to this 45-volume set. 84Facultad de Ciencias Soc BEFORE READING 1, Read the title. Apply reading strategies using those elements, ‘What paragraphs have you selected? Read them, ‘Advance a specific reading hypothesis. Naween WHILE READING (UBA) ~ Inglés Ill - Catedra Pampitio - 2011 ‘What do you know about Taylor and Lenin’ Are there any coincidences between them? Look atthe text. What elements ofthe paratext can we focus on to predict text content? ‘What reading strategies can we apply to select 3 key paragraphs to readin detail? Apply them 8, When you focused on the paratext, did you take into account the abstract, footnote, charts and references? 9, Were the paragraphs you selected key paragraphs? 10. Complete the following table on Lenin and his view of Taylorism: Tnitial view Tater view ‘Year Source View 85Facultad de Ciencias Sociales (UBA) — Inglés Il! - Catedra Pampillo ~ 2011 11, Find the reference of the following: the 1913 Pravda piece (Line 79) the 8 pages (line 141) 12, What does the chart on pages 622-23 illustrate? 13, Why is the document reproduced on page 624 included in the text? 14, Although there is evidence of Lenin’s criticism of Taylor's scientific management, the author claims he definitely favors that system, What are the author's arguments? (Notice the connector however in line 212.) 15. Was your initial reading hypothesis confirmed, adjusted or disconfirmed? AFTER READING 16, Draw an outline of the text in pairs. 17. General academic vocabulary: The following words appear in academic text frequently. Provide their Spanish equivalent. Which is a pscudonegative word? View (abstract) ‘Summarize (116) Contend (abstract) Improvement (134) Claims (abstract) Tack (142) Shift 7) ‘Stems from (238) Proposal (60) ‘Enhancement (240) Draw on (79) ‘Achievement (241) Theme (116) Feature 222) Purport (116) 86Facultad de Ciencias Sociales (UBA) ~ Inglés Il! - Cétedra Pampitlo ~ 2011 18. Find out what the following Latin words from the text mean or stand for; NB (lines 167 and. 172) and sie (line 172). What about these other ones: i¢., cf, €.g.? 19. Discuss the use of ‘worth’ in: “but that it will be well worth it” (line 24) “what Lenin thought worth writing down while reading each author's work.” (line 118) 20. Find examples of hedging (atenuacién) between lines: 65-70 and lines 125-130. Which refer to a past fact or situation? 21, Write down the main idea of the text in not more than two sentences. 87Facultad de Ciencias Sociales (UBA) ~ Inglés Ill - Catedra Pampillo ~ 2011 Texto N* 15-Esser, a ‘Post-Fort and Hirsch, J. (1994), “The C Regi (Studies in Urban and Social Change). of Fordism and the Dimensions of ynal and Urban Structure” in Amin, A. (edit.), Post-Fordism: A Reader Objetivos de lectura: Lectura de la primera oracién del parrafo. Conceptualizacién de pérrafos. Elaboracién cde mapas conceptuales (trabajo prictico). Objetivos de lengua: Verbos multipalabra. Vocabulario especifico (urbanismo). Ge) DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIETY AND SPATIAL STRUCTURE ‘The various historical developments of capitalism ate also matked by a specific structuring of space in each case, The imposition of a historically dominant form of capitalist production-work relationship, the level of consumption and types of socialization, produce a chara teristic spatial structure on an international, regional and local level. ‘This affects the spatial localization of work — the relationship between “town” and “region” - as well as the spatial/social form of the towns themselves. ‘Thus, specific forms of political regulation of space ate required in the context of changing processes of differentiation in centralization, peripheralization and function. Regional and local spaces, partly lying across national state boundaries, are incorporated into the worldwide relationships between accumulation and regulation in different ways. Fordist capitalism in the developed cities was marked by the imposi- tion of an ‘intensive’ mode of accumulation on the basis of Taylorist mass production, an extensive capitalization of the sector of reproduc- tion, a standard model of mass consumption, the accelerated break- down of traditional life milieux, the generalization of the labour condition and a contradictory social homogenization and individualiza- tion associated with this. The accumulation, supported by the internal capitalization of the cities, produced a centre-periphery relationship on a world scale, which was spatially structured, relegating the peri- pheral countries of the “Third World” into the neocolonial status of suppliers of simple manufactured goods and raw materials. Accurnula- tion and international trade was concentrated in the developed capitalist cities. A worldwide polarization of ‘town’ and ‘region’ matched the industrial capitalization of the cities, based on the exploitation of natural resources and forms of subsistence reproduc- tion. The regional structure of the cities was marked by the dominance of Fordist industrial locations (e.g. steel industry, cat industry, chemical industry electrical equipment industry), a drastic fall in the agricultural population with the partial industrialization of agriculture and an internal peripheralization, which allowed regions threatened by depopulation to become, at best, branch plant economies. The image of the Fordist town was characterized by strong 88.Facultad de Ciencias Sociales (UBA) ~ Inglés Ill ~ Cétedra Pampillo - 2011 rig Vv agglomeration processes, the standardization and industrialization of construction, the nuclearization of the family and far-reaching processes of social disintegration, resulting in the erosion of the tradi- tional sociocultural milieu (e.g. workers” settlements). Supported by the large-scale imposition of the car, extreme spatial-functional differentiations developed, characterized by suburbanism, the forma. tion of satellite towns, the depopulation of the inner cities, the dying out of smaller production and business operations, whilst at the same time stores and discount supermarkets blossomed in parts of the inner city. Life in the nuclear family, standardized labour, television and cars became the basis of a new mode! of life and consumption and struc tured urban space. The “uncongeniality’ of the standardized towns, whose spaces were differentiated according to function, became a central issue for critical urban sociology. State and local government administrations supported this process with their traffic development and subsidy policies. Serious social conflicts were caused by the process of tutning residential areas near the city into slums as preliminary step towards commercial use for predominantly “tertiary” functions, the extension of inner-city branches of industry, the loss of infrastructure and the expulsion of the population from deep-rooted residential areas and the drastic reduction in ‘quality of life’ ‘The ‘ctisis of Fordism’ was therefore also a crisis of the Fordist town, Here the economic, political and ideological dimensions of the crisis crystallized into an explosive mixture. In its course, driven on by extensive restructuring processes in production technology and new social movements and conflicts, the contours of a “post-Fordis” development of society are to be seen, and their imposition greatly modifies the arrangement of spaces and the spatial matrix of social conflicts. On the world scale, a new international division of labour is developing. This is characterized by an internationalization of production which is driven by the multinational concerns. Production processes, management and control operations can become extremely fragmented on the basis of new production, information, ‘communications and transport technologies, allow varying aspects of location to be exploited flexibly (cheap ot qualified workforce, “highest” capacity environment - ‘worldwide sourcing’). Capital becomes more flexible, major spatial heterogenization processes mark this: enforced industrialization in former peripheral regions (‘threshold countries’ of ‘new industrializing countries’) go along with the deindustralization of meteopolitan regions. High-tech producers leave the capitalism centres, whilst, at the same time, the Taylosist mass ‘production of simple goods can be relocated in these places. New production technologies, supported by the “microelectronic revolution’, lead to a heterogenization and “flexibilization’ of working conditions and the spreading of a multitude of forms of peripheral work in urban centres. A result of this is intensified division in society, characterized by continuing mass unemployment, increased 89Facultad de Ciencias Sociales (UBA) ~ Inglés Il! - Catedra Pampillo ~ 2011 differentiation in qualifications and income, and the formation of a new, hierarchical model of consumption. Whilst social heterogenization and the imposition of new communication technologies drive Fordist individualization on, new ‘alternative’ forms of production and socialization have appeared at the same time. ‘Lifestyles’ multiply ~ yuppies, boutique-bourgeoisie, “new poverty” and ‘alternative living”. Associated with the intemationalization of production and the communication revolution, expansive urban administration centres are developing as the nodal points of connection between internationalized production, circulation and finance (‘global cities’). ‘The advantages of these locations are based less on their geographical situation, but increasingly result from the availability of a qualified workforce, the combination of specific industrial services and research capacities, advantages of contacts and agglomeration, as well, of course, as favourable political conditions for capital. The ‘post-Fordist’ metropolitan city is less than ever the product of natural conditions of location but rather of economic steategies. ‘At the same time, some traditional industrial locations and regions are threatened by stagnation and decline. The international and regional heterogenization of work and living conditions, however, is also reproduced in the expanding ‘tetitiaty’ towns of the services industry: inner-city sectors of high technology, high consumption and VI high culture mingle with ghettoes of ethnic minorities, the socially ‘marginalized etc. ‘Revaluation’ and “ cultural enlivening” of the innet cities, “gentrifying’ and economic “revitalizing” of quarters neat the city count as important tools of locational policy, which aims above all at the tertiarized “ industries of the future’, with their need for a highly qualified workforce. Howeves, this does not eradicate the demand for poorly qualified, marginalized and peripheral production and service sector personnel, Extensive functional differentiation gives way to small-scale heterogenization. Within the urban area, the forms of labour, socialization and cultural orientation multiply. Further socioeconomic division, produced by the imposition of the new mode of accumulation on a global level, are reproduced in the ‘post-Fordist’ town in a politically and socially explosive fashion. ‘Thus, new conditions arise for urban development policy. It encounters the increased pressure of restructuring and adaptation processes determined by the market, and the advancing ‘VII internationalization of production and circulation, and is forced to actively encourage this. Dusing this process, spatial-social disparities atise as well as social conflicts which bring about changed political forms of regulation G)Facultad de Ciencias Sociales (UBA) ~ Inglés Ill ~ Cétedra Pampillo ~ 2011 BEFORE READING 1. Complete the following chart ———— Publishing year | ___ = 2. What excerpt are you going to read from the chapter? How do you associate the concepts in the title? 3, Read the first sentence of each paragraph. Circle key words. What concepts should be discussed beforehand to share relevant and helpful background knowledge? 4, Write a specific reading hypothesis. WHILE READING 5. What logical relationship does “thus” (#1) express? Explain concepts related: CONCEPT #1 CONCEPT #2, 6, How do the concepts of standardization and heterogenization apply to the Fordist and post- Fordist capitalism? 7. What is the relationship between social conflict and the development of society and spatial structure? 8, Give each paragraph a title. Use a nominal phrase e.g. paragraph #1: the development of capitalism and the structuring of space at international, regional and local levels. AFTER READING ‘9, What is the main rhetorical sequence in this excerpt? Justify listing problem-solution ‘cause-consequence ‘comparison-contrast 10, Which of the following words in bold express cause-effect relationships. Which are phrasal verbs? Discuss their meaning, o1Facultad de Ciencias Sociales (UBA) ~ Inglés Ill ~ Catedra Pampillo - 2011 “This is characterized by an internationalization of production which is driven by the multinational concerns. (#5) ‘Whilst social heterogenization and the imposition of new communication technologies drive Fordist individualization on... (#6) Extensive fanctional differentiation gives way to small-scale heterogenization. (#6) ‘During this process, spatial social disparities arise as well as social conflicts which bring. about changed political forms of regulation. (#7) 11, Whatis the difference among these words? ilieux (#2), milieu (#3) slums (#3), inner cities (#3), towns (#5), quarters (#5), city (#5) ASSIGNMENT 12. As part of this course’s requirements, you will have to hand in the following assignment: Get in groups of 2 or 3. Develop a concept map on the whole text. Hand it in to your teacher in a ‘week's time, 92les (UBA) Inglés III ~ Cétedra Pampillo - 2011 Facultad de Ciencias Soc Texto N’ 16 - “Don’t Cry for Argentina”, Retrieved July 1, 2011 from http://krugman_blogs.nytimes.com/2011/06/23/dont-cry-for-argentinal Objetivos de lectura: Paratexto . Skimming, Identificacién de argumentos. Objetivos de lengua: Afijacién (over-), Condicionales (if tiempo verbal Simple past). Verbo ‘modal (may have, should have),.. Conectores (since). False cognate (liberal). Vocabulario (economia). Be Neetek ines The Conscience of a Liberal PAUL SKUGMAD June 23,2011,1:20 PM Don’t Cry For Argen ‘OK, [guess I don’t quite see how Argentina’s default, of all examples, can be viewed as a. cautionary tale for Greece: Argentina: Real GDP per capita 11,000.00 10,500.00 10,000.00 9,500.00 9,000.00 500.00 8,000.00 7,500.00 7,000.00 6,500.00 6,000.00 + 1998 2000-2002 2008-2006. 2008-2010 IME Wort Eeonomie ‘curook database ‘Argentina suffered terribly from 1998 through 2004, asi tried to be orthodox and do the right thing. After it defaulted at the end of 2001, it went through a brief severe downturn, but soon began a rapid recovery that continued for a long time. Surely the Argentine example suggests that defaults a great idea; the case against Greck default must be that this country is different (which, tobe fair, is arguable). 93Facultad de Ciencias Sociales (UBA) — Inglés II ~ Cétedra Pampillo ~ 2011 [was really struck by the person who said that Argentina is no longer considered a serious country; shouldn’t that be a Serious country? And in Argentina, as elsewhere, being Serious was a disaster. 261 READERS! COMMENTS. Posta Comment Martin Buenos Aires, Argentina June 24th, 2011 4:13 pm Tthink the data (from the official bureau of statistics that have been tampered since 2007) used for this graph overestimates GDP per capita. Private estimates agree that GDP fell in 2009, and place the peak-to-peak annual growth rate for GDP at around 3% between 1997-2008. Not dismal, Dut certainly not excepcionally good. Besides, Greece does not look like enjoying in the future a positive terms of trade shock as Argentina experienced after 2003. feanole Briarwood NY June 24th, 2011 4:13 pm Serious means following the speaker's ideology, not following the best economic policy for the country. That is so much much what's wrong with the world. People, often people with power, ignore empirical evidence when it disagrees with their beliefs. stewarjt Lupin there some where. ‘June 24th, 2011 4:13 pm ‘How many financial capitalists died or had their lives and livelihoods fundamentally harmed Decause Argentina defaulted? How many working class Greeks will have their lives and livelihoods adversely affected if Greece doesn't default? Ken Long island ‘June 24th, 2011 413 pm First, are you implying that a Greek default would necessitate an exit from the EU? Not gonna happen. Second, if that did happen it would mean that the Greek people would really be exposed.Facultad de Ciencias Sociales (UBA) — Inglés Ill ~ Cétedra Pampillo ~ 2011 to economic reality, which is not something they show even the slightest inclination to want. I suspect that austerity will be imposed, coerced, whatever, and then Germany will pay off the debt. Kevin Washington, 0 tune 24th, 2011 4:13pm While Argentina's default may have helped clear the way fora long restructuring process, one of the central reasons Argentina's GDP numbers look decent is that rising commodity prices ofthe past decade gave it an unexpected (and needed) boost powered by its massive agriculture sector. Since Greece has no equivalent resource or industrial parachute likely to help it outin the foreseeable future, or atleast none that I'm aware of, hope for GDP growth comparable to ‘Argentina's seems far-fetched. (And, I should add, Argentina's systemic troubles are far from «gone, but that's a different story.) Ron T Mpls June 24th, 2011 3:15 pm Greece should have defaulted a loooong time ago, itis being rescued to rescue the German banks. {tis very ironic that Germans think they are bailing out the lazy Greeks, they are bailing out their own bankers Euro is equivalent to a gold standard, unlike US of Japan, Greece can go bankrupt, that is why Buro isa sick monetary system. Pam Alaska june 24th, 2014 3:21 pm If Thad to drawa lesson from Argentina's experience (and Iceland's too), it would be that the average person is better off ifthe country defaults on debt ovied to foreigners. This may not be true for all countries, but I think I would rather be prosperous than considered "serious" by the IMF. 95Facultad de Ciencias Sociales (UBA) ~ Inglés Ill ~ Catedra Pampillo ~ 2011 BEFORE READING 1, Look at the main text on page 16, What reading strategies can you apply to predict text content, type of text and author's stance ? * 2.GDP stands for gross domestic product. Can you guess its Spanish equivalent? 3, Read the main comment on this blog and answer the questions below: 3.1 In what historical context was Krugman's comment written’? 3.2 Whatis its main idea? 4. Skim the responses. Why were they written? What topics do they deal with? WHILE READING 5. Read each comment carefully and determine whether they agree (J), disagree (x) or it is not clear (?) with Krugman's comments. AFTER READING 6. Which comment do you agree the most with? 7. Can you explain the title? 8, ‘Liberal’ (Name of column) isa false cognate in one of its meanings. Look atthe dictionary entry below and choose the best definition of liberal for this text. Which is the meaning Argentine readers probably select when they sce this word? (1) relating to or having social and political views that favour progress and reform. (2) relating to or having policies. or views advocating individual freedom. (3) relating to an economic theory in favor of laissez-faire, the free market, and the gold standard. 9. Modal verbs: Find: In comment 4 and 7 an example of a conditional that refers to an imaginary event. (Identify condition and result). In comment 5 an example of speculation on a past fact. In comment 6 criticism of a past action. * Krugman’s comment was written in response to the following article published in The New York Times on June 23, 2011: “As Greece Ponders Default, Lessons From Argentina” 968 (UBA) ~ Inglés Il - Cétedra Pampillo ~ 2014 10. Connectors: Underline the connector in the text below and discuss its meaning, Use brackets (0 to separate concepts related. Define them, ‘Since Greece has no equivalent resource ot industrial parachute likely to help itout in the foreseeable future, or at least none that I'm aware of, hope for GDP growth comparable to “Argentina's seems far-fetched, 11, Discuss affixation in ‘overestimates’ (comment 1). 12. Specific vocabulary (Economics): Underline vocabulary items related to economies in comments 1, 5 and 7. Discuss their meaning, 7Facultad de Ciencias Sociales (UBA) ~ Inglés Ill ~ Catedra Pampilio ~ 2011 Texto N’ 17~ Giddens, A. (1993) “Romantic Love and Other Attachments” in The Transformation of Intimacy: Sexuality, Love and Eroticism in Modern Societies. Cambridge: Polity Press. Objetivos de lectura:. Paratexto (Contratapa). Seleccién de estrategias. Definicién de conceptos. Elaboracién de mapa conceptual. Objetivos de lengua: Afijacién (-self, -counter, acy, -en, -th, -able, -ship, -hood). Verbos ‘modales (may have). Conectores (for, by contrast, yet). Vocabulario espectfico (Familia). 3 ROMANTIC LOVE AND OTHER ATTACHMENTS ‘Love’, Bronislaw Malinowski observes in his study of the Trobriand Islanders, ‘is a passion to the Melanesian as to the European, and torments mind and body to a greater or lesser extent; it leads to many an impasse, scandal, or tragedy; more rarely, it illuminates life and makes the heart expand and overflow with joy.’ Numerous examples of love poetry survive among the relics of Ancient Egypt, some dating back from more than 1000BC. Love is there portrayed as overwhelming the ego, and thus akin to a kind of sickness, although also having healing powers: The sight of her makes me well! ‘When she opens her eyes my body is young, Her speaking makes me strong; Embracing her expels my malady- ‘Seven days since she went from me! While the secular use of the word ‘passion’ - as distinct from its older usage, meaning religious passion- is relatively modern, it makes sense to regard passionate love, amour ‘passion, as expressing a generic connection between love and sexual attachment. Passionate love is marked by an urgency which sets it apart from the routines of everyday life with which, indeed, it tends to come into conflict. The emotional involvement with the other is pervasive ~ so strong that it may lead the individual, or both individuals, to ignore their ordinary obligations. Passionate love has a quality of enchantment which ean be religious in its fervour. Everything in the world seems suddenly fresh, yet perhaps at the same time fails to capture the individual's interest, which is so strongly bound up with ‘the love object. On the level of personal relations, passionate love is specifically disruptive in a similar sense to charisma; it uproots the individual from the mundane and ‘generate a preparedness to consider radical options as well as sacrifices. For this reason, seen from the point of view of social order and duty, it is dangerous. It is hardly 98mm vu vu Facultad de Ciencias Sociales (UBA) — Inglés Ill ~ Catedra Pampillo ~ 2011 surprising that passionate love has nowhere been recognized as either a necessary or sufficient basis for marriage, and in most cultures has been seen as refractory to it. Passionate love is a more or less universal phenomenon. It should be differentiated, 1 shall argue, from romantic love, which is much more culturally specific. In what follows I shall try to identify certain distinctive features of romantic love and pursue their implications. My purpose if primarily analytic; I am not concerned to write a history of romantic love, even in miniature. However, to begin with, a very brief historical interpretation is needed Marriage, sexuality and romantic love In pre-modern Europe, most marriages were contracted, not on the basis of mutual sexual attraction, but economic circumstance. Among the poor marriage was a means of organizing agrarian labour. A life characterized by unremitting hard labour was unlikely to be conducive to sexual passion. It has been claimed that among the peasantry in seventeenth-century France and Germany, kissing, caressing and other forms of physical affection associated with sex were rare among married couples. Opportunities for men to ‘engage in extramarital liaisons, however, were often quite numerous. ‘Only among aristocratic groups was sexual licence openly permitted among ‘respectable’ women, Sexual freedom follows power and is an expression of it, at certain times and places, in aristocratic strata, women were sufficiently liberated from the demands of reproduction, and from routine work, to be able to pursue their independent sexual pleasure. Of course, this was virtually never connected with marriage. Most civilizations seem to have created stores and myths which drive home the message that ‘those who seek to create permanent attachments through passionate love are doomed. ‘The differentiation drawn between the ‘chaste’ sexuality of marriage and the erotic or passionate character of extramarital affairs was quite common among other aristocracies besides those of Europe. Specific to Europe was the emergence of ideals of love closely ‘connected to the moral values of Christianity. The precept that one should devote oneself to God in order to know him, and that through this process self knowledge is achieved, became part of a mystical unity between man and woman. The temporary idealization of the other typical of passionate love here was joined to a more permanent involvement with the love object; and a certain reflexivity was already present even at an early date. Romantic love, which began to make its presence felt from the late eighteenth century onwards, drew upon such ideals and incorporated elements of amour passion, while nevertheless becoming distinct from both. Romantic love introduced the idea of a narrative into an individual's life ~ a formula which radically extended the reflexivity of sublime love. The telling of a story is one of the meanings of ‘romance’, but this story now became individualized, inserting self and other into a personal narrative which had no particular reference to wider social processes. The rise of romantic love more or less coincided with the emergence of the novel: the connection was one of newly discovered narrative form. ‘The complex of ideas associated with romantic love for the first time associated love with freedom, both being seen as normatively desirable states. Passionate love has always been liberating, but only in the sense of generating a break a break with routine and duty. It was precisely this quality of amour passion which set it apart from existing institutions. 99xi Facultad de Ciencias Sociales (UBA) ~ Inglés Ill ~ Catedra Pampillo - 2011 Ideals of romantic love, by contrast, inserted themselves directly into the emergent ties between freedom and self-realisation. In romantic love attachments, the element of sublime love tends to predominate over that of sexual ardour, The importance of this point can hardly be overstressed. The romantic love complex is in this respect as historically unusual as traits Max Weber found combined in the protestant ethic. Love breaks with sexuality while embracing it; ‘virtue’ begins to take on a new sense for both sexes, no longer meaning only innocence but qualities of character which pick out the other person as ‘special’. Romantic love is often thought of as implying instantaneous attraction — ‘love at first sight’. In so far as immediate attraction is part of romantic love, however, it has to be separated quite sharply from the sexual/erotic compulsions of passionate love. The ‘first glance’ is a communicative gesture, an intuitive grasp of qualities of the other. It is a process of attraction to someone who can make one’s life as it is said, ‘complete’ The idea of ‘romance’, in the sense which the term came to assume in the nineteenth century, both expressed and contributed to secular changes affecting social life as a whole. Modernity is inseparable form the ascendancy of reason, in the sense that rational understanding of physical and social processes is supposed to replace the arbitrary rule of mysticism and dogma. Reason has no place for emotion, which simply lies outside its domain; but in fact emotional life became reordered in the changing conditions of day-to- day activities. Up to the threshold of the modern age, love charms, philters and aphrodisiacs were the stock in trade of “cunning” men and women, who could be turned to in order to help control the vagaries of sexual involvements. Alternatively, the priest could be consulted. The fate of the individual, however, in personal attachments as in other spheres, was tied to a broader cosmic order. ‘Romance’, as understood from the eighteenth century onwards, still had resonances of prior conceptions of cosmic fate, but mixed these with an attitude that looked to an open future. A romance was no longer, as it generally had been before, a specifically unreal conjuring of possibilities in a realm of fiction. Instead, it became a potential avenue for controlling the future, as well as a form of psychological security (in principle) for those whose lives were touched by it. Gender and love ‘Some have said that romantic love was a plot engineered by men against women, in order to fill their minds with idle and impossible dreams. Yet such a view cannot explain the appeal of romantic literature, or the fact that women played a large part in its diffusion, “There is scarce a young lady in the kingdom’, a writer in The Lady's Magazine observed, with some hyperbole, in 1773, ‘who had not read with avidity a great number of romances and novels.’ These publications the writer went on to add sourly, ‘tend to vVitiate the taste’, An increasing tide of romantic novels and stories, which has not abated to this day ~ many written by women — flooded the bookstores from the early nineteenth century onwards. The rise of the romantic love complex has to be understood in relation to several sets, of influences which affected women from about the late eighteenth century onwards. One was he creation of the home, already referred to. A second was the changing relations between parents and children; a third was what some have termed the ‘invention of 100xIV xv XVI Facultad de Ciencias Sociales (UBA) — inglés Il ~ Catedra Pampillo ~ 2014 motherhood’. So far as the status of women was concemed, all of these were quite closely integrated. ‘Whether or not childhood itself is a creation of the relatively recent past, as Aries has so famously claimed, it is beyond dispute that patterns of parent-child interaction altered substantially, for all classes, during the ‘repressive’ Victorian period. The strictness of the Victorian father is legendary. Yet in some respects patriarchal power in the domestic milieu was on the wane by the latter part of the nineteenth century. For the direct rule of the male over the household, comprehensive in nature when it was still the centre of a production system, became weakened with the separation of the home and the workplace. The husband held ultimate power, to be sure, but a growing emphasis upon the importance of emotional warmth between parents and children frequently softened his use of it. Women’s control over child-rearing grew as families became smaller and children came to be identified as vulnerable and in need of long-term emotional training. ‘As Mary Ryan has put it, the centre of the household moved ‘from patriarchal authority to matemal affection’. ‘Idealisation of the mother was one strand in the modern construction of motherhood, and undoubtedly fed directly into some of the values propagated about romantic love. ‘The image of ‘wife and mother’ reinforced ‘a two sex” model of activities and feelings. Women were recognised by men to be different, unknowable - concerned with a particular domain alien to men. The idea that each sex is a mystery to the other is an old fone, and has been represented in various ways in different cultures. The distinctively novel element here was the association of motherhood with femininity as qualities of the personality - qualities which certainly infused widely held conceptions of female sexuality. As an article on marriage published in 1839 observed, ‘the man bears rule over his wife's person and conduct. She bears the rule of his inclinations: he governs by law; she by persuasion... The empire of the woman is an empire of softness... her commands are caresses, her menaces are tears.‘ ‘Romantic Jove was essentially feminized love. As Francesca Cancian has shown, prior to the late eighteenth century, if love was spoken about at all in relation to marriage, it ‘was a companionate love, linked to the mutual responsibility of husbands and wives for running the household or farm, Thus in The Well-Ordered Family, which appeared just after the turn of the century, Benjamin Wadsworth wrote of the married couple that ‘the duty of love is mutual, it should be performed by each to each’. With the division of spheres, however, the fostering of love became predominantly the task of women. Ideas about romantic love were plainly allied to women’s subordination in the home, and her relative separation from the outside world. But the development of such ideas was also an expression of women’s power, contradictory assertion of autonomy in the face of deprivation. For men the tensions between romantic love and amour passion were dealt with by separating the comfort of the domestic environment from the sexuality of the mistress or whore, Male cynicism towards romantic love was readily bolstered by this division, which none the less implicitly accepted the feminization of ‘respectable’ love, The prevalence of the double standard gave women such outlet. Yet the fusion of ideals of romantic love and motherhood did allow women to develop new domains of intimacy. During the Victorian period, male friendship lost much of the quality of mutual involvement that comrades held for one another. Feelings of male comradeship were 101XVI XIX XX Facultad de Ciencias Sociales (UBA) — inglés III - Cétedra Pampillo - 2011 largely relegated to marginal activities, like sport or other leisure pursuits, or participation in war. For many women, things moved in the opposite direction. As specialists of the heart, women met each other on a basis of personal and social equality, within the broad spectra of class divisions. Friendships between women helped mitigate the disappointment of marriage, but also proved rewarding in their own right. Women spoke of friendships, as men often did, in terms of love; and they found there a true confessional. Avid consumption of romantic novels and stories was in one sense a testimony to passivity. The individual sought in fantasy what was denied in the ordinary world. The unreality of romantic stories from this angle was an expression of weakness, an inability to come to terms with frustrated self-identity in actual social life. Yet romantic literature was also (and is today) a literature of hope, a sort of refusal. It often rejected the idea of settled domesticity as the only salient ideal. In many romantic stories, after a flirtation with other types of men, the heroine discovers the virtues of the solid, reliable individual who makes a dependable husband. At least as often, however, the true hero is a flamboyant adventurer, distinguished by his exotic characteristics, who ignores convention in the pursuit of an errant life. Let me sum up to this point. Romantic love became distinct from amour passion, although at the same time had residues of it. Amour passion was never a generic social force in the way in which romantic love has been from somewhere in the late eighteenth century up to relatively recent times. Together with other social changes, the spread of notions of romantic love was deeply involved with momentous transitions affecting ‘marriage as well as other contexts of personal life. Romantic love presumes some degree of self-interrogation. How do I feel about the other? How does the other feel about me? ‘Are our feelings “profound” enough to support a long-term involvement? Unlike amour ‘passion, which uproots erratically, romantic love detaches individuals from wider social circumstances in a different way. It provides for a long-term life trajectory, oriented to an anticipated yet malleable futures; and it creates a ‘shared history’ that helps separate out the marital relationship from other aspects of family organization and give it a special primacy. From its earliest origins, romantic love raises the question of intimacy. It is incompatible with lust, and with earthy sexuality, not so much because the loved one is. idealized — although this is part of the story — but because it presumes a psychic communication, a meeting of souls which is reparative in character. The other, by being who he or she is, answers a lack which the individual does not even necessarily recognize ~ until the love relation is initiated. And this lack is directly to do with self-identity: in some sense, the flawed individual is made whole. Romantic love made of amour passion a specific cluster of beliefs and ideals geared to transcendence; romantic love may end in tragedy, and feed upon transgression, but it also produces triumph, a conquest of mundane prescriptions and compromises. Such love projects in two senses: it fastens upon and idealises another, and it projects a course of future development. Although most authors have concentrated on the first of these traits, the second is at least equally as important and in a sense underlies it. The dreamlike, fantasy character of romance, as described in the popular literature of the nineteenth century, drew scom from rationalist critics, male and female, who saw in it an absurd or pathetic escapism. 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