SON TI LIU

KHOA HC vi LATEX

Bin son: Gary L. Gray

Laboratory for Parallel and Computational Mechanics
Engineering Science and Mechanics Department
The Pennsylvania State University

Dch bi: Nguyn Phi Hng

Ngy 24 thng 08 nm 2004

c
Bn quyn 2000-2004 thuc v Gary L. Gray, All rights reserved.
Cm n! Ti liu tham kho

Phn ln ni dung ca ti liu ny c ly t bn hng dn son ti liu [1] Nguyn Hu in, Nguyn Minh Tun LaTeX tra cu v son tho,
khoa hc vi LATEX bng ting Anh ca Gary L. Gray, i hc Pennsylvania HQG H Ni, 2001.
State.
Ti liu ny c dch trong thi gian ti hc LATEX vi mong mun [2] Nguyn Tn Khoa, Mt ti liu ngn gii thiu v LaTeX, Phin bn ting
gip cc bn hc v s dng LATEX tt hn. Vit, 2003.
N cng l mn qu lu nim ca ti gi tng khoa TonTin trng
[3] Tobias Oetiker, The Not So Short Introduction to LATEX2, 2003.
i hc S Phm Thnh Ph H Ch Minh sau khi kt thc kha hc. Nu
c sai st trong vic nh my, hay cn b sung thm ti liu ny cc bn [4] Kopka and P. W. Daly, A Guide to LATEX: Document Preparation for
hy lin h vi ti. Beginners and Advanced Users, 1999
Nguyn Phi Hng
email: phihung_sp@yahoo.com
94 Danh sch ti liu tham kho

@article{MillerGray:jgcd:2001:1,
author = {Andrew J. Miller and Gary L. Gray
and Andre P. Mazzoleni},
title = {Nonlinear Spacecraft Dynamics with a
Flexible Appendage, Damping, and
Moving Internal Submasses},
journal = {Journal of Guidance, Control,
LI GII THIU
and Dynamics},
year = {2001},
volume = {24},
LATEX l mt h thng son tho rt ph hp vi vic to ra cc ti liu khoa
number = {3},
hc v ton hc vi cht lng bn in rt cao. ng thi, n cng rt ph
pages = {605--615}
hp vi cc cng vic son tho cc ti liu khc t th t cho n nhng
cun sch hon chnh. LATEX s dng TEX lm b my nh dng.
@article{ AbrahamGao:prl:2000:1,
Ti liu ny s gii thiu cho cc bn cch s dng LATEX 2 son ti
Author = {Abraham, F. F. and Gao, H. J.},
liu khoa hc v cn hn th na.
Title = {How Fast can Cracks Propagate?},
Journal = {Physical Review Letters}, Ti liu ny c chia lm 7 chng:
Volume = {84},
Number = {14}, Chng 1 gii thiu v cu trc c bn ca mt ti liu c son tho
Pages = {3113-3116}, bng LATEX 2 . Ngoi ra, chng ny cng gii thiu v mt s thut
Abstract = {We have performed atomic simulations of ng v kin thc c bn lm c s cho vic nh dng ti liu ca
crack propagation along a weak interface bn..
joining two harmonic crystals. The simulations
show that a mode II shear dominated crack Chng 2 Gii thiu su hn v cc mi trng lit k, tabbing, list, . . .
can accelerate to the Rayleigh wave speed
Chng 3 Hng dn cch son tho cc cng thc Ton trn hng v
and then nucleate an intersonic daughter
trn mt hng ring bit.
that travels at the longitudinal wave speed.
This contradicts the general belief that a Chng 4 Hng dn cch son tho cc cng thc Ton nhiu hng.
crack can travel no faster than the
Rayleigh speed.}, Chng 5 Ni v cc gi lnh h tr chn hnh nh v bng vo ti liu.
Keywords = {fracture mechanics dynamics},
Chng 6 Hng dn bn to lnh mi v mi trng mi.
Year = {2000} }
} Chng 7 To danh sch ti liu tham kho vi BIBTEX.

.......................................
Nu bn c nhu cu v cc vn lin quan n LATEX, hy tham kho
C nhiu cch to file .bib cho BIBTEX s dng, bn c th xem trong thm ti liu trang web ca Comprehensive TEX Archive Network (CTAN).
ph lc B.2 ca Sch [4]. Trang ch c t ti http://www.ctan.org. Bn c th ti v tt c cc
iv Li gii thiu 7.1 Ti liu tham kho & BIBTEX 93

gi d liu thng qua cc chng trnh FTP a ch ftp://www.ctan.org \bibliographystyle{style}

hay rt nhiu a ch lin kt ph khc trn th gii nh ftp://ctan.tug.org
trong style l cch th hin m bn chn, v theo ti tt nht l bn
(US), ftp://ftp.dante.de (Germany), ftp://ftp.tex.ac.uk (UK). Nu
nn t lnh ny ngay trc lnh \bibliography. Tham s style l tn ca
bn khng cc nc trn th hy la chn a ch no gn bn nht.
file .bst c trong h thng TEX ca bn v khng c phn m rng. C rt
Nu bn mun s dng LATEX trn my tnh c nhn, hy xem qua nhng
nhiu cc file style .bst trong h thng TEX ca bn v trn Internet. V d,
thng tin a ch CTAN:/tex-archive/systems.
kt hp vi lnh trn ta c th to danh sch ti liu tham kho bng hai
lnh sau:
\bibliographystyle{plain} % phi chc rng h thng TeX
% ca bn c file plain.bst
\bibliography{Complex Analysis}
Sau khi bin dch vi BIBTEX s c file .bbl v vi MikTeX 2.3 th file ny
s c t ng thm vo ti liu. Nu m file ra xem th ta s thy
trong l mt mi trng thebibliography vi cc ti liu tham kho m
bn c tham chiu n trong phn thn ti liu chnh ca bn.
Ch rng trong c s d liu c rt nhiu ti liu tham kho nhng
ch c nhng ti liu no c tham chiu n phn thn ti liu chnh
th mi c in ra trong danh sch.

File c s d liu ca BIBTEX

File c s d liu ca BIBTEX l file text thng thng nhng c phn m
rng l .bib. Mi ti liu tham kho c lu trong file theo mu sau
@article{label,
author = {<tn cc tc gi>},
title = {<tn sch>},
journal = {<phin bn>},
year = {<nm in sch>},
volumn = {<tp ? ca b sch>},
number = {<s pht hnh>},
page = {<cc trang trch dn>}
}
trong label l nhn ca sch v c th dng vi lnh \cite{label}.
Ch rng khng nht thit phi c cc mc trong phn khai bo
trn. Ngoi loi ti liu l article, cn c th c cc loi khc nh: book,
incollection, techreport, misc,. . . ty thuc vo loi ti liu tham kho ca
bn. V d:
92 Danh sch ti liu tham kho

\bibitem[label]{refkey}

khi ti liu ny khng c nh s th t t ng m s s

c thay th bng label m bn cung cp.

7.1.2 To danh sch ti liu tham kho vi BIBTEX Mc lc

BIBTEX cung cp mt cch khc to v tham chiu n mt danh sch
ti liu tham kho ln bng cch s dng c s d liu cc ti liu tham kho.
Vi cc file c s d liu to ra trc v cc nh ngha cch th hin
danh sch ti liu tham kho (bibliography style definition) c sn, LATEX c th Cm n! ii
t ng to ra danh sch ti liu tham kho ph hp vi ti liu ca bn.
iu ny c ch trong v nhng l do sau: Li gii thiu iii

Bn c th to ra v lu gi mt c s d liu gm tt c cc ti liu 1 Gii thiu v LATEX 1

tham kho thng s dng, v vi BIBTEX bn c th dng mt s 1.1 Gii thiu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
trong chng nu cn; c bit c ch khi bn dng chung mt danh 1.1.1 LATEX l g ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
sch ti liu tham kho vi nhiu ti liu khc nhau; 1.1.2 Ti sao ta dng LATEX ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.3 Cc ngun cung cp phn mm v ti liu v LATEX . 2
BIBTEX c th lm vic vi mt hoc nhiu c s d liu v ta c th
1.2 Bt u vi LATEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
nh ngha li cch in ra danh sch ti liu tham kho theo mnh
1.2.1 Cu trc chung ca ti liu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
bng cch nh ngha li cc file .bst.
1.2.2 Cc lnh ca LATEX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
bo LATEX v BIBTEX lm vic vi cc file c s d liu mun s 1.2.3 Mi trng (Environment) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
dng, ta ch cn thm vo ti liu lnh: 1.2.4 Declarations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2.5 K t (character), t (word), on vn (paragraph) . . . 4
\bibliography{database1,database2,. . . } 1.2.6 Cu (Sentence) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2.7 Quotes, Hyphens, & Dashes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
ti ni m ta mun danh sch ti liu tham kho xut hin. Tt nhin, ta
1.2.8 Kiu ti liu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
vn c th dng lnh \cite{key} tham kho n mt ti liu no
1.2.9 Cc gi thm vo (Package) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
trong c s d liu. Nhng file c s d liu: database1, database2, . . . l
1.2.10 Bin giy, phn u v chn trang . . . . . . . . . . . 7
nhng file text thng thng nhng lu li vi phn m rng l .bib . V
1.3 Tng hp nhng g bit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
d bn to ra mt file c s d liu l Complex Analysis.bib lu danh
sch ti liu tham kho v mn Gii tch phc th khi mun dng n ta s 2 Font ch, cc mi trng lit k 9
dng lnh 2.1 Tng quan v LATEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
\bibliography{Complex Analysis} 2.1.1 V d v cc sch p son bng LATEX . . . . . . . . . 9
2.1.2 Font trong LATEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Nh gii thiu trn, ta c th chn phong cch th hin danh sch ti 2.2 Thay i font cho k t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
liu tham kho nh lnh: 2.2.1 Nhn mnh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
vi MC LC 7.1 Ti liu tham kho & BIBTEX 91

2.2.2 ln font ch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 International Journal of Engineering Education}, \textbf{15}

2.2.3 H Font, sc nt, m nht. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 (1), pp.~41--50.
2.3 Canh gia v tht u hng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.3.1 Canh gia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 \bibitem{GrayCostanzo:ijee:2000:1}
2.3.2 Trch dn mt on vn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 F.~Costanzo and G.~L.~Gray (2000), On the Implementation of
2.4 Cc mi trng lit l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Interactive Dynamics, \emph{International Journal of
Engineering Education}, \textbf{16} (5), pp.~385--393.
2.4.1 Danh sch chm im . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
\end{thebibliography}
2.4.2 Danh sch nh s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.4.3 Danh sch m t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 V y l vi ch cho bn:
2.4.4 Thay i nhn cho mi trng lit k. . . . . . . . . . 15
2.4.5 Mi trng lit k tng qut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 1. xxx c thay bng s ti liu tham kho m bn khai bo, y l
2.4.6 Mi trng tabbing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 thnh phn bt buc ca mi trng thebibliography.
2.5 Hp trong LATEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2. Phn ch theo sau lnh \bibitem bt buc phi c, nhng ch l
2.6 Bng trong LATEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
nhn cho ti liu v n c dng tham chiu n ti liu
3 Son tho Ton trong LATEX 22 bng lnh \cite nh sau \cite{GrayCostanzo:ijee:1999:1}. Lnh
3.1 S dng AMS-LATEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 \cite gn ging vi lnh \ref hay \pageref, . . .
3.2 Cc ch hin th cng thc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3. Khi dng mi trng thebibliography, phong cch th hin cc ti liu
3.2.1 Mi trng math . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 tham kho l do ta t nh dng, do , khi mun thay i ta phi
3.2.2 Khong trng trong ch son cng thc Ton. . . . 24 sa li th cng hon ton.
3.2.3 Cc phng trnh Ton hc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.2.4 Cc cu trc c bn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 4. Trong lp ti liu article, tn ca danh sch ti liu tham kho l
3.2.5 Chn ch vo cng thc Ton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 References i vi ting Anh, cn khi kch hot gi vietnam th
3.2.6 Cc du ngoc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 i thnh Ti liu, v n c nh dng nh l tn mt mc ln
3.2.7 Hm s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 (section). Trong lp ti liu book v report, tn ca danh sch ti liu
3.2.8 Cc du nhn trn mt k hiu . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 tham kho l Bibliography hay Ti liu tham kho v c nh
3.2.9 Khong trng xung quanh cc k hiu . . . . . . . . . 36 dng nh tn mt chng. Ta cng c th thay i tn danh sch ti
3.2.10 K t v k hiu Ton hc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 liu tham kho bng lnh
3.2.11 Phn s tng qut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
\renewcommand{\refname{YourBibName}
4 Cc phng trnh nhiu dng 42
4.1 Biu din cng thc Ton trn nhiu dng . . . . . . . . . . . 42 i vi lp ti liu article, v lnh
4.2 Gp nhm cc cng thc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
4.3 Ngt dng cc cng thc di . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 \renewcommand{\bibname}{YourBibName}
4.4 Vi nguyn tc c bn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
4.4.1 Cng thc con . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 cho lp ti liu report hay book.
4.4.2 Ngt dng v sp theo ct cc cng thc . . . . . . . 47
4.4.3 nh s nhm cc cng thc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 5. Lnh \bibitem cho php ta t vo mt tham s, l,
 MC LC vii

4.5 Canh ngay cc ct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

4.5.1 Mi trng align . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
4.5.2 Mi trng flalign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
4.5.3 Mi trng alignat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
4.6 Mi trng Ton con . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Chng 7 4.6.1 Mi trng con split . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
4.7 nh dng ct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
4.7.1 Cc dng ca mi trng matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Danh sch ti liu tham kho 4.7.2 Mi trng array . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
4.7.3 Mi trng cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
4.8 Ngt trang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

7.1 Ti liu tham kho & BIBTEX 5 Hnh nh v cc i tng c bit 61

5.1 Gi graphicx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
7.1.1 To danh sch ti liu tham kho n gin 5.1.1 C bn v lnh \includegraphics . . . . . . . . . . . 62
5.1.2 Lnh \includegraphics: ty chn scale . . . . . . . . 63
LATEX cung cp mt mi trng n gin to ra danh sch ti liu tham 5.1.3 Lnh \includegraphics: ty chn width, height, v keepaspectratio 65
kho, l mi trng thebibliography. Trong mi trng ny, danh sch 5.1.4 Lnh \includegraphics: ty chn angle . . . . . . . . 67
ti liu tham kho c sp thnh nhiu mc, mi mc xc nh mt ti 5.1.5 Lnh \includegraphics: ty chn bb . . . . . . . . . 68
liu. Mi lnh \bibitem (bibliography item) cho php to mt ti liu tham
5.2 Gi lscape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
kho v c LATEX t ng nh s. hiu cch s dng mi trng ny
bn hy xem v d sau: 5.3 Cc vn xy ra khi chn hnh nh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
5.4 S dng mu vi gi color . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
\begin{thebibliography}{xxx} 5.4.1 nh ngha mu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
\bibitem{AndiaEtAl:mrs:2000:1} 5.4.2 Tn mu c trong ty chn dvips . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
P.~C. Andia, F. Costanzo, G.~L. Gray, and T.~J. Yurick (2000)
5.5 Mi trng float . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Calculation of Intrinsic Stresses and Elastic Moduli in
Nonhomogeneous Thin Films, In: L. Kubin, J.~L. Bassani, 5.5.1 Ni t i tng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
K. Cho, H. Gao, and R.~L.~B. Selinger (eds.): \emph{Multiscale 5.5.2 V d v mi trng table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Modeling of Materials--2000}, Vol.~653 of \emph{Materials 5.5.3 V d s dng mi trng figure . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Research Society Symposium Proceedings}, Pittsburgh, PA:
Materials Research Society. In print and currently available 6 Ti u cho ngi s dng 83
on the web via the Materials Research Society web site at 6.1 Ti u vic s dng LATEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
http://www.mrs.org.
6.1.1 B m (Counters) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
\bibitem{GrayCostanzo:ijee:1999:1} 6.1.2 di . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
G.~L. Gray and F.~Costanzo (1999), The Interactive Classroom 6.1.3 nh ngha lnh mi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
and its Integration into the Mechanics Curriculum, \emph{ 6.1.4 Vi ch c bn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
viii MC LC 6.1 Ti u vic s dng LATEX 89

7 Danh sch ti liu tham kho 90 \input{chapter1}

7.1 Ti liu tham kho & BIBTEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 \input{chapter2}
7.1.1 To danh sch ti liu tham kho n gin . . . . . . 90 ...............
7.1.2 To danh sch ti liu tham kho vi BIBTEX . . . . . 92 \end{document}

Ti liu tham kho 95

Mc ch ca vic nh ngha lnh mi
y l vi nguyn tc gip to ra cc lnh hay mi trng mi.

Cc lnh hay mi trng gi chung l cu trc c nh ngha u

ti liu th c tc dng trong sut ti liu .

Cc cu trc c nh ngha trong mt mi trng th ch c tc

dng trong mi trng . iu ny cho php chng ta to ra cc
lnh ch c hiu lc mt ni no .

Cc cu trc c nh ngha u ti liu c th c thay i

sau vi lnh \renewcommand hay \renewenvironment. Nu chng
c nh ngha trong mt mi trng th ch c tc dng trong
mi trng . Khi thot khi mi trng, cu trc s dng li
nh ngha u ti liu.
88 Ti u cho ngi s dng

v ta c th t 3 v 3 vo hai cn ca tch phn

\intfl{-3\xi}{3\xi}

ta c:
Z 3

3
f ( x, t) dx.
Chng 1
Ch rng ti c mt t thay i tn lnh khi nh ngha lnh \intfl.
Ti sao? Nguyn nhn l trn ti nh ngha lnh \intf trong ti liu
v LATEX khng chp nhn bn nh ngha li n ln na. Tt nhin, trong
trng hp ny ta c th dng lnh \renewcommand bo LATEX b i nh
GII THIU V LATEX
ngha c v thay bng nh ngha mi

\renewcommand{\intf}[2]{\ensuremath{\int_{#1}^{#2}f(x,t)\,dx}}
1.1 Gii thiu
Mt s lnh sau c th c ch cho cc bn:

\newcommand{\pfrac}[2]{\genfrac{(}{)}{}{}{#1}{#2}} 1.1.1 LATEX l g ?

\newcommand{\bfrac}[2]{\genfrac{[}{]}{}{}{#1}{#2}}
\newcommand{\vfrac}[2]{\genfrac{|}{|}{}{}{#1}{#2}}
\newcommand{\fig}[1]{Hnh~\ref{#1}}
\newcommand{\figtwo}[2]{Hnh~\ref{#1} v~\ref{#2}}
\newcommand{\tab}[1]{Bng~\ref{#1}}
Ch : mt lnh c th c nhiu nht 9 tham s v ngoi hai lnh trn ta
c th dng lnh \def nh ngha lnh mi.
LATEX c pht m l Lay-tech hay Lah-tech. Chng ta sn sng
s dng LATEX 2 v c th nng cp ln LATEX3. Chng ta vit LATEX c
ngha l LATEX 2 . LATEX l phn mm x l vn bn, hn na c th d
dng to ra file .html. N rt tt to cc vn bn khoa hc m nht
l Ton hc. TEX, b my nh dng ca LATEX, s dng cc font c cht
lng rt tt (Computer Modern), c to bi Donald Knuth, mt nh khoa
hc my tnh Stanford, trong khi vit tc phm The Art of Computer
Programming. Bi vy, ng ta tri qua nhiu nm lp trnh TEX trc
khi hon thnh cun sch ny.

6.1.4 Vi ch c bn
1.1.2 Ti sao ta dng LATEX ?
S dng lnh \input
N khng ging Microsoft Word !!!
Khi to ra cc ti liu ln, bn nn chia n ra thnh nhiu phn v lu tr
trn nhng file ring, v d nh layout.tex, chapter1.tex, chapter2.tex . . . v Vi LATEX, bn c th d dng to ra cc ti liu di, phc tp nhng
file chnh ta c th dng lnh \input a ni dung cc chng vo rt p v chuyn nghip1 .
ti liu: LATEX h tr rt tt cho vic son tho cc ti liu Ton hc v khoa
\documentclass{12pt}{book} hc k thut.
\input{layout} 1 cc ti liu to ra bi LAT X l kiu mu c s dng bi cc nh xut bn ni ting
E
\begin{document} nc ngoi.
2 Gii thiu v LATEX 6.1 Ti u vic s dng LATEX 87

Cc phng trnh, hnh nh, bng, chng, mc . . . c th c gn 6.1.3 nh ngha lnh mi

nhn, c LATEX nh s t ng v th ta c th tham kho n
chng d dng.
Chng ta c th to ra v tham chiu n mt danh sch ti liu tham
kho rt ln nh s dng BIBTEX.
TEX hon ton min ph v ta c th dng n nh trn mi h thng Loi ny c li khi trong ti liu bn phi thng nhp mt on ngn,
c cu hnh cao hay thp, dng PC hay Mac.
File ngun ca TEX lu dng k t ASCII (file .tex) nn rt nh.
Sau khi bin dch file ngun, LATEX to ra kt qu c th l file .pdf
(Adobe Portable Document Format), .ps (PostScript), hoc .dvi (De-
vice Independent format).
Hin nay trn th gii c rt nhiu c nhn v t chc s dng TEX.
1.1.3 Cc ngun cung cp phn mm v ti liu v LATEX
Web site ca ti liu ny: http://www.esm.psu.edu/courses/LaTeX
( thi im ny n c thay bng mt a ch mi.) , nu ta nhp vo tch phn \intf bng, v ta s c tch phn
Cng ng ngi dng TEX: comp.text.tex
Comprehensive TEX Archive Network (CTAN): http://www.ctan.org
TEX Users Group (TUG) http://www.tug.org
American Mathematical Society (AMS), to ra AMSLATEX (h rt thng
minh !): http://www.ams.org
Chng ta c th nh ngha lnh mi bng lnh \newcommand v nh ngha
li lnh c bng lnh \renewcommand. Bn hy xem cc v d trong cc
mc sau.
Lnh khng c tham s
thut ng, hay mt t c nh dng phc tp. V d, bn phi thng
xuyn nhp vo cng thc tch phn sau:
Z b
f ( x, t) dx.
a
Tht l di dng v mt mi khi phi nhp vo tch phn trn rt nhiu
ln. Do , ta c th to ra lnh mi t u ti liu c tn l intf bng
cch sau:
\newcommand{\intf}{\ensuremath{\int_a^b f(x,t)\,dx}}
Rb
v sau ta ch cn nhp vo \intf s thu c tch phn a f ( x, t) dx.
Bn bit rng LATEX kt thc mt lnh khi gp k t u tin khng
phi l ch ci v b qua mi khong trng ngay pha sau tn lnh, do
Rb
a f ( x, t) dxbng. Lnh \intf kt thc bi khong trng trc ch bng
v khong trng b b qua. khc phc n, ta phi nhp vo tch
phn \intf{} bng hoc tch phn \intf\ bng s c tch phn
Rb
a f ( x, t) dx bng. Vy lnh \ensuremath c tc dng g? N cho php
LATEX t tham s ca lnh \ensuremath trong ch ton khi cn v
khng nu khng cn. Do c hai lnh $\intf$ v \intf u lm vic
tt.
Lnh c tham s

N. J. Higham, Handbook of Writing for the Mathematical Sciences, SIAM, Cc lnh c tham s rt c ch khi bn phi thng xuyn lp li mt cu
Philadelphia, PA, 1993. trc no nhiu ln. V d, bn cn son du tch phn trn nhng c
th thay i hai cn, khi ta c th nh ngha lnh sau:
Macintosh TEX/LATEX Web Site: http://www.esm.psu.edu/mac-tex \newcommand{\intfl}[2]{\ensuremath{\int_{#1}^{#2} f(x,t)\,dx}}
86 Ti u cho ngi s dng 1.2 Bt u vi LATEX 3

6.1.2 di 1.2 Bt u vi LATEX

Chng ta bit rt nhiu i lng o chiu di trong LATEX, mt v d
l cc thit lp ca trang giy in, gm c 1.2.1 Cu trc chung ca ti liu

\hoffset \voffset Mi file ngun ca LATEX c cu trc c bn sau:

\oddsidemargin \topmargin \documentclass[options]{class}
\headheight \headsep Phn u ti liu
\textheight \textwidth \begin{document}
\marginparsep \marginparwidth . . . ni dung ti liu . . .
\footskip \marginparpush \end{document}
\paperwidth \paperheight
trong class l mt trong cc kiu ti liu sau article, report, book hay
Cc di trong LATEX c th d dng thay i. V d ta c th gn mt letter2 v options l mt danh sch cc ty chn tng ng vi kiu ti
di bt k cho mt bin di bng lnh liu .
\setlength{\length_cmd}{length_spec}
1.2.2 Cc lnh ca LATEX.
trong length_spec l mt di bt k nh 20mm hay mt di khc
nh \textwidth, khi , bin di length_cmd c gi tr l di cho bi Mt lnh ca LATEX c cu trc c bn sau:
length_spec.
\name[parameter]{mandarg}
Ta cng c th tng thm gi tr ca mt bin di vi lnh:
name l tn lnh, parameter l tham s (hay l bin), s lng cc tham s
\addtolength{\length_cmd} {length_spec}
c th c l t 0 n 9, mandarg l ni dung ca lnh. Cc lnh ca LATEX c
m n s thm vo gi tr ca length_cmd di length_spec. Ch rng hai dng:
length_spec c th m.
Cc k t & $ % _ { } # c ngha c bit v rt hay dng trong
Thm na, bn c th nhp vo di dng 3\baselineskip cho gi LATEX. K t \ theo sau bi duy nht mt k t ni trn s in ra chnh
tr ca length_spec vi ngha n gin l di length_spec l gi tr ca n trong vn bn.
\baselineskip nhn 3.
Cui cng, vi gi calc, ta c th dng cc php ton n gin trong K t \ theo sau bi mt hay nhiu k t thng thng.
vic xc nh cc gi tr di ging nh hiu sau: \headsep-\topskip.
Bn c th dng lnh \settowidth{\length_cmd}{text} xc lp di Sau ny chng ta s bit v dng nhiu lnh nh th ny.
ca length_cmd cho chiu rng t nhin ca text.
Cui cng, bn cng c th nh ngha mt di mi bng lnh 1.2.3 Mi trng (Environment)
\newlength{\new_length_cmd} Phn vn bn bn trong mt mi trng th khc vi phn vn bn ngoi
mi trng . Mt mi trng c dng:
di mi ny c gn gi tr l 0 nhng ta c th dng cc lnh ni trn
thay i n khi cn dng. 2 thc ra trn Internet cn c nhiu kiu ti liu khc, mt s trong chng c bn quyn.
4 Gii thiu v LATEX 6.1 Ti u vic s dng LATEX 85

\begin{environment} Lnh Tc dng

phn thn ca mi trng \setcounter{counter}{num} Lnh ny gn s nguyn num cho gi
\end{environment} tr ca b m counter
\addtocounter{counter}{num} Gi tr ca b m counter c cng
y cng l mt cu trc quan trng ca LATEX m ta s dng rt nhiu.
thm bi s nguyn num, m n c
Mt v d l mi trng center (canh gia mt on vn bn) ging nh
th m hay dng.
th ny:
\stepcounter{counter} Gi tr ca b m counter c tng
on vn bn ny nm trong mi trng center ln bi chng ta. Thm na, tt c
v n c canh u hai bin giy. cc b m con, b m nhn counter
lm supercounter u tr v gi tr 0.
\refstepcounter{counter} Xem trong K&D.
1.2.4 Declarations
Bng 6.2: Lnh lm thay i gi tr ca mt b m do ngi dng hay
Declaration l nhng lnh m n lm thay i cch hot ng ca mt tham
LATEX nh ngha.
s hay lnh no m n khng in ra vn bn g c. V d nh lnh

\setlength{\topmargin}{-0.9in}

c dng trong ti liu iu chnh li bin trn (top margin) ca t giy mc d ti ngh vic lm ny khng c ch li g nhng cng nu ra nh
l 0.9 inches (vng, di vn c th m). Nh mt v d khc, chng l mt v d c bit.
ta dng declaration \footnotesize to kch thc nh hn kch thc Cui cng, bn c th in ra gi tr ca b m counter bng mt trong
thng thng, ging nh th ny: y l footnotesize. cc lnh sau:
Mt declaration c tc dng trc tip t khi gi n v kt thc khi c
mt declaration khc cng loi c gi li. Nu mt declaration xut hin
\arabic{counter} s thng thng;
bn trong mt mi trng hay cp du {... } th tc dng ca n ch c trong
\Roman{counter} s La M in hoa;
mi trng ny hay i vi phn vn bn trong cp du ngoc ging nh
\roman{counter} s La M in thng;
khi thy v d trn vi declaration \footnotesize.
\alph{counter} k t in thng;
\Alph{counter} k t in hoa;
1.2.5 K t (character), t (word), on vn (paragraph) \fnsymbol{counter} t 1 n 9 k hiu ch thch.
LATEX xem xt xp mt nhm cc k t thnh mt t thng qua cc
khong trng (nhiu khong trng hay xung hng cng ch c coi l trong 9 k hiu ch thch theo th t l: , , , , , k, , , v . Bn
mt khong trng). Mt hng trng hay nhiu hng trng ch cho LATEX hy tm cch in ra cc k t trn.
rng ta mun kt thc mt on v bt u on mi. Mt khong trng Vi mi b m c nh ngha, ta c thm lnh \thecounter
khng b ngt c a vo vi du . Chng ta s thy nhiu v d loi ging nh lnh \thesection bit. Vi hu ht cc b m, lnh ny n
ny. Nhng k t: & $ % { } # c nhng ngha c bit i vi LATEX. gin ch l lnh \arabic{counter}, nhng n c th c nh ngha li ty
Nu bn mun xut ra chng th ta phi t trc n k t \ ging nh vo kiu ti liu hay theo thch ca bn. V th, v d, \thesubsection
th ny: \$ \& \# .... Tt c cc lnh ca LATEX bt u vi k t \, k t cho ta mc con hin thi l 6.1.1, \thepage cho ta s trang hin ti l 85, v
% lm cho LATEX b qua tt c cc phn vn bn trn hng k t sau n. \thefootnote cho ta 0.
84 Ti u cho ngi s dng
V d, ti liu ca bn c nhiu chng c son ring l, khi bin dch 1.2.6 Cu (Sentence)
chng th tm ta phi gn li b m s chng bng lnh sau:
\setcounter{chapter}{8}
Bng cch ny ta c th thay i cch nh s phng trnh (theo dng
(1.1.3)) trong ti liu nh sau:
\renewcommand{\theequation}{\arabic{section}.%
\arabic{subsection}.\arabic{equation}}
nh ngha b m mi
Bn c th to mt b m mi bng lnh \newcounter theo cch sau:
\newcounter{name}[supercounter]
trong name l tn ca b m mi v tham s supercounter l tn ca mt
b m c (do bn nh ngha hay c sn). Nu tham s trn c dng
th b m name tr v gi tr 0 mi khi b m supercounter c tng ln
khi s dng mt trong hai lnh \stepcounter hay \refstepcounter. Gi
tr mc nh ca mt b m mi to ra l 0.
Thay i gi tr ca mt b m
Bn c th thay i gi tr ca mt b m vi cc lnh c trong Bng 6.2.
Nu mun bit gi tr ca mt b m dng, ta c th dng lnh
\value{counter}. V d, bn c th nh s mc ny bng vi s trang cha
n bng cch dng lnh
\setcounter{section}{\value{page}}
Bng 6.1: Mt s b m c bn ca LATEX.
section page table enumii
subsection equation footnote enumiii
subsubsection figure enumi enumiv
1.2 Bt u vi LATEX 5
Mt cu kt thc vi . (hoc c th l ? hay !) v LATEX t ng thm vo mt
khong trng ln hn khi bt u cu mi (gp i khong trng thng
thng). Trong s thm vo , s c vi trng hp LATEX lm sai khi
trc du chm cu l ch in hoa. Sau y l mt v d minh ha, nu ta
nhp vo: G. L. Gray sent a proposal to NSF. How nice., ta s c
kt qu l: G. L. Gray sent a proposal to NSF. How nice.
Ch rng kh nng ngt cu v thm vo cc khong trng t ng
ca LATEX s b sai khi trc du chm l ch in hoa, khc phc
iu ny ta c th thm vo lnh \@ trc du chm. Ging nh
th ny: G. L. Gray sent a proposal to NSF\@. How nice. N s
cho ta kt qu l: G. L. Gray sent a proposal to NSF. How nice.
Lnh \frenchspacing s tt chc nng thm vo khong trng khi
kt thc cu v y l c trng ca ting Php.
1.2.7 Quotes, Hyphens, & Dashes
Chng ta hu nh khng bao gi dng k t " , bi v m hay ng
ngoc (n hay kp) ta thng dng nh sau single hay double. Chng
c nhp vo nh sau: single v double.
Nhng loi du gch ni (dash) c dng trong son tho ty tng
hon cnh. LATEX c th to ra bn loi du gch ni sau:3
Hyphen (-) s dng ni cc t b ngt qung khi kt thc hng, v d
nh docu-ment.
En dash () dng biu th dy c th t, v d nh t 1216 Thng Tm.
du tr ($-$) dng trong ch son tho cng thc ton ging nh x
y2 , ch di ca du tr v cc khong trng ln xung quanh n.
dash hoc emdash () Cc trng hp khc.
3 Nhng ngi s dng Microsoft Word dng nh ch bit mt loi trong chng.
6 Gii thiu v LATEX

1.2.8 Kiu ti liu

i vi mi ti liu, LATEX u yu cu ngi son xc nh cu trc ca
ti liu thng qua cc ty chn (option) v chn kiu ti liu (class) mun
son. Cc chn la c th dng l:

font size 10pt, 11pt, 12pt, trong mc nh l 10pt. Chng 6

paper size/orientation Kh giy mc nh ph thuc vo bn LATEX m
bn ci t. Kh giy letterpaper dng cho U.S. l 8 12 11 in. Kiu
dng mc nh l portrait, nhng ta c th thay thnh landscape. TI U CHO NGI
one/two column onecolumn l gi tr mc nh. Ty chn twocolumn t
ng nh dng li ti liu thnh 2 ct.
S DNG
V th, bn c th bt u ti liu vi lnh:

\documentclass[letterpaper,12pt]{article} 6.1 Ti u vic s dng LATEX

Xem Sch [4] c cc thng tin chi tit hn v cc ty chn khc.
1.2.9 Cc gi thm vo (Package)
Mt phn mi c thm vo u ti liu l cc gi lnh. C hng ngn gi
lnh c sn v min ph trn CTAN m ta c th dng.
Nhng gi no c th dng ph thuc vo bn LATEX m bn ci t,
nhng ta cng c th ci b sung thm sau . Sch [4] s cho bn nhng
tng tt ci cc gi thm vo. Ni bn ci cc gi ph thuc vo th
mc gc m bn ci LATEX. V d, vi h iu hnh Mac OS X (UNIX), th
mc ci LATEX l
/Library/texmf/tex/latex/misc/
v trong Windows vi MikTEX th mc nh l th mc
C:\texmf\tex\
Mi file .sty m LATEX cn dng u trong th mc ny, c th c tm
thy v s dng. y l th mc ci LATEX thng dng, v ta c th ci cc
gi vo y. Khi bin dch, TEX s tm cc file cn dng trong th mc ny,
v th mc t file cn bin dch.
Trong mc ny ti hng dn cc bn iu chnh, nh ngha cc lnh v
mi trng mi s dng vi mc ch ring ca mnh.
6.1.1 B m (Counters)
Mi b m ca LATEX l mt bin dng m s ln xut hin ca mt
i tng no trong ti liu, v do n nhn gi tr l s nguyn;
ngoi ra mi gi lnh c th c thm cc bin m khc; khi bt u ti
liu cc bin m ny c gn mt gi tr nht nh, mi khi gp mt i
tng cng loi th bin m ny c cng thm 1. Bn thn LATEX c
sn mt s b m v chng bao lu ta s phi s dng n n. Mt s
trong rt nhiu b m ca LATEX cho trong Bng 6.1.
Trong Bng 6.1 enumi, enumii, enumiii v enumiv l cc b m ca
bn mi trng nh s. Khi bt u ti liu dng article tt c cc b
m k c b m s trang u c gn l 0, tt nhin mi b m c
tng ln hay khi ng li khi bn bt u mc mi hay mi trng mi.
Ta c th gn gi tr ca mt b m bi mt gi tr bt k bng lnh
\setcounter theo cch sau:
\setcounter{counter}{number}
82 Hnh nh v cc i tng c bit 1.3 Tng hp nhng g bit 7

\caption{\label{fig:CZFragmentation}y l tn ca 1.2.10 Bin giy, phn u v chn trang

hnh ny. N c p khng?}
\end{minipage} Bn c th iu chnh hnh dng ca trang in khi cn cho ph hp vi mc
\hfill ch ca mnh. Mi trang cha phn u trang (head), chn trang (foot) v
\begin{minipage}[t]{2.7in} phn thn (phn cha vn bnbody). LATEX dng cc kch thc mc nh
\begin{center} nhng ta c th thay i n. Hy cn thn, thay i cc gi tr ny c th
\includegraphics[scale=0.5]{CCODMasterCurve.eps} lm mt i tnh trong sng v chuyn nghip ca vn bn.
\end{center} V th, nh mt v d, vi kh giy 8 12 11in, c th thit lp li bin
\caption{\label{fig:StriationMarks} Mt tn qu di, tri v phi l 1 in bng cc lnh sau:
hi vng n c in ra trn nhiu hng.} \setlength{\textwidth}{6.5in}
\end{minipage} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{0.0in}
\end{figure}
Nh mt v d khc, u ti liu ta c th dng lnh:

\setlength{\textwidth}{9.75in}
\setlength{\textheight}{6.8in}
\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-0.25in}
\setlength{\topmargin}{-0.9in}

c trang in p bn hy xem trang 555557 trong Sch [4].

1.3 Tng hp nhng g bit

y l mt phn file ngun tng hp cc hng dn trn y.

\documentclass[12pt,letterpaper]{article}
\title{Ti liu u tin ca bn son bng \LaTeX}
\author{Tn tc gi\thanks{ch thch cho tc gi: ni
lm vic, email,...}
\and
ng tc gi\thanks{ch thch nh trn}}
\date{\today}% in ra ngy trong my
\begin{document}
\maketitle % lnh yu cu to tiu
\begin{abstract} % tm tt bi bo co ca bn
\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{Tm tt}
y l tm tt ca bn.
\end{abstract}
8 Gii thiu v LATEX 5.5 Mi trng float 81

\tableofcontents % to mc lc
Bng 5.2: y l mt bng rt p.
\section{y l mc th nht} \label{sec:01}
Phn thn ca Mc~\ref{sec:01} y.
Course and Date Brief Description
\subsection{y l mc con ca Mc~\ref{sec:01}} Introduction to LSEDIT Logging on explanation of the VMS file sys-
\label{ssec:01} March 14 16 tem explanation and intensive application of
Phn thn ca Mc~\ref{ssec:01} y. the VMS editor LSEDIT user modifications
...................... Introduction to LATEX Word processors and formatting programs text
\end{document} March 21 25 and commands environments document
and page styles displayed text math equa-
tions simple user-defined structures

5.5.3 V d s dng mi trng figure

Xc nh ni t hnh nh ging nh lm i vi bng. Khi a vo cc
hnh nh chng ta mun t hai hnh trn mt hng ngang. Khi ta c
th dng mi trng minipage ging nh Hnh 5.5 v 5.6. Hnh 5.5 v 5.6

Hnh 5.5: y l tn ca hnh ny. Hnh 5.6: Mt tn qu di, hi vng

N c p khng? n c in ra trn nhiu hng.

c to bi cc lnh sau:

\begin{figure}[ht]
\begin{minipage}[t]{2.7in}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[scale=0.5]{TCCODExample.eps}
\end{center}
80 Hnh nh v cc i tng c bit

to bi cc lnh sau:
\begin{table}[b]
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{@{}p{1.7in}p{3.3in}@{}}

Chng 2
Course and Date & Brief Description \\
\hline
Introduction to LSEDIT\newline March 14 -- 16 &
Logging on ---
explanation of the VMS file system ---
explanation and intensive application of the VMS editor
FONT CH, CC MI TRNG
LSEDIT --- user modifications \\
\hline
LIT K
Introduction to \LaTeX{}\newline March 21 -- 25 &
Word processors and formatting programs ---
text and commands --- environments ---
document and page styles --- 2.1 Tng quan v LATEX
displayed text --- math equations ---
simple user-defined structures 2.1.1 V d v cc sch p son bng LATEX
\end{tabular}
Chng ti lun mun lm cho bn bit c mt ti liu c son vi
\end{center}
LATEX cha nhng g v n p nh th no, bn hy xem
\caption{\label{TableExample1}y l mt bng rt p.}
\end{table} Mt trang trong Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids.

Ch rng trong Bng 5.1 tn bng c t pha di. Ta c th t n Mt trang trong Journal of Applied Mechanics.
pha trn ca bng bng cch t lnh \caption trc mi trng tabular Mt quyn sch ca George Gratzer: First Steps in LATEX: A Short
ging nh Bng 5.2. Course.
Mt ngi c th tranh ci rng c phi LATEX to ra cc trang in ni trn
Course and Date Brief Description
tp trung vo ni dung hn l cch thc nh dng khng ?
Introduction to LSEDIT Logging on explanation of the VMS file sys-
March 14 16 tem explanation and intensive application of
Vi phn ng nhng ngi son tho, h c gng so snh v lm theo
the VMS editor LSEDIT user modifications nhng trang vn bn nh dng hon chnh hay cc quyn sch m cc
Introduction to LATEX Word processors and formatting programs text nh xut bn sp xp li cc mc, tham chiu cho ...
March 21 25 and commands environments document
and page styles displayed text math equa- 2.1.2 Font trong LATEX
tions simple user-defined structures
Mt bn LATEX ci t hon chnh s cha y cc font h CM..., c
th thm cc font LAZY..., LOGO... . Nu c ci gi vietnam th s c thm
Bng 5.1: y l mt bng rt p. cc font VN.... Chng trong th mc: \texmf\font\...
10 Font ch, cc mi trng lit k 5.5 Mi trng float 79

2.2 Thay i font cho k t h (here): t hnh nh hay bng ging nh trng hp ta ch dng
lnh \includegraphics hay mi trng tabular;
2.2.1 Nhn mnh t (top): quyt nh t i tng u trang hin ti hay u nhng
Nhng ngi nh my khi h mun nhn mnh (emphasisze) iu g th trang khc sau ;
h gch di n. Trong son tho, ta khng nn dng bin php gch di b (bottom): t i tng cui trang hin ti hay cui nhng trang
nhn mnh m phi THAY I FONT ca on vn bn . k tip;
Thng thng, ta c th nhn mnh mt on vn bng cch in nghing
n trong font thng ng, lnh \emph cho php nhn mnh mt on vn p (page): t cc i tng ny ln mt trang t bit ch cha cc
trong mi font. Ta c th nhn mnh mt phn on vn m on i tng linh ng, y l hnh hay bng;
c nhn mnh. Hy xem v d sau: Bn c th nhn mnh vn bn khi !: khng quan tm n cc tham s bn trong nh hng n s sp
m n c chnh l in nghing, trong font ch dng sans-serif, hay kiu nh xp n.
my.
Ln na, ta phi hiu rng tt c nhng ty chn trn y khng c
tnh tuyt i. Nu phi s dng nhiu th gi float c th gip nhiu cho
2.2.2 ln font ch bn nh c thm ty chn H.1
ln ca font c th c thay i bng cc declarations (xem mc 2.4 Khi s dng cc mi trng float chn hnh hay bng, ta c th
ca Chng 1) sau y: dng cc lnh \clearpage hay \cleardoublepage cha ra mt hay hai
trang trng xut cc hnh v bng cn trong hng i. im bt li
\tiny (tiny) \scriptsize (scriptsize) khi dng hai lnh ny l trang hin thi s c th b b trng mt phn
\footnotesize (footnotesize) \small (small) lm cho trang khng p. ci thin vn ny ta c th dng lnh
\normalsize (normalsize) \large (large) \afterpage cung cp bi gi afterpage. im li ca lnh ny l trang hin
\Large (Large) \LARGE (LARGE) thi c lp y bi phn vn bn tip theo, sau khi kt thc trang
\huge (huge) \Huge (Huge) th trang sau s b trng chn hnh vo. Ta c th lm vic ny bi lnh
sau: \afterpage{\clearpage}.
Cc c ch trong cc lnh trn ph thuc vo font ch chn u ti liu. Cc lnh sau c nh ngha li thu c mt dng v tt hn cho
Ch rng hai lnh \huge v \Huge c cng ln khi chn c ch l 12pt mi trng float.
hay kiu ti liu l FoilTEX . Thm na, di khong trng v khong \renewcommand{\floatpagefraction}{0.85}
cch gia cc hng s thay i khi thay i c ch. \renewcommand{\topfraction}{0.85}
\renewcommand{\bottomfraction}{0.85}
2.2.3 H Font, sc nt, m nht. \renewcommand{\textfraction}{0.15}

S dng cc font chun ca LATEX (Computer Modern fonts), chng ta c th:

5.5.2 V d v mi trng table
family: cho ta nhng kiu ch sau: Roman, Typewriter, Sans Serif.
shape: cho ta nhng dng ng, nghing: upright, italic, slanted, y l mt v d minh ha vic s dng mi trng table. Bng 5.1 c
SMALL CAPS. 1 ty chn H c hiu lc tuyt i bt buc i tng phi c t ngay ti ni a

series: cho ta sc nt ca ch: medium, bold. vo, s dng n bn cn c gi here.

78 Hnh nh v cc i tng c bit
Hnh 5.4: y l mt hnh nh hp dn.
n lm cho i tng a vo nm ngang c hai ct tc l khng chu tc
ng ca mi trng hai ct ny. Nhng trng hp khc bn nn dng
cc mi trng thng thng.
Hnh 5.4 c chn vo bng mi trng figure. V d ny s dng
on lnh sau:
\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics{TCCODExample}
\end{center}
\caption{\label{fig:AnExamFig}y l mt hnh nh hp dn.}
\end{figure}
Thnh phn c bn ca v d ny l hnh nh c sn, thm vo l tn
hnh gii thch ni dung c bn hay mt nhn nh ca bn v n. Bng
cc lnh \label v \ref ta c th gn nhn v tham chiu n n d dng.
Vn chnh ca mc ny l tho lun v ni t i tng m c th
y l hnh nh. Cc tham s iu khin vic v tr t hnh gm c:
2.3 Canh gia v tht u hng 11
Ch rng h font san serif thng dng mc nh trong trnh din v
khng c cc kiu in nghing v CH IN NH. thay i h font, kiu,
sc nt ta c th dng cc lnh di y hay chnh xc hn l cc declara-
tions (xem trong [4]).
family: \textrm{text},\texttt{text},\textsf{text}
shape: \textup{text},\textit{text},\textsl{text},\textsc{text}
series: \textmd{text},\textbf{text}
2.3 Canh gia v tht u hng
2.3.1 Canh gia
C nhiu cch canh gia mt on, nhng vi LATEX, chng ta ch c
mi trng center lm vic ny, ging nh th ny:
\begin{center}
dng 1\\ dng 2 di hn\\ dng ny di nht
\end{center}
n s cho ta kt qu sau
dng 1
dng 2 di hn
dng ny di nht
trong lnh \\ cho ta mt hng mi.
[4] c ni n hai declaration l \centering v \centerline nhng c
hai khng tt.
2.3.2 Trch dn mt on vn
Ta c th thm vo mt on trch dn nhiu hng bng cch s dng mi
trng quote hoc quotation. y l v d v mi trng quote:
My father was a relentlessly self-improving boulangerie owner from
Belgium with low-grade narcolepsy and a penchant for buggery. My
mother was a fifteen-year-old French prostitute named Chloe with
webbed feet. My father would womanize, he would drink, he would
12 Font ch, cc mi trng lit k 5.5 Mi trng float 77

make outrageous claims, like he invented the question mark. Some- BurntOrange Orchid Aquamarine
times he would accuse chestnuts of being lazy. A sort of general Bittersweet DarkOrchid BlueGreen
malaise that only the genius possess and the insane lament. RedOrange Purple Emerald
My childhood was typical. Summers in Rangoon, luge lessons. In the Mahogany Plum JungleGreen
spring wed make meat helmets. If I was insolent, I was placed in a Maroon Violet SeaGreen
burlap bag and beaten with reeds. Pretty standard, really. At the age BrickRed RoyalPurple Green
of twelve I received my first scribe. Dr. Evil, Austin Powers. Red BlueViolet ForestGreen
OrangeRed Periwinkle PineGreen
v y l mi trng quotation: RubineRed CadetBlue LimeGreen
WildStrawberry CornflowerBlue YellowGreen
My father was a relentlessly self-improving boulangerie owner Salmon MidnightBlue SpringGreen
from Belgium with low-grade narcolepsy and a penchant for buggery. CarnationPink NavyBlue OliveGreen
My mother was a fifteen-year-old French prostitute named Chloe Magenta RoyalBlue RawSienna
with webbed feet. My father would womanize, he would drink, he VioletRed Blue Sepia
would make outrageous claims, like he invented the question mark. Rhodamine Cerulean Brown
Sometimes he would accuse chestnuts of being lazy. A sort of general Mulberry Cyan Tan
malaise that only the genius possess and the insane lament. RedViolet ProcessBlue Gray
My childhood was typical. Summers in Rangoon, luge lessons. In Fuchsia SkyBlue Black
the spring wed make meat helmets. If I was insolent, I was placed in Lavender Turquoise White
a burlap bag and beaten with reeds. Pretty standard, really. At the Thistle TealBlue
age of twelve I received my first scribe. Dr. Evil, Austin Powers.

Bn hy tm s khc nhau1 gia hai mi trng ny i !

5.5 Mi trng float

2.4 Cc mi trng lit l Chn hnh bng lnh \includegraphics s c thc hin chng bao lu
sau ni ta t lnh , cng ging nh ta to cc bng vi mi trng
tabular. Mt cch khc chn hnh hoc bng khng khc my so vi
2.4.1 Danh sch chm im cch trn l dng cc mi trng figure hay table lm cho TEX t cc
y l mi trng lit k vi cc du chm hay k t c bit u dng, i tng ny ti mt v tr c th c vi mc ch l lm cho ti liu tr
hy xem v d sau: nn sng sa. im khc l cc hnh hay bng ny c t tn v c th
tham chiu d dng. Cc mi trng figure v table l nhng dng t bit
\begin{itemize} ca mt mi trng float tng qut c cung cp bi gi floats.
\item Cp ln nht l chm en ln.
\begin{itemize}
\item Sau ta c mt gch u hng (\engidx{dash}). 5.5.1 Ni t i tng
1 Mi trng quote khng c tht u hng (noindent) u mi on nhng khong Hnh nh v bng c th c xem l mt i tng linh ng bng cch
trng dc gia hai on th ln hn thng thng; mi trng quotation c phn cch t chng vo cc mi trng figure, figure*, table, v table*. Dng * ca hai
on tc l lnh \par c tc dng v c tht u hng. mi trng trn ch dng khi bn ang dng cu trc vn bn hai ct v
76 Hnh nh v cc i tng c bit 2.4 Cc mi trng lit l 13

V khi in ra tt c u c mu en nn ti khng a ra cc v d phn \begin{itemize}

ny. \item K ta c du sao (\engidx{asterisk}).
tr li mu ch thng thng ta c th s dng lnh \normalcolor. \begin{itemize}
By gi ti c vi ch y. \item Cui cng l du chm nh.
\end{itemize}
Mu BurntOrange c nh ngha trong file dvipsnam.def, m n \item Mt du sao khc.
c np t ng khi gi color c np vi ty chn dvipsnames. \end{itemize}
thay i mu cho mt vi ch m khng l tt c ta c th dng \end{itemize}
lnh \textcolor di dng sau: \item Item 2
\end{itemize}
\textcolor{tn mu}{text} n s cho ta

Bn hy son cc lnh ny v bin dch xem th kt qu th no. Cp ln nht l chm en ln.

Sau ta c mt gch u hng.

\textcolor{red}{red},
\textcolor{green}{green}, K ta c du sao.
\textcolor{blue}{blue}, Cui cng l du chm nh.
\textcolor{yellow}{yellow}, Mt du sao khc.
\textcolor{cyan}{cyan},
Mt gch u hng na.
\textcolor{magenta}{magenta},
\textcolor{black}{black}, and Item 2
\textcolor{white}{white}.
C bn loi mi trng lit k v ta c th dng xen k hay lng vo nhau
Nu mun to ra mt hp c mu nn va cha mt on ngn n 4 ln.
th bn c th dng lnh \colorbox.

Nu mun thay i c mu nn v bin ca hp chc vn bn ta c

2.4.2 Danh sch nh s
th dng lnh \fcolorbox vi hai tham s v mu, ci th nht cho Mi trng enumerate cho php to ra cc danh sch nh s. Sau y l
bin v th hai l mu nn. v d v mi trng ny:
\begin{enumerate}
5.4.2 Tn mu c trong ty chn dvips \item nh s bng s kiu Arabic ln s dng th nht.
Tn mu trong file dvipsnam.def \begin{enumerate}
\item nh s bng ch thng.
GreenYellow Dandelion Melon \begin{enumerate}
Yellow Apricot YellowOrange \item nh s bng s kiu Roman cp th 3.
Goldenrod Peach Orange \begin{enumerate}
\item Cui cng dng ch in hoa.
14 Font ch, cc mi trng lit k 5.4 S dng mu vi gi color 75

\end{enumerate} 5.4.1 nh ngha mu

\item V y l nh s kiu Roman.
\end{enumerate} Mu sc c th c ta nh ngha bng cch pha trn cc mu c bn
\end{enumerate} (model-component). V d:
\item Number 2 [rgb]{1,0,0}
\end{enumerate}
nh ngha mu mi theo h mu rgb vi {1,0,0} l cc tham s pha
N s cho ta: trn mu. Trong v d c bit trn mu mi l mu . Nu mt h
1. nh s bng s kiu Arabic ln s dng th nht. mu c dng, mu mi c nh ngha nh sau:

(a) nh s bng ch thng. [named]{ColorName}

i. nh s bng s kiu Roman cp th 3. trong ColorName l b gm tn mu v cc tham s trn mu. Hai

A. Cui cng dng ch in hoa. h mu thng dng l rgb hoc cmyk.
ii. V y l nh s kiu Roman. Mu mi c nh ngha bi lnh:

2. Number 2 \definecolor{name}{model}{specs}

Ch rng c hai mi trng itemize v enumerate u c th lng vo V d:

nhau xen k ty n 4 ln.
\definecolor{MyKindOfBlue}{rgb}{0.3,0.5,0.7}

2.4.3 Danh sch m t nh ngha tn mu MyKindOfBlue cho bi h mu rgb vi cc thng s

{0.3,0.5,0.7}. Sau ta c th dng mu ny trong ti liu.
nh x l mt qui tc tng ng t mt tp hp, gi l tp xc nh, vo Cc lnh s dng mu c tho lun thng qua cc v d.
mt tp hp khc gi l tp gi tr m mi phn t tp xc nh c
duy nht mt nh tp gi tr.
Mu nn ca trang vn bn
Hm s l nh x c tp xc nh l tp con ca tp s thc R. Lnh \pagecolor xc nh mu nn ca trang vn bn hin thi v c
Tch phn Riemann l gii hn ca mt dy cc tng Riemann ca hm nhng trang sau .
f , tc l gii hn
Z b
Mu ca ch
n

a
f ( x ) dx = lim
| P |0 k=1
f ( k )( xk xk1 ) Mu ca ch c th xc nh bi lnh \color theo dng

\color{<tn mu> text}

trong x0 = a < x1 < < xn1 < xn = b v k chn ty trong
( x k 1 , x k ). hay

Cc nh ngha trn son bi mi trng description nh sau: \textcolor{tn mu}{text}

74 Hnh nh v cc i tng c bit 2.4 Cc mi trng lit l 15

Ch rng /MediaBox chnh l kch thc ca trang giy 8 21 11 inch \begin{description}

(kch thc thc ca nh trong file PDF rt ln). Cc kch thc /ArtBox,
BoundingBox, v HiResBoundingBox xc nh bounding box ca hnh.
Do , ta c th d dng chnh sa cc thng s ny, bng cch sa li cc
kch thc xp x trong file PDF v s dng n cho cc gi tr ca bb. V
d v iu ny c kt qu l Hnh 5.3.
\item[nh x] l mt qui tc tng ng t mt tp hp,
gi l \emph{tp xc nh}, vo mt tp hp khc gi l
\emph{tp gi tr} m mi phn t tp xc nh c duy
nht mt nh tp gi tr.
\item[Hm s] l nh x c tp xc nh l tp con ca
tp s thc R.
\item[Tch phn Riemann] l gii hn ca mt dy cc tng
Riemann ca hm $f$, tc l gii hn $$\int_a^bf(x)\,dx=
\lim_{|P|\rightarrow0}\sum_{k=1}^nf(\xi_{k})(x_k-x_{k-1})
$$ trong $x_0=a<x_1<\dots<x_{n-1}<x_n=b$ v $\xi_k$
chn ty trong $(x_{k-1},x_k)$.
\end{description}

Chng ta s tho lun v vic son cc cng thc Ton Chng 3.

2.4.4 Thay i nhn cho mi trng lit k.

Trong mi trng lit k (itemize) cc nhn u mi mc (item) c th
c thay i ton b hay tng ci mt. lm vic ny ta c th dng
Hnh 5.3: y l mt v d v bc tranh theo phong cch hin i. thm mt tham s lnh \item.

clubs
5.4 S dng mu vi gi color
hearts
Gi color l mt phn ca gi graphicx v c vi phn c s dng bi gi
diamonds
graphicx, c bit, xa hn na mt s driver ca hai gi c lin quan n
nhau. thm vo mt s tnh nng cho gi graphicx, gi color c th c
spades
np vi cc la chn sau:
monochrome: chuyn mi lnh xc nh mu thnh trng en; N c son nh sau:
dvipsnames: lm cc tn mu ca ty chn dvips c th s dng cho cc \begin{itemize}
driver khc; \item[$\clubsuit$] clubs
nodvipsnames: v hiu ha tn mu ca dvips ti kim b nh; \item[$\heartsuit$] hearts
\item[$\diamondsuit$] diamonds
usenames: np tt c cc tn mu m ta nh ngha (Ti thng khng \item[$\spadesuit$] spades
dng n vi TEX). \end{itemize}
16 Font ch, cc mi trng lit k 5.3 Cc vn xy ra khi chn hnh nh 73

thay i ton b cc nhn thnh mt nhn mi, ta c th dng lnh 5.3 Cc vn xy ra khi chn hnh nh
\labelitemi theo v d sau
\begin{itemize} cho ta kt qu Thnh thong, ph thuc vo cch to ra i tng hnh nh bn c th s
\renewcommand{\labelitemi} gp vi vn trong vic a hnh nh vo hay t n vo ti liu khng
{$\checkmark$} X item 1 ng nh. y, chng ti m t vi vn thng xy ra m nguyn
\item item 1 \item item 2 nhn ca n l kch thc ca hnh qu ln so vi kh giy. Bn hy xem
X item 2 xt nhng v d sau.
\end{itemize}

2.4.5 Mi trng lit k tng qut

c to bi mi trng list theo dng sau:
\begin{list}{label}{declarations}
\item mc 1
\item mc 2
\end{list}
trong
label l nhn mc nh cho nhng mc no khng c ch r
nhn c th lnh \item.
declarations l cc lnh iu khin di ngang v dc cho
mi trng list ging nh cc lnh xc nh di khc.
Sau y l v d v mi trng list: Hnh 5.2: y l mt v d v bc tranh theo phong cch hin i.
\begin{list}{}{% Hnh ny c a vo nh mt trang ring, iu bt tin ny c th
% rng bin tri d dng sa cha bng cch chnh sa kch thc ca nh. V d, hnh
\setlength{\leftmargin}{1.6in} trn c to bi Adobe Illustrator 9.0 v lu tr dng file PDF. May
% rng phn cha nhn mn thay, bng cch m file PDF ny trong mt chng trnh son vn
\setlength{\labelwidth}{1.2in} bn n gin (a text editor, v d nh Notepad) ta c th thy cc kch
% khong trng ngang gia nhn v text thc ca hnh (air box) rt khc v thm ch nh hn kch thc ca
\setlength{\labelsep}{0.0in} trang vn bn. Bn c th m file nh v c th thy nhng dng gn
% khong trng dc gia hai item trn nh sau:
\setlength{\parsep}{5pt plus 1pt minus 0pt}
% khong trng dc gia hai item /MediaBox [ 0 0 612 792 ]
\setlength{\itemsep}{7pt plus 1pt minus 0pt} /ArtBox [ 181.80859 473.23535 398.08789 637.84473 ]
% khong trng dc trc v sau mi trng list %%BoundingBox: 181 473 399 638
\setlength{\topsep}{10pt plus 1pt minus 0pt} %%HiResBoundingBox: 181.8086 473.2354 398.0879 637.8447
72 Hnh nh v cc i tng c bit 2.4 Cc mi trng lit l 17

}
\item[\textsc{\textbf{Education}}\hfill]
Ph.D., Engineering Mechanics, 1993\\
\emph{University of Wisconsin--Madison}
M.S., Engineering Mechanics, 1988\\
\emph{University of Wisconsin--Madison}
S.M., Engineering Science, 1987\\
\emph{Harvard University}
B.S. \emph{cum laude}, Mechanical Engineering, 1985\\
\emph{Washington University}

Hnh 5.1: y l mt nh trng en nhng rt p.

\item[\textsc{\textbf{Experience}}\hfill] Some jobs here and
some jobs there.
\end{list}
Kt qu l ta c on sau:

EDUCATION Ph.D., Engineering Mechanics, 1993

University of WisconsinMadison M.S., Engineering Me-
chanics, 1988
University of WisconsinMadison S.M., Engineering Sci-
ence, 1987
Harvard University B.S. cum laude, Mechanical Engi-
neering, 1985
Washington University

EXPERIENCE Some jobs here and some jobs there.

2.4.6 Mi trng tabbing

y l v d s dng mi trng tabbing
Professors Dr. Gary L. Gray 409C Earth-Engineering Sciences Bldg.
Associate Professor phone: 863-1778
ESM Dept. email: gray@engr.psu.edu
Dr. Francesco Costanzo 409D Earth-Engineering Sciences Bldg.
Associate Professor phone: 863-2030
ESM Dept. email: costanzo@engr.psu.edu
v y l on m ca n
18 Font ch, cc mi trng lit k 5.2 Gi lscape 71

\begin{tabbing} 5.2 Gi lscape

\hspace{1.7in} \= \hspace{3.4in} \= \kill
\textbf{Professors} \> Dr.\ Gary L. Gray \> 409C
Earth-Engineering Sciences Bldg. \+ \\
Associate Professor \> phone: 863-1778 \\
ESM Dept. \> email: \texttt{gray@engr.psu.edu} \\[0.1in] Mt phn ca gi lnh x l hnh nh, gi lscape cung cp mt cch gii
Dr.\ Francesco Costanzo \> 409D Earth-Engineering quyt i vi nhng hnh nh ln m n phi hin th trong c mt trang
Sciences Bldg.\\ in ngang (landscape). Khi phi a vo ti liu mt hnh ln, ta thng
Associate Professor \> phone: 863-2030\\ khng mun lm v cu trc xuyn sut ca c ti liu. V th, bo m
ESM Dept. \> email: \texttt{costanzo@engr.psu.edu} cu trc c ti liu trong khi c mt vi i tng c thm vo ti nhng
\end{tabbing} trang ring ch landscape, mi trng landscape c cung cp bi
gi lscape. Mt v d v vic s dng n l Hnh 5.1.
y l vi li gii thch ca ti: mi trng tabbing lm vic ging nh
cch canh ngay cc ct ca nhng ngi dng my nh ch
X canh ngay cc ct v bn tri.
X tab dng khi gp lnh \=.
X khng c ngt dng t ng trong mi trng ny, mun ngt dng
phi dng lnh \\.

X \> ngn cch cc ct.

\afterpage{\clearpage
X Vic dng tab c th thit lp trn mt dng khng c in ra nu
\begin{landscape}
dng kt thc vi \kill.
\begin{figure}
Bn c th xem v d phc tp hn file tabbing_demo.pdf. V mi trng \begin{center}
ny bn c th tham kho thm trong Sch [?]. \includegraphics[scale=0.75]{Specter}
\end{center}
\caption{\label{fig:girls}y l mt nh trng en nhng rt p.}
2.5 Hp trong LATEX \end{figure}
\end{landscape}
Mi hp box l mt vt th m LATEX xem nh l mt n v, ging nh }
mt k t. Do mi k t c LATEX xem nh mt ci hp, nhng ci
hp ny c th di chuyn sang mi hng xung quanh n nhng khng
th ph v n.
Mt \framebox l mt hp thc s m ta c th thy c, lnh
\framebox{text} s cho ta kt qu text , lnh \framebox c th thay
i theo thch, hy xem chi tit trong [4].
70 Hnh nh v cc i tng c bit 2.5 Hp trong LATEX 19

Phng to Mt on c th a vo mt ci hp ln bng cch s dng lnh

\parbox hay l t n trong mi trng minipage. Ta s c v d v
n di y.
Mt rule box cho php v mt hp en ch nht vi chiu di v rng
xc nh, cu trc ca n l \rule[lift]{width}{height}.
Sau y l nhng v d v cc lnh trn. Lnh \framebox th khng cn
phi a vo v d v n qu r rng. Lnh \rule{\textwidth}{1pt} s
cho ta ng thng ngang di bng di ca lnh \textwidth v dy
l 1 pt.

v y l lnh \rule{0.3\textwidth}{1pt}.
Cc tham s width v height c th thay ty bng di hay cc lnh
xc nh di nh trn. V d tinh t hn v lnh \rule v \baselineskip
file rule_command_demo.pdf.
i vi lnh \parbox, y l cu trc c dng trong rt nhiu v d:
\parbox[pos][height][innerpos]{width}{text}

\includegraphics[bb=0.000 0.000 266.000 236.000] Problem 1

{CCODMasterCurve.eps} The mechanism shown at the right consists
of the disk whose center is pinned at O and
two links AB and BC. The disk O has radius
R and is rotating with a constant counter-
clockwise angular velocity 0 . If the lengths
of AB and BC are also equal to R, determine
the angular accelerations of link AB, AB ,
and link BC, BC , at the instant shown.

N c to ra bng cch dng on sau:

\textsf{\textbf{Problem 1}}\\\parbox[t][][t]{3in}{\textsf{
The mechanism shown at the right consists of the disk
whose center is pinned at $O$ and two links $AB$ and
$BC$. The disk $O$ has radius $R$ and is rotating with
a constant counterclockwise angular velocity $\omega_0$.
If the lengths of $AB$ and $BC$ are also equal to $R$,
\includegraphics[clip=true,scale=2.0,viewport=0.0 100.0 determine the angular accelerations of link $AB$,
150.0 200.0]{CCODMasterCurve.eps} $\alpha_{AB}$, and link $BC$, $\alpha_{BC}$, at the
20 Font ch, cc mi trng lit k 5.1 Gi graphicx 69

instant shown.}}\hfill\parbox[t][][b]{2.1in}{
\includegraphics[scale=.8]{Problem1}}

Lnh \parbox to ra mt hp (khng c bin nhn thy nh lnh \framebox)

c chiu rng v di ln lt cho bi tham s width v height, pos v
innerpos l tham s ch v tr ca hp ng vi chiu dc v chiu ngang.

2.6 Bng trong LATEX

y l on nhp liu ca mt ci bng rt p.

\begin{table}[ht]
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{||l|c|c|c|c||} \hline \hline
\multicolumn{2}{||c|}{Onset of Delamination} &
\multicolumn{3}{c||}{Laminate Type} \\ \hline
Result & Source & $[0]$ & $[(0/90)_{N}]_{S}$ &
$[(0_7/90_5)_N]_S$ \\ \hline\hline \includegraphics[bb=0.000 10.000 150.000 230.000]
$\rho$ & Martins Analysis & 0.42 & N/A & 0.42 \\ \cline{2-5} {CCODMasterCurve.eps}
& Martins Experiment & 0.33--0.49 & N/A & N/A\\ \cline{2-5}
& DDSHM & 0.41 & 0.41 & 0.41\\ \hline
$\theta^{\circ}$ & Martins Analysis & 25 & N/A & 25 \\
\cline{2-5}
& DDSHM & 25.4 & 25.4 & 25.4\\ \hline
$P$ (N) & Martins Experiment & 7.23--14.60 & N/A &
6.50--10.50\\ \cline{2-5}
& DDSHM & 9.13--9.74 & 7.99--8.49 & 8.88--9.48\\ \hline \hline
\end{tabular}
\caption{y l mt bng rt phc tp v tinh t,
ng khng bn ?}
\label{table}
\end{center}
\end{table}

N to ra bng 2.1.

\includegraphics[bb=0.000 0.000 150.000 200.000,

clip=true]{CCODMasterCurve.eps}
68 Hnh nh v cc i tng c bit 2.6 Bng trong LATEX 21

5.1.5 Lnh \includegraphics: ty chn bb

y, bb i din cho bounding box. Bounding box ca mt hnh nh

ngha ln ca n cho LATEX phn phi lng khong trng t hnh
nh vo.

Gii hn mt phn v ct hnh Onset of Delamination Laminate Type

Result Source [0] [(0/90) N ]S [(07 /905 ) N ]S
Martins Analysis 0.42 N/A 0.42
Martins Experiment 0.330.49 N/A N/A
DDSHM 0.41 0.41 0.41
Martins Analysis 25 N/A 25
DDSHM 25.4 25.4 25.4
P (N) Martins Experiment 7.2314.60 N/A 6.5010.50
DDSHM 9.139.74 7.998.49 8.889.48

Bng 2.1: y l mt bng rt phc tp v tinh t, ng khng bn ?

V cch son tho cc bng trong LATEX, bn c th tham kho chi tit trong
mc 2.11.5 Sch [?] hoc [?].

\includegraphics{CCODMasterCurve.eps}
 5.1 Gi graphicx 67

5.1.4 Lnh \includegraphics: ty chn angle

Chng 3

SON THO TON TRONG

LATEX

3.1 S dng AMS-LATEX

Ti gi s rng bn ci t v c th s dng cc gi lnh sau: amsmath,
amssymb, exscale, eucal v mi khi bn son vn bn Ton hc, ti khuyn
bn nn np ht bn gi ny. y l m t ngn gn v bn gi lnh trn:

amsmath y l gi lnh u tin ca AMS-LATEX, b sung vo LATEX cc

lnh v mi trng mi son cc cng thc, h phng trnh
nhiu hng, thm nhiu k hiu Ton in m, d dng to ra k hiu
mi v nhiu tnh nng khc.

amssymb Thm vo hn mt trm k hiu Ton hc mi m chng khng

c trong LATEX thng thng.

exscale Gi ny cho php LATEX dng cc font m rng khc nhau (font
cmex) trong trng hp cR th. Cc font cmex c dng cho cc k
hiu ton ln nh , , , . . . v exscale cn cho php nhng font
ny c th c lm ln ln cho ph hp vi lp ti liu headings v
nhng kiu ti liu dng font ln khc.

eucal Thay th k thut to ra cc k t Ton hc p ca LATEX vi cc k t

Ton Euler Script. Vi ty chn mathscr, bn c c hai loi font bng
cch dng \mathcal to ra cc k t Ton p ca LATEX, ging nh \includegraphics[angle=45,origin=tl]{CCODMasterCurve.eps}
66 Hnh nh v cc i tng c bit 3.2 Cc ch hin th cng thc 23

Gi hnh cn i ABCD , v s dng lnh \mathscr to ra cc k t Euler Script,

ging nh ABCD.

AMS-LATEX cn bao gm nhiu gi khc, t ng np vo khi np bn

gi trn, c th l amsmath t ng np thm vo amsgen, amsbsy, amsopn
v amstext cn amssymb t ng np vo amsfonts.

3.2 Cc ch hin th cng thc

Thng thng, cng thc Ton c hin th trn cng mt hng, l mt
phn ca hng hin thi, hoc c hin th trn mt hay nhiu hng khc
song song vi hng hin thi. u tin, chng ta s tho lun v cng thc
hin th trn cng hng hay trn mt hng ring bit sau s ni v cng
thc trn nhiu hng.

3.2.1 Mi trng math

R +
Cng mt cng thc nhng y l cng trn hng M( ) = f (Xc (t))
g(Xc (t), t + ) dt v y l trn mt hng ring bit
Z +
M ( ) = f (Xc (t)) g(Xc (t), t + ) dt

C mt vi ch nh y:

Hai cng thc trn c nhp vo khc nhau ty vo ta mun cng

thc trn hng hay mt hng ring.

Cng thc trn hng c gii hn bi cp du $...$, ta cng c th

dng cp du \(...\) hay mi trng math, ti lun dng du $.

Cng thc hin th trn mt dng ring bit c th nhp vo bi cp

du $$...$$ hay l \[...\] hay c th dng mi trng displaymath.

Thng thng, i vi cng thc Ton, cc s v hm c dng font

\includegraphics[width=6in,height=3in,keepaspectratio=true] Roman thng ng, v cc bin th in nghing (italics). LATEX t ng
{CCODMasterCurve.eps} thm vo cc khong trng xung quanh cc ton t nh +, , = . . .
24 Son tho Ton trong LATEX 5.1 Gi graphicx 65

i vi cng thc trn cng hng th cc ch s (trn v di) khng 5.1.3 Lnh \includegraphics: ty chn width, height, v keep-
c y ra xa, cc k hiu tch phn, tng khng ln, cn i vi aspectratio
cng thc trn mt dng ring th ngc li. Bn hy xem v d trn
thy r s khc nhau ny.
Tt c nhng cp k t hay mi trng ni trn (v cn nhng mi trng
khc na) u cho php ta vo hay thot khi ch son tho Ton hc.
Hn na, ta khng cn phi thm vo cc khong trng 1 khi ang trong iu chnh chiu rng v chiu cao
ch Ton hc, v nu bn nhp vo mt hng trng trong n th LATEX
s bo li.
! Missing $ inserted.
<inserted text>
$
l. 67
?

3.2.2 Khong trng trong ch son cng thc Ton.

LATEXb qua mi khong trng trong ch son cng thc Ton theo qui
lut sau:
Bn phi gii hn tn lnh bng khong trng, s hay k hiu m
khng l cc k t: a, b, c, ...

Nu bn tm thi chuyn qua ch son tho thng thng trong

ch Ton, khi khong trng trong phn son theo ch thng
vn c tc dng.
Tht vy, nh mt v d, bn s thy c cng mt kt qu khi nhp vo
$\ddot{x} +\sin x=0$ v $ \ddot{x} +\sin x =0 $, l cng thc
x + sin x = 0. Ch rng khong trng theo sau lnh \sin v trc bin
x l cn thit v nu khng c n th tc l ta nhp vo lnh \sinx, m
lnh ny cha c nn LATEX bo li
! Undefined control sequence
Tht l tt nu bn c th son file ngun mt cch r rng c th d
dng tm kim nu c li.
1 Ngoi tr khong trng dng ngn cch cc lnh vi k t ngay sau n. \includegraphics[width=5.3in,height=3in]{CCODMasterCurve.eps}
64 Hnh nh v cc i tng c bit 3.2 Cc ch hin th cng thc 25

Phng ln 3.2.3 Cc phng trnh Ton hc

Equation c hiu l mt phng trnh hay mt cng thc, n lun c
nh s v hin th ring trn mt hng, c nhp vo thng qua mi
trng equation. Theo mc nh, s th t phng trnh hin th st bin
phi v lnh \label cho php bn gn cho n mt tn gi bt k, sau
ny c th tham kho hay i chiu n n. V d sau y s gip bn r
hn:
\begin{equation} \label{int:Mel}
M(\theta) = \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}_c(t))
\wedge \mathbf{g}(\mathbf{x}_c(t), t + \theta) \, dt.
\end{equation}
s cho ta cng thc sau
Z
M ( ) = f(xc (t)) g(xc (t), t + ) dt. (3.1)

m n c th c tham kho tr li bi lnh \eqref nh l tch phn Mel-

nikov (3.1). Ch rng LATEX chun dng lnh \ref, n yu cu bn phi
t nhp vo cp du ngoc n: tch phn Melnikov~(\ref{int:Mel}).
Lnh \eqref rt tt v n lun gi s ca phng trnh font Roman
thng ng m khng chu tc ng ca cc lnh thay i font nh \emph,
\textsl,. . .
Cc phng trnh c nh s lin tip bn trong ti liu, v cch
nh s ph thuc lp ti liu m bn chn. i vi kiu ti liu article,
phng trnh c nh s dng 1, 2, 3, ... nhng ta c th thay i nh
lnh sau t u ti liu \numberwithin{equation}{section} s cho
ta cch nh s bn trong section nh tch phn (3.1) ni trn. Do
phng trnh th hai trong mc ny s c nh s nh sau:
Rx Z x R 

y( x ) = e a p( ) d e a p( ) d q( ) d + b (3.2)
a

Cui cng ta c th dng mi trng equation* to ra cc cng thc

khng nh s theo dy trn, v d nh cng thc tch phn Leibniz sau
y
Z b (t) Z b (t)
d f
\includegraphics[scale=1.25]{CCODMasterCurve.eps} f ( x, t) dx = dt + b0 (t) f (b(t), t) a0 (t) f (a(t), t)
dt a(t) a(t) t
26 Son tho Ton trong LATEX 5.1 Gi graphicx 63

Tht ra, hu nh ta khng cn dng equation* to ra cc cng thc 5.1.2 Lnh \includegraphics: ty chn scale
khng nh s v to ra n ta ch cn dng cp du $$...$$ s lm cho
vic nhp liu tr nn n gin. Mc ch chnh ca ngi son khi dng
equation* l ta c th dng lnh \tag{nhn ring} gn mt nhn ring
v tnh cht c bit ca cng thc , v d:

x 2 y2 Thu nh
+ 2 =1 (elip)
a2 b
V ta c th tham chiu n n bng cc lnh \label v \ref: Cng thc
trn l mt elip tm 0, i qua cc im (a, 0) v (0, b).
Mt ln na, ti nhc cc bn rng khng th c mt hng trng bn
trong mi trng equation.

3.2.4 Cc cu trc c bn
By gi ti s ch cho bn cch son cc cng thc nh cc ch v tnh
cht ca cng thc m bn mun to ra.

ln ca cng thc
Da vo mi trng son tho trn dng hay trn mt dng ring m bn
nhp vo, LATEX t ng thm vo cc khong trng c di thch hp
ti v tr thch hp. V d x + y, x y, x/y, x, xy, x y, x y v x y. Trong
ch son Ton, phn s lun c nhp vo bi lnh \frac{ }{ } c
kt qu ging nh sau:

v x vy vz
5 v = + + (3.3)
x y z

Cc phng trnh hay cng thc ln, quan trng2 thng khng t trn
cng hng m nn t ring bit trn mt hng v c nh s hay khng
l ty thuc vo bn c cn nhc li n hay khng.
Th nhng, c khi bn mun t n trn cng hng ? Thng thng,
kt qu s khng p nu bn nhp vo bng lnh \frac ging nh th
vy
ny: 5 v = v vz
x + y + z , c l cc phn s trong cng thc ny hi
x

2 Cc cng thc ny thng l kt qu ca mt vi suy lun m bn s dng li sau

ny. \includegraphics[scale=0.75]{CCODMasterCurve.eps}
62 Hnh nh v cc i tng c bit 3.2 Cc ch hin th cng thc 27

5.1.1 C bn v lnh \includegraphics nh ? Tt nht bn nn dng du / biu din phn s trn cng hng:
5 v = v x /x + vy /y + vz /z.

Cc ch s trn v di S m
Ch s di (subscript) v trn (superscript) ln lt c nhp vo bi du
_ v ^. Nhp vo $x^y, e^{x+y}, x_1, x_2, a_i^1, a^1_i$ s cho
kt qu l x y , e x+y , x1 , x2 , a1i , a1i . Bn c th dng cp du ngoc { }
nhm cc bin cn lm ch s hay s m3 . Bn hy nhp vo $x^{y^z}, x^{yz}, x_1,
z
x_12, x_{12}$ ta s c x y , x yz , x1 , x1 2, x12 . LATEX t ng iu hnh kch
thc nh hn cho cc s m v ch s (subscript v superscript) nh bn thy
trn.
C mt k t lun t ng nm cao hn (theo trn gi l superscript) cc
k t thng, l du phy (prime) . Nh mt v d, trong cng thc
tch phn Leibniz, ta dng du phy b0 (t) f (b(t), t) a0 (t) f (a(t), t)
ch o hm. Ngoi cch nhp trc tip t bn phm, du phy trong ch
Ton c th c nhp vo bi lnh \prime v du phy ny khng
ch superscript.

Du ba chm trong LATEX

V d ny cho bn mt cch n gin dng lnh \includegraphics,
ch cn t tn file hnh v khng c mt ty chn no c dng.
Ellipses l s lc b mt hay nhiu t ca mt cu m ta vn hiu c
ngha ca n. y l mt cu trc rt quan trng trong Ton hc. N c
s dng trong cc biu thc lin quan vi s t nhin, s nguyn, ging
nh nh ngha hm logarit ca s phc:
def
log z = log r + i (0 + k2 ), k = 0, 1, 2, 3, . . .

Trn y, ti dng lnh \ldots to ra du ba chm trn chn ca

hng . . . , cn y l lnh \cdots, ta dng lnh ny to ra du ba chm
gia hng trong phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh bc n sau

def dn d n 1 d
L = n
+ p1 ( x ) n 1 + + p n 1 ( x ) + p n ( x )
dx dx dx
Bn hy so snh cc du ba chm hai cng thc trn.
3 Tt c cc lnh trong LAT X, tr cc declaration, u dng cp du { } gii hn
E
\includegraphics{CCODMasterCurve} phm vi tc dng ca n.
28 Son tho Ton trong LATEX

Khi dng AMS-LATEX, ti khuyn bn khng bao gi dng lnh \ldots

hay \cdots, th nhng \dot (v \ddot) th hu ch hn, n to ra mt chm
(tng ng hai chm) trn mt k kiu ging nh bin x ny c nhp
vo bi lnh \dot{x}. Lnh \dots cng to ra du ba chm ging nh lnh
\ldots, AMS-LATEX cn cung cp cho chng ta cc lnh hu ch sau to
ra cc du chm:

\dotsc: lnh ny to ra cc du chm theo sau du phy;

Chng 5
\dotsb: to ra du ba chm theo sau cc php ton nh phn nh

HNH NH V CC I
xy;

\dotsm: to ra du ba chm theo sau cc php nhn, v d x1 x2 x3 ;

\dotsi: du ba chm vi tch phn; TNG C BIT

\dotso: s dng trong cc trng hp khc (ti th tht rng ti
khng bit v n).

By gi, ta nhp vo cng thc Taylor ca hm f ti a 5.1 Gi graphicx

\begin{equation}\label{ct Taylor}
f(x)=f(a)+f(a)(x-a)+\frac{1}{2!}f(a)(x-a)^2+\dotsb,
\end{equation} Gi graphicx l mt trong nhiu gi h tr cho vic chn vo vn bn cc
hnh nh bn ngoi, l cc hnh nh c to bi cc chng trnh x l
v ta c nh khc m khng phi l bn thn LATEX. Gi ny c th to ra mt s kt
qu thng dng, cho php ta thm vo ti liu hnh nh v hn th na,
1 00
f ( x ) = f (a) + f 0 (a)( x a) + f (a)( x a)2 + , (3.4) n c th ty bin ln, hng, ni a nh vo. Cc lnh iu khin
2! vic a nh vo v iu chnh dng v ca n c tc dng ph thuc vo
n c son nh vy l rt tt. s tng thch gia nh dng nh v driver dng hin th hay in kt
qu xut ra ca LATEX. Bn cht ca vn ny l bn phi chn driver ph
hp ca gi graphicx vi yu cu ca bn. V d, khi np vo gi graphicx
Tch phn
u ti liu, hai la chn driver pdftex v dvips phi c xc nh, ph
R
Lnh \int s in ra k hiu tch phn v hai cn ca n c nhp vo thuc vo bn dng TEX hay pdfTEX.
nh hai ch s bng du ^ v _, cch LATEX in ra cc cn ty vo ta nhp vo
Lnh c bn cung cp bi gi ny l \includegraphics, n cho php
ch trn cng hng (in-line) hay l trn mt hng ring (displaymath).
ta a hnh nh vo ti liu. Nhng g sau y, chng ta xem nh l mt
Chng ta gp tch phn Melnicov cng thc (3.1) nhng ti s nhc
tho lun tm tt v lnh ny v cc tham s ca n. Cc v d s gip
li y tin so snh
bn thy c kh nng cng nh minh ha tc dng ca tng ty chn
Z m ti ni n. c nhng thng tin chi tit hn bn c th tham kho
M ( ) = f(xc (t)) g(xc (t), t + ) dt. (3.5) Mc 6.2 ca Sch [4].

60 Cc phng trnh nhiu dng 3.2 Cc ch hin th cng thc 29

} V ch hin th in-line v displaymath bn c th xem li Mc 3.2.1. Nu

bn mun cc cn thc s trn v di k hiu tch phn th bn c th
thm lnh \limits ngay sau lnh \int. N s in ra cng thc sau:

Z
M ( ) = f(xc (t)) g(xc (t), t + ) dt. (3.6)

Bn hy so snh cch xp cc cn ca tch phn trong cng thc (3.5) v

(3.6). Ti ngh rng (3.6) trng tt hn (3.5), nu bn mun tt c cc tch
phn trong ch displaymath u c cc cn ging nh cng thc (3.6)
m khng cn phi nhp lnh \limits tng cng thc th c th dng
ty chn intlimits trong gi amsmath

\usepackage[intlimits]{amsmath}

Cc du tch phn hai, ba hay nhiu lp c th c nhp vo nh sau

\iint, \iiint, \iiiint, \idotsint, \oint v ln lt ta c
Z ZZ ZZZ ZZ Z Z Z Z I

Du cn
Du
cn bc hai c nhp vo bi lnh \sqrt ging nh \sqrt{x} ta c
x. Cn bc ln hn hai c nhp vo nh mt ty chn ca lnh \sqrt

ging nh lnh \sqrt[x]{y}, n s cho ta x y. Du cn ny rt d nhn
thy v rt p nhng cng c i khi c mt vi k t m font ch lm ta
rt kh nhn thy, v d nh g x. AMS-LATEX cung cp hai lnh \leftroot
v \uproot ci thin mt t cho s khuym khuyt trn. Bn hy xem
xt cc v d sau y:

\sqrt[g]{x} g
x
g
\sqrt[\uproot{2}{g}]{x} x
\sqrt[q]{x} q
x
\sqrt[\leftroot{-1}{q}]{x} q
x

Lnh \uproot ko bc ca cn ln pha trn, ph thuc tham s, tng t

lnh \leftroot ko bc ca cn v bn tri, du tr trong v d trn cho
hng ngc li.
30 Son tho Ton trong LATEX 4.8 Ngt trang 59

3.2.5 Chn ch vo cng thc Ton 4.7.3 Mi trng cases

Khi son tho trong LATEX, nhiu ngi s lm nh sau, v d sau l nh Mi trng cases l mt mi trng Ton con, c bit c ch trong trng
ngha tp hp cc im n nh trong dng chy (a local stable manifold:) hp bn nh ngha cc hm c nhiu cng thc khc nhau ng vi nhng
tp xc nh khc nhau. V d
s def
Wlot (x ) = { x U | t ( x ) xast , andt ( x ) U f orallt 0} (3.7)
log( x ), nu x < 0;

Mc d bn c cc khong trng trc v sau cc t as, and, for all f ( x ) = 0, nu x = 0;
nhng kt qu hon ton khng nh mong i, tt c cc khong trng
sin x
x nu x > 0.
u b b qua v n nm trong mi trng son cng thc Ton, hn na,
tt c cc k t trong cc t lot, as, and, for all u c TEX coi l bin, \begin{equation*}
c in nghing v hiu l nhiu bin nhn vi nhau, chng lm ta nhm f(x) =
vi cc t ast, fooralt. l mt c mng !. Ti c mt vi ch nh cho \begin{cases}
bn v iu ny: \log(-x), & \text{nu } x<0; \\
Cc ch loc, as, and, for all c TEX hiu l nhiu bin 0, & \text{nu } x=0; \\
nhn vi nhau; x^{\,\sin x} & \text{nu } x>0.
\end{cases}
Khng c y cc khong trng gia cc bin v cc ch theo \end{equation*}
ta, iu ny lm ngi c rt d hiu nhm thm ch khng hiu;
Cc ch loc, as, and, for all c nh dng l in nghing 4.8 Ngt trang
m l ra l thng ng.
Theo mc nh, cc mi trng Ton nhiu hng khng cho php ngt trang
Nhiu ti liu v LATEX ch cho bn dng lnh \mbox gii quyt cc vn
gia n. V vy, khi dng cc mi trng ny, khng him khi ta c th thy
trn khi cn son vi ch ch thng bn trong mi trng son
mt vi trang c lp y khng hon chnh. bt buc ngt trang xy
cng thc Ton. Tt nhin, n c th gii quyt hu ht cc vn trn. Bn
ra bn trong mi trng Ton nhiu hng, chng ta c th dng declara-
hy nhn cng thc 3.8 di y m ti c dng lnh \mbox:
tion \allowdisplaybreaks nh v d sau:
s def
Wlot (x ) = { x U | t ( x ) x as t , and t ( x ) U for all t 0} {
(3.8) \allowdisplaybreaks
N tng i tt nhng ch lot do nm trong lnh \mbox nn thot \begin{multline}
khi tnh nng iu chnh kch thc t ng trong mi trng Ton vi \dot{y}(t) + \ddot{y}(t) {}+ \left( \frac{\ddot{y}(t) }
cc ch s trn v di v v th n hi ln so vi mt ch s di thng {1 + |\sin(t) + \sqrt{y(t)}|} + \int_{-\infty}^{t}
thng. May mn thay, AMS-LATEX cung cp cho ta lnh \text lm cho \frac{y^{2}(t)\sin(t)}{\sqrt{1+\log\left(\frac{1}{1+t}
cng thc (3.8) tr nn hon ho nh di y: \right)}} \,dt\right) \\
{}+ \left( \psi\left(y(t),\dot{y}(t), \ddot{y}(t)\right)+
s def
Wlot (x ) = { x U | t ( x ) x as t , and t ( x ) U for all t 0} \int_{-\infty}^{t} \frac{y^{2}(t)\sin(t)}{\sqrt{1+\zeta(t)}}
(3.9) \, dt \right) = 0,
Cc cng thc (3.7), (3.8) v (3.9) c to ra nh sau: \end{multline}
58 Cc phng trnh nhiu dng 3.2 Cc ch hin th cng thc 31

4.7.1 Cc dng ca mi trng matrix %%%%%%%%%%%%%% Cng thc (2.7) %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

\begin{equation}\label{def:stable1}
Cc dng ca mi trng matrix cho php to ra cc ma trn vi cc du W_{lot}^s(\overline{\mathbf{x}})\stackrel{def}{=}
ngoc vung, chun, du nh thc. Xem xt cc ma trn sau: \{x\in U\,|\,\phi_t(x)\rightarrow\overline{\mathbf{x}}
    as t\rightarrow\infty, and \phi_t(x)\in U for all
A11 A12 A11 A12 A11 A12 t\geq0\}
A21 A22 A21 A22 A21 A22 \end{equation}
    %%%%%%%%%%%%% Cng thc (2.8) %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 A11 A12  A11 A12 A11 A12
  \begin{equation}\label{def:stable2}
 A21 A22  A21 A22 A21 A22
W_{\mbox{lot}}^s(\overline{\mathbf{x}})\stackrel{
Chng ln lt c to ra bi cc mi trng matrix, pmatrix, bmatrix, \mbox{def}}{=}\{x\in U\,|\,\phi_t(x)\rightarrow
vmatrix, Vmatrix v Bmatrix. \overline{\mathbf{x}}\mbox{ as }t\rightarrow\infty,
\mbox{ and }\phi_t(x)\in U\mbox{ for all }t\geq0\}
\end{equation}
4.7.2 Mi trng array %%%%%%%%%%%%% Cng thc (2.9) %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\begin{equation}\label{def:stable3}
Mi trng array cung cp bi AMS-LATEX c trong gi amsmath. Thc cht W_{\text{lot}}^s(\overline{\mathbf{x}})\stackrel{
n gn ging vi mi trng matrix nhng cho php ta iu chnh vic \text{def}}{=}\{x\in U\,|\,\phi_t(x)\rightarrow
nh dng cc ct trong mi trng ny. Cc tham s l c, l, r ln lt canh \overline{\mathbf{x}}\text{ as }t\rightarrow
gia, canh tri, canh phi cc ct trong mi trng ny. Sau y l mt v \infty,\text{ and }\phi_t(x)\in U\text{ for all }
d c bn ct, trong ct th nht c canh tri, hai ct gia canh gia t\geq0\}
v ct cui cng canh phi \end{equation}
Bn cng c th dng lnh \textrm{small text} t mt vi ch bn
1 A12 A13 1
11 A22 A23 11 trong mi trng son cng thc Ton nhng n c nhng hn ch ging
A=
111
ht nh lnh \mbox.
A32 A33 111
1111 A42 A43 1111
3.2.6 Cc du ngoc
n c nhp vo nh sau:
Cc du ngoc mc ny c th l (), {}, [ ], v cc phn sau l ni chung
\[ cho c ba loi .
A=\left(\begin{array}{lccr}
1 & A_{12} & A_{13} & 1 \\ ln cc du ngoc
11 & A_{22} & A_{23} & 11 \\
Nu bn nhp vo cc du ngoc m khng c cc lnh iu khin ln
111 & A_{32} & A_{33} & 111 \\
th chng s c cng mt kch thc nh trong cng thc (3.10)
1111 & A_{42} & A_{43} & 1111
\end{array}\right) 1 1 1 h Ir r
\] r = [( )h1 h3 + ( B + )r ( 2 )] (3.10)
Ir B A C + A Ir B+
32 Son tho Ton trong LATEX 4.7 nh dng ct 57

Cc du ngoc ny qu nh lm ta kh phn bit tng cp tng ng &

nhau. Khc phc vn ny, ta c th iu chnh kch thc cc du ngoc \begin{split}
bng cc lnh \big, \Big, \bigg, \Bigg (mi lnh cho kch thc ln dn) p_{4}(x) & = (x + \sin x )^{3} \\
ging nh cng thc sau & {}+ 44 \log\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{x}}\right).
\end{split}
  h I 
1 1 1  2 r r \end{align}
r = h1 h3 + ( B + )r
Ir B A C + A Ir B+
(3.11)
Ch rng tng cp du ngoc tng ng nhau phi c cng ln,
vi cc lnh ny cng thc son ra tng i tt nhng vn cn mt
4.7 nh dng ct
khuyt im, l phn bin gia cc cp du ngoc m c bit l cc
khong trng c ln khng ph hp vi cp du ngoc ln xung quanh Khi bn lm vic vi nhng i tng c sp xp nhiu theo ct ging nh
n. ma trn, thng thng chng ta mong mun cc phn t ca ma trn c
canh gia bn trong ct cha n. thc hin vic ny, chng ta khng
Tt c cc du ngoc (c 22 loi, xem trang 130 Sch [4]) c th ch dng
th da vo cc mi trng canh ngay theo l m phi dng n cc mi
mt bn (tri hay phi) ca mt t, mt s hng, v d du | ch dng
trng mi, c gi l mi trng Ton canh ngay theo nhiu ct. Cc mi
mt ln trong cng thc sau
trng array, matrix v case u c th lm c yu cu ny.
Z b a Sau y l vi v d:
  
F0 ( x ) dx = F( x ) vi F0 ( x ) lin tc trn [ a, b] (3.12) A11 A12
a b A=
A21 A22

ln cc bin bn trong cp du ngoc Mi trng matrix c th cho php son cc ma trn c th c ti 10 ct,
nu bn mun nhiu hn th bn phi iu chnh tham s MaxMatrixCols
Nh ni trn, cc lnh thay i kch thc mc 3.2.6 khng lm xc nh s ct nhiu nht, bn hy nhn v d ny:
thay i kch thc cc bin bn trong cp du ngoc, do cng thc
khng c p. May thay, LATEX c cung cp hai lnh \left v \right s
\begin{equation*}
dng thnh tng cp c tc dng thay i kch thc cp du ngoc v
\setcounter{MaxMatrixCols}{12}
c phn bin bn trong mt cch t ng cho ph hp vi ng cnh. Cng
\begin{matrix}
thc (3.11) c son li dng lnh \left v \right nh sau:
1 & 2 & 3 & 4 & 5 & 6 & 7 & 8 & 9 & 10 & 11 & 12 \\
   1 & 2 & \hdotsfor{8} & 11 & 12
1 1 1 h2 Ir r
r = h1 h3 + ( B + )r \end{matrix}
Ir B A C+A Ir B+ \end{equation*}
(3.13)
Bn hy so snh cng thc (3.11) v (3.13) thy s khc bit, ch cc
khong trng gn cc du ngoc v trc bin h1 h3 . v n xut ra kt qu l
Cc lnh \left v \right phi dng thnh tng cp, do vn t
ra l lm sao biu din cng thc (3.12) v n ch dng mt du |. Cu tr 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
li l bn phi dng mt du ngoc trng c to ra bi lnh \left. hay 1 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 12
56 Cc phng trnh nhiu dng 3.2 Cc ch hin th cng thc 33

Nhng ta cng c th dng mi trng multline nh dng li cng thc \right., cng thc (3.12) tr thnh:
trn: Z b a

F0 ( x ) dx = F( x ) vi F0 ( x ) lin tc trn [ a, b] (3.14)
a b
Z t
y (t) y2 (t) sin (t)
y (t) + y(t) + p
1 + | sin(t) + y(t)| + r   dt
hoc
1 Z b 
1 + log 1+
Z t
y2 (t) sin (t)
+ (y(t), y (t), y (t)) + p dt = 0. (4.34)
1 + (t)
Trong trng hp ny, theo ti, cng thc (4.34) trng p hn cng thc (4.33).
Cn y l v d s dng mi trng split bn trong mi trng align:
p1 ( x ) = ( x + sin x )3 p2 ( x ) = ( x + sin x )3
   
1 1
+ 3 log , + 33 log ,
x x
p( x )3 = ( x + sin x )3 p4 ( x ) = ( x + sin x )3
   
1 1
+ 4 log , + 44 log . v d, bn hy so snh4 hai dng ca cng thc sau
x x
v y l on lnh nhp vo
t F0 ( x ) dx = F( x )  ba vi F0 ( x ) lin tc trn [ a, b] (3.15)
! a
C hai trong chng th u ging vi cng thc (3.12) (theo ti, (3.12)
l cng thc c son tt nht). Bn c tng g cho vic son ra cng
thc (3.14) v (3.15) hay khng, hy suy ngh v lm th i !. Sau y l
mt v d v cc lnh \left v \right., n gip bn tr li cu hi trn.
$$D(x)=\left\{\begin{array}{ccl}
1 & \text{nu} & x\text{ hu t}\\ 
0 & \text{nu} & x\text{ v t} \\ 1 nu x hu t
(4.35) D(x) =
\end{array}\right.$$ 0 nu x v t
Cui cng, bn s c thy mt s tht rng LATEX khng phi lun lun
t ng iu chnh kch thc cc du ngoc mt cch chnh xc. lm
(4.36)
" #1   1p
p

ai v ai
\begin{align} i i
\begin{split}
Tt nhin ti thch ci th hai hn. V d th hai xy ra vi cc nhm du
p_{1}(x) & = (x + \sin x )^{3} \\
ngoc
& {}+ 3 \log\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{x}}\right),


\end{split} z1 (( x1 + y1 )( x2 + y2 ) + z2 ) v z1 ( x1 + y1 )( x2 + y2 ) + z2
&
\begin{split} trong ta thy biu thc th hai c cc du ngoc vi kch thc ph
p_{2}(x) & = (x + \sin x )^{3} \\ hp hn. Tt nhin, tr khi bn nh ngha li du ngoc vung vi mt
& {}+ 33 \log\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{x}}\right), ngha no khc, trong trng hp thng thng ti thy biu thc th hai
\end{split} di y hon thin hn ci th nht.
\\  
\begin{split} z1 [( x1 + y1 )( x2 + y2 ) + z2 ] v z1 ( x1 + y1 )( x2 + y2 ) + z2
p(x)_{3} & = (x + \sin x )^{3} \\ 4 Tng cp trong ba v d t y n cui mc ny, biu thc th nht cc du ngoc
& {}+ 4 \log\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{x}}\right), ngoi c iu chnh kch thc bi cp lnh \left, \right cn biu thc th hai du
\end{split} ngoc ngoi c iu chnh kch thc bi lnh \big.
34 Son tho Ton trong LATEX
Cc du ngoc c quan h vi nhau theo tng i
Hy cn thn v bn phi s dng ng cc lnh iu chnh ln ca
cp du ngoc m gia chng c mi quan h no . Hy xem s khc
bit gia hai cch nh dng sau:
{ x R | x 2} v { x R | x 2}
trong cng thc th hai khng c cc khong trng trc v sau
du | . Nu bn mun c cc du ngoc ln, bn c th dng cc
dng ca lnh \big
4.6 Mi trng Ton con 55
4.6.1 Mi trng con split
Mi trng split c dng ngt mt cng thc c canh ngay theo
mt phn no . Mi trng ny cung cp hai thuc tnh quan trng lm
cho n tr nn hu ch, c bit khi dng bn trong mi trng align.
Mi trng Ton cha n ch xem c cng thc to ra bi mi trng
split nh l mt cng thc duy nht v ch nh s mt ln.
Mi trng split thc s l mi trng aligned vi mt ct, n cho
 Z x 
 php ta nh ngha ch mt v tr canh ngay cc ct. Khi mi trng
x  t2 dt 5 split dng bn trong mi trng align th im canh ngay cc ct
0
trong mi trng split c chp nhn bi mi trng align v c
nhng phi ch n di cc khong trng nhng v tr cn thit dng canh ngay tt c cc cng thc bn trong mi trng align.
trong cng thc. Cc lnh thm bt mt khong trng nh trong khi son
tho s c ni n trong Bng 3.3 Trang 38. V y l mt v d ng dng trc tip mi trng split:

3.2.7 Hm s Z t
y (t) y2 (t) sin (t)
Cc hm s c bn (sin, cos, tan, sup, inf, . . . ) c vai tr rt quan trng y (t) + y(t) + p
1 + | sin(t) + y(t)| + r   dt

1
trong Ton hc, do i vi LATEX chng c nh dng khc bit so 1 + log 1+ t (4.33)
vi cc bin. Bn c th nhp vo $sin x$ (khng c hai du nhy kp Z t
!
2
y (t) sin (t)
u) v kt qu l sinx, khng c s phn bit gia hm v bin x. Thay v + (y(t), y (t), y (t)) + p dt = 0.
lm nh vy, bn c th dng lnh \sin, nhp vo \sin x v ta c kt 1 + (t)
qu l sin x. Quan st v d trn, tn hm dng font Roman thng ng bin
c in nghing, hn na c mt khong trng nh gia tn hm v bin, tt n c nhp vo nh sau:
c nhng iu ny l nh dng chun ca LATEX i vi vic son tho cc
hm trong Ton hc. \begin{equation} \label{SplitEx1}
Hu ht cc hm s s cp c bn u c AMS-LATEX h tr v c th \begin{split}
nhp vo theo cch trn, tc l \<tn hm>, v d \tan, \cos, \log, \ln, \dot{y}(t)+\ddot{y}(t) & {}+\left(\frac{\ddot{y}(t)}
\exp, \lim, . . . {1+|\sin(t)+\sqrt{y(t)}|}+\int_{-\infty}^{t}
LATEX phn bit hai loi hm \frac{y^{2}(t)\sin(t)}{\sqrt{1+\log\left(
Cc hm khng c gii hn hay ch s m ch tc ng trc tip vo \frac{1}{1+t}\right)}}\,dt\right)\\
bin sau n v d nh: sin, cos, tan, cotan, ln, log, exp, . . . , v d & {}+\left(\psi\left(y(t),\dot{y}(t),\ddot{y}(t)\right)+
cos x, log x, exp x; \int_{-\infty}^{t} \frac{y^{2}(t)\sin(t)}
{\sqrt{1+\zeta(t)}}\,dt\right)=0.
Cc hm c gii hn, ch s hay iu kin bn di: inf, sup, lim, lim- \end{split}
sup, liminf, max, min . . . , v d nh lim supx0 f ( x ), maxx A g( x ). \end{equation}
54 Cc phng trnh nhiu dng 3.2 Cc ch hin th cng thc 35

\sin\left(\alpha+\beta\right)=\sin\left(\alpha\right)\,\cos Cc hm s c ch s di th ch s s c nh dng kiu subscript (xem

\left(\beta\right)+\sin\left(\beta\right)\,\cos Mc 3.2.4), v d nh trong ch displaymath ta c
\left(\alpha\right)\\
\cos\left(\alpha+\beta\right)=\cos\left(\alpha\right)\,\cos sin x
lim =1
\left(\beta\right)-\sin\left(\alpha\right)\,\sin x 0 x
\left(\beta\right)
\end{gathered} v trong ch in-line, bn s c limx0 sinx x = 1 hoc bn c th vit
\end{equation} limx0 (sin x/x ) = 1.
Bn hy so snh cch t ch s (i vi cng thc trn l x 0)
Bn hy ch cch t mi trng gathered v aligned bn trong mi
trong ch in-line v ch displaymath, n tun theo cc qui lut
trng equation, v c hai mi trng ny c canh gia theo chiu dc
ni trong Mc 3.2.4 v subscript v superscript.
nh th no. V tr ca cc mi trng con bn trong theo chiu dc c
iu khin bi tham s vertical alignment m n c th nhn cc gi tr sau:
ccanh gia, tcanh u v pha trn, bcanh u v pha di. V d, nh ngha tn hm mi
chng ta c th nh dng li cng thc (4.28) u v pha trn nh sau:
Mc d AMS-LATEX h tr hu ht cc hm ph dng trong Ton hc,
f ( x, y) = x + y sin2 ( x ) + cos2 ( x ) = 1
nhng ta vn lun c nhu cu nh ngha hm mi cho ring mnh. Vi gi
( x, y) = ( x + y)3 sin ( + ) = sin () cos ( ) + sin ( ) cos () amsmath ta c th nh ngha tn hm mi vi lnh \DeclareMathOperator.
cos ( + ) = cos () cos ( ) sin () sin ( ) V d, LATEX v AMS-LATEX nh ngha cc hm hyperbolic: \cosh, \coth,
(4.29) \sinh v \tanh nhng khng c \sech v \csch. Bi vy, chng ta s nh
hay u v pha di: ngha hai hm ny:
sin2 ( x ) + cos2 ( x ) = 1
\DeclareMathOperator{\sech}{sech}
f ( x, y) = x + y sin ( + ) = sin () cos ( ) + sin ( ) cos () \DeclareMathOperator{\csch}{csch}
( x, y) = ( x + y)3 cos ( + ) = cos () cos ( ) sin () sin ( )
(4.30) N cho php son cng thc sau:
hay theo mt cch c bit:
Z
f ( x, y) = x + y a2 a
sin ax sech2 bx tanh bx dx = csch( ); b>0 (3.16)
2b3 2b
( x, y) = ( x + y)3 sin2 ( x ) + cos2 ( x ) = 1
sin ( + ) = sin () cos ( ) + sin ( ) cos () Bn hy l gii ti sao ta khng dng lnh \text{sech} cho vic son hm
cos ( + ) = cos () cos ( ) sin () sin ( ) sech ?
(4.31)
Mt hiu ng thng dng trong trnh din ca mi trng aligned l biu Cc ton sectiont c kch thc ln
th kt qu ca cc php tnh n gin, v d: R
sin (2) = sin ( + ) C vi ton t Ton hc nh , , , . . . c LATEX t ng iu chnh
kch thc cho ph hp ch hin th, i vi ch in-line chng
= sin cos + cos sin (4.32)
thng c biu din vi kch thc nh v trong ch displaymath
= 2 sin cos th c LATEX s dng kch thc ln.
36 Son tho Ton trong LATEX 4.6 Mi trng Ton con 53

Khng c g phi ni nhiu v iu ny v LATEX t ng iu chnh \begin{align}

kch thc chng mt cch thch hp, ch c mt iu l lm th no f(x,y) &= \sin x \cos y + \cos x + \sin y, \\
to ra cc ch s nhiu hng \intertext{hoc, bng vi,} &= \sin\left( x + y \right),
n n n n
\end{align}
~Fi + ~fij = mi~ai , (3.17)
4.6 Mi trng Ton con
i =1 i =1 j =1 i =1
j 6 =i

Cng thc trn c son vi lnh \substack nh sau

Mi trng ton con l mt mi trng Ton m n ch c th c dng
\begin{equation} bn trong mt mi trng Ton khc. Cc cng thc c to ra bi mi
\sum_{i=1}^{n} \vec{F}_i + \sum_{i=1}^{n} trng Ton con c xem nh mt vt m ta c th tng tng nh l
\sum_{\substack{j=1 \\ j \neq i}}^{n} \vec{f}_{ij} mt k hiu Ton ln hay n gin l mt ci hp.
= \sum_{i=1}^{n} m_i \vec{a}_i, Cc mi trng align, alignat, v gather c cc mi trng Ton con
\end{equation} tng ng l aligned, alignedat, v gathered. Xem xt cc cng thc sau:

f ( x, y) = x + y, g(y, z) = y + sin(z), h( x, z) = log x + z,
3.2.8 Cc du nhn trn mt k hiu q
log x + z
( x, y) = ( x + y)3 , (y, z) = y + sin(z), ( x, z) = ,
Trong Ton hc, biu din mt bin ph thuc vo bin x theo mt 1 + |z|
ngha no , ta c th k hiu n l x. Cc k hiu nh x, x, ~a, x v rt (4.27)
nhiu ci khc na lm cho cc k hiu Ton hc v cng phong ph. Cc Cng thc (4.27) c to ra nh t mi trng aligned bn trong mi
lnh v kt qu ca n v cc du nhn ny c cho trong Bng 3.1. C trng equation.
hai dng ln hn ca lnh \hat v \tilde l \widehat v \widetilde, hai im khc nhau c bn gia s bin din trn v nhng cng thc
lnh ny theo th t to ra du nhn c ln ph hp vi ln ca ny son bng mi trng align ( trang 52) l cng thc trn c xem
bin s bn di n. V d nh mt phng trnh duy nht, c c trng l ch nh s mt ln.
By gi bn hy xem xt v d sau:
w, c
wi, d
wid, d
wide, [
wider, \
widest.
sin2 ( x ) + cos2 ( x ) = 1
Thm na, AMS-LATEX lm rt tt trong vic chng cc du nhn, tc l ta f ( x, y) = x + y
sin ( + ) = sin () cos ( ) + sin ( ) cos ()
c th to ra bin a nh lnh \hat{\hat{a}}. Hn na, cc bin dng x 10 ( x, y) = ( x + y)3
hay ~x3 c son rt tt bi lnh $\dot{\hat{x}}_1$ hay $\ddot{\vec{x}}_3$. cos ( + ) = cos () cos ( ) sin () sin ( )
V LATEX s iu chnh du nhn nm bn trn v chnh gia k hiu di (4.28)
Cng thc (4.28) c nhp vo nh sau:
n nn vi lnh \dot{\hat{x_1}} ta s c k hiu x10 , n khng p
v c th lm sai ngha nu cc du m c mt ngha ring no . \begin{equation}\label{Sub02}
\begin{aligned}
f(x,y) & = x+y \\
3.2.9 Khong trng xung quanh cc k hiu
\phi(x,y) & =(x+y)^{3}
Thng thng, LATEX bit cn phi t mt khong trng c di bao \end{aligned} \qquad \begin{gathered}
nhiu xung quanh nhng k hiu khc nhau, c phn loi nh sau: \sin^{2}\left(x\right)+\cos^{2}\left(x\right)=1\\
52 Cc phng trnh nhiu dng 3.2 Cc ch hin th cng thc 37

4.5.2 Mi trng flalign

Bng 3.1: Cc lnh to du nhn cho k hiu.
Mi trng flalign l mt dng ca mi trng align trong ct th nht
c y v bn tri v ct cui cng y v bn phi nu c th. y l v \acute{a} a
....
d trn nhng s dng mi trng ny: \bar{a} a \ddddot{a} a
\breve{a} a \grave{a} a
f ( x, y) = x + y, g(y, z) = y + sin(z), h( x, z) = log x + z, (4.17) \check{a} a \hat{a} a
q
log x + z \dot{a} a \widehat{a} b
a
( x, y) = ( x + y)3 , (y, z) = y + sin(z), ( x, z) = , (4.18) \ddot{a} a \tilde{a} a
1 + |z| ...
\dddot{a} a \widetilde{a} e
a
4.5.3 Mi trng alignat
Mt bin th khc rt linh ng ca mi trng align l mi trng alignat. Bng 3.2: Vai tr ca du |.
Cu trc v cch s dng ca n gn ging vi mi trng align nhng
Lnh Vai tr
phi c ch l mi trng alignat yu cu ngi dng xc nh s ct ca
| k hiu thng thng
mi trng ny. So snh cng thc ny
\mid quan h hai ngi

f ( x, y) = x + y,g( x, y) = log x + y, (4.19) \left| ngoc bn tri
q \right| ngoc bn phi
( x, y) = ( x + y)3 + log x,( x, y) = y + sin( x ) + log y + x, (4.20)
vi cng thc sau
Cc k hiu Ton hc thng thng nh D, , x, . . . ;
f ( x, y) = x + y, g( x, y) = log x + y, (4.21)
q Quan h hai ngi: =, , , |, , . . . ;
( x, y) = ( x + y)3 + log x, ( x, y) = y + sin( x ) + log y + x, (4.22)

Mt ng dng rt hu ch ca mi trng alignat l thm vo ch sau
cng thc
f ( x, y) = x + y, (y l mt cng thc)
( x, y) = ( x + y)3 + log x (v y l mt cng thc khc)
Lnh \intertext cho php ta thm mt on vn bn vo mi trng
Ton m n khng b sp xp nh mt ct, bn c th xem v d sau:
f ( x, y) = sin x cos y + cos x + sin y,
hoc, bng vi,
= sin ( x + y) ,
v n c nhp vo:
Php ton hai ngi: +, , , , , . . . ;
Cc du ngoc: {, (, [, . . . .
(4.23)
(4.24) Mt khc, cc k hiu +, v | c th xut hin trong nhng tnh hung
khng l php ton hai ngi, v d +, c th l du (sign) ging nh x.
Ln na, LATEX chn vo khong trng rt ph hp nh dng qui lut +
hay l mt php ton hai ngi nu chng c ng trc v theo sau bi mt
(4.25) k hiu hay mt nhm trng {} . Bn s thy nhiu v d khi ta son cc cng
thc nhiu hng.
K hiu | c bn vai tr c ni Bng 3.2. C nhng trng hp
m LATEX thm vo cc khong trng khng ph hp v chng ta d dng
(4.26)
nhn thy nhng ch , thng l khong trng hi hp, do ta c th
yu cu LATEX thm vo mt khong trng nh bng lnh \,. V d, khi son
38 Son tho Ton trong LATEX 4.5 Canh ngay cc ct 51

\frac{y^{2}(t)\sin(t)}{\sqrt{1+\log\left(\frac{1}{1+
Bng 3.3: Khong trng trong Ton hc. mu l n v v 18 mu = 1 em.
\sqrt{t}}\right)}} \, dt \right)=0\label{AlignExB1}\\
& \left( \psi\left(y(t),\dot{y}(t), \ddot{y}(t)\right) +
Khong trng Lnh ngn Lnh di
\int_{-\infty}^{t} \frac{y^{2}(t)\sin(t)} {\sqrt{1+\log \left(
Thm vo
\frac{1}{\zeta(t)} \right) }} \, dt \right).\label{AlignExB2}
2 em \qquad
\end{align}
1 em \quad
Khong trng nh \; \thickspace hoc cng c th dng lnh \phantom1 theo cch sau:
Khong trng nh hn \: \medspace
Khong trng nh nht \, \thinspace \begin{align}
1 mu \mspace{1mu} & \dot{y}(t) + \ddot{y}(t) +
Bt i \left( \frac{\ddot{y}(t) }{1 + |\sin(t) + \sqrt{y(t)}|} +
Khong trng nh \; \negthickspace \int_{-\infty}^{t}\frac{y^{2}(t)\sin(t)}
Khong trng nh hn \: \negmedspace {\sqrt{1+\log\left(\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{t}}\right)}} \, dt
Khong trng nh nht \, \negthinspace \right) = 0 \\
1 mu \mspace{-1mu} & \phantom{\dot{y}(t) + \ddot{y}(t) +{}}
\left( \psi\left(y(t),\dot{y}(t), \ddot{y}(t)\right) +
\int_{-\infty}^{t}\frac{y^{2}(t)\sin(t)}
cng thc tch phn mt cch thng thng s c {\sqrt{1+\log \left( \frac{1}{\zeta(t)} \right) }} \, dt
Z 2
\right).
cos2 xdx = \end{align}
0

Trong cng thc trn ta thy khng c s phn bit gia hm ly tch phn V d ny thc hin vic canh ngay hai cng thc trn theo du tch phn
cos2 x v vi phn dx, do ta thm vo mt khong trng nh gia chng bn trong cp du ngoc n:
Z 2

cos2 x dx =
0 Zt
y (t) y2 (t) sin (t)
LATEX v AMS-LATEX cung cp mt s lng ln cc lnh iu chnh khong y (t) + y(t) + p + r   dt = 0
1 + | sin(t) + y(t)| 1
trng, chng c ni n trong Bng 3.3. Nu bn son $|-f(x)|$ s 1 + log
1+ t
c | f ( x )|, vic chn khong trng khng thch hp v LATEX hiu nhm (4.15)
l php ton hai ngi. c hon ho, bn phi son $\left|-f(x)\right|$
v ta c | f ( x )| . Zt
y2 (t) sin (t)
Nu bn son $\sin x/\log n$ c cng thc sin x/ log n ch (y(t), y (t), y (t)) + r (4.16)
  dt .
in-line, bn s thy rng c hi nhiu khong trng gia / v log n. Ta 1 + log (1t)
c th sa n vi mt khong trng m thinspace nh $\sin x/\!\log n$
v ta c sin x/log n. 1 Lnh \phantom xut ra mt khong trng trong cng thc bng vi di ca tham
Nu bn nhp vo $f(1/\sqrt{n})$ s c f (1/ n), bn thy rng s ca lnh ny, v d lnh $\phantom{aaaaa} cho ta khong trng di bng di ca
k hiu cn bc hai dnh vo du ngoc. C th sa iu ny bng cch nm ch a ging nh sau . Lnh ny c dng ph bin canh ngay nhiu
nhp $f(1/\sqrt{n} \,)$ v s cho ta kt qu p hn f (1/ n ). cng thc theo ct ti mt v tr no .
50 Cc phng trnh nhiu dng 3.2 Cc ch hin th cng thc 39

\begin{align} Cui cng, lnh \colon c dng ph bin trong vic in ra du :

f(x,y) & = x + y, & g(y,z) &= y+\sin(z), & h(x,z) &= \log x + ca mt nh x. Nu bn nhp trc tip $$f:A\rightarrow B$$ ta c
\sqrt{z}, \label{AlignExA1}\\
\phi(x,y) &= (x + y)^{3}, & \psi(y,z) &= \sqrt{y+\sin(z)}, & f :AB
\zeta(x,z) &= \frac{\log x + \sqrt{z}}{1+|z|},\label{AlignExA2}
cn nu dng lnh ny $$f\colon A\rightarrow B$$ th
\end{align}
Da vo c php ca mi trng align, ta thy k t & c dng vi tc f: AB
dng ngn cch cc ct vi nhau. By gi ta s xem xt nhng v d khc. Hy ch khong trng trc du : trong hai cng thc trn, r rng
Gi s ta mun canh ngay cng thc sau cng thc th hai tt hn.

Z t

y(t) + y(t) +
y(t)
p + r
y2 (t) sin (t)
3.2.10 K t v k hiu Ton hc
  dt = 0
1 + | sin(t) + y(t)|
1 + log 1
LATEX dng cc font Computer Modern in nging (CM italic) cho cc ch
1+ t
ci trong Ton hc v dng font CM Roman cho s. Thm na, bn thng
v cng thc mun dng cc font ch m biu din cc k hiu vect, ma trn, ten-
x. Bn cng c nhu cu dng cc ch trong cc bng ch ci khc biu
Z t
din cho cc k hiu Lagrangians, khng gian vect, cc tp hp c bit
y2 (t) sin (t) hay cc i tng Ton hc khc. Tt nhin, LATEX v AMS-LATEX hon ton
(y(t), y (t), y (t)) + r dt

  c th tha mn nhng nhu cu trn.
1 + log (1t) Bng 3.4 cho ta cc bng ch ci c th dng trong Ton hc v chng
trng nh th no.
Ta c th dng mi trng align canh ngay hai cng thc trn theo du
ngoc n nh sau: K hiu Ton in m

Z t to ra cc ch ci in m trong cng thc Ton ta ch cn dng lnh
y(t) y2 (t) sin (t) \mathbf v d dng to ra cng thc sau:
y(t) + y (t)+ p
1 + | sin(t) + y(t)| + r 

 dt = 0
1 Z
1 + log
1+ t M ( ) = f(xc (t)) g(xc (t), t + ) dt. (3.18)
(4.13)

Z t
Ta khng th lm nh th c cc k hiu in m, do ta phi dng
y2 (t) sin (t) lnh \boldsymbol nh sau:
(y(t), y (t), y (t)) + r (4.14)

  dt .
1
1 + log (t) , , B, D,

\begin{align} Bn c th to mt cng thc c in m ton b ging nh sau nh lnh

\dot{y}(t) + \ddot{y}(t) + & \left( \frac{\ddot{y}(t) }{1 + \mathversion{bold}
g
|\sin(t) + \sqrt{y(t)}|} + \int_{-\infty}^{t} + sin = 0
l
40 Son tho Ton trong LATEX 4.5 Canh ngay cc ct 49

\sin \left(\alpha+\beta\right) = \sin \left( \alpha \right)\,

Bng 3.4: Cc ch ci trong Ton hc.
\cos\left( \beta \right) + \sin \left( \beta \right) \, \cos
Lnh Bng ch ci Kt qu Kiu ch \left( \alpha \right) \label{SubTrigB1} \\
\mathbf in m abcdefgh Hoa, thng \cos \left(\alpha+\beta\right) = \cos \left( \alpha \right)\,
\mathit in nghing abcdef gh Hoa, thng \cos\left( \beta \right) - \sin \left( \alpha \right) \, \sin
\mathsf sans serif abcdef gh Hoa, thng \left( \beta \right) \label{SubTrigC1}
\mathrm Roman abcdefgh Hoa, thng \end{gather}
\mathtt ch nh my a b c d e f g h Hoa, thng \end{subequations}
\mathcal vit hoa A B C D E F G H Hoa
\mathscr Euler script ABCDEFGH Hoa u th ca mi trng subequations l ta c th nh s cho c nhm cng
\mathfrak Euler Fraktur abcdefgh Hoa, thng thc v cho tng cng thc nh trong nhm, do ta c th tham chiu
ABCDEFGH n tng cng thc hoc c nhm:
\mathbb ch hai lp NZQRCP Hoa
\alpha\beta Ch ci Hi lp e Hoa, thng Cc cng thc (4.10a), (4.10b) v (4.10c) l mt phn ca cng
thc (4.10).

v n c son nh sau:
Lnh \mathversion t trc v bn ngoi mi trng son cng thc Ton
Cc cng thc~\eqref{SubTrigA1}, \eqref{SubTrigB1} v
v c tc dng k t v sau, khi ta mun quay tr li ch thng cn
\eqref{SubTrigC1} l mt phn ca cng thc~\eqref{SubEqEx1}.
t li lnh \mathversion{normal}. Vi k hiu khng c dng in m, bn
hy so snh hai cng thc sau, ci th nht dng lnh \mathversion{bold}
v ci th hai ch thng 4.5 Canh ngay cc ct
n n Trong mc ny ta s xt cc mi trng m n cho php sp cc phng
i2 i2 trnh thnh nhiu ct.
i =1 i =1

Quan st k s thy k hiu tng cng thc th nht ging nh cng 4.5.1 Mi trng align
thc th hai, tc l n khng c in m hn. Bn c th to ra k hiu Mi trng align c dng sp cc phng trnh thnh nhiu ct. S
tng m hn nh lnh \pmb (vit tt ca ch poor mans bold). Lnh \pmb ct b hn ch bi rng ca trang giy, v khong trng gia cc ct
lm ra cc k hiu m bng cch dch chuyn n v bn phi v chng c iu chnh mt cch t ng. V d v mi trng align:
ln k hiu c sn, do ta c th lm k hiu rt m nh dng nhiu ln

lnh ny nhng hu qu l n s ph hy cu trc ca k hiu . f ( x, y) = x + y, g(y, z) = y + sin(z), h( x, z) = log x + z, (4.11)
q
log x + z
( x, y) = ( x + y)3 , (y, z) = y + sin(z) , ( x, z) = ,
3.2.11 Phn s tng qut 1 + |z|
(4.12)
Lnh \genfrac cung cp mt cng c tin li to cc phn s c cc du
ngoc bn ngoi v iu chnh cc khong trng. Cu trc ca lnh ny trong on lnh nhp vo l
48 Cc phng trnh nhiu dng 3.2 Cc ch hin th cng thc 41

3. Nu ngt dng xy ra bn trong cp du ngoc n, ngoc vung, . . . \genfrac{ldelim}{rdelim}{thick}{style}{num}{den}

th dng k tip phi tht vo ph hp, l, n phi bt u bn
phi ca du m ngoc. trong

4. Vic t chc cc cng thc trong cc ct ging nh cch cc ct c
sp v tr cc quan h hay php ton hai ngi.
5. Nu cc ct c sp ti ch c cc php ton hay quan h hai ngi,
k t & phi c t trc tip bn tri php ton hai ngi .
6. Nu s sp hng c lm bi du + hoc - nh l mt php ton
hai ngi th n phi c nhp vo nh sau: &{}+ hoc &{}-.
ldelim du ngoc bn tri ca phn s;
rdelim du ngoc bn phi ca phn s;
thick dy ca k hiu phn s;
style the math style of fraction;
num t s;

den mu s.
4.4.3 nh s nhm cc cng thc
dng lnh ny d hn ta hy nh ngha cc lnh sau u ti liu
Mc d vic nh s cc cng thc c nhiu hng c lm t ng bi
mi trng m bn dng, nhng thng thng, chng ta c th thay i \newcommand{\pfrac}[2]{\genfrac{(}{)}{}{}{#1}{#2}}
phong cch nh s theo ring. V d, quan st cch nh s cc phng \newcommand{\bfrac}[2]{\genfrac{[}{]}{}{}{#1}{#2}}
trnh trong mi trng gather sau: \newcommand{\vfrac}[2]{\genfrac{|}{|}{}{}{#1}{#2}}
sin2 ( x ) + cos2 ( x ) = 1, (4.9) v hy so snh hai phn s c hai du ngoc sau, mt son vi lnh \genfrac
sin ( + ) = sin () cos ( ) + sin ( ) cos () , (4.9a) v mt son theo cch thng thng
cos ( + ) = cos () cos ( ) sin () sin ( ) . (4.9b)    
a+b a+b
v
Cch nh s phng trnh th hai v th ba thu c nh s dng hai c+d c+d
lnh \tag{\ref{TrigA3}a} v \tag{\ref{TrigA3}b}. Ch rng ta c th
R rng phn s th nht c cc khong trng c sp tt hn.
tham chiu n c ba phng trnh trn bng cc lnh \label v \ref (hay
\eqref), ging nh hai phng trnh (4.9a) v (4.9b) c nh s bn
trong phng trnh (4.9). Mt cch khc thay i cch nh s cc
phng trnh trn l dng mi trng subequations nh sau

sin2 ( x ) + cos2 ( x ) = 1 (4.10a)

sin ( + ) = sin () cos ( ) + sin ( ) cos () (4.10b)
cos ( + ) = cos () cos ( ) sin () sin ( ) (4.10c)

\begin{subequations} \label{SubEqEx1}
\begin{gather}
\sin^{2} \left( x \right) + \cos^{2} \left( x \right) = 1
\label{SubTrigA1} \\

Chng 4
CC PHNG TRNH NHIU
DNG
4.1 Biu din cng thc Ton trn nhiu dng
ci thin s sng sa v d c ca mt bi vit c nhiu cng thc,
thng ngi ta t cc cng thc hay phng trnh ln nhiu dng. Cc
ti liu ngy nay thng c chia thnh nhiu ch , kt hp vi biu
din cc cng thc trn nhiu hng.
Mt cch t nhin, mc ch ca vic t chc cc cng thc thnh nhiu
hng l ngi c d tip cn n. V l do , cc cng thc nhiu hng
c sp ngay theo ct, c th mt hay nhiu ct. Gratzer ngh to ra mt
mi trng Ton cho php ngi s dng nh dng cc cng thc trn
nhiu hng da vo hai tham s sau:
nh dng ct, khi cc cng thc c canh tri canh phi hay
canh gia.
Canh l ct, trong s sp xp cc cng thc c thit lp bi tham
s do ngi dng ch nh.
4.2 Gp nhm cc cng thc
Mi trng gather l mt trong nhng mi trng c th hin th nhm
cc cng thc m mi cng thc nm trn mt hng ring bit. Nhng cng
4.4 Vi nguyn tc c bn 47
Mt k t & v mt lnh \\; hoc
K t & cui cng v kt thc cng thc.
Trong mi trng canh l, k t & c dng ngn cch cc ct, bn cn
nh nhng nguyn tc sau khi dng cc mi trng loi ny to ra cc
cng thc con:
1. Mi cng thc con u phi l mt cng thc hon chnh m LATEX
x l c lp;
2. Nu mt cng thc con kt thc vi mt trong cc php ton hai ngi
nh + hay , chng ta phi nhp vo +{} hay -{}, theo th t ta thu
c khong trng thch hp gia cng thc con v k hiu ;
3. Nu mt cng thc con bt u vi mt trong cc php ton hai ngi
nh + hay , chng ta phi nhp vo {}+ hay {}-, theo th t ta thu
c khong trng thch hp gia k hiu v cng thc con.
4.4.2 Ngt dng v sp theo ct cc cng thc
Dng nh y l mt vn i vi s thch v phong cch ring ca
mi c nhn, thc t, phi c mt s chp nhn cc nguyn tc in n ang
c s dng quyt nh ngt dng cc cng thc di khi no v ti
u, cng nh sp xp theo ct cc phn ca mt cng thc nhiu hng
nh th no. George Gratzer, tc gi chnh ca sch Math into LATEX,
cng vi Ellen Swanson, Arlene A. OSean, v Antoinette Tingley Schleyer
(American Mathematical Society, Providence, RI, 1999) quyt nh xut
bn sch hng dn vi ta Mathematics into Type, nh l mt s
gii thiu lm cch no nh dng cc cng thc c nhiu hng. Phn
nhiu trong sch chu nh hng bi phong cch ring ca h, y l mt
vi nguyn tc c bn m h ni n trong sch:
1. Cng thc phi c ngt dng trc php ton hai ngi nh +
hay .
2. Nu du ngt xy ra trc du +, th dng k tip ta phi bt
u vi {}+ hay {}-.
46 Cc phng trnh nhiu dng
bn tri hng u tin). Ta c th khng nh s n vi lnh \notag.
Mi trng multline* to ra cng thc nhiu hng khng nh s t
ng nhng vn c th dng lnh \tag. Bn nh rng khi dng mi
trng ny th c cng thc ch c nh s mt ln hoc khng c
nh s.
4.4 Vi nguyn tc c bn
Sau y l nhng nguyn tc c bn son cc cng thc Ton nhiu
hng:
1. Xung hng bi lnh \\ v khng dng lnh ny khi kt thc hng
cui cng;
2. Khng c php c hng trng bn trong cc mi trng ny;
3. Nu mt mi trng c cha nhiu hn mt cng thc th cc cng
thc c nh s song song. nh s t ng c th loi b bi
lnh \notag hay \tag.
4. Lnh \label hay \tag lun t trc lnh \\;
5. Mi mi trng son cng thc trn nhiu hng u c tng ng mt
mi trng dng * m vi n cc cng thc khng c nh s
t ng mc d lnh \tag vn c hiu lc.
4.4.1 Cng thc con
Vi mt cng thc di c ngt thnh nhiu hng bi mi trng multline,
ta gi mi hng nh l mt cng thc con (subformula) v chng cng c th
c tham chiu n nh l mt cng thc. Trong cc mi trng khc
th nh ngha ca cng thc con c thay i i cht. V d, trong cc mi
trng canh l, mi trng m trong n cc hng khc nhau ca cng thc
c t chc ngay ngn trong nhng ct, cng thc con l
Bt c phn no ca cng thc m n nm gia v tr bt u v k
t & u tin; hoc
Nm gia hai k t &; hoc
4.2 Gp nhm cc cng thc 43
thc ny s xut hin trn nhng hng song song v c canh gia. V
d, bn hy xem cc h thc lng gic c bn sau:
sin2 ( x ) + cos2 ( x ) = 1, (4.1)
sin ( + ) = sin () cos ( ) + sin ( ) cos () , (4.2)
cos ( + ) = cos () cos ( ) sin () sin ( ) . (4.3)
Cc cng thc trn c to ra bi on sau:
\begin{gather}
\sin^{2}\left(x\right)+\cos^{2}\left(x\right)=1,
\label{TrigA1}\\
\sin\left(\alpha+\beta\right)=\sin\left(\alpha\right)\,\cos
\left(\beta\right)+\sin\left(\beta\right)\,\cos\left(\alpha
\right)\label{TrigB1}\\
\cos\left(\alpha+\beta\right)=\cos\left(\alpha\right)\,\cos
\left\beta\right)-\sin\left(\alpha\right)\,\sin\left(\beta
\right).\label{TrigC1}
\end{gather}
Chng ta quan tm n s khc nhau gia mi trng gather v mi trng
equation m cc cng thc di y dng:
sin2 ( x ) + cos2 ( x ) = 1 (4.4)
sin ( + ) = sin () cos ( ) + sin ( ) cos () (4.5)
cos ( + ) = cos () cos ( ) sin () sin ( ) (4.6)
R rng khong trng dc gia cc cng thc (4.4), (4.5) v (4.6) l khng
u, v do trong trng hp ny mi trng gather tha mn tt hn
yu cu ca ta. Ti c vi ch cho bn v vic s dng mi trng gather:
Cc cng thc ring bit c xung hng bi lnh \\;
Cng thc cui cng trong mi trng ny khng bao gi c lnh \\;
Mi hng c nh s t ng tr khi c lnh \tag hoc \notag
trc lnh \\;
Nhn ca mi cng thc phi t trc lnh \\;
44 Cc phng trnh nhiu dng 4.3 Ngt dng cc cng thc di 45

Khng c php c mt hng trng trong mi trng ny. 4\,x^3\,y\,z^4 +6\,x^2\,y^2\,z^4 - 4\,x\,y^3\,z^4 + y^4\,z^4.
\end{equation}
Nu mun tt c cc cng thc bn trong gather u khng c nh s,
chng ta c th dng mi trng gather* m cc cng thc trong mi R rng cng thc trn qu di n ni khng th trnh by trn mt hng
trng ny c th c nh s vi lnh \tag. S dng mi trng gather*, m phi ngt ra thnh tng hng ngn hn, ging nh sau:
cng thc trn c son li nh sau:
( x + y + z )2 ( x y )4 ( x z )2 = x 8 2 x 7 y x 6 y 2 + 4 x 5 y 3 x 4 y 4
sin2 ( x ) + cos2 ( x ) = 1 (TrigID)
sin ( + ) = sin () cos ( ) + sin ( ) cos ()
2 x 3 y5 + x 2 y6 2 x 6 y z + 6 x 5 y2 z 4 x 4 y3 z
cos ( + ) = cos () cos ( ) sin () sin ( ) 4 x 3 y 4 z + 6 x 2 y 5 z 2 x y 6 z 2 x 6 z2 + 6 x 5 y z2
3 x4 y2 z2 8 x3 y3 z2 + 12 x2 y4 z2 6 x y5 z2 + y6 z2
Vi lnh \label theo sau lnh \tag ta c th tham chiu n cc cng thc
c t lnh \tag. V d ti c th nhc li cng thc (TrigID) bng lnh
+ 2 x4 y z3 8 x3 y2 z3 + 12 x2 y3 z3 8 x y4 z3
\eqref. + 2 y5 z3 + x4 z4 4 x3 y z4 + 6 x2 y2 z4 4 x y3 z4 + y4 z4 . (4.8)
Ch rng, mi trng gather ch cha cc one-line formula khng c
ngha l mi cng thc khng th biu th trn nhiu hng. iu ny c \begin{multline}\label{MulLnEx1}
ngha l mi cng thc ch nh s mt ln. (x + y + z)^2 \, (x - y)^4 \, (x - z)^2 =x^8 - 2\,x^7\,y -
x^6\,y^2 + 4\,x^5\,y^3 - x^4\,y^4\\
- 2\,x^3\,y^5 + x^2\,y^6 -2\,x^6\,y\,z + 6\,x^5\,y^2\,z
4.3 Ngt dng cc cng thc di - 4\,x^4\,y^3\,z\\-4\,x^3\,y^4\,z + 6\,x^2\,y^5\,z
- 2\,x\,y^6\,z - 2\,x^6\,z^2 + 6\,x^5\,y\,z^2\\
Mi trng multline l mi trng cho php ngt dng cc cng thc qu - 3\,x^4\,y^2\,z^2 - 8\,x^3\,y^3\,z^2 + 12\,x^2\,y^4\,z^2
di. Ch u tin l bn phi phn bit y l mi trng multline ch - 6\,x\,y^5\,z^2 + y^6\,z^2\\
khng phi l multiline (multi-line). Cch s dng ca mi trng ny + 2\,x^4\,y\,z^3 - 8\,x^3\,y^2\,z^3 + 12\,x^2\,y^3\,z^3
khng ging nh mi trng gather. - 8\,x\,y^4\,z^3\\
Bn hy xem xt v d sau: + 2\,y^5\,z^3 + x^4\,z^4 - 4\,x^3\,y\,z^4 +6\,x^2\,y^2\,z^4
- 4\,x\,y^3\,z^4 + y^4\,z^4.
( x + y + z )2 ( x y )4 ( x z )2 = x 8 2 x 7 y x 6 y 2 + 4 x 5 y 3 x 4 y 4 2 x 3 y 5 + x 2 y 6 2 x 6 y z + 6 x 5 y 2 z \end{multline}
(4.7)
m n c nhp vo nh sau: Cc ch v mi trng multline:

\begin{equation} Ni tt nht t lnh \label l ngay sau lnh \ begin{multline};

(x + y + z)^2 \, (x - y)^4 \, (x - z)^2 =x^8 - 2\,x^7\,y -
Ngt dng bng lnh \\ , dng cui khng dng lnh \\ ;
x^6\,y^2 + 4\,x^5\,y^3 - x^4\,y^4 - 2\,x^3\,y^5 + x^2\,y^6 -
2\,x^6\,y\,z + 6\,x^5\,y^2\,z - 4\,x^4\,y^3\,z-4\,x^3\,y^4\,z + Quan st cng thc (4.8) ta thy hng u tin c canh tri, hng
6\,x^2\,y^5\,z - 2\,x\,y^6\,z - 2\,x^6\,z^2 + 6\,x^5\,y\,z^2 - cui cng c canh phi v cc hng cn li c canh gia;
3\,x^4\,y^2\,z^2 - 8\,x^3\,y^3\,z^2 + 12\,x^2\,y^4\,z^2 -
6\,x\,y^5\,z^2 + y^6\,z^2 + 2\,x^4\,y\,z^3 - 8\,x^3\,y^2\,z^3 + Cng thc lun c nh s t ng tr khi c lnh \tag hay
12\,x^2\,y^3\,z^3 - 8\,x\,y^4\,z^3 + 2\,y^5\,z^3 + x^4\,z^4 - \notag v s th t c t bn phi ca hng cui cng (hay