2010 4

0 5
0.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
0.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

1 9

2 15

3 23

4 29
4.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
4.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
4.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
4.4 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
4.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
4.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
4.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

5 39
5.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
5.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
5.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
5.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
5.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
5.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
5.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
5.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

6 45
6.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
6.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
6.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
6.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
6.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
6.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

6.7 () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

7 55
7.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
4

7.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
7.3 (Magnet) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
7.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

8 59
8.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
8.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
8.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
8.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
8.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

9 69
9.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
9.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
9.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
9.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

10 (Displacement current) 73

11 (Electromagnetic Induction) 75
11.1 1831 8 29 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
11.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
11.3 Motional Induction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
11.4 Transformer Induction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
11.5 Motional induction Transformer induction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
11.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
11.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

12 1 81

A 87
A.1 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
A.2 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
A.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
 5

0.1

1 2


20% 220% 30% 30% 60%

1 , 16
2 17
3 18
4 19
5 20
6 21
7 22
8 23
9 24
10 25
11 26
12 27
13 28
14
15

III
III 7

6 0

0.2

, ,
/. , 1969
(:3).
420||F-5.




:
. , 2004.
()
427||W-8.
D. , R.

, J. /.

, 2002 (:3).

427||H-18.
(

)

, 2004
.
( :2).
, 2008 (:
420.7||E-3||2.
; 3). 427||M-16.
.

, 1998 ( One Point:2).

427.1||O-2.
21 [/]
/
, 2005,
. , 2002 (
427||T-11.
). 427||K-41.
. , 1999
. ,
( - ).
2005 (:B-1483).
427||H-14.
408||B-2||1483.
. , 1997

(). 427||K-33.

:

. , 1988.

427||S-25.
( 2)
. , 1987
. , 1976.
(:4).
427||H-2.
420.8||B-12||4.

.

, 1987 (:3).
( 3).
427||K-27.
, 1980. 427||T-1||y.
, Edward M.Purcell []/
427||T-7||b.
. , 1970-1971 (

:2).

420||B-9||2-1.
: , 1, 2

V. D. , M. G. /

0.2 7

, . , 1991-
1992. 427||B-9||1.




, 1, 2.
, 2007.
427||O-15||1.



3 .
, 1999. 427||S-
11||3.




()
, J.D. /
. , 1994 (. 67.).
427.7||J-3||

2



,
. , 1970.
427||G-3.
.
, 2002 (
:3). 427.7||A-4.
: ,
. , 1980.
427||S-1.
. ,
1987 (:5).
420.8||B-12||5.
/
, . , 1981 (
:21). 420.8||K-
4||21-c.
 9

7 *1
600 *2



1 p.17
360 *3

1600 *4
elektron electricity
1773 *5
1785 *6
1891 *7
1897 *8
1912 *9 1.592 1019

*1
*2 624- 546
*3 427 347
*4 1544-1603

*5 1731-1810
*6 1736-1806
*7 1826 1911
*8 1856-1940J.J. 1906
*9 1868-1953
10 1

10
1879 100

http://www.uibk.ac.at/exphys/museum/html/details/electr/cavendish.html.en
 11

qQ
r[m] q[C]Q[C] k [N]
r2
(
k = 8.9876 109 Nm2 C2
1
0 k =
40
1
0 = 4 107 N/A2 c =

0 0
c = 299792458m/s

1
0 = = 8.854 1012 C2 /N m2
c2 0

109 m (1 )

12 1

~10-2m ~10-10m
-

+
+
-6
~10 m
-

-9
~10 m
-
-
-
+
+ +
- + +
+ -

10A




(= )
= , , , ,

+
+

- me e
+

+ 1840me +e
1840me 0

e = 1.602 1019 C
 13

1.1

1.
2.
3.
4.

1.2

1.
2.
3. 50mA 1.5V 1

4.
5.
6.

1.3 1 . 1cm

() () () () ()

1.4 1 ( 104 m3 ) , ( 1024 )

. , .
1018 m3 .
() 10

http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/history/
 15

()*1





(1) ()
(2) ()
(3) ()

(4) ()


,
r
(x, y, z)

r = (x, y, z)

r t r(t)
t ,
.

*1 material, object
16 2

(scalar)
, , , ,
,
, , ,

2 (x y )a = (ax , ay ) = ax + ay
= (1, 0), = (0, 1)
2 ( r )a = (r cos , r sin ) = r cos + r sin = rr
r = (cos , sin ), = ( sin , cos )

y ^
^
r
ay a
a
^
j
^ ax x
i

(source) (eld)
(particle)



Q

r q


qQ
F = k 3 r = q E

r

= k Q r
E
r3

q E
r E

(probe)q
 17

*2

1 Q1 R
R 2 Q2

r

1 = k Q 1 ), 2 = k Q 2 ),
E (r R E (r R
1 |3
|r R 2 |3
|r R

q

Q2

Q1 r

R2

R1
O

*2 1791-1867
18 2

1 (r)q E
q r q E 2 (r)

1 + q
F = q E

E2

1 +
= E
E

E2

 19

(Kane and Sternheim,

)
20 2

2.1 2 r) = (x, y)
A(

p
2.2 2 r) = r
A(
r = (x, y)r = x2 + y 2
r

2.3 2 r) = (y, x)
A(

2.4

http://www.edu.gunma-u.ac.jp/ hayakawa/project/kazan3D/kashmir/contour/fuzi2.gif

2.5 xy (0, a) +q (0, a) q

r = (x, y)
(1) y

P
Ex = 0, Ey 2k
y3

P = qd
(2) x

P
Ex = 0, Ey k
x3

Mathematica
 21

2.1
2 r) = (x, y)
A(

2.2
2 r) = r
A(
r
22 2

2.3
2 r) = (y, x)
A(
 23

(global)



(local)


t t + dt v x(t + dt) x(t) = vdt
dx
v = .
dt

() 1
S () S dS
24 3

dS r
d dS

dS cos = r2 d

S n n
r
d dS
4
ZZ
d = 4
S

4 S S

dS cos

v

ZZ ZZ
= v cos dS = vr2 d
S S

= 1 q
E r
40 r3
 25

S
ZZ
= E cos dS
S

S
dS
E cos dS = E

= ndS
dS

dS cos = r2 d
ZZ
q 1
= r2 d
S 40 r2
1
r 2
r2
r

ZZ
q q q
= d = 4 =
40 S 40 0


ZZ
= q
dS
E
S 0

S q S

q1 , q2 , , qN
q S
PN
j=1 qj

ZZ N
1X
E dS = qj
S 0 j=1

26 3

N
X
qj
j=1

( dV ) dV S
ZZZ
V dV

ZZ ZZZ
V

1
E dS = dV
S 0 V

0

 27

3.1 a

3.2

3.3 a Q

3.4 , 5
,
(3 106 N/C) ,
= 1.0 103 C/m , ,
) 0 = 8.85 1012 C2 /Nm2

3.5 a ,
qQ
(1) F = k 2
r
qQ
F =k
r2.1

(2)

3.6 1904 J.J. () a

( Q) e
(1)
(2) a = 0.53 1010 m, e = 1.6 1019 C, m = 9.1 1031 kg

http://www.welsch.com/
28 3

21 [/] , p.38

21 [/] ,
 29

4.1
Q x m q

dv qQ
m =k 2
dt x
v = dx/dt
dv qQ dx
mv =k 2
dt x dt
d 1 2 d qQ
= mv = k
dt 2 dt x

d 1 qQ
= mv 2 + k =0
dt 2 x
1 qQ
= mv 2 + k = E ()
2 x
E E

qQ
U (x) = k
x
()

F (x) x
U (x)
dU (x)
F (x) =
dx

dv dx
mv = F (x)
dt dt
d 1 2 d
= mv = (U (x))
dt 2 dt

d 1 2
= mv + U (x) = 0
dt 2
1
= mv 2 + U (x) = E (
2
U (x)
F U Z x
U (x) = F (x )dx
x0

x0

30 4

4.1
(1) (2)

4.2
F (x) x1 x2 . ,
Z x2
F Wx1 x2 = F (x )dx
x1

dU (x)
. F F (x) =
dx
Z x2
dU (x )
Wx1 x2 = dx = U (x1 ) U (x2 )
x1 dx

4.3
Q x

Q
E(x) = k
x2

Z x
U (x) = q E(x )dx
x0

Z x
U (x)/q = V (x) = E(x )dx
x0

dV (x)
E(x) =
dx

V (x) x0 x
x0
Z x x
Q Q Q
V (x) = k dx = k =k
x2 x x

U (x) = qV (x)

[V]

4.2 +Q A +Q
B B v0
4.4 3 31

4.4 3
V (
r)

V (r) V (r) V (r)
, ,
x y z
(r) grad V (r) (r)
V

= V V V
V , , .
x y z

1
V =
r
p
r = x2 + y 2 + z 2
= r
V
r3

Q
r

= k Q r
E
r3

r
Q

= r3
V r
Q
V =k
r

= V
E

3
q

dv
m = q V
dt
dr
v =
dt
dv dr
mv = q V
dt dt

d 1 dx V dy V dz V
mv 2 = q q q
dt 2 dt x dt y dt z

d 1 dV
mv 2 = q
dt 2 dt

d 1
mv 2 + qV = 0
dt 2
1
= mv 2 + qV = E (
2
32 4

qV
V =??

Z
r
V (r) = r ) dr
E(

r0

r0 r

4.3 r
4.4
r0 Q r V (r)

1 Q
V (r) =
40 |r r0 |

r)
E(
4.5
r1 , r2 , rN , Q1 , Q2 , QN , r V (r)

N
1 X Qj
V (r) =
40 j=1 |r rj |

r)
E(
4.6 p

1 p r
V (r) =
40 r3

4.7

(1)
(2) EQ
(3) EP
4.5 33

4.5

r0 r

N
X 1
w= f(rj ) (rj+1 rj )
j=0

r0

r0 r N

Z
r
w= f(r) dr

r0

r0

C C

Z
r
4.8 3 f = (x, y) f(r ) dr

r0
r0 = (0, 0), r = (1, 1) 1: y = x 2: y = x2 3: y = x

y (1,1)

(0,0)
x

1 f = (x, y) = (x, x) d
r = (dx, dy) = (dx, dx)

f dr = 2xdx

Z 1
2xdx = 1
0
34 4

2 f = (x, y) = (x, x2 ) dr = (dx, dy) = (dx, 2xdx)

f dr = xdx + 2x3 dx

Z 1
(x + 2x3 )dx = 1
0

3 f = (x, y) = (x, x) dr = (dx, dy) = (dx, 12 x1/2 dx)

1
f dr = xdx + dx = (x + 1/2)dx
2

Z 1
(x + 1/2)dx = 1
0

1
V (r) = (x2 + y 2 )
2

V V
fx = , fy = ,
x y

z

V V
f = ,
V
x y

r0 = (0, 0), r = (1, 1)
Z Z
f dr = dV = V (r) + V (r0 ) = 1

x y dV (x, y)

V V
dV = dx + dy
x y

V f = V

4.9 V (
r) = mgz m, g V
4.6 35

4.6

(x )
x v(x)

y
z v(x)
x
x

v(xx/2) 
v(x+x/2)

 
^

yzn
^

yzn
3 x, y, z (
) (x, 0, 0) 1 2 (xx/2, 0, 0), (x+
x/2, 0, 0) 1 2 yz
1 2
v(x)
v(x + x/2)yz v(x x/2)yz xyz
| {z } | {z } x
2 1

1 2 n, +n
1 = yzn,
S 2 = +yzn,
S

, 1 2 v1 , v2
,
2 = vx (x) xyz
1 + v2 S
v1 S
x
3 ,
r = (x, y, z) v (r)
6

v1 S1 + v2 S
2 + v3 S3 + v4 S
4 + v5 S
5 + v6 S
6

vx (x) vy (x) vz (x)
= + + xyz
x y z
= v (r)xyz

36 4

4
5
16 2
3


ZZ ZZZ
=
v (r) dS v (r)dV

S V

, ()
, .

4.10
v (r) = (y 2 , 2xy + z 2 , 2yz)

1 1 6

4.7
, S V Q , [C/m3 ]
ZZZ
Q= (r)dV
V

,
ZZ ZZZ
E( = 1
r) dS (r)dV
S 0 V

, ZZ ZZZ
r ) dS
E( = E(
r)dV
S V

ZZZ ZZZ
r)dV = 1
E( (r)dV
V 0 V

r) = 1 (r)
E(

0

4.8
,

(r)] = 1 (r)
[V

0
2
2 2 1
= 2
+ 2
+ 2
V (r) = (r)
x y z 0

2 V (r) = 1 (r)
=
0
4.8 37

2

(
r)

1
V =
0

4.11 , x V = V0 (x/d)4/3
. .
 39

5.1

-e

+ +
Cu Cu

-e -e

-e -e
+ + +
Cu Cu Cu

B At

40 5

n[1028 /m3 ]
Na 2.65
Cu 8.47
Ag 5.86
Au 5.90
Fe 17.0
Mn 16.5

5.2

EH,DB (One Point 10)

1981

/0

5.1 (1) /0
(2) 2 /20
electric tensionelectric stress



5.3 41

5.3

(condenser) (capacitor)

http://www.digitivity.com/articles/capacitor-breakdown-thumb-404x615.jpg

5.4

21 [/] ,
42 5

5.5
Q Q
V

Q = CV

C (capacitance) F()
1F
1F= 106 F1pF= 1012 F

5.6
1. Q

qA qA qAqBqCqD
qAqB Q 
S

qB qB



qC qC
qAqBqCqD
 
qD qD  S

 
qAqBqCqD

qA  Q S
E 
qB Q S

qC Q Q S
V Ed  C d
qD  S

Q
2.
(a) Q

Q


Q 

b Q
a 
Q

r(a<r<b)


Q b
E4


r
V  Edr
a
4
Q

 

a  b
ab
C 4
ba

5.2
5.3 a :C = 40 a
5.4 a , ( 2a, 3a)
, ,
S1 , S2 0
[A] S1 (), Q
[A-1]
[A-2]
[B] S1 S2 (),
Q
[B-1]
5.7 43

Q
[B-2]
[B-3]

3a

2a

S1 S2

5.7
S d Q

d U
F

E = E =
20 20

E = E + E =
0
= Q/S
F

2 S 1
F = QE = = QE
20 2

2 S 1 1 1 Q2
U = Fd = d = QEd = QV = CV 2 =
20 2 2 2 2C

2 S
U= d
20
44 5

Sd

U 2 1
u= = = 0 E 2
Sd 20 2

1
0 E 2
2

5.5 V
(1) Q r

(2) Q
(3) Q V
(4) C
(5)
ZZZ
1 2
U= 0 E d
V 2

d dV V
1
(6) U = CV 2
2

b
a

5.8

N
1X
W = qi V (ri )
2 i=1

ZZZ
0
W = E 2 d
2 V

5.6


 45

6.1
v
(steady current)
j
A/m2 n

j = en v

6.1 j = en v

6.2 n 1029 /m3 . A = 2mm2 1A

, [v 3 105 m/s 1/300cm]

21 [/
] ,
46 6

6.2

E

J. J. Thomson
Drude Drude

1





ma = eE

a = eE/m

eE
v =
m

2
j = en v = ne E

m



j = E

ne2
=
m

(electrical conductivity)

=1/

(electrical resistivity)
6.2 47

21 [/] ,

108 m =
104 107 m =
107 1017 m =

(thermal conductivity)

nCV v 2
=
3
CV = 32 kB

2
nCV v 2 m kB m v 2 kB 3 3 kB
= = 2 = 2 kB T =
3 ne2 e 2 e 2 2 e

m v2 3
= kB T
2 2

2
3 kB
= T
2 e

2 2
3 kB 3 1.38 1023 [J/K] 2
L= = 1.1 108 [V2 /K ]
2 e 2 1.6 1019 [C]
48 6

=L
T

(Wiedemann-Franz)

6.3
S L

L
R=
S

(resistance)

1
G=
R

(conductance)

E = 1 j

L
LE = L 1 j = V = Sj = V = RI
S |{z}
|{z} =I
=R

6.3 C


R=
C

6.4 a ( l) , b ,
. V ,
.
6.4 49

b
a V

6.5 (
)

V
V I
I

4
2

6.4

R

QJ = I 2 R

1840 J.P.Joule Joule

6.6 m F

50 6

6.7 t = 0

V C

(1) Q(t)

dQ(t) Q(t)
R + =V
dt C

(2) Q(t)
(3) I(t)
(4)
(5)

(6)

(7) (6)

6.8
() 70mV 6.0 nm

Benjamin Crowell, Electricity and Magnetism

6.5 51

6.5

1845

0
2
0

6.9
6.10 (Wheatstone bridge)

R3 Rx

R1 R2

6.11

h
R=
ab

52 6

6.6

V S

j

dS j.

dS

dV
t

ZZ ZZZ
+
j dS
dV = 0
S V t
| {z } | {z }

, ZZ ZZZ
=
j dS jdV

S V

ZZZ ZZZ ZZZ

jdV +


dV = 0 = j+ dV = 0
V V t V t

j+ = 0

t

(continuity equation)

ZZ
=I
j dS
S

ZZZ ZZZ
d dQ
dV = dV =
V t dt V dt
6.7 () 53

dQ
I
dt

dQ
I+ =0
dt

6.12 ( 1/e ) .
t = 0 0 , t .
(1)

j+ = 0

t
E =

j = E

=
t
.
(2) .
(3) () , = 6.0 107 1 m1 . = 1.2 1011 C2 /Nm2 .
(4)

6.7 ()
()

() () (
) (
)

x
0 l

dE(x) en(x)
1. =
dx
dV (x)
2. E(x) =
dx
dv
3. m = eE(x)
dt
1
4. mv 2 = eV (x)
2
5. j = env
54 6

n(x) ()j x

1/2
d2 V (x) en(x) j j m
= = =
dx2 v 2eV (x)

dV

dx
r ( 2 )
dV d2 V (x) j m dV d 1 dV j m 1/2 d 1/2
2
= = = 2V
dx dx 2eV (x) dx dx 2 dx 2e dx
r 1/2 r 1/2
dV 4j m 1/4 dV 4j m
= = V = 1/4 = dx
dx 2e V 2e
r 1/2 r 1/2
dV 4j m 4 3/4 4j m
= 1/4 = dx = V = x
V 2e 3 2e
r 23
9j m 4
= V = x3
4 2e

x = l
r 23
9j m 4
V = l3
4 2e

r
4 2e 3/2
j= 2 V
9l m

 55

7.1
2 a b
() a b ,
|a||b| sin , a b

ax
ayazax

bx
by

bz
bx

axbyaybx aybzazby azbxaxbz

ab z ab x ab y

a b

a b
|a||b|sin

b a
a

7.2


B
v
TT=N/Am q B

FL = qv B

v0 q
7.1 B
56 7

v0 q
7.2 B
7.3
7.4

Physics for Scientists and Engineers 6th ed. (College Text), Serway and Jewett

1777-18511820

1775-1836


2

7.3 (Magnet) 57

Introduction to Electrodynamics: David J. Griths

19

7.3 (Magnet)

1
N S
58 7

7.4
N S N S
N S

ZZ
dS
B =0
S

B
=0

 59

8.1
v
K q E
K , K

Greiner, Classical Electrodynamics

v c v cK

= 1 v E
B
c2

.*1
1
c=
0 0

*1 11-3
60 8

8.1 (1) . , [C/m]
. r E .
(2) v . r P
B . , P .

8.2
= q r
E (q = e) v
40 r3

= 1 v E
B = 0 q v r
c2 4 r3

8.3
I d
r dB
q = enSd v

= 0 (enSd) v r 0 (env S) d r
dB 3
= 3
4 r 4 r

v d

(env S) d = (envS) d = Id

= 0 I d r
dB
4 r3

1820

8.3 61

dB

I r

d`

d r dB

0 I sin d
dB =
4 r2

*2

*2 11-3
62 8

8.2 (1) z (0, 0, z) B z
z

0 I a
dBz = d
4 (a2 + z 2 )3/2

dB
z

O a
Id`
I

(2) a

Benjamin Crowell, Electricity and Magnetism

8.3 63

8.3 ( a n ) I B
z z z + dz ndz
z

0 I a2
dB = o3/2 ndz
2 n 2
a2 + (z z)

8.4 (1) AB I . P
.
(2)

r
A 1 2 B

8.5 1 2a I .
(1) O .
(2) d P .

2a
O
2a
64 8

8.6 a

8.7 a b

b


8.4 65

8.4

= 0 I S
M

r m q

q qv
I= =
T 2r
(T = 2r/v)
qv
= 0
M r2 z
2r
z

= mrvz

qv 1 0 q
= 0
M r2 = = g
2r mrv 2m

0 q
g=
2m

M
66 8

8.5

= 1B
H
0

0 = 4 107 N/A2

Z
dr = I
H
C

. , C .
.

I

C H

dr

, , j(
r) . , C
S , I
ZZ
I=
j dS
S

jr
S


dS

,
Z ZZ
dr =
H
j dS
C S

8.8
8.9 I1 , I2 ( r)

0 I1 I2
F =
2r

8.5 67

8.10
r =1m I1 = I2 = I
1m 2 107 N/m I 0

8.11 , .
(1) (a) R i .
1 (x) .
xy . . , x Q(x, 0) B
0 < x < R R < x .
(2) (b) r i .
xy . (a, 0) . , a r < x < a + r ,
2 (x) .
Q(x, 0) B
(3) (c) , R , a b
. i . a r < x < a + r ,

Q(x, 0) B(x) .

(a) y (b) y (c) y

R RR R

x P
r x r x
O O O P
Q Q Q

a a

 69

9.1
f = (fx , fy , fz )

f = fz fy fx fz fy fx
, ,
y z z x x y

f , rotf

i j k


f =

x y z

fx fy fz

i = (1, 0, 0), j = (0, 1, 0), k = (0, 0, 1)

f
9.1
(1) f = (x, y, 0)
(2) f = (y, x, 0)
9.2 (A)(F)

y y
y

x x x

y y y

x x x

70 9

9.2
f = (fx , fy , fz ) xy A B
C D A 1 f(x, y, z) WABCDA .

x
y+y
D C

y y

A x B
y

x x+x

WABCDA = WAB + WBC + WCD + WDA

WAB = fx (x, y, z)x,

fy (x, y, z)
WBC = fx (x + x, y, z)y fy (x, y, z) + x y,
x

fx (x, y, z)
WCD = WDC = fx (x, y + y, z)x fx (x, y, z) + y x,
y
WDA = WAD = fy (x, y, z)y.

,

fy (x, y, z)
WABCDA = fx (x, y, z)x + fy (x, y, z) + x y
x

fx (x, y, z)
fx (x, y, z) + y x fy (x, y, z)y
y

fy (x, y, z) fx (x, y, z)
= xy
x y

.
Z
WABCDA = f dr
ABCD

.
Z
fy (x, y, z) fx (x, y, z)
f dr = xy
ABCD x y

ABCD yz zx

fz (x, y, z) fy (x, y, z)
yz,
y z

fx (x, y, z) fz (x, y, z)
zx
z x

.
xy ABCDEF 1
2
9.2 71

D C

F E

A B
D C

F E
EG
GE

A G B
[ABCDEFA ]
[AGEFA ]
+ [GBCDG ]

G E E G A B C D E F
A A G E F A G B C D G

xy
C
S

, xy C C S
Z ZZ ZZ ZZ
fy (x, y, z) fx (x, y, z)
f dr = dxdy = f]x dxdy =
[ f) dS
(
C S x y S S

xy
dS
C xy
C C S

Z ZZ
f dr = f) dS
(
C S

72 9

9.3 f = (0, 2xz + 3y 2 , 4yz 2 ) 1 1 [ (0, 0, 0)
(0, 1, 0), (0, 1, 1), (0, 0, 1)]

9.3

Z ZZ
dr =
H
j dS
C S

ZZ ZZ
H)
( dS
=
j dS
S S

H
= j

9.4


(
=
E

0
E
=0

= V
E

V
=0

B =0

B = 0j

 73

10

(Displacement current)

I(t) . ,
Q(t) . ,

Q(t)
E(t) =
0 S
. ,

dQ(t)
I(t) =
dt
, . , I(t) (
) . , . ,
, I(t) , I(t)
, , ID (t)
.

It

It
}

}
+ Qt

Et IDt
Qt

It It }
, ID = I

dE(t)
ID (t) = 0 S
dt
,
ZZ
d dS

ID (t) = 0 E
dt S

. ,
, . ,
, . , ,
.
74 10 (Displacement current)

,
Z ZZ ZZ
dr =
H + 0 d
j dS dS
E
C S dt S

. ,

Z ZZ
!
dr = j + 0 E
H dS
C S t

. ,

E
J = j + 0
t

.


 75

11

(Electromagnetic Induction)

11.1 1831 8 29
17911867

11.2
IH

11.3 Motional Induction

v .
B

= vB sin
Vm = v B

, motional induction (
) . () C
Z
Vm = dr
v B
C
76 11 (Electromagnetic Induction)

B

v
`

10.1 Motional induction ,

= B
Vm = v B dS(t)
v = B
dt
,
. , S
() .

11.4 Transformer Induction

2 C( S) , B(t) .


(t) = B(t)
S

d(t)
Vt =
dt

, transformer induction .

An B

.
, E
. I
dr = d(t)
E
C dt

. ( r, t)
r B(
) ,
I ZZ
B(r, t)
Vt = E dr = dS
C S t

11.4 Transformer Induction 77

10.2 z

B(t) = (0, 0, B0 sin(t))

. xy r E(r)
.
. (z )
. .

10.3 I . 1 a ABCD , AB
CD . AB x .
(1) x B(x) . 0 .
(2) ABCD (x) .
(3) x I , ABCD
. dI/dt .
(4) , I ABCD v . AB
x ABCD . v = dx/dt .
(5) I ABCD v . AB
x ABCD .

A a D

B C
O
x
78 11 (Electromagnetic Induction)

10.4 IH N
(1)
B(t) = B0 cos(t)
1
AC [V = B0 h2 N 3 sin (t)]
3

Z 2N
1 2
= B(t) {r()} d
2 0

r() = h/2 .
(2) S
QJ
(3) S = 0.1cm2 , = 108 mh = 0.1cmN = 100 QJ

11.5 Motional induction Transformer induction 79

11.5 Motional induction Transformer induction

10.5()

( =90)
Bt
B(t) = B0 cos(t) v

. , x v
`
.
x

motional induction transformer induction

d
Vemf = Vm + Vt = (S(t) B(t))
dt

,

(t) = B(t)
S(t)

. ,

d(t)
Vemf =
dt

. . motional induction
transformer induction .
.

11.6
C . , C
. C S . C , S
() . , C .
r) , S ,
, C B(
ZZ
(t) = dS
B
S

.
, C

d(t)
V =
dt

. , C
r) .
() E(
I
Vemf = E dr
C
80 11 (Electromagnetic Induction)

B(r)
S

dS = ndS

Ein(r)

.
I ZZ
dr = d
E dS
B
C dt S

. .

10.6()

B0 sin (t) (0 < r a)
B(r) =
B1 sin (t) (a < r)
t = 0 r = 2a m e
r = 2a
(1) B0 B1

B0 = 5B1
(2) a = 6cmB0 = 0.02T = 100s1

28%

11.7

Z ZZ
dr =
E E)
( dS

C S

, ZZ ZZ
E)
dS
= d dS

( B
S dt S

= B
E

t
.
 81

12

1.
(r) = 1 Q
E r
40 r3

2.

1. (r) Q ZZZ
Q= dV
V

2.
ZZ ZZZ
E = 1
dS dV
S 0 V
82 12 1

3. ZZ ZZZ
dS
E = EdV

S V

4.
= 1
E

0

1.
ZZ
dS
B =0
S

2.
B
=0

1.
= 0 H
B

2.
= I d r
dH
4 r3

3.
 83

1. j (r) I ZZ
I=
j dS
S

2.
Z ZZ
dr =
H
j dS
C S

3.
Z ZZ
dr =
H H
dS

C S

4.
H
= j
84 12 1

1. I
2. ZZ ZZ
d dS
E
ID = 0 E = 0 dS
dt S S t

3.
Z
dr = I + ID
H
C

Z ZZ !

dr =
H j + 0 E dS

C S t

4.

= j + 0 E
H

t

1. Motional Induction
2. Transformer Induction
3. ZZ
= dS
B
S

4.
d(t)
V =
dt
5.
Z ZZ
dr = d
E dS
B
C dt S

6.
Z ZZ
dr =
E E
dS

C S

7.

= B
E

t

E
= 0
 85

1.
ZZ ZZZ
E = 1
dS dV
S 0 V
ZZ
dS
B =0
S
Z ZZ
!
dr = j + 0 E
H dS
C S t
Z ZZ
E dr = d dS
B
C dt S
2.
= 1
E

0
B
=0

= j + 0 E
H
t

= B
E

t
 87

A.1 1
1
(1)
e = 1.60 10n C n

(2) 2

10

(3) 3 Q r E

(4) r

2
xy (a, 0) q (a, 0) +q r = (x, y)
r)
E(

A B
x

(1) = 2d E(
r) rd k
(2) (a, a) x y
(3) y (0, y)
1
3
y
3
(1)(5) (A)(F)

r) = (x, x)
(1) A(
r) = (x, 1)
(2) A(
88 A

r) = (x, y)
(3) A(
r) = (y, x)
(4) A(
r) = (y, x)
(5) A(

y y
y

x x x

y y y

x x x

4
a Q r
E(r)

r
}

(1) r > a E(r)

(2) 0 < r < a E(r)
(3) r
(4) 1904 J.J. () a
( e) e m
T a0 em
5

6
A.1 1 89

a

7

d

90 A

A.2 2
A1 A3 B1 B3
1
A1 [9 ]
r)
(1) (r) E(
r) V (r) E(
E( r) = V (
r) (r)

(2)

(3)
e n v j =
n = 8.47 1028 /m3 A = 2mm2 1A ,
v = 3.69 10n m/s n n =

(4)
Q Q I =
C R =

A2 [3 ]
(1) p r = (x, y, z)

(
p r) =

1
=
r3
p
r = x2 + y 2 + z 2
1 p
r r
n
2 (r ) n r
r
(2) p

1 p r
V (r) =
40 r3

r) = 1
E(
40

f ( (f g) = f g
r) g (r) + g f


A3 [4 ]

v = (x + y, x y, z)

1 1
ZZZ ZZ
v dV =

v dS
V S

A.2 2 91

4
5
16 2
3
ZZZ
v dV =

V

ZZ

v dS

1

2
0

1

2

B1 [4 ]
[1] a b
V

b
a

(1) C
(2)
ZZZ
1 2
U= 0 E d
V 2

1
U = CV 2 d dV
2
92 A

V
r r + dr

[2]

b
a

(3) r I(r) a < r < b

r r
(4) (3)
A1

B2 [4 ] R V
t = 0

V C

(1) t Q(t) Q(t)

(2)

(3)

(4) (3)

B3 [4 ] R Q
(1) O x x
(2) x
(3) Q M x

A.2 2 93

O x
94 A

A.3
1 [8 ]
ZZ ZZZ
E = 1
dS dV (A.1)
S 0 V

a

(a) r 0 < r < a a < r
(b) r V 0 < r < a a < r

E
(c) (b) V V V

= V
E (A.2)

(d)
=
E (A.3)
0

2 [4 ] B

B
=0 (A.4)

B
= 0 (A.5)

(a) (A.4)
(b) (A.4) (A.5)

3 [8 ] I

= I d r
dH (A.6)
4 r3

(a) (A.6) d, r, dH



(b)
(b-1) a z
H(z)
(b-2) ( a n ) I H
z z z + dz ndz
z
I a2
dH = ndz
2

A.3 95

(b-3) (b-2) H = nI
z

4 [8 ]z a
j z r 0 < r < a

= 1 j r
H
2
p

r = (x, y, 0), r = x2 + y 2 j = (0, 0, j)

xy a/2 C S

(a) H Hx Hy Hz j, x, y
H
(b) Z z
Z
(c) H
dS

ZS
(d) H dr C
C
a a
r = cos , sin , 0
2 2
0 2 (c) (d)
ZZ Z
H
dS
= dr
H
S C

5 [6 ] a d

V = V0 sin (t)
96 A

0
(a) t I
(b)
(c)
r 0 < r < a
6 [16 ] 1831


(a) Motional Induction Transformer Induction

(b) Motional Induction Transformer Induction


(c) V
d
V = (A.7)
dt
B
E

= B
E (A.8)
t

(d)

B = B0 sin (t)

(B0 )
R t = 0
x a

(d-1) t
(d-2) v x t

(d-3) (d-2)