SPE Distinguished Lecturer Program

The SPE Distinguished Lecturer Program is funded principally

through a grant from the SPE Foundation.

The society gratefully acknowledges the companies that support

this program by allowing their professionals to participate as
lecturers.

Special thanks to the American Institute of

Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum
Engineers (AIME) for its contribution to
the program.

Society of Petroleum Engineers

Distinguished Lecturer Program
www.spe.org/dl
 Remediating Cusiana & Cupiagua
(Fracturing Between a Rock and a Hard Place)
(In Memory of Robert Bob Hannah 1930 2007)

Martin Rylance
BP Exploration

Society of Petroleum Engineers

Distinguished Lecturer Program
www.spe.org/dl
Cusiana & Cupiagua The Patients

Slide No. 3
Cusiana Anatomy of a Giant Oil Field
AA
Discovered : 1987
Hyd Type : Oil (34 - 43 API) AA
Hyd Column: +/- 1,400 ft
BB
Recovery : Gas / Water Inj
Well Stock : 37 Producers
: 13 G-Injectors BB

: 4 W-Injectors
Depth : 14-16,000 ft
STOIIP : 1,564 MM.bbls
AA AA BB BB
BAGC37
Mirador
Los Cuervos
Barco
Guadalupe Mudstone
Guadalupe Upper Phsphates
Guadalupe Quartz Arenites
Guadalupe Lower Phosphates
Gacheta

Barco Guadalupe GOC @ 4030.98 (13225')

Barco Guadalupe Main Field OWC @ 4181.86 (13720')

Slide No. 4
Cupiagua Anatomy of a Giant Gas Field
Discovered : 1988
Hyd Type : RGC (39-43 API)
Hyd Column: +/- 6,000 ft
Recovery : Gas Cycling
Well Stock : 29 Producers
: 11 G-Injectors
Depth : 14-20,000 ft
STOIIP : 1,180 MM.bbls
Yield : 280 stb/mm.scf
K5 Fault
Main
Plate K5 12000

Backland XU17
1
Fault Imbricates
2
Feet
IOWC Subsea
16000 ft ss
Mirador
Los Cuervos 18000
Lower
Barco
Plate
Guad. Mudstone
Guadalupe Backland
Block

Slide No. 5
 Cusiana & Cupiagua The Symptoms
Typical PBU Results Cus/Cup
-2
DP & DERIVATIVE (MPSI2/CP/MSCF/D)

10

Skin = + ( 20 120 )
-3
10

Perm = 1 500 md
-4
10

kh = 2,000 10,000 md-ft

-5

-2 -1 0
10

10 10 10
Delta-T (hr)

Extremely High Skins (Formation Damage & Perforations)

Increasing Skin (Cusiana) with an increasing GOR & WC

Increasing Skin (Cupiagua) with pore-pressure depletion

Decreasing kh (Cus & Cup) with pore-pressure depletion

Slide No. 6
Cusiana & Cupiagua The Symptoms

Slide No. 7
Cusiana & Cupiagua The Symptoms

Slide No. 8
Cusiana & Cupiagua The Symptoms

Slide No. 9
 Cusiana & Cupiagua The Illness
100.000
Almost Linear Relationship
One Porosity Unit Equal to
Order of Magnitude of Perm
10.000
Permeability (md)

1.000

0.100

0.010
Cus & Cup Mirador
PBU N. Slope Alaska
0.001
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35
Porosity
Slide No. 10
Cusiana & Cupiagua The Complications
NE

SW

DOWN-DIP
WELL
VERTICAL WELL UP-DIP WELL

SDLA Stress State Severe Faulting

v = 0.95 - 1.00 psi/ft Stress Rotation
h = 0.70 - 0.80 psi/ft Vertical Rotation
H = 1.20 - 1.60 psi/ft Frontal Rotation
Slide No. 11
Cusiana & Cupiagua The Complications
Arenite Fm. 97.0 - 98.0 % Quartz
Young Mod 8.00 - 12.0 MM.psi
Poiss Ratio 0.15 - 0.25
UCS 25.0 - 35.0 m.psi
Tensile 7.00 - 10.0 m.psi
Permeability 0.10 - 500 md
Porosity 4.00 - 8.00 %

Slide No. 12
Cusiana & Cupiagua The Complications

Perm Reduction ca. 90%

Gas Breakout Problem
Water Production Problem
Cond. Dew-Point Problem
Phase Trapping Common

Slide No. 13
 Cusiana & Cupiagua The Medicine

1. Minimize the Solids Pumped into the Formation.

2. Optimize the Deviation, Azimuth & Perforations.

3. Maximize Integrity & Surface Treating Pressure.

4. Implement efficient Stacked-Frac Approach.

Slide No. 14
Cusiana & Cupiagua Cleanliness
PRESSURE LIMIT

PICKLE
WITH CT
3 MTHS
LATER

Slide No. 15
Cusiana & Cupiagua Cleanliness

Slide No. 16
 Cusiana & Cupiagua Orientation
Deviation & Azimuth. v
90 H
Gun (SPF/PHS/Pen)

Liner-/Hole-Size/CMT.

FRACTURE LINK-UP
Slide No. 17
 Cusiana & Cupiagua Orientation
35.00
CUP T27 LM & UM

CUP U9 UM
CUS BA B02 LM
CUP E7 BARCO
30.00
CUS BA B02 UM
CUP B2 BARCO

CUP U9 LM CUS T03 LM

25.00 CUP U9 BARCO CUS T03 UM
CUP U13 UM CUP A1 UM
CUS CA27 LM

CUP Q6 UM CUP U13 BARCO

Well Deviation (Degrees)

20.00 CUS BA38 LM CUP B04 LM

CUP YB28 UM CUP B04 UM
CUS BA38 UM CUP U13 LM CUP Q6 BARCO

CUS R11 UM
CUS R11 LM
15.00 CUS BA33 LM
CUS R13 G CUS DD25 UM
CUS R11 TM
CUP YB28 BARCO
CUS Y16 BARCO
FLOREA A1 BARCO
CUS R13 UM
10.00 CUS R09ST UM & LM
CUS PA31 LM CUS PA31 UM

CUS W29 LM CUS WA 35 UM CUS Z12 UM

CUS WA 35 LM
CUS Q17 LM CUP S26 UM
CUS TC18 LM
CUS TS23 LM CUS TC14 UM CUS TC18 UM
CUS W29 UM CUS DD17 LM
CUS D21 UM & TM
CUS A23 BARCO
5.00 CUS WA32 UM CUS WA32 LM
CUS DD17 UM CUS D24 UM

CUS DD22 UM
CUS Z10 UM
CUS KA15 LM
CUS PA36 LM

0.00
0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 60.00 70.00 80.00 90.00

Degrees Off Preferred Azinuth (Degrees)

Slide No. 18
Cusiana & Cupiagua Integrity
Cusiana Approach

Maximise WHTP

Managed Liner SF

Utilise Friction Loss

Cupiagua Approach

HWOU Deployed FS

RU Directly on Tree

Deploy Thru 7 MB

MWHTP 18,000 psi

Slide No. 19
Cusiana & Cupiagua Stacked Fracs
Cusiana Approach

Sand-Back Sand-Plugs

Millable Composites

(Underbalance Driver)
Cupiagua Approach

All Zones Perf & Flow

Isolate Upper w/ PKR

Isolate Lower w/ Sand

PKR Re-Set after Frac

Slide No. 20
Cusiana The Recovery

Slide No. 21
Cupiagua The Recovery

Slide No. 22
Cusiana & Cupiagua The Patient

Slide No. 23
 Cusiana & Cupiagua The Summary
FRACTURING PROGRAMME
Over 170 Fracs performed between 1995 2008
Over 25 mm.lbs of 12/18, 16/20 & 20/40 placed
Largest Fracs/Highest Pressures in S. America
Over 180 km of Frac-String run through-tubing
CUSIANA & CUPIAGUA RESERVOIRS
Current Cumulative Recovery 1,100 MM.bbls
Cusiana & Cupiagua Wells (100 200 mm.scf/d)
Cusiana & Cupiagua > 5 Tcf Gas Reserves
Slide No. 24
 Remediating Cusiana & Cupiagua
(Fracturing Between a Rock and a Hard Place)

QUESTIONS ?

Society of Petroleum Engineers

Distinguished Lecturer Program
www.spe.org/dl