November2009 ExcavationOverview

AShortCourseon
DEEPEXCAVATIONS

By
WONG KaiSin

ckswong@ntu.edu.sg

November/December2009
NewZealand

ExcavationOverview 1

Session 1
Overview

Time Session Topic

p
09:00 10:30 1 Overview
10:30 11:00 Coffee Break

11:00 12:30 2 Design (Part 1)

12:30 - 01:30 Lunch

01:30 03:00 3 Mohr-Coulomb Soil Model &

Design (Part 2)
03:00 03:30 Coffee Break
03:30 05:00 4 How to reduce wall deflection

ExcavationOverview 2

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November2009 ExcavationOverview

Overviewof
BracedExcavation

Typesofwalls
Methodsofexcavation
Modesoffailure

ExcavationOverview 3

AnatomyofaBracedExcavation
wall

struts

walers

kingposts
walers struts

wall

ExcavationOverview 4

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TypesofRetainingWallsforExcavation

CantileverWall Anchoredor BracedWall

ProppedWall

ExcavationOverview 5

WallTypesofDeepExcavations

DiaphragmWall
Diaphragm Wall
SheetpileWall
BoredPileWall
SoldierPileWall
DCMorGrout
MixedPileWall

ExcavationOverview 6

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ExcavationOverview 7

ExcavationOverview 8

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ConcreteDiaphragm
Wall

Stopends&waterproofs

ExcavationOverview 9

ExcavationOverview 10

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BracedExcavationwithSheetpileWall
wall

struts

walers

kingposts
walers struts

wall

ExcavationOverview 11

Sheetpile
Installation

ExcavationOverview 12

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BoredPileWalls

ContiguousBoredPileWall SecantBoredPileWall

ExcavationOverview 13

18.5mCantileverCBPwallatNUS
ContiguousBored
PileWall

ExcavationOverview 14

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ConstructionofSecantBoredPileWall

ExcavationOverview 15

BracedExcavationwithSoldierPileWall

ExcavationOverview 16

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ConstructionofDCMorGroutMixedPileWall

ExcavationOverview 17

GroutMixedPileWall

ExcavationOverview 18

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wall

struts

walers

kingposts
walers struts

Conventional
BottomUp
BottomUp wall
Excavation
Method

ExcavationOverview 19

TopDown
Excavation

ExcavationOverview 20

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TopDownExcavationatBoonKengStation

ExcavationOverview 21

UpDownConstructionMethod

ExcavationOverview 22

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UpDown
Construction
Method

ExcavationOverview 23

IslandMethodofExcavation

ExcavationOverview 24

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UnderWater
Excavation
at
at
MarinaSouth

ExcavationOverview 25

ExcavationOverview 26

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November2009 Deformation&FailureModes

WallandGroundMovementsinExcavation

200to300m
Damage??
Damage?? Damage??

FILL

MARINE CLAY

SAND

OLD ALLUVIUM

Deformation&FailureModes 1

MainCauseofWallDeflection
UndrainedShearDistortioninClay
Vaterland1,Oslo(NGI,1962)

As

Ad

As

Ad

Novolumechange!
Ad ~As
Deformation&FailureModes 2

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November2009 Deformation&FailureModes

WallDeflectionandGroundsettlement
Vaterland1,Oslo(NGI,1962)

Deformation&FailureModes 3

WallDeflectionandGroundsettlement
Vaterland1,Oslo(NGI,1962)

B C

AreaA=AreaB+AreaC
Deformation&FailureModes 4

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WallDeflectionsat
DifferentStagesof
Excavation

Exampleof
questionablewall
deflectionprofiles

Deformation&FailureModes 5

Variationsof
PiezometricLevels
withTime
1 0 -M ay -

0 4 -M ay -
1 1 -N o v -

0 6 -N o v -

2 7 -A u g -
1 1 -M ar-

0 5 -M ar-

3 0 -D ec-

2 9 -A p r-
1 2 -Sep -

0 7 -Sep -

0 1 -Sep -

2 8 -Feb -
3 1 -O ct-

2 8 -Ju n -
1 0 -Jan -

0 5 -Jan -
0 9 -Ju l-

0 3 -Ju l-
99

00
98

99

99

00

00

00

01

01
98

99

99

00

00

01

01
99

00

-2
Castingofbaseslab
0
D raw d o w n (m )

10
GWP3071 GWP3081 GWP3051-1 GWP3051-2 GWP3051-3
Deformation&FailureModes 6

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DevelopmentofStrut
Forcesduring
Excavation

Deformation&FailureModes 7

DevelopmentofStrut
Forcesduring
Excavation

Deformation&FailureModes 8

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Deformation&FailureModes 9

DevelopmentofBendingMomentDuringExcavation

Deformation&FailureModes 10

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MajorFactorsAffectingSoilandWallMovementsinDeepExcavations

Undrainedshearstrength,c
g , u Depthofpenetration,D
p p ,
Depthofexcavation,H Wallstiffness,EI
Widthofexcavation,B Verticalstrutspacing
Depthtohardstratum,T Constructionworkmanship

Deformation&FailureModes 11

EffectofShear
StrengthonWall
Deflection

Deformation&FailureModes 12

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EffectofShear
StrengthonWall
Deflection

Deformation&FailureModes 13

Effectof
ExcavationWidth
onWall
Deflection

Deformation&FailureModes 14

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EffectofClay
ThicknessonWall
Deflection

Deformation&FailureModes 15

EffectofWall
StiffnessonWall
Deflection
Sheetpile Diaphragm
wall wall

Deformation&FailureModes 16

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ModesofFailure

Collapse Excessive Deformation

Deformation&FailureModes 17

BasalHeaveStability

qo

qult

Whenqo >qult,failureinimminent.

Deformation&FailureModes 18

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BasalHeaveFailureinTaipei

Deformation&FailureModes 19

BasalHeaveFailureduetoStockpiling

ExcessiveSurcharge
q=20kPa

Deformation&FailureModes 20

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BasalHeaveFailureduetoStockpiling

Stockpile

Deformation&FailureModes
CourtesyofDrLimPC 21

BasalHeaveStability

WallRotation

Deformation&FailureModes 22

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BasalHeaveStability

WallRaking

Deformation&FailureModes 23

BasalHeaveStability

LiftingofKingPosts

JetGroutSlab

Deformation&FailureModes 24

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LiftingofKingpostduetoBottomHeave

Deformation&FailureModes 25

BasalHeaveStability

Notallbasalheaveinstability
leadtocatastrophicfailures

Formation
Level

Deformation&FailureModes 26

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Piping
&
LossofFines

Deformation&FailureModes 27

StrutFailure

Deformation&FailureModes 28

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StrutFailures

Deformation&FailureModes 29

Effecton
Adjacent
Structures

Deformation&FailureModes 30

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EffectofExcessiveMovements

DamagedPavement

AfterChoong(2003)

Deformation&FailureModes 31

BuildingsonShallowFoundations

RaceCourseRoad
Deformation&FailureModes 32

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BuildingsonShallowFoundations

Deformation&FailureModes 33

BuildingonMixedFoundations
(Shirlawetal.,2003)

New
Sunday kindergarten
School
section Old
Church,
wrapped in
extension

Deformation&FailureModes 34

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BuildingonMixedFoundations

Deformation&FailureModes 35

LoweringofGroundWaterTable

Wellpoint Wellpoint

Causes:
Pumping
Wallleakage
Sand

Marine
Clay

OldAlluvium

Loweringofgroundwatertablewillincreasetheeffective
stressinsoftclayandresultinconsolidationsettlement.
Deformation&FailureModes 36

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EffectofLoweringofGroundwaterTable

Deformation&FailureModes 37

Deformation&FailureModes 38

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November2009 ObservationalMethod

ObservationalApproachinDeepExcavation

Design

Monitoring Construction

ObervationalMethod 1

Inaperfectworld.

Allweneedis
oneanalysis&
onedesign!

ObervationalMethod 2

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November2009 ObservationalMethod

Intheimperfectworld.withimperfectdesign!

Toomanyuncertainties:
Soilconditions
Soil conditions
Groundwater
Loading
Constructionsequence
Workmanship
Noteasytoaccountforall Timedelayy
theseuncertaintiesinthe 3Deffect
design.
Proficiencyofdesigner
Limitationsofsoftware

ObervationalMethod 3

Intheimperfectworld.

Watcheverystepscarefully.
Makeadjustmentswhennecessary.
Improviseasexcavationproceeds.

Design

Monitoring Construction

ObervationalMethod 4

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November2009 ObservationalMethod

Role&Responsibility

Design

Monitoringg Construction

Team Role and Responsibility

Design Produce a good design
Monitor performance of system
Modify design
C
Construction
t ti Build
B ild according
di to
t design
d i
Monitor performance of system
Feedback problems & unusual findings
Monitoring Install and monitor instruments
Feedback problems & unusual findings
ObervationalMethod 5

WhatisObservationalApproach?

Itisacheckandbalanceprocessthat
enableusto:
Checkadequacyofthedesign
Anticipatepotentialproblems
Modifythedesignwherenecessary
Optimise thedesign
Makecontingencyplan
Avoidunnecessarydelay

ObervationalMethod 6

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AnExampleonApplicationofObservationalMethod
(9th RankineLecturebyR.B.Peck,1969)

PecksAPD

Design

ObervationalMethod 7

ImplementationofObservationalApproach

Modify
Predict
Design

Excavate

Wall Deflection (mm ) Monitor Reanalyse

0 20 40 60 80 100
0

5 Compare
10
Depth (m )

15
Yes No
20 Favourable? Backanalyse
25

30

ObervationalMethod 8

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Designer,ContractorandInstrumentationSpecialisthavetowork
together!

Modify
Predict
Design

Excavate

Wall Deflection (m m) Monitor Reanalyse

0 20 40 60 80 100
0

5
Computed
10
Compare
Depth (m )

15
Measured
20 Yes No
25 Favourable? Backanalyse
30

AlertLevel
ObervationalMethod 9

BackAnalysis: Tocalibrateinputparameterstoproduce
reasonableagreementwithfieldmeasurements.

Modify
Predict
Design

Excavate

Monitor Reanalyse

Wall Deflection (m m)

0
0 20 40 60 80 100
Compare
5

10 Computed
Design Yes No
Depth (m )

15
Measured
Favourable? Backanalyse
20
BackAnalyzed
25

30

ObervationalMethod 10

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ReAnalysis: Usecalibratedparameterstoreanalyse
Wall Deflection (mm)
0 20 40 60 80 100
Modify
0 Predict
Design
5

D ep th ((m ) 10

15
Excavate
20

25
Monitor Reanalyse
30

Wall Deflection (m m )
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Compare
0

10 Yes No
Depth (m)

15
Favourable? Backanalyse
20

25

30

ObervationalMethod 11

DesigningTemporaryWorkisaContinuousProcess

Design&
Analysis

Instrumentation Construction
Monitoring Control

InitialDesign FinalDesign
(WorkDrawings) (AsBuilt)
Excavation

Start Finish

ObervationalMethod 12

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November2009 SiteInvestigation

SiteInvestigation

SiteInvestigation 1

Howmanyboringsshouldwedrill?

Ingeneral,themorethemerrier!

Itdependsonhowmuchweknowaboutthesiteandthe
It depends on ho m ch e kno abo t the site and the
natureofproject.Itisaverysubjectivedecision.

Becarefulof PennyWisebutDollarFoolish!

SiteInvestigation 2

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Problemofhavingtoofewborings

SiteInvestigation 3

Problemofhavingtoofewborings

Boring1 Boring2

Bedrock

UnforeseenGroundConditions?

SiteInvestigation 4

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Surprise!

SiteInvestigation 5

Problemofhavingtoomanyborings

$$$
S.I.willtakealongtime
Tightscheduleaffectsquality
Multipledrillersandmultiplelaboratories
DesigncompletedaheadofS.I.

BCAsAdvisoryNote:1boringevery300m2.

SiteInvestigation 6

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SiteInvestigation

Whichoneisbetterpractice?

[A]15borings [B]45borings

SiteInvestigation 7

SiteInvestigation

Howmanyborings?Where?

150m
90m

BCAsAdvisoryNote:1boringevery300m2.
Therefore,45boringsover13,500m2.
SiteInvestigation 8

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SiteInvestigation

Itisbettertoconductitinphases!
90m 150m

Phase1 Phase2 Phase3

SiteInvestigation 9

ControlSectionforConstructionControl

Control Fill Fill

E E
Section
UMC UMC

F2 upper F2 upper

LMC
LMC
JGP1
LMC F2 F2 lower
JGP2 OA N = 20
F2 OA N = 30
lower
OA N = 20 OA N = 70
OA N = 30
AdditionalboringsatControlSection! OA N = 100
OA N = 70

SiteInvestigation 10

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SiteInvestigation

Typeofsoilsampler Typeofinsitutests
SPTsplitbarrel SPT
Shelbytube FVT
Piston CPT
Mazier
M i Pressuremeter
P t
Thickwalledtube Permeability

TheDesignermustinstructthedrillerwhattodo!
SiteInvestigation 11

UndrainedShearStrengthofClaycu

LaboratoryTests InSituTests
(UndisturbedSamples) FVT
UC SPT
UU CPT
CU PMT
CKoUTC DMT
CKoUTE
Eachtestgivesa
g
CKoUDSS
CK UDSS
differentcu!
MiniatureVane
Cone
Whichtestshouldwe
Torvane
do?
PocketPenetrometer
SiteInvestigation 12

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WhatshouldwedowiththeFactualReports?

SiteInvestigation 13

Scrutinizethetestresults

TestA TestB
cu=28kPa cu=40kPa
u =0 u =0

Whichoneismorereliable?
SiteInvestigation 14

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Properwayoftrimmingsoilsample

SiteInvestigation 15

Anexpedientwaytotrimasample

Howtoprepareadisturbedsample?!

SiteInvestigation 16

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Yougetwhatyoupaidfor!

SiteInvestigation 17

Mazier Samples
TrimmedSample UntrimmedSample

UU CU

SiteInvestigation 18

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Example1 UndrainedStrengthofMarineClay
Cu from UU Tests (kPa)
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
0

UUtestresults SandFill
10

UpperMarine
20 Clay
D e p th (m )

30
LowerMarine
Clay
40
OldAlluvium

50

60

SiteInvestigation 19

Example1 Arefieldvanestrengthmorereliable?
Cu (kPa)
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
0

10
Vane

20
Depth (m)

UU

30

40

50

60

SiteInvestigation 20

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Howdowedifferentiatebetweengoodandbaddata?

Cu(kPa)
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
0

HighestIncredible?
Mi h t IIncredible?
Most dibl ??
dibl
10
UU Vane

20
Depth(m)

30

40
Worst
Incredible? Fullyconsolidated
50
Beforereclamation

60

SiteInvestigation 21

Example1 Resultsoffieldvanetestsfromtwocompanies

Cu (kPa) Cu (kPa)
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
0 0

5 Sandfill 5 S dfill
Sandfill

10 10

15 15
Depth (m)
Depth (m)

20 20

25 25

Marine Clay Marine Clay

30 30

35 35

40 40

45 45
Old Alluvium Old Alluvium
50 50
CompanyA CompanyB

SiteInvestigation 22

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Datafrom
CompanyA

Datafrom
CompanyB

Shouldweusetheaverage
valuesfromAandB?

Shouldweengageanother
companyfor3rd opinion?
SiteInvestigation 23

Example2 cu fromCPTU

SiteInvestigation 24

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Undrained Shear Strength (kPa)

0 20 40 60 80 100 120
0
(qt v)
cu =
CPT-1
Nkt
10 Contractor
Contractor

20
Vane
Depth (m)

30

ConsultantAN
AC - Nk=12 kt=12
40

50
C lt Client
t C N- Nk=20
ConsultantCN kt=20
20
ConsultantBN
AC - Nk=14
kt=14

60

MustcalibrateconefactorNktagainstotherdata
SiteInvestigation 25

Example3 parametersfromauniformsoildeposit
po& pc (kPa) cuCu
(kPa)
(kPa)
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
0 0
BH3-UU
P'cfromConsol
BH3-vane
P'o
BH3-consol
5 5 BH4-consol
0.22*P'o
BH4-UU
10 BH4-vane
10
BH1-vane
BH2-vane
BH1-UU
15 15 BH2-UU
Depth (m)
Depth(m)

20
20

25
25

30
30

35
35
Datafromentiresite Datafromentiresite
40
40

Ifalldatafallwithinanarrowband,wecanusethe
bestfittingcurvefortheentiresite.
SiteInvestigation 26

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A
Example4
Importanceoflocation
specificsoilcondition
A

cu (kPa)
Cu (kPa) cu (kPa)
Cu (kPa)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
0 0
BH3-UU BH3-UU
BH3-vane BH3-vane
BH3-consol BH3-consol
5 BH4-consol 5 BH4-consol
0.22*P'o 0.22*P'o
BH4-UU BH4-UU
BH4-vane BH4-vane
10 10
BH1-vane BH1-vane
BH2-vane BH2-vane
BH1-UU BH1-UU
15 BH2-UU BH2-UU
15
Depth (m)

Depth (m)
20 20

25 25

30 30

35 35

40 40

EntireSite SectionAA
SiteInvestigation 27

A
Example4
Importanceoflocation
specificsoilcondition
A

cu (kPa)
Cu (kPa)
cu (kPa) Cu (kPa)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
0
0
A3-UU
BH3-UU
A3-vane
BH3-vane A3-consol
BH3-consol 5 A4-consol
5 BH4-consol 0.22*P'o
0.22*P'o A4-UU
BH4-UU A4-vane
BH4-vane 10 M2081-vane
10 M2081A-vane
BH1-vane
BH2-vane M2081-UU
BH1-UU M2081A-UU
15 CPT-CR4-Nkt=30
15 BH2-UU
Depth (m)
Depth (m)

20
20

25 25

30 30

35 35

40 40

EntireSite SectionAA
SiteInvestigation 28

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0 20 40 60 80 100
Effective Stress (kPa)

120 140 160 180 200 220 240

Example5
10

11

12
Importanceoflocation
13

14
specificsoilconditionat
areclaimedsite
Depth (m)

15

16

17

18
po'
19
CPT1
20

21
UU-BH1
Fill
consol - BH1
22

Effective Stress (kPa)

10
0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280
SoftClay
11
12

13
14 SiltySand/SandySilt
Depth (m))

15

16

17

18 Stressandstrength
19 po'

20 CPT2 ofsoftclayat
21

22
UU - BH2
reclaimedsitecanbe
veryvariable.
SiteInvestigation 29

Example6 ReliabilityofSPTblowcount insand

Fill

Marine
Clay

F1 N=2
N=2 Equivalent
Equivalent
Old N~10
Alluvium

SiteInvestigation 30

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