Gio trnh: cng ngh hn

Chng 4

Hn v ct kim loi bng kh

4.1. Khi nim chung
4.1.1. Thc cht v c im
a/ thc cht
Hn v ct bng kh l phng php hn hoc ct, s dng nhit ca ngn la sinh ra
khi t chy cc cht kh chy (C2H2, CH4, C6H6 v.v...) hoc H2 vi xy nung chy kim
loi.
Thng dng nht l hn v ct bng kh xy - Axtylen v nhit sinh ra do phn ng
chy ca 2 kh ny ln v tp trung, to thnh ngn la c nhit cao (vng cao nht t
ti 3200oC); cn ngn la gia O2 v cc cht kh chy khc ch cho nhit t
200022000C. Tuy nhin khi hn di nc thng dng ngn la gia O2 v H2 v C2H2
rt d n p sut cao v nhit ln.
b/ c im
C th hn c nhiu loi kim loi v hp kim (gang, ng, nhm, thp ... )
Hn c cc chi tit mng v cc loi vt liu c nhit nng chy thp.
Hn kh c s dng rng ri v thit b n gin v r tin.
Nng sut thp, vt hn b nung nng nhiu nn d cong vnh.
Hn kh dng nhiu khi hn cc vt hn c chiu dy b, ch to v sa cha cc chi
tit mng, sa cha cc chi tit c bng gang, ng thanh, nhm, magi, hn ni cc ng
c ng knh nh v trung bnh. Hn cc chi tit bng kim loi mu, hn vy kim loi,
hn p hp kim cng v.v...
Ngn la kh hn cng c th dng ct cc loi thp mng, cc loi kim loi mu
v nhiu vt liu khc.
4.1.2. Kh hn
Kh hn thng dng gm xy k thut v cc loi kh chy (C2H2, CH4, C3H8,
C6H6v.v...) hoc H2.
Trong hn kh thng dng l C2H2 v nhit ngn la cao (3200oC) v c vng
hon nguyn tt.
Khi hn thp c chiu dy di 34 mm, hn gang, ng thau, hp kim nh, hn vy
ta c th dng kh khc c nhit chy thp hn (20002200oC) nh H2, kh than
mtan, prpan, butan, xng, du ho....

a/ xy k thut
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xy dng hn kh l xy k thut cha t 98,599,5% xy v khong 0,51,5%

tp cht (N2, Ar).
Trong cng nhip, sn xut xy dng phng php in phn nc hoc lm lnh
v chng ct phn on khng kh. xy hn ch yu dng phng php lm lnh khng
kh. Nh chng ta bit, trong thnh phn khng kh cha khong 78,03 % N2, 0,93 %
Ar v 20,93 % O2, nhit ho lng ca chng tng ng l: (-195,80C), (-185,70C) v (-
182,060C).
Bng phng php lm lnh khng kh xung nhit di -182,060C nhng trn
nhit ha lng ca N2 v Ar, sau cho N2 v Ar bay hi ta thu c xy lng.
xy k thut c th bo qun th lng hoc kh. th lng, xy c cha bng
cc bnh thp v gi nhit thp, khi hn cho xy lng bay hi, c 1 lt xy th lng
bay hi cho 860 lt th kh iu kin tiu chun. Bo qun th lng, tuy i hi dung
tch bnh cha b, nhng tn km trong khu bo qun lnh.
Trong cc phn xng c kh, ch yu dng xy th kh, gim th tch bnh cha,
thng thng xy c nn p sut cao v cha bng bnh thp c dung tch 40 lt, p
sut 150 at.
b/ Kh Axtylen
Axtylen l hp cht ca ccbon v hyr c cng thc ha hc l C2H2, khi lng
ring iu kin tiu chun 1,09 kg/m3, nhit tr 11.470 Cal/m3. Axtylen c sn xut
t t n CaC2. Khi nu chy hn hp vi, than hoc than cc trong l in (nhit
t 1.9002.3000C) ta thu c t n k thut:
CaO + 3C CaC2 + CO
t n k thut cha khong 6580% CaC2, khong 1025% CaO v khong 6 %
cc tp cht nh (CO2, SiO2). Khi cho t dn tc dng vi nc ta thu c Axtylen
theo phn ng:
CaC2 + 2H2O = C2H2 + Ca(OH)2 + 30.400 Cal/mol
Tnh cht ca kh Axtylen
- C2H2 thuc nhm CnH2n-2. Nhit t (- 82,483,6oC) th lng, di (- 85oC)
th rn khi va chm d n.
- Nhit t bc chy khong 420oC ( p sut 1 at).
- D pht n khi p sut > 1,5 at v nhit trn 500oC hoc hn hp vi kh khc,
v d: Hn hp vi khng kh (cha t 2,282% C2H2), hn hp vi xy (cha t
2,393% C2H2) c kh nng pht n nhit thng v p sut 1 at. Hn hp cha 45%
C2H2 + 55% CH4 v hn hp cha 18% C2H2 + 82% H2 c kh nng pht n nhit
thng v p sut trn 18 at.

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Gio trnh: cng ngh hn

- nhit v p sut thp d trng hp to thnh cc hp cht khc nh benzel

(C6H6), stirn (C8H8) ...
S ha tan ca axtylen: c kh nng ho tan trong nhiu cht lng vi ho tan
ln, c bit l trong axtn, v d:
- Ho tan trong nc : 1,15 lt C2H2/ lt.
- Ho tan trong Benzel : 4 lt C2H2/ lt.
- Ho tan trong du ho: 5,7 lt C2H2/ lt.
- Ho tan trong axtn (CH3COCH3): 23 lt C2H2/lt.
S ho tan trong axtn c s dng nhiu trong cng nghip: dng cc cht bt
xp (than g, si aming, iatmit) thm t axtn vo bnh cha, sau nn
axtylen vo bnh gim kh nng n ca axtylen p sut cao.
Cc tp cht trong axtylen
- Khng kh: lm tng kh nng gy n, nn ch cho php cha 0,51,5%.
- Hi nc: lm gim nhit ca ngn la hn.
- Hi axtn (CH3COCH3): nh hng xu n qu trnh hn, nn ch cho php cha
(4550)g/m3 C2H2.
- PH3: l cht c hi v tng kh nng t n ca hn hp. cho php cha 0,09%.
- H2S: lm hi n cht lng mi hn, nn ch cho php cha (0,081,5)%.

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4.2. Thit b hn kh
4.2.1. S chung ca mt trm hn kh
Cc thit b chnh ca mt trm hn hoc ct bng kh gm c cc b phn chnh
sau: Bnh cha xy, bnh cha hoc thng iu ch axtylen, kha bo him, van gim p,
dy dn kh, m hn. 5 4

6
1 2

H.4.1. S mt trm hn v ct bng kh

1. Bnh cha xy; 2. Bnh cha axtylen; 3. Van gm p; 4. ng h o p
5. Kho bo him; 6. Dy dn kh; 7. M hn hoc m ct; 8. Ngn la hn

4.2.2. Bnh cha kh

Bnh cha kh dng cha kh xy v kh axtylen, c ch to t thp tm dy
48 mm bng phng php dp hoc hn. Bnh c ng knh ngoi 219 mm, cao 1.390
mm, dung tch 40 lt, trng lng 67 kg. Bnh cha xy cha c mt lng kh c p
sut khong 150 at tng ng vi 6 m3 kh ( 200C v 1 at) bn ngoi c sn mu xanh
hoc xanh da tri.
Bnh cha axtylen cha c p sut kh np ti di 19 at, c sn mu vng.
Trong bnh cha bt xp (thng l than hot tnh) v tm axtn (khong 290320 gram
than hot tnh tm 225230 gram axtn/ mt lt th tch bnh cha).
4.2.3. Bnh iu ch axtylen

Bnh iu ch kh dng iu ch kh axtylen t t n. Trong thc t, ngi ta

dng nhiu loi bnh iu ch kh khc nhau, c phn loi theo cc c trng c bn:
- Theo nng sut: c cc loi nh (di 3,2 m3/h) v loi ln (trn 5 m3/h).
- Theo p lc kh: thp (0,010,1 at), trung bnh (0,11,5 at) cao (1,51,75 at).

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Gio trnh: cng ngh hn

- Theo nguyn tc tc dng gia t t n v nc: ri vo nc, nc ri vo

v tip xc vi nc Hnh (H.4.2) gii thiu s nguyn l ca mt s bnh iu
ch kh in hnh.

2 3 6 C2H2

4
6
C2H2
1 5 1
2 2

C2H2

a/ 7 b/ 7 c/ 7

H.4.2. S nguyn l bnh iu ch kh a xtylen

a) Kiu ri vo nc b) Kiu nc ri vo c) Kiu tip xc nc
1) Nc 2) t n () 3) Nn cp t n 4) Phu cp nc
5) Van iu chnh lng nc 6) ng dn kh ra 7) Ghi t n

Bnh iu ch kiu ri vo nc (H.4.2a) c hiu sut sinh kh cao (trn 95%), kh

C2H2 c lm ngui v lm sch tt, nhng i hi t n c ht u, tn nhiu
nc, kch thc ln v iu chnh phc tp.
Kiu bnh iu ch nc ri vo (H.4.2b) c kch thc b, tn t nc, khng cn
c ht u nhng hiu sut thp (8590 %), kh C2H2 khng c lm sch v b nung
nng mnh. Hai loi bnh trn thuc loi iu chnh lng kh bng cch iu chnh lng
cht tham gia phn ng. Kiu bnh iu ch tip xc vi nc (H.4.2c) c kt cu n
gin, thun tin trong s dng nhng kh C2H2 cng khng c lm sch v lm ngui.
4.2.4. Kho bo him
trnh hin tng ngn la chy ngc theo ng dn kh tr v bnh iu ch kh
gy n bnh ngi ta dng kha bo him. Trong qu trnh hn, do mt nguyn nhn no
, lu lng kh phun ra m hn hoc m ct gim mnh hoc tc chy ca hn
hp tng, dn n tc chy ca hn hp lan truyn nhanh hn tc i ra ca kh s
gy ra hin tng ngn la qut.
S gim lu lng kh xy ra khi tit din l dn kh m hn hoc m ct gim,
ng dn b tc ... S tng tc chy xy ra khi nhit kh v nhit mi trng tng,
lng xy tng...
Kho bo him c phn loi theo cc c trng sau:
Theo kt cu: loi h, loi kn.

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Gio trnh: cng ngh hn

Theo lng tiu th kh: loi nh, loi ln.

C2H2 1
1
C2H2
6
C2H2
2
C2H2
3

4 3

2
b/
a/ 5
H.4.3. S nguyn l kho bo him
a) Kiu h b) Kiu kn
1) ng dn kh vo 2) ng dn kh ra 3) Van iu chnh
mc nc 4) ng thot kh 5) Van 6) Van an ton

Kha bo him kiu h (H.4.3a) dng cho bnh c p lc thp. Kh C2H2 c dn

vo qua ng (1), i qua nc vo ngn cha kh ti ng (2) i ra m hn hoc m ct. Khi
c ngn la qut, p sut trn mt nc ca ca kha bo him tng ln, y nc dng
ln trong ng (1) chn khng cho kh i vo, ng thi mc nc h xung, ming ng
thot (4) h, kh qua ng thot i ra ngoi.
Kho bo him kiu kn (H.4.3b), dng cho bnh c p lc trung bnh. Khi C2H2 dn
vo qua ng (1), y vin bi ca van (5) ni ln v i qua van, tp trung ngn cha kh,
sau qua ng (2) i ti m hn hoc m ct.
Khi c ngn la qut, p sut trn mt nc tng, vin bi b y xung ng kn
ng dn kh, nu p sut kh trong van vt qu gi tr cho php, mng chn ca van an
ton (6) b ph v kh thot ra ngoi.
4.2.5. Van gim p

Van gim p l dng c dng gim p sut kh trong bnh cha xung p sut
lm vic cn thit v t ng duy tr p sut mc n nh. i vi kh xy p sut kh
trong bnh t ti 150 at, p sut kh lm vic vo khong 34 at, cn kh axtylen p sut
trong bnh ti 1516 at, p sut lm vic 0,11,5 at.
Trn hnh sau trnh by s nguyn l ca mt s van gim p:

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Gio trnh: cng ngh hn

1 2 3 4 5
p1 p1
p2 p2

10
6
9

8 7
a/ b/

H.4.4. S nguyn l van gim p

a/ Van kiu thun; b/ Van kiu ngch
1. ng dn kh cao p; 2. L xo ph; 3. Van; 4. Van an ton;
5. ng dn kh ra; 6. Bung thp p; 7. L xo chnh; 8. Vt
iu chnh; 9. Mng n hi; 10. thanh truyn

Nguyn l lm vic: kh c dn vo van theo ng (1) v qua ng (5) i ti m hn

hoc m ct. p lc kh trong bung h p (6) ph thuc vo m ca van (3). Khi l
xo chnh (7) cha b nn, van (3) chu tc dng ca l xo ph (2) v p lc ca kh, ng
kn ca van khng cho kh vo bung h p (6). Khi vn vt iu chnh (8), lm cho l xo
chnh (7) b nn, van (3) c nng ln, ca van m v kh i sang bung h p.
Tu thuc vo nn ca l xo chnh (7), nn ca l xo ph (2), chnh p
trc v sau van, ca van (3) c m nhiu hay t, ta nhn c p sut cn thit trong
bung h p. Nh c mng n hi (9), van c th t ng iu chnh p sut ra ca kh.
Nu do mt nguyn nhn no , p sut kh ra (p2) tng, p lc tc dng ln mt
trn ca mng n hi (9) tng, y mng n hi dch xung v thng qua con i van
(3) b ko xung, lm ca van ng bt li, lng kh i vo bung h p gim, lm p
sut kh ra gim. Ngc li, nu p2 gim, ca van (3) m ln hn, lng kh vo bung h
p tng, lm p2 tng tr li.
4.2.6. Dy dn kh
Dy dn kh dng dn kh t bnh cha kh, bnh ch kh n m hn hoc m
ct. Yu cu chung i vi ng dn kh: chu c p sut ti 10 at i vi dy dn xy, 3
at vi dy dn axtylen, mm cn thit nhng khng b gp khc. Dy dn c ch
to bng vi lt cao su, c ba loi kch thc sau:
- ng knh trong 5,5 mm, ng knh ngoi khng quy nh.
- ng knh trong 9,5 mm, ng knh ngoi 17,5 mm.
- ng knh trong 13 mm, ng knh ngoi 22 mm.

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4.2.7. M hn
y l dng c dng pha trn kh chy v xy, to thnh hn hp chy c t l
thnh phn thch hp nhn c ngn la hn hoc ct theo yu cu. M hn c 2 loi
l m hn kiu ht v m hn ng p.
3
2
O2

6
5 4 1
C2H2
a/

O2

C2H2

b/

H.4.5. S nguyn l cu to ca m hn kh
a/ M hn kiu ht; b/ M hn ng p
1. Dy dn kh C2H2 2. Dy dn kh oxy 3. Van iu chnh C2H2
4. Van iu chnh oxy 5. Bung ht 6. u m hn

M hn kiu t ht (H.4.5a) s dng khi hn vi p sut kh C2H2 thp v trung bnh.

Kh C2H2 (p sut 0,011,2 at) c dn vo qua ng (1), cn kh xy (p sut 14 at)
c dn vo qua ng (2). Khi dng xy phun ra u ming phun (5) vi tc ln to
nn mt vng chn khng ht kh C2H2 theo ra m hn. Hn hp tip tc c ho trn
trong bung (6), sau theo ng dn (7) ra ming m hn v c t chy to thnh
ngn la hn. iu chnh lng kh xy v C2H2 nh cc van (3) v (4). Nhc im ca
m hn t ht l thnh phn hn hp chy khng n nh.
M hn ng p dng khi hn vi p lc kh C2H2 trung bnh. Kh xy v C2H2 c
phun vo bung trn vi p sut bng nhau (0,51 at) v tip tc c ha trn trong ng
dn ca m hn, i ra ming m hn t chy to thnh ngn la.
4.3. Thuc hn
Thuc hn l nhng cht dng kh xy cho kim loi, to ra cc hp cht d chy,
d tch khi vng hn v to mng x che ph mi hn. Thuc hn ch yu dng khi
hn mt s thp hp kim, gang v kim loi mu.

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Yu cu i vi thuc hn:
- Nhit chy phi thp hn nhit chy ca kim loi vt hn.
- Thuc hn phi nh v c tnh chy long tt, khng gy n mn kim loi.
- Khng sinh kh c, d lm sch mi hn
Khi hn gang thng dng hn hp K2O v Na2O; Khi hn ng , ng thau
thng dng borc (Na2B4O7), axit boric (H3BO3); Khi hn nhm thng dng mui
florua.

4.4. Cc loi ngn la hn

Khi hn kh, tu thuc vo t l thnh phn ca hn hp chy c th nhn c ba
loi ngn la hn khc nhau: Ngn la bnh thng, ngn la xy ha, ngn la ccbon
ha. Ngn la hn c th chia lm 3 vng: nhn ngn la c mu sng trng, vng trung
tm c mu sng vng, vng ui (xy ho) mu vng sm c khi.
4.4.1. Ngn la bnh thng
O2
Ngn la bnh thng nhn c khi t l = 11
, 1,2 .
C2 H 2
a/ Vng nhn ngn la
Trong vng ny xy ra phn ng phn
hy C2H2: C2H2 2C + H2. Ngn la c
I II III
mu sng trng, nhit thp v thnh T(oC)
phn kh giu ccbon. 3.150
b/ Vng chy khng hon ton
Trong vng ny xy ra phn ng chy
khng hon ton ca ccbon:
C2H2 + O2 = 2CO + H2 + Q
L (mm)
Ngn la vng ny c mu sng xanh,
H.4.6. S cu trc ngn la hn
nhit cao nht (3.2000C), kh cha nhiu I/ Nhn ngn la; II/ Vng chy cha
CO v H2 l nhng cht hon nguyn. hon ton; III/ Vng chy hon ton
Nhng cht ny khng tham gia vo cc phn ng cacbon ho v xy ho nn gi l
vng hon nguyn.
c/ Vng chy hon ton
Trong vng ny xy ra phn ng chy hon ton: sn phm ca vng trn chy vi
xy ca khng kh: 2CO + H2 + 1,5O2kk = 2CO2 + H2O + Q
Ngn la vng ny c mu vng sm, cha nhiu CO2 v H2O l nhng cht xy ho
v nhit thp hn vng gia.

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4.4.2. Ngn la xy ha
O2
Ngn la xy ho nhn c khi t l > 1,2 .
C2 H 2
Qu trnh chy cng chia ra thnh 3 vng v vng chy khng hon ton xy ra theo
phn ng sau: C2H2 + 1,5O2 = 2CO + H2 + 0,5O2 + Q
Sau chng li chy tip vi xy ca khng kh:
2CO + H2 + 0,5O2 + O2kk = 2CO2 + H2O + Q
Chng ta nhn thy nhn ca ngn la ngn li, vng gia d O2 v cha c CO2 nn
c tnh xy ha mnh v gia 2 vng khng phn bit r ranh gii, ngn la c mu t
vng nht n vng sm.
Ngn la xy ha ch dng khi hn ng thau, ct v t sch b mt cc chi tit
my hoc kt cu my.
4.4.3. Ngn la cc bon ha
O2
Ngn la ny nhn c khi t l < 11
, .
C2 H 2
Qu trnh chy nh sau: C2H2 + 0,5O2 = CO + H2 + C + Q
Sau chy tip vi xy ca khng kh: CO + H2 + C + 2O2kk = 2CO2 + H2O +Q
Nhn ca ngn la ko di, vng gia c mt nguyn t cacbon t do nn ngn la
mang tnh ccbon ho v c nu sm.
Ngn la ccbon ha c dng khi hn gang, thp gi v thp hp kim, hoc ti
b mt cc chi tit my.

4.5. Cng ngh hn kh

4.5.1. Cc loi mi hn
- Khi hn kh thng dng nht l mi hn gip mi, nu vt dy S > 5 mm th cn
vt mp ch V, X.
- Khi hn vt mng dng mi hn kiu un mp v khng cn que hn ph.
- Mi hn chng dng khi vt hn c chiu dy S < 3 mm, hn nh cc tm, thi,
tm lt, ly hp ca ng dn.
4.5.2. Cng tc chun b trc khi hn
Trc khi hn cn phi tin hnh cc cng tc chun b sau:
- Tin hnh vt mp trn my bo, my mi, bng da hay bng m ct kh.
- Lm sch x, xt, du m trn mp hn rng (2030) mm bng cch dng m t,
sau dng bn chi st lm sch hoc lm sch bng phng php tm thc.
- G lp vt hn hp l v hn nh mt s im m bo v tr tng i ca kt
cu trong qu trnh hn.
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4 2 1 3 5 1 4 6 3 7 5 2

4.5.3. K thut v ch hn kh
a/ Phng php hn
Tu thuc vt liu hn, chiu dy vt hn, c th s dng hai phng php hn khc
nhau: hn phi v hn tri.
2 1

3 4

a/ b/

H.4.7. S cc phng php hn kh

a) Hn phi b) Hn tri
1) M hn 2) Que hn ph 3) Mi hn 4) Vt hn

Phng php hn phi: Khi hn phi (H.4.7a), trong qu trnh hn ngn la hn

hng v pha mi hn, m hn lun i trc que hn. c im ca hn phi l nhit ch
yu tp trung vo vng hn nn ngu ca mi hn su, vng hon nguyn hng vo
mp hn, mi hn ngui chm v c bo v tt, lng tiu hao kh gim. Phng php
ny c ng dng khi hn cc tm dy hoc kim loi vt hn dn nhit nhanh. Thng
dng khi S > 5 mm.
Phng php hn tri (H.4.7b): trong qu trnh hn ngn la hn hng v pha
cha hn, que hn i trc m hn i sau. Trong trng hp hn tri, mp hn c nung
nng s b nn kim loi vng hn c trn u hn, ng thi quan st mi hn d, mt
ngoi mi hn p. Phng php ny c dng khi hn cc tm mng (S < 3 mm) hoc
kim loi vt hn d chy.
b/ Ch hn kh
Khi hn kh, da vo tnh cht ca vt liu, kch thc, kt cu vt hn, v tr mi
hn v kiu mi hn chn ch hn hp l, bao gm chn gc nghing m hn, cng
sut ngn la v ng knh que hn ph.
Gc nghing m hn (): so vi mt
phng hn c chn theo nguyn tc sau:
Chiu dy cng ln, gc nghing m hn cng
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H.4.8. Gc nghing m hn
Gio trnh: cng ngh hn

ln; Nhit chy v dn nhit ca vt liu

hn cng cao, gc nghing cng ln.
V d khi hn ng gc nghing = 6080o, cn khi hn ch 10o. Bt u hn
gc nghing ln, gn kt thc gc nghing gim.
Cng sut ngn la: cng sut ngn la tnh bng lng kh c nh gi qua
lng kh tiu hao trong mt gi, chn theo nguyn tc: Vt hn cng dy, cng sut ngn
la cng ln; vt liu c nhit chy v dn nhit cng cao, cng sut ngn la cng
ln. Cng sut ca ngn la khi hn phi cao hn hn tri.
Khi hn thp ccbon thp, ng thau, ng thanh thng chn lng tiu hao C2H2
trong mt gi theo cng thc sau:
VC2H2 = (100 120).S [lt/h] - i vi hn tri
VC2H2 = (120150).S [lt/h] - i vi hn phi
Trong S l chiu dy vt hn [mm].
Khi hn ng do tnh dn nhit ln nn tnh theo cng thc sau:
VC2H2 = (150200).S [lt/h]
ng knh que hn: ph thuc vt liu hn v phng php hn. Khi hn thp
ccbon chn theo cng thc kinh nghim sau:
S
Hn tri: d = +1 [mm]
2
S
Hn phi: d= [mm]
2
c/ Chuyn ng ca m hn v que hn kh
Cn c vo v tr mi hn, kiu mi hn, chiu dy vt hn chn chuyn ng ca
que hn v m hn cho hp l. Khi hn sp v hn gc c th tin hnh theo phng php
hn phi hoc hn tri. Khi hn sp, dch chuyn que hn v m hn thng theo ng
dch dc (H.4.9a).
Khi hn gc, ti cc im bin o chiu chuyn ng, que hn v m hn c thi
gian dng thch hp nung nng mp hn tt, kim loi trn u v mi hn lin kt
tt (H.4.9b).
Khi hn sp cc tm mng, ngi ta cn s dng phng php hn nh git
(H.4.9c). Khi hn, nung chy que hn to thnh tng git dp ln mp hn, sau nhc
que hn ra, a m hn st vo vt hn nung chy git kim loi mi hn to thnh mt
im hn, sau tip tc lp li hn im tip theo.
Que hn
M hn
M hn

Que hn
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Gio trnh: cng ngh hn

d/ Hn cc mi hn c v tr khc nhau trong khng gian

Trn (H.4.10) gii thiu phng php hn ti cc v tr mi hn khc nhau:
- Khi hn ng thng dng hn tri t di ln (H.4.10a).
- Khi hn ngang, m hn t lch trc vi hng hn hn ch kim loi vng hn
b ri khi hn (H.4.10b).
- i vi hn trn (H.4.10c), cn nung nng mp hn tt mi a que hn vo, khi
hn nn hn tng lp mng v hn nhiu ln nu mi hn ln.

c/
a/ b/

H.4.10. Phng php hn mt s v tr mi hn c bit

a) Hn ng b) Hn ngang c) Hn trn

4.6. Ct kim loi bng kh

4.6.1. Thc cht ca qu trnh ct kim loi bng kh

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Thc cht ca qu trnh ct kim loi bng kh l t chy kim loi ct bng dng
xy, to thnh cc xt (FeO, Fe2O3, Fe3O4), lm nng chy cc xyt v thi chng ra
khi mp ct to thnh rnh ct.
S qu trnh ct kim loi bng kh
c trnh by trn (H.4.11): Khi bt u O2 C2H2+O2
1
ct, kim loi mp ct c nung nng
n nhit chy nh nhit ca ngn la 3
nung, sau cho dng xy thi qua, kim
2
loi b xy ha mnh lit (b t chy) to
thnh xt. Sn phm chy b nung chy
v b dng xy thi khi mp ct. Tip
theo, do phn ng chy ca kim loi to 5 4
nhit mnh, lp kim loi tip theo b nung
H.4.11. S ct bng kh
nng nhanh v tip tc b t chy to 1) Dng xy ct 2) Dng hn hp kh chy
thnh rnh ct. 3) Ngn la nung nng 4) Rnh ct 5) Phi ct

4.6.2. iu kin ct c bng kh

ct bng kh, kim loi ct phi tho mn mt s yu cu sau:
- Nhit chy ca kim loi phi thp hn nhit nng chy ca kim loi .
i vi thp ccbon thp C < 0,7% nhit chy vo khong 13500C cn nhit chy
gn 1.5000C nn tho mn iu kin ny. i vi cc loi thp ccbon cao th nhit
chy gn bng nhit chy nn trc khi ct phi t nng s b n 3006500C.
- Nhit nng chy ca xt kim loi phi thp hn nhit nng chy ca kim
loi . Thp hp kim crm hoc crm-niken, do khi chy Cr tc dng vi O2 to
thnh xt crm Cr2O3 c nhit nng chy ti 2.050oC v vy phi dng thuc ct mi
c th ct c. Nhm v hp kim ca nhm, do nhit nng chy thp, khi chy to
thnh xt nhm Al2O3 c nhit nng chy ti 2.000oC, mt khc li dn nhit nhanh
nn cng khng th ct bng kh, tr khi dng thuc ct.
- Nhit to ra khi kim loi chy phi ln m bo s ct c lin tc, qu
trnh ct khng b gin on. Khi ct cc tm mng bng thp ccbon thp nhit lng
sinh ra khi chy t ti 70% ch cn nhit lng ca ngn la 30% na l ct lin tc.
- xt kim loi nng chy phi c chy long tt, d tch ra khi mp ct.
Gang khng th ct bng kh v nhit nng chy cao hn nhit chy v khi chy to ra
xt silic SiO2 c st cao.
- dn nhit ca kim loi khng qu cao, trnh s tn nhit nhanh lm cho mp ct
b nung nng km lm gin on qu trnh ct.
4.6.3. M ct kh

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ct bng kh ch yu s dng cc m ct dng nhin liu kh. S cu to

chung ca chng c trnh by trn hnh sau:
7 5

4 2
O2

6 1
3
C2H2

H.4.12. S nguyn l cu to ca m hn kh
1/ ng dn kh C2H2 2/ ng dn kh xy 3/ Van iu chnh dng C2H2 4/
Van iu chnh dng xy nung 5/ Van iu chnh dng xy ct
6/ ng dn hn hp kh chy 7/ ng dn dng xy ct

Kh axtylen c dn vo ng (1) i qua van (3), cn xy c dn vo ng (2),

sau phn lm hai nhnh, mt dng i qua van (4) v ti ming phun ht kh axtylen
v ha trn to ra hn hp chy nhn c ngn la nung nng, mt dng i qua van
(5) ti u m phun to ra dng xy ct.
4.6.4. k thut ct kh
a/ Bt u ct
Khi ct phi tm theo ng ct h, bt u ct t mp phi. Vi phi tm dy di
50 mm, m ct t thng gc vi mt phng ct (H.4.13a). Nu chiu dy phi ln hn 50
mm, khi bt u ct nn nghing m ct mt gc 510o theo hng ct nung nng tt
mp ct, sau t thng gc (H.4.13b).
I II

Hng ct Hng ct

a/ c/
b/
510o

H.4.13. K thut ct kh

Khi ct phi tm theo ng ct kn, qu trnh ct bt u gia tm, bi vy phi

to l trc bng phng php khoan hoc dng m ct to l ct ban u.
Khi dng m ct to l, trnh hin tng n, i vi tm mng di 20 mm,
t m ct ti v tr ct l, m kh nung nng trc sau mi m xy ct, vi cc tm

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dy bt u nung nng v tr (I) v di chuyn chm m ct n v tr (II) mi bt u m

xy ct (H.4.13c).
b/ Tc ct
Tc ct l tc dch chuyn ca m ct dc theo ng ct, cng l mt thng
s nh hng ln ti qu trnh ct. Khi tc ct nh hn tc xy ha kim loi theo
chiu dy ct th mp ct b ph hng, ng thi nng sut ct gim.
Ngc li, nu tc ct qu ln, dn ti ct b st hoc qu trnh ct b gin on
do mp ct khng c nung nng tt.
Tu theo kim loi ct, chiu dy vt ct, tc ct thng t 75 - 550 (mm/pht).
c/ Khong cch t m ct n kim loi ct
Trong qu trnh ct kh cn phi khng ch khong cch t m ct ti vt ct thch
hp. Khi ct thp tm, cn c vo chiu di nhn ngn la v chiu dy tm ct ta c th
chn khong cch ny nh sau:
h = l + 2 [mm]. l - chiu di nhn ngn la
gi c khong cch ny khng i khi ct ta g thm mt cp bnh xe.
d/ V tr v s di chuyn m ct
- Khi ct tm theo ng thng, hp l nht l m ct nn t nghing mt gc
20300 v pha ngc hng ct (H.a).
- Khi ct phi tit din trn (H.b), bt u nung nng mt trn v dch chuyn m
ct mt qung ngn, m xy ct tin hnh ct.

20300

a/ b c d

H.4.14. V tr v s di chuyn m ct

- i vi phi tit din vung bt u ct t gc, ban u m ct t nghing 23o

theo chiu ngc hng ct, lc n gn cui nghing theo chiu ngc li (H.c).
- i vi phi thp gc, m ct thng t vung gc vi mt ct, bt u ct t mp
ti nh n mp tip theo (H.d).

Chng 5

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Hn in tip xc
5.1. Thc cht v c im
5.1.1. Thc cht
Hn in tip xc (cn gi l hn tip xc) l dng hn p lc, s dng nhit do bin
i in nng thnh nhit nng bng cch cho dng in c cng ln i qua mt tip
xc ca hai chi tit hn nung nng kim loi.
S nguyn l ca phng php hn P
P
in tip xc nh sau: Khi hn, hai mp hn
c p st vo nhau nh c cu p, sau
cho dng in chy qua mt tip xc, theo
nh lut Jun-Lenx nhit lng sinh ra
trong mch in hn xc nh theo cng
thc:
Q = 0,24. R. I 2 . t
H.5.1. S nguyn l my hn in tip xc
I - cng dng in hn,
t - thi gian dng in chy qua vt hn; R - in tr ca ton mch.
Do b mt tip xc gia hai mp hn c nhp nh, din tch tip xc thc t b
hn so vi din tch tip xc danh ngha, mt khc trn b mt c mng xt v khng
sch hon ton nn in tr tip xc ln, lng nhit sinh ra trong mch ch yu tp trung
mt tip xc ca hai mp hn, nung nng kim loi n trng thi hn. Khi hai mp hn
c nung nng n trng thi hn, hai chi tit hn c p vo nhau vi p lc ln to
thnh mi hn.
Phng php ny ph thuc vo in tr sut . Kim loi c in tr sut nh th
cng dng in cn phi ln v ngc li. V d: khi hn ng, nhm v hp kim ca
chng th phi dng my hn c cng sut ln.
5.1.2. c im
- Thi gian hn ngn, nng sut cao. Mi hn p v bn.
- D c kh ha v t ng ha cc h thng hn in tip xc.
- i hi phi c my hn cng sut ln (dng in hn c th ln n vi chc ngn
Ampe). Thit b hn t, vn u t ln.

5.2. Hn tip xc gip mi

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Hn tip xc gip mi l phng php hn in tip xc m mi hn c thc hin

trn ton b mt tip xc ca hai chi tit hn.
5.2.1. Nguyn l chung 1 2 l1 l2 3 4
S nguyn l ca phng php P
nh sau: hai chi tit hn (1) v (4) c
kp cht trn gi c nh (2) v gi di
dng (3), c ni vi hai u cun dy
5
th cp ca bin p hn (5). Nh mt c
cu p c kh hoc thy lc hai chi tit
hn c p vo nhau khi hn.
Theo trng thi nung kim loi mp
hn, c hai kiu hn gip mi: hn gip
mi thun in tr v hn gip mi nng
chy. H.5.2. S my hn in tip xc gip mi

5.2.2. Chun b chi tit trc khi hn

Hn tip xc gip mi c ng dng ngy cng rng ri trong cng nghip, hnh
sau gii thiu mt s kt cu c chun b trc khi hn tip xc gip mi.

a/

b/

H.5.3. Chun b chi tit hn

a/ Chun b khng ng; b/ Chun b ng

5.2.3. K thut v ch hn

a/ Hn in tip xc gip mi thun in tr

- Lc p: sau khi hai chi tit hn c p st vo nhau vi lc p s b t 1015

N/mm2, tin hnh ng in nung kim loi mp hn n trng thi do, ct in v p kt
thc vi lc p t 3040 N/mm2 to thnh mi hn.
- in p hn: U = 112V.

- Cng dng in hn: c th xc nh bng cng thc sau:

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Th
Ih = (A).
0,24. K 2 . tb . t 0,24. m1 . Rtx . t
+
C. . F 2 F . . . C.
Trong : Th- Nhit cn hn (00C);
K2- h s tn tht nhit. i vi thp ccbon kt cu thp ly bng 0,75; cc loi
thp khc ly bng 0,9.
tb- in tr sut trung bnh. tb = o (1 + Th) (.cm).
o- in tr sut vt hn 0oc. - h s nhit in tr.
i vi thp tb ph thuc Th v c xc nh theo gin . Thng th i vi
thp hp kim thp v ccbon thp tb = 48 M.cm; Cc loi thp khc tb = 96 M.cm
m1 - H s ph thuc in tr tip xc ly gn ng = 0,4.
Rtx - in tr tip xc lc bt u hn; C - in dung kim lai vt hn.
- Khi lng ring kim loi vt hn; F - Din tch tit din chi tit.
- H s dn nhit ( Calo/cm.s); t - Thi gian cn thit nung nng
Ta c J t = K . 103; J- mt dng in, i vi thp J = 20 60 A/mm2
K - H s ph thuc tnh cht vt hn, tit din chi tit v chiu di phn nh:
Vt liu hn Chiu di phn nh ng knh vt hn K
l1, l2 (mm) (mm)
Thp Cacbon thp d 4 10 10
Thp hp kim thp (0,71)d 10 40 8
ng 2d -- 27
ng thanh 1,5d -- 20
Nhm 1,5d -- 1215

- Cng sut hn: Cng sut ring thng ly (0,120,15) KVA/mm2. Khi hn ng
ly bng 0,2 KVA/mm2 .
- Lc p: Lc p s b trc khi nung nng c th xc nh vi p sut (1015)
N/mm2, v sau khi nung nng vi p sut (3040) N/mm2
- Chiu di phn nh l1, l2: l1 = (0,51,5)d ; l2 = (0,54)d.
Hn tip xc gip mi thun in tr i hi cc mp hn phi phng v song song
vi nhau, tit din ti mp hn khng chnh lch nhau nhiu v b mt tip xc phi c
lm sch k trc lc hn. Hn tip xc gip mi thun in tr ch yu ng dng hn
cc thanh, thi v dy kim loi c tit din n gin (hnh trn, vung, a gic... ) c din
tch tip xc di 1000 mm2.
b/ Hn gip mi nng chy

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y l phng php hn m kim loi mp hn c nung n trng thi nng chy.

C hai phng php tin hnh hn gip mi nng chy: lin tc v gin on.
Vi qu trnh hn lin tc: ban u hai mp hn c p nh, ng thi ng in.
Ban u do tip xc khng hon ton, mt dng in ti cc nh tip xc ln, nhanh
chng lm nng chy cc nh nhp nh, din tch tip xc tng dn v cng dng
in tng nhanh.
Khi kim loi trn mt tip xc nng chy hon ton, cc xyt v mt phn kim loi
nng chy cng vt ln b y ra ngoi do tc dng ca lc in t, ct in v tin hnh
p vi lc p ln ( t 25005000 N/mm2) to thnh mi hn.
in p hn khi hn nng chy lin tc U = 112 V, mt dng in t 1050
A/mm2.
Vi qu trnh hn gin on: in c ng lin tc, cn hai chi tit hn c p
tip xc vi nhau theo chu k. Khi hai mp hn tip xc, kim loi b nung nng bi dng
in chy qua mt tip xc, cn khi hai mp hn tch ra, gia hai mp hn xut hin tia
la in lm tng tc nung nng mp hn.
Khi kim loi hai mp hn nng chy tt, tin hnh p kt thc vi lc p t 15 50
N/mm2, to thnh mi hn. in p hn nng chy gin on U = 515 V, mt
dng in J = 315 A/mm2.
Hn gip mi nng chy khng i hi lm sch b mt hn k trc khi hn, hn
c cc tit din phc tp hn v chnh lch nhau ln.
Phng php hn nng chy gin on cng sut ca thit b yu cu thp hn hn
lin tc.

5.3. Hn im
5.3.1. nh ngha
Hn im l phng php hn in tip xc m mi
hn khng thc hin lin tc trn ton b b mt tip xc
m ch thc hin theo tng im ring bit gi l im hn.
5.3.2. Cc phng php hn im
Khi hn im hai chi tit hn dng tm c t xp chng ln nhau. Theo cch b
tr in cc hn c hai kiu hn im: hn mt pha v hn hai pha.
- Khi hn im hai pha (H.5.4a), cc tm hn c t gia hai in cc hn. Sau
khi p s b v ng in, dng in trong mch ch yu tp trung mt din tch nh
trn mt tip xc gia hai tm nm gia cc in cc, nung nng kim loi n trng thi
nng chy. Tip theo ct in v p vi lc p ln, to nn im hn.
Phng php hn hai pha mi ln hn ch c mt im hn gia hai tm, nhng
c th c cc tm dy hoc hn cng mt lc nhiu tm xp chng.
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P P

a/ b/

H.5.4. Nguyn l cc phng php hn im

a/ Hn im 2 pha; b/ Hn im mt pha

- Khi hn im mt pha (H.5.4b), hai in cc b tr cng mt pha so vi vt hn.

S nung nng cc im hn do dng in chy qua tm di ca vt hn. tng cng
dng in chy qua cc im hn, ngi ta b tr thm tm m bng ng.
Sau khi im hn c nung chy, tin hnh p vi lc p ln ta nhn c hai
im hn. Cn hn mt pha, mi ln hn ch hn c hai tm, nhng cng mt lc c
th hn c t hai (trn my c hai in cc) hoc nhiu im hn (trn my hn nhiu
in cc).
- Phng php hn im bng in cc gi (H.5.5)
P
y l phng php hn im m nguyn l
l li dng cc phn nh ra ca hai chi tit cn
hn coi chng nh l cc in cc hn. Mi
phn nh v tip xc ca hai chi tit s l mt P

im hn. H.5.5. Hn im bng in cc gi

5.3.3. Ch hn im
Ch hn im ph thuc vo vt liu hn. Khi hn thp ccbon thp hoc thp
hp kim thp, dng ch hn mm:
J = 80 - 160 A/mm2; P = 15 - 40 N/mm2; t = 0,5 - 3 giy
Khi hn thp khng r v cc hp kim dn nhit nhanh nh hp kim nhm, hp kim
ng hoc cc tm c lp ph bo v, dng ch hn cng:
J = 120 - 360 A/mm2; P = 40 - 100 N/mm2; t = 0,001- 0,1 giy
in cc thng ch to bng ng hoc hp kim ng c tnh dn in v dn nhit
cao, bn trong c nc lm ngui, do mt tip xc gia in cc v chi tit t sinh nhit
so vi ti im hn.

5.4. Hn ng

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5.4.1. Nguyn l chung

Hn ng l phng php hn tip xc, trong mi hn l tp hp cc im hn
lin tc. S nguyn l ca hn ng trnh by trn hnh sau:

P P

P
a/
b/
H.5.6. S nguyn l my hn ng

Khi hn ng ngi ta s dng cc in cc kiu con ln (H.5.6a), nh vt hn

c th d dng chuyn ng dch chuyn im hn dng hn 2 tm kim loi c
chiu dy t 0,33 mm vi nhau. Hn ng cng c dng hn cc loi ng khi sn
xut ng c mi hn (H.5.6b).
Theo ch hn ngi ta phn ra ba kiu hn ng: hn ng lin tc, hn ng
gin on v hn bc.
- Khi hn ng lin tc: trong qu trnh vt hn chuyn ng, in cc thng
xuyn p vo vt hn v ng in lin tc. Phng php ny n gin v cng ngh
nhng vt hn b nung nng lin tc, d b cong vnh, vng nh hng nhit ln v in
cc b nung nng mnh, chng mn, nht l khi ng hn di.
- Khi hn ng gin on: vt hn chuyn ng lin tc, nhng dng in ch
c cp theo chu k, thi gian cp t 0,010,1 giy, to thnh cc on hn cch qung.
- Khi hn bc: vt hn dch chuyn gin on, ti cc im dng vt hn c p
bi cc in cc v cp in to thnh im hn.
5.4.2. Ch hn ng
a/ Bc hn: l khong cch gia 2 im hn thng ly S = (1,5 4,5) mm.

b/ ng knh a in cc
i vi cc my hn ng thng c in cc ch to bng ng, ng knh a
in cc: D = 200 250 mm.

. d 2 . b
c/ Lc p: khi hn xc nh theo cng thc: P = [N]
4
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Trong d - ng knh in cc [mm]; b - gii hn bn ca vt liu hn [N/mm2].

d/ Thi gian hn
Thi gian hn l tng thi gian dng in chy qua ng hn hn v thi gian
0,06. S
ph c tnh nh sau: t= (s).
Vh
S - bc hn; Vh - tc hn, thng ly bng (0,53) m/pht.
/ Dng in hn: khi hn ng nn chn cao hn hn im t (20 80)%.

chng 6

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Hn Gang, ng, nhm

6.1. hn gang
6.1.1. c im ca hn gang
- Gang l hp cht Fe-C m C > 2%, ngoi ra cn Mn, Si, S, P...gang hp kim c thm
Cr, Ni, Al, Ti, Mo, Cu v cc nguyn t khc.
- Lu hunh S d to thnh ccbt, do d sinh nt khi hn.
- Gang c tnh do km, cng, dn cao nn khi hn d nt.
- Khi hn gang thng sinh ra s bin i cc b grafit thnh xmentit nn cng tng
dn v cng ca gang.
- Trong qu trnh hn C b chy v to ra kh CO gy cho mi hn r kh, cn Si b
chy to thnh SiO2 kh nng chy.
- Nhit chy ca gang khng cao v chy long ln nn khi hn mi hn ng,
hn trn hoc mi hn ngang rt kh.
6.1.2. Cc phng php hn gang
a/ Hn ngui
Hn ngui c mt s yu t k thut nh sau:
- Trc ht vt mp hn ri khoan cc l v tar ren
sau cm cc cht thp c d = (513)mm (nh hnh
v) v lin kt gia thp v gang khng tt lm.
- Dng que hn thp ccbon C 08 c bc mt lp
thuc dy 0,3 mm hn m xung quanh phn nh ra ca
cht cho dnh cht vi gang sau hn p cho y mi H.6.1. Hn ngui gang
hn.
- Nu hn cc vt nt th trc ht phi khoan cc l nh 2 u vt nt vt nt
khng cn pht trin.
u im dng que hn thp l cho php sa cha cc chi tit nh m khng cn tho
ri ra khi kt cu.
Ngoi ra cn c th dng que hn mnen: 30%Cu, 65%Ni, 1,5%Mn, 3%Fe cn thnh
phn thuc bc: 45% grafit, 15% tinh qung cao lanh, 20% t st, 10% than g vn v
10% xt dng hn cc kt cu khng chu bn cao.

b/ Hn nng
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Hn nng l phng php hn c nung nng s b 5006000C:

- Chun b hn: vt mp, lm sch, khoan l 2 u vt nt.
- Ch to khun bng vt liu: bt grafit, ct ry nho
trn vi thu tinh lng c khi trn vi t st.
- Lp khun ln v tr hn khng cho gang lng chy
ra ngoi. Sy khun v nung s b ch mi hn n
5006000C bng ngn la kh chy. H.6.2. Hn bnh xe gang
bng hn nng
- Dng que hn gang c d = (620) mm; Ih= 3001000 A.
- Khi mi hn trng thi lng cho borc (Na2B4O7) vo vng hn to x. Ngoi ra
cn b vo vng hn fr silic tng nng Si cho gang, do gang xm sau khi hn
xong phi lm ngui chm chng nt.
Ch : - C th hn gang bng phng php hn kh bng cch dng ngn la ccbon
ho. Tt c cc trng hp hn gang bng ngn la hn kh u hn nng.
- Thuc hn gang: borc v mt s cht: Na, biccbnat, xyt silic.
- Cng c th s dng cc loi que hn ng v mt s que hn ch to bng kim loi
khc hn gang.
- Phng php hn nng tt hn hn ngui.

6.2. hn ng v hp kim ng
6.2.1. c im chung
- ng v hp kim ng c dn in v dn nhit cao (gp 6 ln Fe), do to
nn vng hn yu cu ngun nhit ln. Vng nh hng nhit ln lm gim c tnh ca
vt hn, gy bin dng ln khi nung nng v lm ngui.
- nhit cao bn mi hn gim, do ng nhit sinh ra khi hn d to nn nt
n trong mi hn.
- Cu d b xy ho to nn CuO hoc Cu2O khi ngui lm cho mi hn dn.
- Nhit chy thp nn d qu nhit, khi hn trn, hn ng kim loi d b chy ra
ngoi.
- Khi hn ng thau, km d b chy lm thay i thnh phn kim loi mi hn so vi
vt hn.
- nhit cao H2 v CO khuyt tn vo kim loi v tc dng vi xy trong kim loi
to thnh H2O v CO2 khng ho tan trong kim loi m s bay ra ngoi vi p sut ln.
Khi mi hn ngui lnh p sut ny gy nt n cho mi hn.

6.2.2. Hn ng
a/ Hn ng bng kh hn
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- Vt hn phi chun b tt, lm sch mi hn, vt hn mng S = (1,52)mm th dng

kiu un mp, S = (310)mm vt mp 450, S > 10mm vt mp 900. Dng ngn la bnh
thng, c th nung s b (400 - 5000C).
- Dng que hn ng c thnh phn nh vt hn hoc c thm cc cht kh xy nh P,
Si nhng nhit chy ca que ny phi thp hn ng.
- Trong qu trnh hn phi dng thuc hn bo v mi hn khi b xy ho v kh
xy ca xt ng. Thng hay dng nht l borc Na2B4O7 v axits borc H3BO3.
b/ Hn ng bng h quang in
- C th dng in cc than hoc in cc kim loi. Cc que hn c bc thuc hn
nh hn kh.
- Que hn l hp kim ng c cht kh xy l Phtpho P vi dq = (1,510) mm, Ih =
(3565)dq.

6.2.3. Hn ng thau
a/ Hn ng thau bng kh hn
- c im cn ch l s bc hi ca km (9050C) gn bng nhit chy ca ng
thau (<10000C) hoc to thnh ZnO c hi nh hng n sc kho, lm m knh hn...V
th khi hn cn hn ch s chy ca km.
- Dng ngn la c thnh phn O2/C2H2= 1,25 -1,4 ln ngn la c tha xy to
thnh lp ZnO trn mt mi hn ngn cn s bc hi ca km v xy ho ca mi
trng.
- Que hn c th dng loi LCuZn32 v pha thm cc cht kh xy nh Al, Si, Ni, Mn
- Thuc hn thng dng borc hoc axt borc.
b/ Hn ng thau bng h quang in
- Dng que hn c li: LCuSi3Zn17; BCuSi3Mn; LCuMnFeZn39 thnh phn thuc
bc tu theo thnh phn vt hn v li que hn.
- ng knh que hn: nu S < 8 th d = S; nu S >8 th d = S-1 (mm). Ih= (2740)d.

6.2.4. Hn ng thanh
a/ Hn ng thanh bng kh hn
- Khi hn ng thanh gim s chy ca thic v km th nn dng ngn la bnh
thng.
- Thuc hn khi hn ng thanh thic hoc ng thanh silic thng dng borc, cn
khi hn ng thanh nhm th dng loi: 45% KCl + 20%BaCl +20%NaCl +15%NaF.
b/ Hn ng thanh bng h quang in: Tin hnh nh hn ng thau.

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6.3. Hn nhm v hp kim nhm

6.3.1. c im chung
- Nhm c i lc mnh vi xy to thnh xyt nhm Al2O3, xyt ny c Tch=
20500C rt cao so vi nhm v hp kim ca chng Tch= 600 - 6500C. xyt ny trong mi
hn gy r x v ngn cn qu trnh hn.
- nhit cao nhm v hp kim nhm c bn rt thp nn chi tit hn c th b
ph hoi do khi lng bn thn n.
- Khi lng ring ca xyt nhm ln hn nhm v hp kim nhm nn kh ni ln
vng hn.
- nhit cao d ho tan kh H2 to nn r kh.
6.3.2. Hn nhm bng kh hn
- Chi tit trc khi hn phi lm sch xyt nhm cch mp hn (30 - 35)mm. Nu S
1,5mm th phi un mp, nu S > 4mm th cn vt mp.
- Thng s dng ngn la hn bnh thng hn v nu tha y th d to thnh
xyt nhm, cn tha axtylen th d to thnh r kh.
- Cng sut ngn la ly ln hn khi hn thp mt t W = 150.S (l/gi).
- Que hn c thnh phn nh vt hn, khi hn nhm c th dng que AK (c 5% Si)
th mi hn tt hn.
- Thuc hn ch yu l cc mui clo v flo (NaCl, KCl, NaF, CaF2, ...). Sau khi hn
xong phi ra sch mi hn trch n mn do thuc hn cn tha trn mi hn.
6.3.3. Hn nhm bng h quang in
- Hn bng in cc nng chy thng dng nht l hn t ng trong mi trng bo
v (thuc hn hoc kh). Thuc hn gm mui clo v flo. V d: 20%KCl + 24%LiCl +
39%KF +17%NaF hn nhm-magi.
- Khi hn in cc than hoc vonfram, nn dng loi c dq = 12, 15, 20 mm vi dng
mt chiu hoc xoay chiu Ih= (200 - 500)A. Thuc hn nh hn kh.
- ng knh que hn ph thuc vo chiu dy vt hn S. nu S = (5 7) mm th dq =
S +1; S = (8 10) mm th dq = S/2 + 2; S = (11 15) mm th dq = S/2 + 3.
- Cng dng in tnh theo cng thc: Ih= B.dq (A)
B - mt dng in, ly B = (32 - 35)A/mm ng knh in cc.
dq - ng knh que hn (mm).
Dng dng in mt chiu ni nghch l tt nht.
- Hn h quang t ng di lp thuc l phng php c nng sut cao v cht lng
mi hn tt, que hn l dy nhm nguyn cht hoc hp kim AK.

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Ih K
Tc dy hn Vd = (m/h).
Q
Q - khi lng mt mt dy hn (g/m).
K - h s chy, K = 8 - 8,3 (g/A.h).
Phng php hn nhm t ng cng c dng ph bin vi kh bo v (H2, Ar,
CO2 v.v...), ch hn nh hn t ng di lp thuc.

Chng 7

Cc phng php hn c bit

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Gio trnh: cng ngh hn

Ngoi cc phng php hn c s dng rng ri nh hn h quang, hn in tip

xc, hn kh, trong thc t ngi ta cn s dng nhiu phng php hn khc vi nhng
ng dng rt a dng, c gi chung l hn c bit.

7.1. Hn vy
7.1.1. Thc cht v c im
a/ Thc cht ca qu trnh hn vy
Hn vy l phng php hn dng cc kim loi hoc hp kim hn c nhit nng
chy thp (gi l vy hn) in y vo mp hn c nung nng to nn lin kt hn.
Mi lin kt gia hai chi tit hn ch yu do s khuch tn ca cc nguyn t kim
loi vy hn v vt hn to nn. Qu trnh hn vy c chia ra cc cng on sau:
- Nung nng kim loi mi hn n nhit tng ng vi nhit nng chy ca
vy hn.
- Lm nng chy vy hn.
- Cho vy hn th lng in y mi hn.
- Ho tan kim loi c bn trong vy lng v s phn ly, khuyt tn gia chng vi
nhau.
- Thc hin qu trnh kt tinh ca vy hn trong mi hn.
b/ c im
- Hn vy c th tin hnh hn trong l c kh bo v, hn trong chn khng hoc
trong l mui, do khng yu cu thuc hn. Ch khi hn h bng cc phng php
nung nng khc mi yu cu thuc hn.
- Khi tin hnh hn vy trong cc l th tnh kinh t cao, m bo c b mt mi hn
phng, p.
- Sau khi hn vy khng yu cu gia cng c kh.
- Hn vy c th ch to c nhng sn phm m cc phng php hn khc khng
thc hin c. V d: trong k thut in c mt s sn phm yu cu thp hn vi ng,
ng vi bc v.v... Khng yu cu trnh tay ngh ca cng nhn cao.
7.1.2. Vy hn
Theo loi vy hn c s dng, ngi ta phn hn vy ra hai dng: hn bng vy
hn cng (nhit nng chy ca vy hn > 4500) v hn bng vy hn mm (T0 nng
chy ca vy hn < 4500).

a/ vy hn cng

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Vy hn cng c nhit nng chy trn 450oC, bn ko t 650 KG/mm2. Hn

bng vy hn cng ch yu dng hn cc mnh hp kim khi ch to dng c ct, hn
ni ng, hn cc chi tit trong sa cha khi i hi bn mi hn tng i cao.
Vy hn ny thng dng:
ng thau: LCuZn58 c Tc= 8200C; LCuZn46 ...dng hn cc chi tit bng ng
thau, ng .
Nguyn liu hn bc c thnh phn c bn l bc, ng v km.
Nguyn liu hn bn nng: l hp kim c cha t (5090)%Cu, (2040)%Zn, (38)%
Ni, (25)% Mn, < 2% Fe. Loi ny dng nhiu hn cc mnh hp kim cng vo dng
c ct.
b/ Vy hn mm
Khi hn bng vy hn mm, s dng vy hn c thnh phn c bn l thic, c nhit
chy nh hn 400oC, bn ko di 7 KG/mm2.
Hn bng vy hn mm ch yu dng hn kn cc bnh cha kh vcc bnh cha
cht lng, khng i hi v bn cao.
7.1.3. Thuc hn vy
Thuc hn vy c nhim v lm sch cc xyt v cc cht bn khc trong vy hn,
ng thi to kh nng tt cho kim loi vy hn thm thu vo kim loi vt hn, gim
c sc cng b mt ca kim loi nng chy.
- Thuc hn khi hn vy cng: hay dng borc (Na2B4O7), axt boric (H2BO3).
- Thuc hn dng khi hn vy mm: thng th lng, ch yu l dung dch ca
mui clo: clorua km, clorua amn, axit phtphoric v cc hn hp khc.

7.2. Hn nhit
7.2.1. Thc cht ca phng php hn nhit
Hn nhit l phng php hn da trn c s ca phn ng to nhit gia mt xt
kim loi vi mt kim loi khc c i lc ha hc vi xy mnh hn, thng dng nht l
phn ng gia nhm v xt st t Fe2O3:
3Fe2O3 + 8Al 4Al2O3 + 9Fe + 185.000 cal/mol
Phn ng bt u xy ra khi nung nng mt lng nh hn hp n nhit khong
1.200 - 1.300oC, sau phn ng tip tc c duy tr nh nhit ca phn ng v lan
nhanh ra ton khi hn hp lm nhit tng ln ti 3.000oC, nung nng chy st to
thnh thp lng v lm nng chy cc tp cht to thnh x lng. Thng thng, hn hp
nhit nhm gm (20 - 220)% Al v (78 - 80)% Fe2O3.
7.2.2. Cc phng php hn nhit

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Theo nguyn tc to thnh mi hn, ngi ta phn ra hn nhit nng chy v hn

nhit p lc.
a/ Hn nhit nng chy
Hn nhit nng chy l t hai chi tit hn cch nhau mt khong hp to thnh khe
hn v s dng khun ct bao quanh mp hn. Phn ng nhit nhm c tin hnh trong
ni cha ring.
Sau khi nung nng khun v mp hn, tin hnh mi phn ng, khi thp lng nng
chy tt v x ni ln ht, tin hnh m l rt y ni phn ng rt thp lng vo
khun. Thp lng c nhit cao nung chy mp hn, sau ng c to thnh mi hn.
4 5
AA
A 2 3
1
6

A
H.6.1. S hn nhit nng chy
1. Chi tit hn; 2. Khun; 3. H thng rt; 4. Ni cha; 5. X; 6. Thp lng

b/ Hn nhit p lc
Hn nhit p lc l t hai chi tit st nhau v cng c bao quanh nh mt khun
ct. u tin ngi ta rt x lng vo khun trc nung nng s b, sau rt thp
lng vo khun tip tc nung mp hn ln n trng thi hn v tin hnh p hai chi tit
vo nhau vi p lc ln to ra mi hn.
Hn nhit c s dng hn cc ng ray, ng ng bng thp trong lp t v
sa cha nhng ni khng th tin hnh bng cc phng php hn khc.

7.3. Hn in x
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Hn in x l phng hn s dng nhit sinh ra khi cho dng in c cng ln

i qua mt lp x c in tr ln nung kim loi mp hn v lm nng chy in cc
hn.
1
S nguyn l ca phng php hn x
in c trnh by trn (H.6.2): Hai tm hn 2
8
c t theo phng thng ng cch nhau 3
mt khong bng khe h hn. 4
Mt di ca khe hn c chn bi tm
m (7), hai bn c bao kn bi hai hp lm
ngui (8). Khi hn, cp thuc hn vo khe
hn, a in cc hn (2) i xung v gy ra 7 6 5

h quang. Nhit ca ngn h quang lm nng H.6.2. S hn in x

1/ Vt hn 2/ in cc 3/ Thuc hn 4/ X lng
chy kim loi v thuc hn to thnh vng hn 5/ Kim loi lng 6/ Mi hn 7/ Tm m
v x lng.
Khi x lng dng ln tip xc vi in cc hn lm tt h quang, dng in tip tc
chy qua lp x lng. Do in tr ca lp x cao, nhit to ra ln, lm cho kim loi in
cc v kim loi mp hn tip tc nng chy.
Nh s lm ngui nhanh ca cc hp lm ngui, kim loi lng phn di vng hn
lin tc ng c, ng thi h thng hp lm ngui dch chuyn ln pha trn theo tc
hnh thnh mi hn.
Hn in x c ng dng hn cc tm dy, kch thc ln theo cc ng hn
thng ng trong ch to v tu thu, thn my c ln ...

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