Bi tho lun:

MT S VN LIN QUAN N VN N
NG BIN

Danh sch nhm 4:

1. Hong Th Tm (nhm trng)

2. Nguyn Thu Trang

3. V Th Quyn

4. Bi Hng Nga

5. Nguyn Th Lan Hng

6. Ng Quang Tht

7. Nguyn Vn Ph

8. Nguyn Minh Hng

9. ng Xun Trung

10. Nguyn Thnh Tn

11. Trn Cng Sn

12. L Vn Phc
 Cu 1: Nhng im cn lu khi lp v kim tra vn n ng bin
(B/L)

I. Nhng im cn lu khi lp v s dng vn n ng bin

1. Gi tr php l ca vn n:

Theo thng l hng hi quc t ( cng c Brussels 1924, iu 1 khon b) v

B lut hng hi Vit Nam th vn n l c s php l iu chnh quan h gia
ngi nhn hng v ngi chuyn ch. Khi xy ra thiu ht, h hng, tn tht
i vi hng ha cng n th ngi nhn hng phi ng ra gii quyt vi ngi
chuyn ch cn c vo vn n.

Trn l thuyt th nh vy nhng trong thc t c rt nhiu tranh chp pht

sinh xung quanh vn ny. C th l:

Trong thng mi hng hi quc t thng lu hnh ph bin 2 loi vn n

l vn n loi thng thng ( Conline bill) v vn n theo hp ng thu tu
( Congen bill). im khc nhau c bn ca 2 loi vn n ny l Conline bill cha
y mi quy nh v iu chnh quan h gia ngi nhn hng v ngi chuyn
ch nh phm vi trch nhim, min trch, thi hiu t tng, ni gii quyt tranh
chp v lut p dng, mc gii hn bi thng, cc quy nh v chuyn ti, gii
quyt tn tht chung, nhng trng hp bt kh khng Thng thng loi vn
n ny c y 3 chc nng nh B lut hng hi Vit Nam quy nh. Ngc
li, Congen bill c cp pht theo mt hp ng thu tu chuyn . Loi ny
thng ch c chc nng l mt bin nhn ca ngi chuyn ch xc nhn nhn
ln tu s hng ha c thu ch nh ghi trn . Ni dung ca loi vn n
ny rt ngn gn v bao gi cng phi ghi r: phi s dng cng vi hp ng thu
tu ( to be used with charter parties). Ngoi ra trong vn n loi ny bao gi cng
c cu: mi iu khon, mi quy nh min trch nhim cho ngi chuyn ch
ghi r trong hp ng thu tu k c cc iu khon lut p dng v trng ti phi
c p dng cho vn n (All terms and conditions, leberties and exceptions of
the charter party, dated as overleaf, including the law and arbitration clause, are
herewith incorporated).

Trong trng hp xy ra mt mt, h hng, thiu ht hoc chm giao

hng cng d hng th ch phi s dng vn n gii quyt tranh chp (nu
l Conline bill), nhng s phi s dng c vn n v hp ng thu tu (nu l
Congen bill). y c th xy ra kh nng c mu thun gia quy nh ca vn
n v quy nh trong hp ng thu tu. Lc ny u tin p dng nhng quy nh
ca vn n gii quyt tranh chp. Trong trng hp c vn n v hp ng
thu tu u khng quy nh g th p dng lut do vn n ch nh ra trc, lut
do hp ng ch ra sau nhng phi xt n cc mi quan h lin quan. Vn l
ch cc doanh nghip Vit Nam hay mua hng theo iu kin CIF hoc CFR th
hp ng thu tu do ngi bn k vi ch tu, ngi mua (ngi nhn hng) Vit
Nam kh long bit c. h gi bn, thng l bng cch h gi cc, ngi
xut khu sn sng chp nhn nhng quy nh kht khe ca ch tu, khng c cc
quy nh v lut p dng v trng ti. C khi h thu c nhng tu gi, c, rch nt
hay hng hc. Nu c h hng mt mt thit hi v hng ha th vic khiu ni ch
tu rt kh khn v ngi mua hng khng c hp ng thu tu trong tay hoc c
nhng hp ng ton nhng quy nh bt li cho ngi mua hng. i khi ly
c hp ng thu tu t ngi bn th thi hiu t tng khng cn na hoc hp
ng quy nh tranh chp (nu c) s xt x theo lut Anh v trng ti hng hi
Lodon Nhng quy nh ny ht sc bt li cho nh nhp khu Vit Nam.

2. Vn n l loi vn n ch (Master bill of lading) hay vn n nh

(House bill of lading).
 Vn n ch hay vn n ng bin l vn n do ngi chuyn ch chnh
thc (effective carrier) pht hnh, cn vn n nh hay vn n thc cp do ngi
chuyn ch khng chnh thc (contracting carrier) hay cn gi l ngi giao nhn
pht hnh trn c s vn n ch. y l c s php l iu chnh quan h gia
ngi cung cp dch v giao nhn kho vn vi khch hng.

phn bit vn n ch (Master bill of lading) vi vn n nh (House bill

of lading) phi cn c vo ni dung ca vn n:

- Vn n ng bin thng c dn chiu mt s cng c quc t ph

bin nh Hagua Rules, Hague Visby Rules hoc Hamburge Rules. Ngc li, trn
th gii khng c mt cng c no iu chnh vn n th cp.

- Vn n ng bin ch quy nh cc quyn v ngha v ngi vn ti bin

lin quan ti vic bc xp, chuyn ch, d hng v tr hng pht sinh t hp ng
thu tu. Ngc li, vn n th cp cn cha ng nhng quy nh php l v
chuyn ch bng ng b, ng song, ng st. V vy, khng gian php l
ca vn n th cp rng hn vn n ng bin.

- Trong vn n th cp thng ghi a im nhn hng ch (place of

receipt) c a im tr hng (place of delivery) ch khng n thun cng bc
hng v cng d hng.

- Vn n ng bin bao gi cng ghi r: b hng ln tu (shipped on

board) hoc nhn bc ln tu (received for shipment). Ngc li, vn n th
cp thng ghi: nhn vn chuyn (taken in charge of transport) v c th ch
bng ng bin, ng sng, ng b

- Trong vn n ng bin, ngi gi hng gi l shipper cn trong vn

n th cp, ngi gi hng gi l congignor. Trong vn n ng bin lun ghi
ngi nhn hng (consignee) hoc ch danh theo lnh nhng trong vn n th
cp lun ghi l: hng c giao nhn theo lnh (consigned to order of).

- Vn n ng bin lun c chc nng l chng t nhn quyn nh ot

hng ha nhng vi vn n th cp, tnh cht ny c hay khng do hai bn tha
thun khi pht hnh.

- Ngi chuyn ch ng bin khng chu trch nhim v hng ha n

chm nhng ngi giao nhn li phi chu trch nhim v vic ny. C khi h cn
phi n gp i s tin cc cho thit hi do giao hng chm.

- Thi hiu khiu ni trong vn n ng bin l 1 nm, trong khi vn

n th cp ch l 9 thng. S thi hn chnh lch l dnh cho ngi giao nhn
khiu ni li ngi vn ti chnh thc.

- Vn n ng bin ch cn 1 con du v 1 ch k v n c cp sau khi

hng bc ln tu. Trong khi , vn n th cp do c pht hnh khi nhn
hng ch nn phi c them 1 con du v 1 ch k xc nhn rng hng c
b ln tu (ngy cp vn n th cp v ngy bc hng c th khc nhau).

Tuy nhin, trong thc t vic phn bit 2 loi vn n ny ch l tng i.

iu quan trng l khi c mt vn n trong tay phi xem xt xem n l loi g v
ngi pht hnh hi c tn tht c th gii quyt kp thi, ng i tng.

3. Ni dung v hnh thc ca vn n:

V ni dung

- Mc s lng, trng lng, bao b, k m hiu m t hng ha phi ghi

ph hp vi s lng hng thc t xp ln tu v phi ghi tht chnh xc. Khi nhn
hng theo vn n, phi lu s hng thc nhn so vi s hng ghi trong vn n,
nu thy thiu, sai hoc tn tht th phi yu cu gim nh khiu ni ngay. Nu
tn tht khng r rt th phi yu cu gim ddihj trong 3 ngy k t ngy d hng.

- Mc ngi nhn hng: Nu l vn n ch danh th phi ghi r h tn v

a ch ngi nhn hng, nu l vn n theo lnh th phi ghi r theo lnh ca ai
(ngn hng, ngi xp hng hay ngi nhn hng). Ni chung, mc ny ta nn ghi
theo yu cu ca th tn dng L/C nu p dng thanh ton bng tn dng chng t.

- Mc a ch ngi thng bo: Nu L/C yu cu th ghi theo yu cu ca

L/C, nu khng th trng hay ghi a ch ca ngi nhn hng.

- Mc cc ph v ph ph: phi lu n n v tnh cc v tng s tin

cc. Nu cc tr trc ghi Freight prepaid. Nu cc tr sau ghi Freight to
collect hay Freight payable at destination. C khi trn vn n ghi Freight
prepaid as arranged v ngi chuyn ch khng mun tit l mc cc ca mnh.

- Mc ngy k vn n: Ngy k vn n thuwognf l ngy hon thnh vic

bc hng ha ln tu v phi trong thi hn hiu lc ca L/C.

- Mc ch k vn n: Ch k vn n c th l trng hang tu, i l ca

hang tu. Khi i l k th phi ghi r hay ng du trn vn n ch l i l (as
agent only)

V hnh thc

Hnh thc ca vn n do cc hng t la chn v pht hnh s dng

trong kinh doanh. V vy, mi hng khc nhau pht hnh vn n c hnh thc
khc nhau. Tuy nhin hnh thc pht hnh khng quyt nh gi tr php l ca vn
n.

Nhng hnh thc th hin ca vn n:

 Hnh thc ph bin nht l loi vn n ng bin thng thng, ch s
dng trong chuyn ch hng ha bng ng bin (trn vn n ch ghi Bill of
lading). Loi vn n ny l loi vn n truyn thng ang dn c thay th bi
loi vn n pht hnh dng cho nhiu mc ch, nhiu phng thc chuyn ch.
l:

- Loi vn n dng cho c vn ti n phng thc v a phng thc:

Trn vn n ghi bill of lading for combined transport shipment or port
shipment. Loi chng t ny c hiu l vn n ng bin v c th chuyn
nhng c tr khi ngi pht hnh nh du vo Seaway bill, non
negotiable.

- Vn n dng cho c lu thng v khng lu thng: Bill of lading not

negotiable unless consigned to order (vn n ny khng chuyn nhng c
tr khi pht hnh theo lnh)

II. Nhng ch khi kim tra vn n

1. Ngy giao hng trn B/L:

- Trng hp B/L c ghi ch On Board: Ngy ca ghi ch On Board - OBN

(On Board Notation) s c coi l ngy giao hng cho d ngy On Board trc
hoc sau ngy pht hnh B/L. Nu trn 1 B/L c nhiu hn mt ghi ch On Board,
ngy On Board sm hn s c coi l ngy giao hng. Nu b chng t c
xut trnh nhiu hn mt b B/L th ngy On Board mun hn s c coi l ngy
giao hng.

- Trng hp B/L khng ghi ch On Board: ngy pht hnh s c coi l

ngy giao hng.

2. Ghi ch On Board trn B/L (On Board Notation -OBN)

 a. B/L khng cn ch ra OBN:

Cc bn tham gia thanh ton s chp nhn B/L khng c OBN nu ng thi
tha mn cc iu kin sau y:

- Nu B/L l loi xp hng ln tu.

- Cng bc hng ph hp vi quy nh ca L/C.

- Trn B/L khng c chng trc cho d c ni nhn hng ch khc vi

cng bc hng theo L/C.

b, B/L cn c OBN th hin ngy thng:

i vi B/L nhn hng ch v khng c chng trc.

c, B/L cn c OBN th hin ngy thng v tn con tu thc t:

Nu B/L c ghi con tu d nh hoc quy nh tng t lin quan n tn

con tu, th vic ghi ch hng xp ln tu, ghi r ngy giao hng v tn con tu
l cn thit.

d, B/L cn c OBN th hin ngy thng, tn tu v cng i:

Th nht, nu trn B/L th hin c chng trc, cho d l shipped on

board B/L hay Receipt for shipment B/L.

Th hai, OBN cn y cc thng tin v tn tu, cng i v ngy thng i

vi B/L th hin tn cng i mc Place of receipt thay v Port of Loading.

Th ba, OBN cn y cc thng tin v tn tu, cng i v ngy thng i

vi B/L th hin cng xp hng l d nh hoc quy nh tng t lin quan.

3. Cng i, cng n
 Cng i v cng n trn B/L i hi phi ph hp vi quy nh ca L/C.
Tuy nhin, do nhiu hng chuyn ch mun phn nh y cc thng tin trn b
mt B/L t ni nhn hng ch cho n ni chuyn ti, cng d nhng phn ln
trn B/L khng c mc in sn chuyn ti, v vy, ngi pht hnh B/L khng
cc mc in sn in thng tin vo thch hp, dn n tnh trng in thng tin
vo B/L khng ng v tr. Nhng trng hp thng gp, l: tn cng d c
in vo Destination hoc tn cng bc hng c in vo mc Place of receipt
hoc tn cng chuyn ti c in vo mc Port of unloading...

i vi nhng trng hp ny, i hi c s ghi ch ch ra ng cng

c quy nh trong L/C.

4. Ngi chuyn ch

Mt vn t ra i vi vic pht hnh B/L l ngi chuyn ch, ngi k

pht B/L c th khc nhau do ngi k pht c th ch l i l ca ngi chuyn
ch. V vy, cn th hin r tn ca ngi chuyn ch trn b mt B/L.

5. K hu vn n

a) K hu c cn phi ng du?

Vn ny c nu ra trong gii quyt tranh chp gia ngn hng pht

hnh v ngn hng xc nhn, trong , ngn hng pht hnh bt li v t chi
thanh ton i vi b chng t c vn n c k hu nhng khng c ng
du. Ngay c khi th tn dng yu cu k hu cn phi c k v ng du
(document to be signed and stamped), th yu cu ny c th c p ng bng
vic th hin ch k v tn gi ca ch th c thc hin bng nh my, ng
du hoc hon ton bng tay. (iu 39 ISBP 681).

b) Ch th k hu - Endorser
 - Trng hp 1: Khi k hu c cn phi nu r tn ca doanh nghip i km?

Ch mt ch k trn mt sau ca vn n cng cu thnh nn nghip v

k hu p dng trong trng hp L/C yu cu k hu trng, cn trong trng
hp k hu theo lnh hoc ch danh, cn phi c cc thng tin v tn cng ty,
chc danh ca ngi k.

- Trng hp 2: T cch ngi k hu - Ngi k hu c cn phi nu r

chc danh ca mnh nm gi ti cng ty? Ngn hng c cn kim tra xem ngi k
c thm quyn k hu?

i vi vn ny, tr khi L/C quy nh r v chc danh ca ngi k hu

l gim c v phi c th hin r khi k, nu khng, ngi k hu khng cn
phi nu r chc danh ca mnh v ngay c khi cp chc danh m khng phi l
gim c, v d, ph gim c hoc trng phng th ngn hng cng khng c
quyn bt li i vi B/L v cng theo iu 34 UCP 600, ngn hng khng c
trch nhim phi kim tra thm quyn ca ngi k hu.

Tuy nhin, khi L/C c yu cu r rng v thm quyn ca ngi k hu phi

l gim c, th khi k hu, ng gim c phi ghi r chc danh ca mnh. Trong
trng hp ph gim c hoc trng phng k thay, th trong b chng t xut
trnh cn phi c Giy y nhim v vn k hu.

- Trng hp 3: K hu c th c thc hin bi i l ca ngi gi

hng?

Thc t l ngi giao nhn hng ha thng ch c y quyn giao hng

ha v chun b b chng t gi hng xut trnh cho ngn hng i thanh ton.
Trong cc mu th y quyn hoc hp ng i vi ngi giao nhn hng ha
thng khng km theo s y quyn k hu vn n.Theo lut php ca quc t
cng nh ca cc quc gia lin quan ti B/L, ch ngi gi hng thc t (nh xut
khu) mi l ngi c thm quyn k hu.

Do , nu ngi giao nhn hng ha thc hin k hu th trong b chng t

xut trnh ti ngn hng cn c th y quyn (Power of attorney hoc Letter of
authorization) lin quan ti vic k hu nh km vi vn n.

c) Ch th nhn k hu - Endorsee

C nhng trng hp, tn ca ngi nhn k hu li c th hin sai hoc

do bn thn ngi gi hng li mun giao hng cho ch th khc. Chnh v th, sau
khi k hu, tn gi ngi nhn hng trn vn n khc vi tn ngi nhn hng
thc t c yu cu trong B/L.

i vi b vn n th hin nh vy, ngn hng hon ton c quyn bt li.

Tuy nhin, nu ngi nhp khu thc t mun nhn hng, ngn hng c th x l
vn ny bng cch yu cu ch th k hu pht hnh th xc nhn (Letter of
confirmation) th hin: (i) anh ta sai khi nu tn ca ngi nhn k hu; (ii) nu
tn ca ngi nhn k hu thc t; v m bo an ton cho mnh, ngn hng cn
yu cu (iii) ngi k hu cn phi cam kt chu trch nhim v nhng vn lin
quan c th xy ra sau ny.

Cu 2: Nhng loi vn n ng bin c s dng trong thng mi

quc t

Tr li:

Vn n ng bin l chng t c s dng ph bin v rng ri trong

thng mi v hng hi quc t. y l chng t rt a dng, phong ph, c nhiu
chc nng v lin quan n rt nhiu lnh vc trong bun bn quc t. Vic nhn
bit cc loi vn n v ngha ca n trong TMQT l vn v cng quan trng
i vi ngi s dng vn n. C nhiu cch phn loi vn n nh:

1. Cn c vo tnh trng bc xp hng ha:

- Vn n xp hng ( Shipped on board): y l loi vn n c

pht hnh sau khi hng ha c xp ln tu. Trn vn n xp hng, thng
c ngi chuyn ch, i l hoc thuyn trng ng du cc ch nh: Shipped
on board, Shipped, on board.

Khi giao hng bng ng bin, vn n bc hng l chng c c gi tr

rt ln, n l bng chng chng minh hng c xp ln tu v ngi bn
hon thnh trch nhim giao hng cho ngi mua theo ng hp ng mua bn.

- Vn n nhn hng xp (Received for shipment): Vn n ny c

pht hnh sau khi ngi chuyn ch nhn hng v cam kt s xp hng v vn
chuyn hng ha bng con tu ghi trn vn n.

Khc vi vn n xp hng, vn n nhn hng xp c pht hnh

khi hng ha cha c xp ln tu m c th vn cn cu cng, kho bi cng
i vi loi vn n ny, nu khng c quy nh g khc trong hp ng mua bn
cng nh tn dng chng t th ngi bn c th b t chi thanh ton. L do l v
theo cc iu kin c s giao hng thng thng bng ng bin nh: FOB, CIF
hay CFR th trch nhim ca ngi bn l phi a hng ln trn tu. Trong trng
hp ny, hng vn cn ang cu cng, kho bi cngngha l ngi bn vn
cha hon thnh trch nhim giao hng theo quy nh. Do vy, khi giao hng, nu
trng hp ngi chuyn ch pht hnh vn n nhn hng xp th phi ch khi
hng c xp xong ln tu s yu cu thuyn trng k xc nhn trn vn n
hng c xp ln tu ngythngnm. C k xc nhn nh vy th vn
n nhn hng xp s tr thnh vn n xp hng.
 2. Cn c vo nhn xt, ghi ch trn vn n:

- Vn n sch/hon ho (Clean B/L): l vn n m trn khng c

nhng iu khon ni mt cch r rng rng hng ha hoc bao b c khuyt im.
Hay ni mt cch khc, trn vn n khng c nhng ghi ch, nhn xt xu hoc
nhng bo lu v tnh trng bn ngoi ca hng ha.

Nhng iu ghi chung chung nh ngi gi hng xp v m, nim phong

v kp ch, khng bit v s lng, phm cht, ni dung bn trong, bao b
dng li, thng c,.. khng lm mt tnh hon ho ca vn n. Mt vn n m
ngi chuyn ch hay i din ca h khng ghi ch g th cng coi l vn n
hon ho.

Ly c vn n hon ho c ngha quan trng trong thng mi quc t.

Ngi mua cng nh ngn hng u yu cu phi c vn n hon ho, v vn n
hon ho l bng chng hin nhin (Prima Facie Evidence) ca vic xp hng tt.

Mun ly c vn n hon ho th khi xp hng ln tu phi m bo

hng khng b h hng, v, bao b khng rch, khng b t v trng bn ngoi
rt tt, ngha l phi c mt bin lai thuyn ph (Mates Receipt) sch. Trong
trng hp, Bin li Thuyn ph khng sch, ngi gi hng c th xut trnh Th
bo m (Letter of Indemnity) cam kt chu mi hu qu xy ra, u yu cu
Thuyn trng cp vn n hon ho. Tuy nhin, th m bo khng c gi tr
php l, khng c cc ta n tha nhn nn cc thuyn trng khn ngoan
thng khng chp nhn

- Vn n khng hon ho (Unclean B/L Faul B/L Claused B/L): l

vn n trn c nhng ghi ch, nhn xt xu hoc nhng bo lu v hng ha
v bao b. V d, vn n b thuyn trng ghi ch: k m hiu khng r, mt s
bao b b rch, thng chy, nhiu hm tng b t.Vn n khng hon ho
khng c ngn hng chp nhn thanh ton tin hng.

3. Cn c vo quyn chuyn nhng, s hu hng ha ghi trn vn n:

- Vn n ch danh(Straight Bill of Lading/ Bill of Lading ? a named

person): L vn n m trn ngi ta ghi r tn v a im ngi nhn. Ngi
chuyn ch ch giao hng cho ai l ngi c tn trn vn n.

Loi ny t dng v n khng c chuyn nhng bng phng php thng

thng.Thng ch c s dng trong trng hp hng ca c nhn gi c nhn,
hng l qu biu, hng trin lm hay hng ca cng ty m gi cho cng ty con.

Vn n ch danh mun chuyn nhng c phi tun theo lut hoc tp

qun ni din ra hnh ng chuyn nhng.

- Vn n theo lnh (B/L to order of): L loi vn n m trn khng

ghi tn ngi nhn hng m ghi: theo lnh ca hoc theo lnh- to order.
Nh vy vi loi vn n ny, s khng c tn ca ngi nhn hng m phn theo
lnh ca c th in: shipper, banker, consignee hoc c trng hp
trng. Hng ha ghi trong vn n s c giao theo lnh ca mt ngi no
bng cch k hu ln mt sau ca vn n.

Cc loi vn n theo lnh : Theo cch ai l ngi k hu vn n th c 3

loi :

Theo lnh ca mt ngi ch danh no (To order of a named

person) : Vi vn n ny hng s c giao theo lnh ca ngi, cng ty hay t
chc no c ghi trong ct "Consignee" hoc "To order of " ca vn n bng
cch ngi s k hu vo mt sau ca vn n v ghi tn ngi nhn hng vo
. V d:To order of consignee: Theo lnh ca ngi nhn hng.
 Theo lnh ca ngn hng pht hnh (To order of a issuing bank) :hng
s c giao theo lnh ca ngn hng c ghi trn vn n, ngn hng s k
hu vo mt sau ca vn n.
Theo lnh ca ngi gi hng (To order of shipper) : Vi vn n ny
th hng s c giao cho ngi c ch nh ca ngi k hu chnh l gi hng
(shipper). i khi theo vn n c vit "To order"v trng.i vi trng
hp ny, theo tp qun thng mi quc t th c hiu rng l theo lnh ca
ngi gi hng. Nhng theo quan im ca y ban Kinh t v X hi chu -
Thi Bnh Dng (ESCAP), nu vn n c pht hnh theo lnh m khng ghi
tn ngi nhn hng hoc pht hnh theo lnh ca ngi th hng v ngi th
hng k hu nhng b trng khng ghi tn ngi th hng tip theo th gi l
vn n v danh.

Vn n theo lnh c dng thng dng trong bun bn v vn ti quc

tv c th lu thng c nn rt thun tin cho vic chuyn nhng quyn s
hu hng ha, chuyn nhng bng phng php thng thng v rt nhiu thun
li do n mang li m bo quyn li cho c ngi mua v ngi bn.

Vn n theo lnh c th chuyn nhng c nh phng php k hu

thng thng. K hu l mt th tc chuyn nhng quyn s hu hng ha ghi
trn vn n t ngi hng li ny sang ngi hng li khc. Ngi k hu
phi k tn, ng du vo mt sau ca vn n v trao vn n cho ngi c
chuyn nhng (ngi c hng li). Ngi k hu trn vn n khng phi
trnh by l do chuyn nhng v cng khng phi thng bo trc cho ngi bn
cng nh ngi chuyn ch bit v vic chuyn nhng quyn s hu i vi
hng ha ghi trn vn n.

Cc loi k hu vn n thng c dng trong bun bn quc t:

 K hu ch danh: To order of(named person):

mt sau vn n ng bin gc ngi k hu s r tn c th ca

ngi hng li t vn n. Khi vn n theo lnh s tr thnh vn n ch
danh (Bill of Lading to a named person) v v vy ch c ngi hng li c tn
trn vn n mi c quyn s hu hng ha v c nhn hng khi hng ti cng
ch. Sau ngi chuyn nhng s ghi tn ca mnh , k tn v ng du xc
nhn.

K hu chuyn nhng theo lnh: To order of:

mt sau vn n ng bin gc, ngi k hu s theo lnh ca mt

ngi no hoc l theo lnh. Nh vy, nu l theo lnh ca mt ngi
no c ngha l ngi l ngi s hu vn n ng bin, tuy nhin cha
chc l ngi hng li cui cng hng ha ghi trn vn n , v vn c th
tip tc chuyn nhng c bng cch tip tc k hu. Qu trnh k hu li c th
tip tc xy ra nh trn cho n ngi hng li cui cng.

K hu min truy i: To order of without recouse:

Thng thng th ngi k hu vn phi chu trch nhim lin i cho vic
giao hng n ngi hng th cui cng trong trng hp ngi hng th cm
vn n k hu m khng nhn c hng hoc hng khng ph hp vi vn n.
Tuy nhin trnh rng buc trch nhim vi ngi hng th ngy, ngi k hu
c th thm cu " Without recourse endorsement - Min truy i" bn cnh ch k
ca mnh. Khi nu ngi nhn hng pht hin thy hng ha mt mt, hng hc
so vi s lng, cht lng ghi trn vn n, th s khng c truy i ngi
k hu cho mnh m phi i ch hng.
 K hu chuyn nhng theo lnh ca ngi cm vn n: To order of
bearer B/L:

i vi hnh thc k hu ny, ngi k hu s k chuyn nhng theo lnh

ca ngi cm vn n. Vn n lc ny s tr thnh vn n v danh, bt c ai
cm vn n u c quyn yu cu ngi chuyn ch giao hng cho mnh.

K hu trng hay k hu v danh: To order of:

Ngi k hu vn n ch tn mnh, k tn, ng du xc nhn ch

khng chuyn nhng quyn s hu t vn n cho ai hoc l chuyn nhng
vn n theo lnh ca ai (tn ca ngi hng li k tip). Phng php ny
thng c s dng trong mua bn trao tay i vi hng ha v c s gip
ca h thng ngn hng.

V d: Nu thanh ton bng phng thc tn dng chng t, sau khi giao
hng xong v ly c B/L gc, ngi bn s k hu trng trn t vn n
v a vo b chng t gc xut trnh cho ngn hng v nh ngn hng thu h
tin. Ngn hng s khng ch t vn n ng bin, ch sau khi ngi mua tr ht
tin hng th ngn hng mi k hu vo vn n giao cho ngi mua i ly hng.

- Vn n v danh(To bearer Bill of Lading): L vn n trn khng

ghi tn ngi nhn hng v cng khng ghi theo lnh. Ngi chuyn ch s giao
hng cho ngi no cm vn n (B/L holder) v xut trnh cho h.

Loi vn n ny t c s dng hn do loi vn n ny c nhiu ri ro

i vi ngi giao hng (ngi gi hng) v bt k ngi no c vn n trong tay
u c th nhn c hng.

Vn n ny c chuyn nhng bng cch trao tay v ai cm vn n u

c th nhn c hng.
 4. Cn c vo phng thc thu tu:

- Vn n tu ch (Liner B/L): L loi vn n c dng khi hng ha

c gi theo tu ch. vn n ny ngoi gi tr l chng t s hu hng ho m
cn c gi tr php l nh mt hp ng chuyn ch.

Thng p dng loi vn n thng thng conline bill

Mi iu khon iu chnh mi quan h gia ngi nhn hng v ngi

chuyn ch nh : phm vi trch nhim, min trch , thi hiu t tng, ni gii
quyt tranh chp v lut p dng,. u c in sn trn vn n v ch do 1 bn,
ngi chuyn ch k tn. y l c im phn bit vi vn n theo hp ng
thu tu.

Nu c tranh chp xy ra dng vn n gii quyt bng nhng iu khon

quy nh sn hoc dng cng c quc t v hng hi gii quyt.

- Vn n tu chuyn / vn n theo hp ng thu tu: l vn n c

cp trong trng hp c hp ng thu tu, ch xy ra vi tu chuyn v tu hn
nh. Vn n ny ch c chc nng l mt giy bin nhn ca ngi chuyn ch
xc nhn nhn ln tu s hng ha c thu ch nh ghi trn v l bng
chng ca hp ng giao kt vi cc bn c lin quan.

Thng p dng vn n cp theo hp ng thu tu congen bill.

Ni dung rt ngn gn, ch bao gm mt vi iu khon, cn li dn chiu

theo hp ng thu tu.

Trn b mt vn n ny thng c ghi B/L to be used with Charter Party

( c s dng cng vi hp ng thu tu ).
 Ngoi ra trn vn n ny lun lun c 1 iu khon quy nh : ( mi iu
khon, mi quy nh min trch nhim cho ngi chuyn ch ghi trong hp
ng thu tu, k c cc iu khon lut p dng v trng ti phi c p dng
cho vn n ) all terms and conditions, leberties and exceptions of the charter
party, dated as overleaf, including the law and arbitration clause, are herewith
incorporated".

Trong trng hp xy ra tranh chp phi s dng c vn n v hp ng

thu tu gii quyt tranh chp( nu l congen bill. y c th xy ra mu
thun gia quy nh ca vn n v quy nh trong hp ng thu tu. Lc ny u
tin p dng nhng quy nh ca vn n gii quyt tranh chp. Trong trng
hp c vn n v hp ng u khng c quy nh g th p dng lut do vn n
ch ra trc, lut do hp ng ch ra sau nhng phi xt n cc mi quan h lin
quan.

5. Cn c theo hnh trnh chuyn ch:

- Vn n i thng ( Direct B/L): l vn n c cp trong trng hp

hng ha c chuyn ch thng t cng xp hng n cng d hng m khng c
chuyn ti dc ng. Trn vn n ny, transhipment khng c ghi g,
nu khng ngn hng t chi thanh ton (trng hp tn dng th quy nh
transhipment not allowed)

Khi cp vn n i thng, nu c ng, v nhiu nguyn nhn khc nhau

c th xy ra, v d : tu b hng, hng phi chuyn sang tu khc th ngi
chuyn ch cp vn n i thng phi chu trch nhim i vi nhng h hng,
mt mt ca hng ha do vic chuyn ti gy ra. Sau nhng ngi chuyn ch
s xem xt tn tht ca ai v ai s chu trch nhim khi phn nh li.
 - Vn n ch sut (through bill of lading): l vn n c cp trong
trng hp c chuyn ti cng dc ng c thay th ngi chuyn ch v tu
chuyn ch. Vn n ny c iu khon cho php chuyn ti, ghi r cng xp
hng, cng d hng, cng chuyn ti. Thng thng, trong loi hnh vn ti ny
mt ngi ng ra t chc ton b qu trnh chuyn ch v chu trch nhim v
hng ha trong sut qu trnh chuyn ch, ngi c quyn cp vn n ch
sut. nhng ngi chuyn ch khc c cp vn n chng (local bill of lading).
Khi c tranh chp hng ha ngi ch hng ch cn kin ngi cp vn n ch
sut. Sau nhng ngi chuyn ch phi gii quyt vi nhau xem hng b hng
chng no v ai l ngi chu trch nhim cho tnh trng h hng v mt mt ca
hng ha .

Nh vy vn n ch sut dng iu chnh mi quan h php l gia

ngi ch hng v ngi chuyn ch cp vn n ch sut, cn vn n chng
trong qu trnh chuyn ch l iu chnh mi quan h ni b nhng ngi
chuyn ch vi nhau.

Hng ha ch c giao nhn vi ngi cp vn n ch sut mt cch hp

php, vic cp vn n ch sut c li cho c nh xut khu v nh nhp khu nu
hng phi vn chuyn qua nhiu chng, v vi nh xut khu c vn n ch sut
l thu c tin hng. Vi nh nhp khu, khi cn khiu ni th ch cn khiu ni
vi ngi cp vn n ch sut.

- Vn n vn ti lin hp (combined transport bill of lading): l vn

n c cp trong trng hp hng c vn chuyn t nht bng hai phng
php khc nhau tr ln. Vn n ny ghi r ni nhn hng vn chuyn v ni tr
hng, ghi r ni c cp php chuyn ti v cc phng thc vn ti tham gia
vn chuyn hng ha. V d: hng ha c chuyn bng ng bin, sau c
chuyn bng c st, ri li vn chuyn bng ng bin. Trong phng thc
ny, thng c mt ngi ng ra t chc ton b qu trnh vn ti lin hp, l
CTO (Combined Transport Operator ngi t chc vn ti lin hp), ngi s
cp vn n vn ti lin hp, ngi ny s chu trch nhim v hng ha trn ton
b hnh trnh vn chuyn. Trong vn ti lin hp c nhiu chng chuyn ch vi
nhiu phng tin vn ti khc nhau, chng c chng t chng (Local
Document) dng gii quyt mi quan h gia nhng ngi vn ti vi nhau.

6. Cn c vo gi tr s dng v kh nng lu thng:

- Vn n gc (Original Bill of Lading): l loi vn n c dng

nhn hng, thanh ton, chuyn nhng, khiu ni, kin tngdo ngi chuyn tr
pht hnh theo yu cu ca ngi gi hng.

Vn n ny c pht hnh mt bn hoc mt b gm nhiu bn, song d

c pht hnh thnh nhiu bn vn n gc nhng cc vn n gc u c gi tr
nh nhau. Ngha l mt trong cc vn n c s dng vo vic no th
cc bn cn li t ng ht gi tr. V d: mt vn n gc dng nhn hng
th cc bn gc cn li khng c gi tr nhn hng na. vn n ny c nhiu
chc nng c bit l chc nng lu thng. y l im khc bit quan trng vi
vn n copy.

- Vn n copy (Copy Bill of Lading): l vn n khng c gi tr lu

thng, chuyn nhng c bit khng phi l chng t s hu hng ha. Ngi ta
dng vn n copy l th tc hnh chnh, tham kho hoc lu tr h s.vn n
copy cng do ngi chuyn tr pht hnh theo lnh ca ngi gi hng. Cng nh
vn n gc, vn n copy cng c th c pht hnh nhiu bn. v mt hnh
thc vn n copy c ghi trn b mt ch copy hoc non-negotiable. V mt ni
dung, ngoi nhng phn nh a ch ngi gi hng, ngi nhn, cng bc, cng
d mt sau ca vn n trng hoc ghi vn tt cc iu kin chuyn tr tit
kim chi ph in n.

7. Mt s loi vn n khc:

- Vn n rt gn ( short B/L): l vn n ch c 1 mt, khng c mt sau.

Loi vn n ny thng c s dng khi thu tu chuyn v ngoi vn n cn
c hp ng thu tu.

- Vn n hi quan: khi hng cha bc thng ln tu m phi nhp kho hi

quan trc th ch hng c cp vn n hi quan. Vn n ny ch s dng khi
lm th tc hi quan.

- Vn n ca ngi giao nhn: khi hng khng c giao thng ln tu

m giao cho ngi giao nhn chun b bc ln tu. Khi nhn c hng, ngi
giao nhn s cp cho ch hng vn n.

- Vn n xp hng ln boong (Deck B/L): l vn n c cp trong

trng hp hng c xp ln bng chuyn ch.

- Vn n in t: l mt thng ip in t, c ni dung v cu trc thng

nht, c chuyn t ni ny n ni khc bi cc phng tin in t (khng c
s tham gia ca cc phng tin truyn d liu c hc). Loi vn n ny c to
ra thay th vn n truyn thng c in trn giy.

Vn n in t c chia lm ba loi: SEADOCS - Seaborne trade

Documentation System- Systme documentaire du commerce maritime; Vn n
theo quy tc CMI (Comit Maritime International, y ban hng hi quc t); Vn
n BOLERO. Ngy nay, a phn vn n c s dng l vn n Bolero.

u im ca loi vn n ny l:
 Tit kim thi gian: Phng thc lu chuyn vn n truyn thng
thng ko di nhiu ngy thm ch l nhiu tun, tu thuc vo khong cch a
l gia cc bn v tc kim tra chng t ca cc ngn hng. Trong nhiu trng
hp khi qung ng chuyn ch hng ho khng di cng thm vic tc
chuyn ch ngy cng nhanh chng, hng ho n cng trc khi vn n c
chuyn cho ngi nhn hng, do ngi nhn hng khng c vn n nhn
hng t ngi chuyn ch. Vi vn n ng bin in t, vic lu chuyn ch
mt vi gi, do vy, ngi nhn hng lun c m bo vn n n trc hng
ho. Trong thi i ngy nay, vic tit kim thi gian l v cng quan trng, nht l
i vi cc mt hng mang tnh ma v nn vic s dng vn n ng bin in
t c ngha rt quan trng.
Tit kim chi ph: Vn n ng bin in t l cc bn ghi in t
do , vic to lp, s dng, lu chuyn hay xut trnh u c tin hnh thng
qua h thng in t vin thng. iu ny gip ngi s dng vn n cng
nh nhng ngi lin quan khc tit kim c chi ph in n, pht hnh v lu tr
vn n.
Bo mt: Khi to lp vn n ng bin in t, ngi lp s c
cp m kho kp m ch c ngi ch s hu vn n, ngi chuyn ch v cc c
quan trung gian trong vic lu chuyn vn n ng bin in t l nm c m
kho cng nh ni dung ca vn n, do vy m bo c tnh bo mt ca vn
n. Trong khi , nhng thng tin ca vn n truyn thng d b l hn na khi
b tht lc, iu ny khng bao gi c th xy ra i vi vn n ng bin in
t.
Ph hp vi xu th pht trin ca khoa hc k thut: Cuc cch mng
khoa hc cng ngh ang bng n trn khp th gii c bit l cuc cch mng v
cng ngh thng tin vi cc phng tin in t nh Internet, Fax, trao i d liu
in t EDI. v ang tc ng v lm thay i cuc sng ca con ngi theo
hng ngy cng nng cao iu kin sng v sinh hot. Trong khi nu s dng
vn n truyn thng s khng ng dng c nhng thnh tu ca cng ngh tin
hc. Do vy, vn n ng bin in t ra i p ng c yu cu ca thc
tin v ph hp vi xu th pht trin khch quan ca thi i.

- Seaway bill giy gi hng ng bin hoc bin lai nhn hng khng
c gi tr lu thng

Nguyn nhn ra i:

Vn n ng bin v ang xut hin nhng hn ch gy tr ngi

cho hot ng lun chuyn hng ha.
Chi ph pht hnh v lu thng vn n ln.
Vic chuyn vn n t ngi bn ti ngi mua cn mang nng tnh
th cng

Ni dung: Mt trc ca seaway bill bao gm cc iu khon ch yu nh

tn hng, cng xp, cng d, ngi chuyn ch, ngi nhn hng,. Mt sau
trng hoc ghi ngn gn

p dng:

Khi thi gian hnh trnh hng ha trn bin ngn hn thi gian gi
B/L t cng xp n cng d.
Thng dng trong trng hp cng ty m v cng ty con, hoc
nhn c tin hng hoc lm rt thn tn,tin cy trong lm n. Ph bin cho n v
giao nhn forwaders, n v gom hng -consolidator.
Seaway bill ch p dng c vi bill ch danh. Cn Bill gc c th
l bill ch danh hoc bill to order.

S khc bit gia B/L v seaway bill:

 Seaway bill ch c 2 chc nng trong khi B/L c 3 chc nng. Seaway
bill khng c chc nng lu thng nh B/L.
Trn B/L c in y cc iu kin chuyn ch cn mt sau ca
Seaway bill trng hoc in nhng lu khi s dng.
Seaway bill c gi km theo tu cn B/L c th c hoc khng

u im:

Th nht, khi s dng seaway bill ngi nhn hng c th nhn c

hng ho ngy khi tu n cng d hng ho m khng nht thit phi xut trnh
vn n ng bin gc v seaway bill khng phi l chng t s hu hng ho.
Hng ho s c ngi chuyn ch giao cho ngi nhn hng trn c s nhng
iu kin ca ngi chuyn ch hoc mt t chc qun l hng ho ti cng n.
Th hai, seaway bill khng phi l chng t s hu hng ho, do
ngi ta khng nht thit phi gi ngay bn gc cho ngi nhn hng cng n
m c th gi bn sao qua h thng truyn s liu t ng. Nh vy ng thi vi
vic xp hng ln tu, ngi xut khu c th gi ngy lp tc seaway bill cho
ngi nhn hng trong vng vi pht. Ngi nhn hng cng nh ngi chuyn
ch khng phi lo lng khi giao nhn m khng c chng t.
Th ba, khi s dng seaway bill, vic in cc iu khon bng ch rt
nh mt sau c thay th bng vic dn chiu n cc iu kin, quy nh lin
quan n vn chuyn mt trc bng mt iu khon ngn gn. Mt khc ngi
chuyn ch ch cn pht hnh 1 bn gc seaway bill trong khi phi pht hnh ti
thiu 1 b 3 bn gc nu s dng B/L.
Th t, seaway bill cho php giao hng cho mt ngi duy nht khi
h chng minh h l ngi nhn hng hp php. iu ny gip cho cc bn hu
quan hn ch c rt nhiu ri ro trong vic giao nhn hng, khng nhng th, v
seaway bill khng phi l chng t s hu hng ho nn khi b mt hay tht lc th
cng khng ra hu qu nghim trng no.
 Hn ch: Cn tr mua bn quc t (v seaway bill l rt phc tp v kh
khn khi ngi chuyn ch v ngi nhn hng l nhng ngi xa l, mang quc
tch khc nhau; lut quc gia ca mt s nc v cng c quc t cha tha nhn
seaway bill nh mt chng t giao nhn hng....

Vit nam, vic p dng seaway bill vn cn rt mi m, mc d c c

s php l p dng seaway bill. Mc C - iu 80 B lut Hng hi Vit nam quy
nh. Ngi vn chuyn v ngi giao nhn hng c th tho thun vic thay th
B/L bng giy gi hng hoc chng t vn chuyn hng ho tng ng v tho
thun v ni dng, gi tr ca cc chng t ny theo tp qun Hng hi quc t.