6

- 60

. - 91536
25 2016

1
 - 60 6

1
Hamiltonian
~ k ~z
E
H = H0 + eEr cos
eE h3lm |r cos |3l0 m0 i.
n = 3 9 .
l = 0 : |300 >= R30 Y00
l = 1 : |311 >= R31 Y11 , |310 > R31 Y10 , |31 1 >= R31 Y11
l = 2 : |322 >= R32 Y22 , |321 > R32 Y21 , |320 >= R32 Y20
|32 1 > R32 Y21 , |32 2 > R32 Y22
:
Z 2
0 0 0 0
< nlm|H1 |n l m >= (. . .) eim eim d = 0 , m 6= m0
0

:
Z
< nlm|H1 |nlm >= (. . .) [Plm (cos )]2 cos sin d
0

Legendre
 |m|  l
m 2 |m|/2 d 1 d
Pl (x) = (1 x ) Pl (x) , Pl (x) = l (x2 1)l
dx 2 l! dx
Plm (cos ) cos sin
m . sin2 = 1 cos2 [Plm (cos )]2
cos ,
Z 
2k+1 (cos )2k+2 
(cos ) sin d = =0
0 (2k + 2) 0
.
Z Z
3
< 300|H1 |310 >= eE R30 R31 r dr Y00 Y10 cos sin dd

2r2
Z Z  
3 2 1 8 1 1 2r r/3a
 r  r/3a 3
R30 R31 r dr = 1 + e 1 re r dr
27 a3/2 27 6 a3/2 a 3a 27a2 6a
x = 2r/3a :
 5 Z 
24 x2 
Z 
3 3a x  4 x
R30 R31 r dr = 1x+ 1 x e dx
35 2a4 2 0 6 4
Z  Z
5x 5x2 x3

a 4 x n!
= 1 + x e dx , xn eax dx = n+1
2 2 0 4 12 24 0 a

 
a 5 5 1
= 4! 5! + 6! 7! = 9 2a
2 2 4 12 24

1
 6 - 60

Z r Z
1 3
Y00 Y10 cos sin dd = cos2 sin dd
4 4
Z 1
3 2 3
= 2 df f =
4 1 3

!
3
< 300|H1 |310 >= eE(9 2a) = 3 6aeE
3

Z Z
3
< 300|H1 |320 >= eE R30 R32 r dr Y00 Y20 cos sin dd

Z r Z
1 5
Y00 Y20 cos sin dd = (3 cos2 1) cos sin dd = 0
4 16

< 300|H1 |320 >= 0

Z Z
3
< 310|H1 |320 >= eE R31 R32 r dr Y10 Y20 cos sin dd

Z Z 
3 8 1 1 4 1 1 r  r/3a 2 r/3a 3
R31 R32 r dr = 3/2 1 re r e r dr
27 6 a a 81 30 a3/2 a2 6a
 7 Z 
24
 
3a x  6 x a 1 9 5
= 1 x e dx = 6! 7! = a
38 5a6 2 0 4 24 5 4 2

Z r r Z
3 5
Y10 Y20 cos sin dd = cos (3 cos2 1) cos sin dd
4 16
Z
 
15 4 2 15 3 5 1 3 2
= 2 (3 cos cos ) sin d = cos + cos =
8 0 4 5 3 0 15

9 5 2
< 310|H1 |320 >= eE a = 3 3aeE
2 15
Z Z
3
< 31 1|H1 |32 1 >= eE R31 R32 r dr Y11 Y21 cos sin dd

Z r ! r !Z
3 15
Y11 Y21 cos sin dd = sin ei sin cos ei cos sin dd
8 8

2
 - 60 6


3
Z
cos3 cos5 

3 5 2 2 1
= 2 cos (1 cos ) sin d = 5 + =
8 0 4 3 5 
0 5

9 5 1 9
< 31 1|H1 |32 1 >= eE a = aeE
2 5 2


0 3 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 6 0 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 9/2 0 0 0 0

H1 = eaE 0 0 0 9/2 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 9/2 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 9/2 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

3 3 , 2 2 1 1
.
 
0 2 0  2 0



3 3 : 3 3 2 0 1  2 1  = 3 + + 2 = (2 3) = 0

0 1 0  0 1 

= 0, 3 E11 = 0 , E21 = 9aeE , E31 = 9aE
   
9 0 1  1 
 = 2 1 = 0
22: 
2 1 0 1 
9 9
= 1 E41 = aeE , E51 = aeE
2 2
2 2

E61 = E41 , E71 = E51

1 1 E81 = E91 = 0. E3
: 0 - 3 , 29 aeE- 2 , 9aeE-
1. .
:

0 2 0 c 1 1
2 0 1 c2 c2 = 0 , c3 = 2c1 c1 0

0 1 0 c3 2

1
1
c1 (1 0 2)c1 0 = 1 |c1 |2 (1 + 3) = 1 c1 =
2 3

3
 6 - 60

1 2
|1 >= |300 > |320 >
3 3

1

3 2 0 c4 r
c5 c5 = 3 c4 , c6 = 1 c5 = 1 c4 c4
q
3
2 3 1
2
2

3 c6 3 2
0 1 1
2

3 1 1
|c4 |2 (1 +
+ ) = 1 c4 =
2 2 3
1 1 1
|2 >= |300 > + |310 > + |320 >
3 2 6

1

3
2 0 c 7
r
3 1 1 q
2 3 1 c8 c8 = c7 , c9 = c8 = c7 c7 32

2 3 2
0 1 3 c9 1
2

3 1 1
|c7 |2 (1 +
+ ) = 1 c7 =
2 2 3
1 1 1
|3 >= |300 > |310 > + |320 >
3 2 6
  
1 1 c10
c10 = c11
1 1 c11

1
|c10 |2 (1 + 1) = 1 c10 =
2
1 1
|4 >= |311 > + |321 >
2 2

1 1
|5 >= |311 > |321 >
2 2
 
1 1 1
E61 = E41 |6 >= |31 1 > + |32 1 > c12 =
2 2 1
 
1 1 1
E71 = E51 |7 >= |31 1 > |32 1 > c15 =
2 2 1

E81 = E91 = 0 |8 >= |322 > , |9 >= |32 2 >

4
 - 60 6

2
:
mc2

2
K=p mc


2

1 (v/c)


mv

p
p= p K = p2 c2 + m2 c4 mc2
1 (v/c)2

2 4

m c


2 2 2 4 2 2
p c +m c = = (K + mc )
1 (v/c)2

p


mc
"r # "  6 #
 p 2 1 p
  2 1 p
  4 1
K = mc2 1+ 1 = mc2 1 + +O 1
mc 2 mc 8 mc c
p2 p4
= + ...
2m 8m3 c2

1
2 .
c
,
1 1
En = 3 2
h|p4 |i = 3 2 hp2 |p2 |i
8m c 8m c
Schrodinger
p2 = 2m(E V )

1 2 1  2 2

En = h(E V ) i = E 2EhV i + hV i (2.1)
2mc2 2mc2

 
1 1
. : E = n + ~ , V = m 2 x2
2 2
" 2   #
1 1 1 1 1
En = 2
n+ ~2 2 2 n + ~ m 2 hx2 i + m2 4 hx4 i
2mc 2 2 2 4

 
2 1 ~
hx i = n +
2 m

" 2 2 #
m 4

1 1 1 1
En = n+ ~2 2 n + ~2 2 + m2 4 hx4 i = 2 hx4 i
2mc2 2 2 4 8c

5
 6 - 60

~2
x4 = (a2 + a+ a + a a+ + a2 )(a2+ + a+ a + a a+ + a2 )
4m2 2 +
a+ , a ,
~2
hx4 i = 2 2
hn|(a2+ a2 + a+ a a+ a + a+ a a a+ + a a+ a+ a + a a+ a a+ + a2 a2+ )|ni
4m
(2.2)


a+ |ni = n + 1|n + 1i , a |ni = n|n 1i

(2.2)

4 ~2 h p
2

hx i = hn| a+ n(n 1)|n 2i) + a+ a (n|ni) + a+ a ((n + 1)|ni)
4m2 2
p i
2
+a a+ (n|ni) + a a+ ((n + 1)|ni) + a (n + 1)(n + 2)|n + 2i
~2 hp p 
= hn| n(n 1) n(n 1)|ni + n(n|ni) + (n + 1)(n|ni)
4m2 2
p p i
+n ((n + 1)|ni) + (n + 1)((n + 1)|ni) + (n + 1)(n + 2) (n + 1)(n + 2)|ni
~2  2 2

= n(n 1) + n + (n + 1)n + n(n + 1) + (n + 1) + (n + 1)(n + 2)
4m2 2
~2
= (n2 n + n2 + n2 + n + n2 + n + n2 + 2n + 1 + n2 + 3n + 2)
4m2 2
2
~2

2 3 ~
= (6n + 6n + 3) = (2n2 + 2n + 1)
4m2 2 4 m

2 2 " 2 #
m 4 3
 
~ 3 ~ 1 1
En = 2 (2n2 + 2n + 1) = n+ +
8c 4 m 16m c 2 4

   2 " 2 #
1 3 ~ 1 1
En = ~ n + n+ +
2 16m c 2 4

e2
. V (r) =
r
(2.1)
    
1 2 2 1 4 1
En = 2
En + 2e En +e
2mc r r2

6
 - 60 6

   
1 1 1 1
1
= 2 , = 1


r n a0 r 2
` + 2 n3 a20
" #
1 1 1
En = En2 + 2e2 En 2 + e4 1


2mc 2 n a0 ` + 2 n3 a20

me4
En =
2~2 n2
~2
Bohr a0 = ,
me2
 2 8
m2 e8 m2 e8 1

1 me
En = 4 4 + 4 3
2mc2 4~4 n4 ~n ~ n ` + 12
1 m2 e8 1
 
1
= 1+
2mc2 ~4 n3 4n ` + 21
me8
 
3 1
= 4 3 2 +
2~ n c 4n ` + 12

`
-
m .

(En )2 4n
 
En = 3
2mc2 ` + 12

En
En = 2 105 .
mc2

me4 me8
 
3 1
En = 2 2 4 3 2 + 1
2~ n 2~ n c 4n ` + 2

1
Kramer

7
 6 - 60

3
me4
: E1 =
2~2
me4
, > 0
2~3
.

~
V = e~r E(t) ~ 0 sin t = V0 eit + V eit V0 = e ~r E
= e~r E ~0
0
2i


Z e 
V0 = k
k1 ~ 0 100 d3 r
~r E
2i
1 r
100 = p 3 e a0
a0
1 ~
k = 3/2
eik~r .
(2)
Z
k1 e 1 i~k~
r ar ~
V0 = 3/2 3 1/2
d3 re 0 (E ~
0 r)
2i (2) (a0 )
z k ~k
~ 0 ~r = E0 r(sin cos sin 0 cos 0 + sin sin sin 0 sin 0 + cos cos 0 )
E
= E0 r[sin sin 0 cos( 0 )) + cos cos 0 ]
(0 , 0 ) E ~ 0 .

Z 1 Z 
k1 ie ikr cos ar 2
V0 = 5/2 2 3/2 2E0 cos 0 e 0 r dr xdx , x = cos
2 a 1 0

( 4 3,

)
E0 e cos 0 16ka50 mk
V0k1 = 3/2 2 2 3
, (E) = 2
(2a0 ) (1 + k a0 ) ~
dk
2  k1 2 26 ma70 e2 E02 k 3
dPk1 = V0 (E)dk = dk
~ ~3 (1 + k 2 a20 )6
me4 2 2
E1 = = ~0 , E k = E n + ~ , 1 + k a =
2~2 0
 6  3/2
64a30 E02
dPk1 = 1 cos2 0 dk
~ 0 0

8
 - 60 6

.

6  3/2  6  3/2
4 64a30 E02 256a30 E02


Pk1 = 1 = 1
3 ~ 0 0 3~ 0 0

' 0 Pk1 ( 0 )3/2 ,

 0 Pk1 9/2 . = 43 0 .

9
 6 - 60

4
. xnm = hn|x|mi -

Z Z
hn|x|mi = hn|x|x i hx |mi dx = n (x)xm (x)dx
0 0 0

Z +
2
2
= x0 Nn Nm Hn ()Hm ()e d

Z + X Z Z +
X sn tm 2
Hn ()Hm ()e d
 2 2 2

exp s + 2s t + 2t d =
n=0 m=0
n!m!

+
Z
exp s2 + 2s t2 + 2t 2 d = (s + t)e2st
 


X 2n (sn+1 tn + sn tn+1 )
(s + t)e2st =
n=0
n!
s, t
 1/2
n+1
x0
, m=n+1
hn|x|mi = 2
x0 n
 1/2
, m=n1

2
. n = 1.
-

.
~
. eik~r 1 i~k ~r + . . . -
. ~k ~r a2
a2 .
~
eik~r 1,
p2
. H = + V [V, ~r] = 0
2m
~p im
[H, ~r] = p~ = [H, ~r].
im ~
D E
i~k~
r
n |e  p~e |i  hn |~pe |i i
im
=  hn |[H, ~r]|i i
~
im
= (En Ei ) hn |~r|i i
~
im(En Ei )
= hn | ~r|i i
~
10
 - 60 6

Z Z
hn | ~r|i i = r 2
drRn n ln Rni li dYln mn  ~r Yli mi
Z0 Z
= r 3
drRn n ln Rni li dYln mn  rYli mi
0
 r = x sin cos + y sin sin + z cos
r  
4 x + iy x + iy
= z Y10 + Y11 + Y11
3 2 2
r Z  
x + iy
Z
4 3 x + iy
hn | ~r|i i = r drRnn ln Rni li dYln mn z Y10 + Y11 + Y11 Yli mi
3 0 2 2
2

e2 (Ei En ) X
Z D E2
i~k~
r ()
tot = d  n |e  p~e |i 
 
2~2 m2 c3
2
e2 (Ei En ) X

 im(En Ei )
Z

= d
 h n |
 ~
r |i i
2~2 m2 c3  ~ 
3 XZ
ain
= 2
d |hn | ~r |i i|2
2c
3 XZ
r    2
ain  4 x + i  + i
y Y11 + x y Y11  i 
 
= d  n z Y10 +
 
2c 2  3 2 2 
r Z
ain 3 XZ  4
= d r3 drRn n ln Rni li

2 
2c  3 0
  2
x + iy
Z
x + iy 
dYln mn z Y10 + Y11 + Y11 Yli mi 
2 2

s
lX
1 +l2
(2l1 + 1)(2l2 + 1)
Yl1 m Yl2 m2 = hl0|l1 l2 00i hl(m1 + m2 )|l1 l2 m1 m2 i Yl(m1 +m2 )
4(2l + 1)
l=|l1 l2 |

Yli mi -
Y1m
s
lX
1 +1
3(2li + 1)
Y1m1 Yli mi = hl0|li 100i hl(m + mi )|li 1mi mi Yl(mi +m)
4(2l + 1)
l=|l1 1|

s
Z
3(2li + 1)
dYln mn Y1m Yli mi = hln 0|li 100i hln mn |li 1mi mi
4(2ln + 1)
2
tot

11
 6 - 60

 
x + iy
Z
x + iy
dYln mn z Y10 + Y11 + Y11 Yli mi
2 2
s 
3(2li + 1) x + iy
= hln 0|li 100i z hln mn |li 1mi 0i + hln mn |li 1mi 1i
4(2ln + 1) 2

x + iy
+ hln mn |li 1mi 1i
2
s Z
(2li + 1)
hn | ~r|i i = hln 0|li 100i r3 drRn n ln Rni li
(2ln + 1) 0
 
x + iy x + iy
z hln mn |li 1mi 0i + hln mn |li 1mi 1i + hln mn |li 1mi 1i
2 2
1 l1
|l1 1| < ln < l1 + 1, l
l = 0, 1
. Y1m
parity parity,
ln 6= li l
l = 1 . z
m = 0, 1.

e
H1 = B (L + 2S)
2me
z

hL |Lz + 2Sz |H i
H L .
z .
x ( y)
D E D E
L |Lx |H + 2 L |Sx |H

Lx mH -
mH 1.
mL = mH 1. l, s, n
.

.

.

12
 - 60 6

: m = 1 , l = 0.
.

13
 6 - 60

5
X
. |i >< i | = 1
i
| > , |0 >
X
i (0 )i () =< 0 | >= (0 ) = (~r0 ~r)s0z sz
i

0
spin z s0z . (0 )
0 .

[ai , ak ] = 0 , [ai , a+ + +
i ] = 1 , [ai , ak ] = 0

X
()( 0 ) (x0 )() = ()( 0 )[ai , ak ] = 0
ik
X
0 0
+ +
() ( ) (x ) () = + +
()( 0 )[a+ +
i , ak ] = 0
ik

+ - .
X X
() + ( 0 ) + (x0 )() = ()( 0 ){fis , fks
+ +
0 }[ais , aks0 ] = ()( 0 )ik ss0
ik ik
X
= ( 0 )ss0 = ( 0 )ss0
i

, spin.

, X
L= (Li )lk a+
l ak
k,l

N
X X
L= Lij = (Lij )lm,kp a+ +
l am ak ap , (Lij )lm,kp =< l m |Lij |k p >
i,j=1 kplm

X XZ Z
L= (L)lk a+
l ak = l ()Lk ()da+
l ak = + ()L()d
kl kl

Z Z
L= + () + ( 0 )L( 0 )()dd 0

14
 - 60 6

R
n = n() + ()()d number operator
d.
Z Z Z
1
+
H1 = Hd + d d 0 + ()( 0 )W ( 0 )()
2
Z  2  Z Z
~ 1
= + +
()() + V () ()() d + d d 0 + ()( 0 )W ( 0 )()
2m 2
H .
.

15