, 2004.

1:
: Sn=31,5 MVA; mt =121/10 kV/kV; Pcu=200 kW (
); Pfe = 86 kW (
); uk=10,5%; io=2,7%.
,
.
:
) ;
b) .

Ip Ztp Isp Ip Ztp Isp

Iop Iop
Up Usp Up Ytp Usp
Ytp

*) **)
Ip Zp Zsp Isp Ztp-
,
Iop Ytp-
,
Up Ytp Usp
Zp- ,
Zsp-
.
***)

:
*) ,
**) ,
***) .
( )
.

,
:

1
 1 1
Y t = G Fe jB = j ;
RFe X
jX RFe
Yt U n2 100 U n2
RFe = , X = .
PFe I o (%) S n

Zt ,
( ) .

Zt Rt jXt

2
u (%) U n2 U
Z t = Rt + jX t ; Zt = k ; Rt = Pcu n ,
X t = Z t2 Rt2 .
100 S n Sn

(Un=Unp)
.
(Un=Uns) .

(
).
,
, :

Z tp Z ts
Z p Z sp = , Z s Z ps = .
2 2

e
. .

Un (kV) RFe () GFe (S) X () B (S) Rt () Xt ()

a) 121 170244 5,87410-6 17214,6 5,8110-5 2,95 48,8
b) 10 1162,8 8,610-4 117,58 8,510-3 0,0201 0,333

2
 2: Sn =1 MVA;
mt =10/0,4 (kV/kV); i0 =1,4 %; uk =5,5 %
:
) ;
) ;
) 50% .

.
(a)
.
,
(

).
.

.

,
.
.
,
.

Xt -
Ip j Xt Isp ( +
),
Rt -
j X ,
Rfe
Up Usp X -
,
Iop
Rfe -
(
).
,
, .
) (Isp=0) (Q0)
(
).

U n2 I I (%) 1,4
Q0 = = 3U n I 0 = 3U n I n 0 = S n I o (r. j ) = S n 0 = 1 = 0,014 Mvar.
X In 100 100

3
b) , (Q0),
(Q)
, Xt .

(Qpn) :

I n2U n2 S n2 Sn Xt x (%)
Q pn = 3 X t I n2 = 3 X t 2
= Xt 2
= Xt 2
Sn = S n = X t (r. j.) S n = t Sn .
U n U n U n
Z baz 100

(xt(%))
(uk(%)) :

Uk 3Z k I n Z S Z
u k (%) = 100 = 100 = k 2 n 100 = k 100 = z k (%) = Rt (%) 2 + X t (%) 2 X t (%)
Un Un Un Z baz

(Qpn)
.

u k (%) 5,5
Q pn = S n = 1 = 0,055 Mvar .
100 100

(Qn)
:

Qn = Q0 + Q pn = 0,014 + 0,055 = 0,069 Mvar .

c) ,
(Qp) :

I u (%)
Qp = 3X t I 2 = 3X t ( I n ) 2 = 3 X t 2 I n2 = 2 Q pn = 2 k Sn ,
In 100

I
I ( = ).
In
S =0,5Sn
(Q50%) :

i 0 (%) u (%) 1,4 5,5

Q 50% = Q o + Q p 50% = S n + 2Sn k = 1 + 0,5 2 = 0,02775 Mvar.
100 100 100 100

50%
- 40,22% .

4
 400
3: : mt = (kV / kV ) ,
220
xt = 10% , S n = 400 MVA , x .
=320 MW - I II .
I U1 = 400 kV.
P=320 MW U =?
U2 U1= 400 kV 2

II
I II
- I,
Q2=0.
Q2=?
.

x ,
.
. .

P1=P jXt P2=P

U2p II
.
Q1=Q Q2=0
U1 Q U2p=U2p 0 0

- (, )
,
. ,
.
U1 U2p ,
, I
Xt ( II ).
, U1 U2p
I II.

S 1 = P1 + jQ1 = 3U 1 I ; P1 = P,
*
Q1 = Q = 3 X t I 2 .
P
S 2 = P2 = P = 3 U 2 p I I = I = .
3 U2p
2
P2 2
S1 S 1 = P + Q = 3 U 1 I
2 2
U 2
= P 2
+ Xt P
1
U 22p U2
2p

5
 :

U 24p U 12U 22p + X t2 P 2 = 0.

.
: Ubaz=U1=400 kV Sbaz=Snt=400 MVA.
:

u 24 p 1 u 22 p + 0,12 0,8 2 = 0 u 24 p u 22 p + 0,0064 = 0.

: u 2 p = 0,99356 r. j. ,
:

U 2 p = u 2 p U baz = 0,99356 400 = 397,42 kV .

II :

U2p 397,42 220

U2 = = = 218,58 kV .
mt 400

U2 220 kV> U2> 218,58 kV, ()

II, I.
U2 U2=220 kV
I II.

6
 4: ,
,
B,
( ).
Yd5,
(Uab, Ubc, Uca)

.
A c
UA
UB
: Yd5; Sn = 4 MVA;
B a
mt = 35/10,5 (kV/kV); Io(%) = 1%; UC C b
Xt(%) = 8%.

.

, 300 ,
.
5,
5300=1500. ,
Yd5 .
.

UA
mt
UA = Uca
3
m
UB = t Uab
Ubc Uc
3
m
UC = t Ubc
150o Uca 3
Ub
Ua
Uab
UB
UC

,
,
( D , y ).

. (
)
,
Yd5.
Yd5.

7
 A c
UA
UB B a
UC C b

( )
B.
, ()
( ) .

35
UB = kV 0 0
3
A B C d d ( / 2)
uB = N p ; u A = uC = N P .
dt dt
d d ( / 2)
uab = N s ; uca = ubc = N s .
dt dt
u B N p mt u
= = ; u bc = u ca = ab .
c /2 a /2 u ab N s 3 2
b
3 3 10,5 35
U ab = UB = = 10,5 kV
mt 35 3
U ab 10,5
U ca = U bc = = = 5,25kV .
2 2

,
, .

8
 5: ,
Sn=4 MVA; mt=35/10(kV/kV); Io(%)=1%; Xt(%)=10%; Yd9
,
. () :

) ; PA B c
UA
b) () UB PB A b
();
UC PC C a
c) ().

)
, :

I 0 (%) I (%) S n 1 4000

I 0 A = I 0 B = I 0C = I 0 = In = 0 = = 0,67 A .
100 100 3U n 100 3 35

b) , .


. U
, I Ab 0 A B C
, I b
A0
,
Ua, :

c
b /2 /2
b b 2 b
a
N pI N pI 2N I
A = N p = N p
A0 A0 p A0
= Np =
e 3
2 3
.
:
N p - ,
,
- (
).

N p2
L = ,

9
(I0) ( I Ab 0 ).
:

Un N p2 I 0
UA = = A = = L I 0 .
3

2 b
Un 2 N p I A0 2
UA = = A = = L I Ab 0 .
3 3 3

, I Ab 0 I0, . :

3
I ab0 = I 0 = 1,5 0,67 = 1A .
2
c) ,
.
. UC
U

A B c C
c
I 0A I 0C
.

I n 0 = I 0 A + I 0C
c c

A A+C C
c b a

(
).

c c
N p I 0A 1 N p I 0C 2 N p c 1 c
A = AA AC = 3 = ( I 0 A I 0C )
2
2 2 3
3 2
2
2 Np c 1 c 2 1 c
= j N p A = j ( I 0 A I 0C ) = j L ( I 0 A I 0C )
c
UA
3 2 3 2
c c
N p I 0C 1 N p I 0 A 2 N p c 1 c
C = CC CA = 3 = ( I 0C I 0 A )
2
2 2 3
3 2
2
2 Np c 1 c 2 1 c
= j N p C = j ( I 0C I 0 A ) = j L ( I 0C I 0 A )
c
UC
3 2 3 2

10
 UA UC :

c 2U A + U C U A U B U AB
I 0A = j =j =j
L L L ;
2U C + U A U U B U
I 0C = j
c
=j C = j BC ;
L L L

c c U A +U C U
I 0 n = I oA + I oC = 3 = j3 B .
j L L

B C :

Un
I 0 A = I 0C = = 3 I 0 = 3 0,67 = 1,16 A
c c

U nf
I 0n = 3 = 3 I 0 = 3 0,67 = 2,01 A
L

UA

I0n
c
I 0C

c
I 0A

UC U

11
 6: Dy,
Sn=100 MVA, mt=110/10 (kV/kV)
io= 0,5%.
A
UA
UB B
Dy11,
U C
C
,
.

:
A
1


Dy11. UA
. a
UAB
UCA Ua
,
, 330o Ub
b
UC
(
). UB
c Uc
2. C
UBC B

A
UA
UB B b 2
UC C c

3
,
, 3.

I0
A

I0 3
B

I0
C

12
 4 5:

A B 110kV C

I0BC

A
IA
IB
I0AB IC=IA
B IB IA B IA=IC
UBC
C

4
a b c n

5
( B):

B = BB + BA + BC ,

- IB ,
:

N pIB
BB = , :
3
2

N p - ,
- (
).

,
. , (),
, :

1 N pIA
BA = BC = .
2 32

13
 N p2 I B
2
1 N pIA N p2 N p2
B = N p B = 3 +2 = ( I A + I B ) 3 = I 0 BC 3 .
2
2 3
2
2
2

Un,
:

N p2 Un
U n = B = I 0 BC I 0 BC =
3
N p2

2
3
2

( 3) :

I o (%) I (%) S n 0,5 100 10 3

I0 = In = o = = 2,624 A ,
100 100 3U n 100 3110

( ) :

I0 Un Un N p2 3U n
= = L = = .
3 L I 0
2
Np

Un Un 3
I 0 BC = 2
= = I 0 = 0,866 I 0 = 0,866 2,624 = 2,27 A .
N 2 3U n 2 3

p
3
2
3 I 0

14
 7: : Dy, 630 kVA,
mt=10/0,4 (kV/kV) .
: sprega ; Un=0,4 kV;
Pn=160 kW.
0,4 kV, ,
,
.
.
A R
UA
UB B b R

UC C c R

,
( ):

U n2 3U n2 3 0,4 2
Pn = 3 R= = = 3 .
R Pn 0,16

10 kV
0,4 kV :

Pn 160 10 3
Ia = Ib = Ic = = = 230 , 94 A ;
3U n 3 400
I c 0,4
I A = I B = IC = = 230,94 = 9,238 A .
mt 10

a ,
b c ( ),
, , Ubc,
:
N N
IA=I A Ia=0 R
UA 0
UB IB=I B b Ib=I R
I
UC IC=2I C I c Ic=I Ubc R
I
I

I 2R R, :

15
 2R R 63
Re = = = 2 .
2R + R 6 + 3

b c ,
b c:

U bc 400
I"= = = 200 A, I b = I c = I " = 200 A, I a = 0 A.
Re 2

, ,
.:
N ' I ' = N " I " . , . ,
:

N" 1 1 0,4
I'= I"= I"= 200 = 4,619 A .
N' 3 mt 3 10

, ,
10 kV , 0,4 kV
:

I A = I ' = 4,619 A, I B = I ' = 4,619 A I C = 2 I ' = 2 4,619 = 9,238 A .

, ,
.

16
 8: .
35
IA , ako je U= kV , X=1 . c X
3 C
: B b X
Snt=4 MVA; mt=35/10 (kV/kV); xt=10% .
A
X
U I A=?

.

.

IC=0 Ic=0
Ic=0
c x
C
IB=0 Ib=0b Ia x
B
IA=? Ia a Ia x
A
U

.

A, -b.

-b, .

U
A B C

IA

A IA a Ia x

/2 /2
35
U np = kV Uns=10kV
3 Np Ns
Ia b x

a b c

X X X

17
 :

Np 35 / 3 35 1 m
m1t = = = = t.
Ns 10 10 3 3

:
S nt
S n1t = .
3
(
):

xt (%) U n21t 10 (35 / 3 ) 2 35 2

X 1t = = = 0,1 = 30,625 = X t .
100 S n1t 100 4/3 4

,
(2Xp)
:

2
35
2X p
= 2 X m = 2
2
1t = 8,167 .
10 3

X ep = X 1t + 2 X p
= 30,625 + 8,167 = 38,79 .

U np 35 / 3
IA = p
= = 0,521 kA .
X e 38.79

U ns 35
Ia = = I A m1t = 0,521 = 1,053 kA .
2 X + X 1t
s
10 3

18
 9: 1 .
: Sn=200 kVA; mt=10/1 (kV/kV);
xt=10%. Ip. Ip=? a
.

10kV 1kV
Up=100V
f=50Hz
B b

Xpr=1

Ip - ,
Ip Xp Xs Is= mtIp Is - ,
E -

E E/mt ,
E/mt -
Up I
II
,
Xpr Ip+Is
Xp - ,
Xs - .

.

. ,
, :
m t = mt e jk 180 . ,
0

, = 0 =1.
.

k=0 k=1
Us Up Us

Up

( I II):

U p = X p I p + E + X pr (1 + mt ) I p
U p = ( X p + mt2 X s + (1 + mt ) 2 X pr ) I p .
0 = X s mt I s E / mt + X pr (1 + mt ) I p

19
 ,
.

X t = X p + mt2 X s , Ip:

Up
Ip = .
X t + (1 + mt ) 2 X pr

a :

2
xt (%) U np 10 10 2 Up 100
Xt = = = 50 , I p = = = 0,585 A.
100 S n 100 0,2 X t + (1 + mt ) X pr 50 + 1 (1 + 10) 2
2

20
 10: : Sn=63MVA;
mt=110/10 (kV/kV); Xt=11%; Rt=1%; Yy6; X=20000%.

.

( ) mt=mt*,
( .144 146).
Yy6 mt=-mt,
, :

Ip Z Is
:
Zt 1 mt
Z = ; Yp = ;
mt Zt
mt2 mt
Ys = + mt2 Y t .
Up Yp Us Zt
Ys
Zt Yt

.

1 1 1
Z tp = ( Rtp + jX tp ); Y tp = j j ;
R fe X X
2
r (%) U np 1 110 2
Rtp = t = = 1,92 ,
100 S nt 100 63
2
x t (%) U np 11 110 2
X tp = = = 21,12 ,
100 S nt 100 63
2
x (%) U np 20000 110 2
X = = = 38412,7
100 S nt 100 63

Z t = (1,92 + j 21,12) ; Y t = j 2,6 10 5 S .

:

mt . Yy6, mt=-11 ( e Yy0 Dd0 - mt
).
1,92 + j 21,12 1 + 11
Z = = (0,1745 j1,92) , Yp = = (0,051 j 0,563) S ,
11 1,92 + j 21,12
112 + 11
Ys = + 112 ( j 2,6 10 5 ) = (0,561 j 0,566) S .
1,92 + j 21,12

21
 11:
: Yd5; Sn=20MVA; mt=110/20 (kV/kV);
xt=10%; x .
.

:


, .
*
Ip Zt I s mt Is
A a
mt

Up Yt mt U s Us

:
Ip Is
A a U p = AU s + B I s ;
Up Us
I p = CU s + D I s .
( ),
,
:
Z 1
U p = m t (1 + Z t Y t )U s + *t I s I p = mt Y t U s + * I s .
mt mt
U np 0 110 j 5300 0
: m t = = mt e jk 30 = e = 5,5 e j150 .
U ns 20
:
2
xt (%) U np 10 110 2
: X tp = = = 60,5 .
100 S n 100 20
: Z t = Rt + jX t jX t = j 60,5 .
: Y t = G Fe jB 0 ( x , RFe ).
:
Z 0 0
U p = AU s + B I s = m t (1 + Z t Y t )U s + *t I s = 5,5e j150 U s + 11e j120 I s
mt
1 0
I p = CU s + D I s = m t Y t U s + * I s = 0,1818e j150 I s .
mt
:
0 1 j1500 0
A D - B C=1 ( 5,5e j150 e = e j 300 1 ).
5,5

22
 12: :
Sn=31,5 MVA; mt=110/35 (kV/kV); xt=10%; xo=200%; sprega Yd Yy;
) b). .
I .
I I

U=100V U=100V
f=50Hz f=50Hz
Xp =10 Xp =10

a) b)

:
Io I o''
)
I
3I o Io I o''

Io I o''
U=100V
f=50Hz
Xp =10 U=100V
3I o
f=50Hz
Xp =10

,
.

:
Io Xt/2 Xt/2 I o'' / mt

I=3I0 Io Xp Xt/2 I o'' / mt

Xt/2

Io Xt/2 Xt/2 I o'' / mt

U I o I o I o
X0 X0 X0

23
 I.
.


.
2
xt (%) U np 10 110 2
: X t = = = 38,41.
100 S n 100 31,5
2
x o (%) U np 200 110 2
: X 0 = = = 20 X t = 768,2. .
100 Sn 100 31,5

U:

Xt ( X t / 6)( X 0 / 3) X t X 0
X ul = +Xp + = (1 + )+ X p
6 X t / 6 + X 0 / 3 6 X 0 + X t / 2
38,41 768,2
X ul = (1 + ) + 10 = 22,65
6 38,41 / 2 + 768,2

I:

U 100
I= = = 4,42 A .
X ul 22,65

b)
I0 I0=0

I=3I0 I0 I0=0

I0 I0=0
U
Xp
I

( ),
.
, e ( )
U
( U o =
''
),
mt
. ,
,
I0. .

24
 I o = I 0 Xt/2 Xt/2

I=3I0 I o = I 0 Xt/2 Xp Xt/2

I o = I 0 Xt/2 Xt/2

U I o I o I o
X0 X0 X0

Xt X 0 38,41 768,2
X ul = +Xp + = + 10 + = 272,47
6 6 6 3

I:

U 100
I = 3I o = = = 0,367 A .
X ul 272,47

25
 13: ,
, . : Sn = 10 MVA,
mt = 35/10 (kV/kV), xt = 10%, x . I.
.
I 35 kV 10 kV 35 kV

U = 220 V Xp = 10 Xp = 10
f = 50 Hz

I
35 kV, U. Dy
10 kV Yy.
,
Yy.
:
Xt/2 Xt/2 Xt/2 Xt/2

I=3I0 Xt/2 m2t Xp Xt/2 Xt/2 m2t Xp Xt/2

Xt/2 Xt/2 Xt/2 Xt/2

U

X0 X0 X0 X0 X0 X0

I Xt/6 m2t Xp Xt/6 Xt/6 m2t Xp Xt/6

2
x (%) U np 10 35 2 2
Xt = t = = 12,25. X ul = X t + 2mt2 X p
100 S n 100 10 3
2
2 35 U 220
X ul = 12,25 + 2 10 = 253,17 , I = = = 0,869 A .
3 10 X ul 253,17

26
 14:
U=100 V, f=50 Hz.
U=100V; f=50Hz
I.
: Yy0; Sn=100 MVA;
I
mt=35/10 (kV/kV); xt=10%. xo=200%.

Xpr =80

,
, (
) (I/3).

U=100V
I/3 I/3
I
I/3 I/3

I/3 I/3 I

I I
Xp =80

, ()

( ), .

rp rs
Np Ns

N 3Xp n
I/3

A U a

Yy0, I/3
, .

27
 ,
, ( )
( ),
.
.
,
:

(N p N s )2 N p2 (1 1 / mt ) 2
L'0 = = = L 0 (1 1 / mt ) 2 ,
0 0
:
0 (

),
L0
( ).

I/3
Xe:
X e = X rp + X rs + X 0' + 3 X pr .

Xrs
,
. ,
( ).
:

x rp (%) U np2 xt (%) / 2 U np

2
5 35 2
X rp = = = 6,125 ;
100 S n 100 S n 100 10
x (%) U ns2 x (%) / 2 U ns2 5 10 2
X rs = rs t = = 0,5 ;
100 S n 100 S n 100 10
x 0 (%) U np2 200 35 2
X 0 =
'
(1 1 / mt ) 2 = (1 10 / 35) 2 = 125 ;
100 S n 100 10
X e = X rp + X rs + X 0 + 3 X pr = 6,125 + 0,5 + 125 + 3 80 = 371,625 .
'

.
I:

U 100
I = 3 I /3 = 3 =3 = 3 0,27 = 0,807 A.
Xe 371,625

28
 15: :
S n = 20 MVA; :
2
Snp = S n , Sns = Sn , S nt = 2 S n ; mt = 110 / 38,5 / 10,5 (kV / kV / kV )
3 3
: u kps = 17%, u kpt = 10,5%, u k 23 = 6% ;
(
): Pcu max = 0,148 MW ;
: Pfe = 0,075 MW ; : I 0 = 3,5% .
110 kV
.

(
). ,
.

.

(Rp, Rs Rt) .

( J p J s J t ). :

lp N pl ' - ,
Rp = = ,
Sp Sp lp, ls , lt ,
l N l' , .
Rs = s = s , Sp, Ss , St
Ss Ss ,
l N l' l (
Rt = t = t .
St St ).

Rp N p Ss I J I 3U np I ns 3m ps U ns I ns S
= = m ps ns ns m ps ns = m ps = m ps = m 2ps ns ,
Rs Ns Sp I np J np I np 3U np I np 3U np I np S np
Rp S ns
, , Rsp .
Rsp S np
Rp S nt
: , Rtp
Rtp S np
.

,
.

29
 :

Rsp = Rtp = 1,5 R p .

.
Rtp

Rp
Inp-Isp

Inp Rsp

Isp

Pcu = 3 R p I np2 + 3 1, 5 R p I sp2 + 3 1,5 R p ( I np I sp ) 2 .

(. ), ()
, :

2 2
2 1 2 4 1
Pcu max = 3R p I np
2
+ 3 1,5 R p I np + 3 1,5 R p I np = 3R p I np 1 + 1,5 + 1,5 = 5,5 R p I np
2

3 3 9 9
P Pcu max 0,148 10 6
R p = cu max 2
= 2
= 2
= 2,442 ,
5,5 I np S np 20 10 6
5,5 5,5
3
3U 3 110 10
np

Rsp = Rtp = 1,5 R p = 1,5 2,442 = 3,663 .

:

2 2
x ps (%) U np u kps (%) U np 17 110
X ps = = = 102,85 ,
100 S n 100 S n 100 20
x pt (%) U np2 2
u kpt (%) U np 10,5 110
X pt = = = 63,525 ,
100 S n 100 S n 100 20
2 2
x st (%) U np u kst (%) U np 6 110
X st = = = 36,3 ,
100 S n 100 S n 100 20

(
) . (
)

30
 .

.

1 1
Xp = ( X ps + X pt X st ) = (102,85 + 63,525 36,3) = 65,037 ,
2 2
1 1
X s = ( X ps + X st X pt ) = (102,85 63,525 + 36,3) = 37,81 ,
2 2
1 1
X t = ( X pt + X st X ps ) = (63,525 + 36,3 102,85) = 1,513 ,
2 2

,
, ,
. ,
,
.
.

2
U np110 2
R fe = = = 161333,3 ,
Pfe 0,075
1 1
G fe = = = 6,2 10 6 S
RFe 161333,3
100 U n2 100 110 2
X = = = 17285,7 ,
I 0 (%) S n 3,5 20
1 1
B = = = 5,785 10 5 S .
X 17285,7

Rt Xt Itp

Ip Rp Xp Rs Xs Isp

X Rfe Utp
Up Usp
Io

31
 16:
Yy0 ,
. mt=400/220 (kV/kV).

.

a
A
UA b
UB B
c
UC C

a
(
). ,
.

.
A

(
Ubaz=220 kV):
U a2 = (1,818 cos 30 0 ) 2 + (1 + 1,818 sin 30 0 ) 2
a
U a = 2,479 + 3,645 = 2,475 r. j.
U b = U a = 2,475 r. j.
U c = 1,818 1 = 0,818 r. j.
Ua
220
U a = U b = 2,475 = 314,32 kV
3
220
U c = 0,818 = 103,9 kV
b 3
c

Uc
C Ub B

, ,
,
.

32