vests FS ren POLITICS AMONG NATIONS The Struggle for Power and Peace Hans J. Morgenthau Lee lke A. Mann Digi See Revied by Kenneth W. Thompson Din, ile Ca 9 Pa Aor hey of and W. David Clinton Ames Pfs of Ped Sn Tan Urey oe : (tt) Higher Education tet flosen Gur Ridge Ik Oubsaue.IA Matoon, Wi New York Sanfrancisco Si Luis{BB tiger Education hed Mclain al Mer ni 121 ese he Ao ew Yi Coy © a 48 Bs, 1954 ING Tn Min Hl Comune lc Agate No pu apy ay ‘eigen rd an Sens bay meme sadinstacaeee eee ‘hah ten co Te Meet Caspar nib cece ‘Sieve aoa ob deans pe fiir ie sae Same uni a cen et amp nae liane es ian eric ero iter de at ain 106-90, ‘ir ng inv pon an pena}. Mg ‘rides WTB a, eh igi doa in [BENE r2e73 a ey la ks 1 Tampa Rh 2 Cl, tae assy | Preface isto ite decades Pais tmong Nations bas ben cosieed premise in itratonal plats. Now appetng i cece ‘mai themes, cluding naa! intrest, power, an liglomsey ‘lace among patones of foegn policy. the same tie el Publi begining fe el, epeily when anertons a heard ¢ shnged everthing” Caan eum hare acd since 2 ‘more sine the appearance of the sth eon in 1985. Bot is | Moreh’ conviction thi, beneth the tpi siceerion ofc | Bs sarc fnteratonal pole rene tht wee cs || sanding th eb and ow of contemporary ntratioal He 7" Our agreement with this convieton kel whe, wo complement ‘made ely on inthe repuaton of thie. Fit wc ee og tally intact he ete et of thesis eiton, Pin Mongo hisclasc ext, se moved hrogh scene eins dann ie ‘un uae he core element ht piso of ntetnatons reat theory, pits a «sual for power the ign polices ‘Pores nationalism, atonal pow, diplomacy, od the pei ute, The ath dition the fit pouttmeus eon ine comsone ‘minimum the hangs it made to Profesor Morgen ih cling ‘them to che wpating of feta materials some et eae of 1 that on jd setlement, which had been conse in a 'he book on ntemtinal aw In reping te sith eon, fe ith the able asitince ‘of Me Teter Gelman, and eching& Morgestha’s paper, made aadable a Alderman Libary Se ‘irenia though the cooperation of hr chem, Susann ad Mat 1 emulate the approach of Monenhas, who had ites bs pe Sih edsion that had conse “in an ona and sont ins the wotk athe preceding eons” Ina le sprit we hae dele (enth edition soak far Rete We dees Te are diA Realist Theory of International Politics pp 3-lé "TP tok pre en ny nan pis, he hich ud they mb joe nt po snd bs bt epi and pgm. The yin ie wot mux be ged ne ome pen vel tsp ony ated fey ut by i pure 0 ‘Sap ont and neanng sma of phenomens hat how wld ain ected sn ugh mom mers dal sae and a felome do he fics they aca end hacer epi he ‘ier hs put opon them, un do the concn a ih he tena dow mh oa ect fom peso? sort athe thoy consent wth ‘Bean iin nc “Te ua th thay ie cones he a fal polis The ior of spd pli ou th sony of conte ements Keanna i th compete tare ofan, voce, sod pli nc bbe ht atonal ad mol poll ors deed manasa "alae prncple av be ue cand aay I sme he sea ‘Delo bine sey of Baan t,t aes ae of he Soa cre to mesure opt be oral andar onl of know and detain, Glen scl tty, othe ape fran led Inia bape Iam elucn, rem, te pore ce Toren th oes "Toho! blve th te al inp tra he cain ei abies hese gece hanasu Tm: one mist work wah thove oct, ot gan them Th being nbc | ‘fori of opposing ites aad of confit among them, so peiacpes cn Inver be fly sale but mst best be spprouinated ough the eer ten ‘ony balancing of nee andthe ever precious selement of cats This Sook then, se ia system of eds and lanes uve pin foal ‘lua okie appeto hsonie precedente han wo abst inc ‘ls and sims the renlation of the sere ther dan ofthe absolute good,‘This theta once wth aman ntce a i acu nd withthe ise procener a hey sly tae place har sme forthe theory presented he the ame of rain What ae the feet of pola ain? No senate ‘positon of the plilowphy of poi! aim can be atempted ere; it ‘nl auc singe on Fndamentl principles, which have frequent bees ‘sundemood SIM PRINCIPLES OF POLITICAL REALISM 1. Poa ea belivs that in gence, i gusemed by lective lv that ae ther a in aman ature. In onler to improve society E nt nesety to undead the wsby which oy ive. The option of ese laws being pevou 0 preferences, men wil hllenge them ony st erik flare slam, teliving ait doe in the objectviy ofthe laws of polis, mst tho tle th pony f developing aration theory that lcs, however ‘pent and onesiedy these abjetve ws Tt belies al, then nthe os ‘Si of dtigushing in plies escent and opnion-between wha {ru bjeely and atonal, supped by evidence apd lluminated by reson, {nd what ionly ubecvejadgent, divorced fom the facta they ae and {nfm by prefs sod wif Cnking uma pute, an hh the Law oF poli have tei 00 has not hanged sinc thecal piesopies of Cin, Ins, and Grsce endeavored te dacover thee lve Hence, novel i not neces vite in poled theory, novi old age defect The fc tht ery of pic, there be such 1 het as never bee head of fore ted to cate «presumption again fae han in favor of soundness. Convery the fact hit thear of ol ‘Es wasdevelped ined or even thosands of years ago-a was the theory of the balne of power-does oot crete presumption that must be outmoded. id abolte Altrory of polis mat be subjected to the dal est of eso and ‘petence, To dsm ach a theory becuse it had i omen in cents past ito proent nots tinal agement but a modems pejoice dat takes or [gamed th supesinity ofthe present over the past. To dispose ofthe eal of Stcha theory 2 ahion” of ad anamoust © asorng that in mates Poli we cane opinions but no tats. el, theory cont a sceraining fs 2nd ging therm meaning through esn. eames thatthe character os fogs policy can be ascend ny hough the examination ofthe pot ace perma and ofthe foesee- “Ei consequence of tee act, Ths ne ea Bd ut what teen have act ‘ly done ad fom the fsctble consequences of thi acs we an surmise ‘tht ei objectives might have been. Yireuumnaton ofthe fc not enough To ge meaning wo the fst aw mata of oregn policy, we mst approach pis aly wh ing of ‘SosTgtine «map tat uggs tour the posible meanings of oe poi In aber words, we pt oursees ia dhe poston of taesman who must mest 2 cetin problem of frign policy under cetin Greumsanes, aa we sk our “etre what the onl semtives ae fom which a seman my hook who ‘at met ths problem der hee encumstnces (resuming alway tht he ac {a nsonal manne) and which of the rane alematves this parscalat ‘tema acing under dee cca tel to coor. i the ong of {rata hypothesis against te acl cs and hei consequences that pes ‘heoretal meting wo the facts of ntemtional polis, 12: The main signpost that bes political reds te ind its way through te landsipe of nemational polis be cnncep of inte define in ems of me. Tis concep prods the lnk Bemween fon ying widen ner ‘tional police andthe fc tobe underod. ft poles aan sutonomos Sphere faction snd andentanding spat rom cher phere, ach a econoaes (Gndentood ints of incest dfned 8 wei), ethic, sty, rion. ‘Waout sch concept a theoy of pot ntemational or domestic, would be altogether inpomible, for wihout we could not distinguish berween poltal ‘ud onpolecal fos, nor could we bang at esta mest of semi drt {he pala pee "Wess that atcaen thnk nd atin tem ofiter defined as powe, athe evidence of istry bes tha sumsion ou. Tat sumption ale! Us {oetce and anita twee the tepe ttn pat preset or Fate ‘ren or wl ke onthe plizal ene. We look over hi shoulder when be ‘ete his patches we len ia on his conversions with other ttn; we ‘eed and antcpte ht very thoughts, Tiling in teams of interest defined 3s power me thnk be doc, and as distested obser We ubdestand bis "hgh and acon perp beter than he theater on the pola ene does bimele “The concept of intent defined at power imposes intellect dining ‘pon the observer, ines ational onder into the subjeet matte of polis, and ‘hs mals the cortical understanding of polis posible. On the side ofthe ‘tor provides or tional dpe acon and erent that axoundig com twit in foreign poly whe makes Arana, Bish, o Rusian Fri policy {ppeat sin tlie atonal continutan, by od ae consiten within el, ‘eps ofthe irene moses, preferences and itll and moral gual Sire ent ee | {bord against two popu lice the concern with mouwe and Se once ih declogialpeerenes, “To search fr the let foreign poy exlsivl in the motives of ate men tbh fue ad deceptive Ii ote beast motives ae the ost iive ‘spoxchologil dat, ditoned they az, Gequely beyond recognition bythe Interest and emotions of aor and observer alike. Do we ely know wist our ‘om motives te? Abd what do we Enow ofthe motes of thes? “er rea ime had acest the sl motives of maemen, ht knowlege would helps litle in undensanding foreign polices and might well leads, tay Jette thatthe knowledge ofthe satsman's moves may Be ws one| among many cust what the icon ois fon poly might be Iam Sore however th one ch by whih ods lpn pole Hoy ‘how nossa ey celine he ayo ces ed te ply foreign poly. Thr cin both moral od pial ame "Wecannor cnc rom the dns of ses ari ign police wil be cither mol pseworhy or pail sco ding i ‘Rosny me coy dt he wl ently peep tt ae rl ‘ong btw an ating ou he proba othe com. we wat Tow te moral and pba sof ict re mt Know ten, otis ‘oe Hw fn ave snanen on muir ye defor de wel and ened by mang wee? And fo fen he they sto {nd ended by achieving someting they neither epee no ied? ‘Neville Chel pli of appnenertmereo fa orca oe, inp by ood moder be was probably lex motte by conncracons of fra per thst ny ote Bets re eaten, eb eh Preserve peace and ssurthehapines ofall concemed et his pois helped {Sine te Scond Wold Wie neal dt nga meso mllos Of peopl Sr Won Chur notes on he her hand, ee mien Cave ia cope ad mud ore narony deed owed penal and atone owe yet the oe pois tat sprang fom ht infor mts were or Ely sperm ma and pli quty to ove ped by Bis predecesor Indes! by bi mote Robtpiene mi ono the tet vats th who xe Tei wa the won ran af th very we ht mae aml hse Ice vs than om gi fo the ssl and stoped the vr Sefetab heme renie “Good tvs Ge ince sp deliberated pic thy de at space the mos gnc td poll ses the poe hype ‘hats spon to oow ioe wns ound fen pic tp ‘mul the motes of sess bt sill iyo crpihend Se ‘Sse of neg poly wel hs poll aby wo wate wha eas ‘Spates cre plea econ lows ha wie asthe ‘Suet the mor gules sf moses, pte hc moe the lta gui ofl, wil and ston. salt tay of ia patil ko i te herp lnc of gating tne fori polices ofa stems wth is pls or pol ‘pts df dctng te oes thar Sateen opel de (Teiaaperty conn yl ke eb of etn tic cin pol intern of tc ploupic ad pail spat in ar 1 gun poplar sp or thn ethyl nga wth cla Between rf Sity” ‘ich io tink and atin ems fh onl inte, nthe pom wh” hi toe her om moe vals and poll penis raid ughow the wed, aia eam does not egie, nor docs tenons, inden fo oll ses and ord pcp, bu regu indeed « bap duincon Ecc he desab andthe obi between hat desley a func an wt pil nde he once cama of ea a [esa to reson that sl sgn ol have amas allowed so onal, objective and unemotonls couse. The contingent clement of personaly pe dic, ai sbjeive pretence, nd ofl the weakness of nell sa i hat fh is er ae bound to diet foreign pice fom the ton couse. specially where foreign policy i conducted under the conditions of democratic contol, the ned to mahal opalretains tothe support of fri pley ‘anotil imai the ronal of foreign policy isle Yrs hey of frien Poi that ais at aionakty mast forthe ine being it were, abc om these ial cements and ek to pit pitre ffi poly that poets thera sence to be found in experient, without the ontingeat devisons from ational tht are alo found in expenene. Devistions fom nai that reno the esl ofthe penal whim othe onal psychopathology of the paiymaler may apes contingent oly ot the ‘anape pn of analy but may chm be elements a coereat tn ‘atonal. The posit of consent wer, counter doy of tal alii isworh exon ‘When one reflects upon the development of American thinking on orien pli, ane suck by the persistence of ian tude that have vied Under whaetergser-boh inelecrl arin td poll exenence Once that wonderin tre Aitotcla fon, hasbeen tanfonned ita the uct oe ‘tional endentnding, the ques yelde a concen both config and listing! me ae ein the presence of neler defect sated by all of us in dierent ways std dees, Together they provide the cutine of kind of ‘uthology of itemational poles. When the human mind approaches reality ‘rth he purpose of king ation, of which the pole encour one o the ‘sending tvanes, ir ofen le aay by any of four common mental henomene: eidus of fomeriy adequate mode: thought nd action now te fled obsolete by 4 new social ality demonologes ntepetation of reity that subsite a Beous maby peopled by en persone rater than seringly Invacableisue-for the actual ne; fal coe fo terms witha testing Stat ofa by denying trough dlsoryverbalzation, orn won the infinite malleablty of» seemingly abaeperoas ality Man responds to sca stutions with repetitive ates. The sme situs in, reogezed ni ientty with previous anton, evoke the se rap. ‘The mind tt were holds i edie 2 number of patens appropriate for i ferent stations it then fetes only the Menieasion of «purer cnet ppl toi he preformed pate appropriate ok Ths the human mind flows the principle of economy of efor, obviating an examination deo of ech Alivia siustion aed the patem of though aad ston appropriate 0 i Yet when mater ar subject to dynamic hang, taal pats ar a0 longer {ppropiat; ey must be replaced by aew onc electing sch change, Otherwise {Vz ill opn beeen wadisoml pater apd new eater and thought and {ction wil be mguied ‘On he intentional plane is no eagpaton to ay thatthe very srucure ‘of inematonal eitoast eed in pli sstatons, plac procesnd eg anangeents-a tended o Become 3 variance with sn inane masse Incevant ty te ea of erations plac. Whie he fomer assume he “over equal” of al ations, he ater dominated by an exe neq mom mo of hich ae cled upepomens because hey olin thei han the npcedened power of total deacon, and many of whch te cle tin> une” becsetce power minal een compared wih tht of be vadional att Tesh contes aed ncorpatity betes te ty of ne {hod pls and the cone inintons, and procedures designed (0 male [neil and sonia the fame: tht have eae aes blow the gator Tee the unmaneesliy of iteratonl reasons, which bores on anarchy Tavern terrsm andthe diferent goremmeneracsoai io i the inv Inet of oe goverament i the Leber ov wa the mliry operons of the Unied Stars Soutest As, andthe mity iteration ofthe Sovit Union in Esters Enope cna be epaine justly ween tein] ‘once into snd procedaen il these situations have one character in common. The modern fat of interependence regs» poliseal order that aks that fc into account, hei ely the legal snd setatons superractar, kang bak the Tnceenth century stuns the exience of + mulipcgy of sesafcient, [npenerbl ovr nation ses There residues ofan osoesent gland ‘tsutonal order not oly sand nthe way of aonal asformaion of in {eentional lation i ight fhe iequaliy of power and the intenlependence Fitts, but they alo fender peeasous, i ot impossible, mote rational, polices within the defective ramewodk of such aysen. Teva charente of primitive thinking to pesonale social problems ‘Tht tendency prc seong when the poem appears not wo be iscep- Ueto onal undestading and soecefl manipulation. When a parca pen or Boup of pono it idented wih the eatin diay tht may {fem to render the ob both intelcualy accessible and sscepuble co sol ‘Soe Thu bebe in Satan othe source af vi mals us “understand” the nate res by fusing the seth or origin and contol upon 2 pact person ‘Thaw phyued eutence we saume. The complesty of polit cofict, Preludes such simple solaons Natal etatopes wil no be prevented by Fring wich; te thet ofa power Grmany to exablsh hegemony ove utoe l not beaver by geting fa succession of German Teer. Bat ty Uleuing the sue with exain eran over whom we bave-or hope © Ive-contal we rede the probe. beth ineliecaly and pragmatic, 0 Itumapeblepoporions Once we hive idetiedceain india and ous indi sph source fei me apes to have understood the causal nes (ha leads om the nde othe cl problem; that appear undentand {ng ugg the apparent son: cline the ida “response for it, Sd you have sae the prodlen ‘Sapeion atl ole ray ove ou eatins within soiey. The demon Jogi prem of thought and aon his pow been tansered to oer kl of Tetnpeton cloned te the kindof atonal enquiry and action that have deven persion om our ration with mature. As Wiliam Graham Sumer pti, "The "mount of sypenton i no much chang but itnow tae polis, Att ‘igen The merous fe ofthe United Sesto ecnpize nd spond to ‘he paeetic nate of Communism sa pine example ofthis defect. The ool {ay ots iment oposion to Commas the indiscriminate suppor fof govemments and movement thst poss and paciceant-Commansm. ‘Ameen police in Asad Lain Ares ave deed om this mpc poston, Te Vitars Wa nour ait come oes wh ainand Chins Find here ter atonal So do the thery and pracice of contrary, inca lags essition under he Phoenix progam in Vieam an the ous of auempled asasinason of inva satmen. Signs of «sat {ppoach have been viene more ez in Ceol Ares "The demonolopal approach t fons oly engthessnoter patho logical teadeney, whch the sell to acknowledge and cope effectively wih 2 {Heetning ely. The demonologic appa hs shied our atenton and ‘once foward he adrents of Commnisn-indsvidaas t home and abou, Doleal movement, feign gorermens-and away for che el thicat the Power of aes, Commun ar not. McCarty not only provided the mos. erosive American example of the demenologclaproat bat wat alo one of {he most exteme eames of thi knd of misjudgment essed the rgely ‘sory treat of dorenti subversion forthe el heat of Rasan pow ial is pr of thi sppoach to polls © believe hat no problems however opel they tay appara eal isoluble, piven wellmening, well ‘anced ad compeict ers I have ted ewer olay bare he inlet td hove soe ofthis bel? hee [it ysl to pining ou is persist Ent suength despite mich experience to the contrary, such a the Vina War hd 'the general dcine of American power This perence fr economic or tomato plea and airy prcblems i pomerly enfored by the ines: “psn pens of economes support who prefer he obviously profitable trast of eonomi vantages pnfl and sy diploma barging “Toe dference between strato] plist actual i aed 2 ional theory dvd fom ts ike he diferenceBeoveen a photoyraph and pant ‘ores The Phoopaph shows eveything that ean be Sen bythe ake eye the Famed port does aot show eveything that cn be een by he naked eye, but ‘Rahows oat eat wees to show, one ig that the faked eye cannot sx the Inuman cacace ofthe son portayed olla contains aot cay atheoncal bt ao a pormtve emes Te Anos thet poll realy rtp with contingencies and semi ite tinal and pins othe tpl inane they exert upon frig poly. Yet {fares with al soc theor the ned fr de sake of theoreti understanding, tomes the atonal ements of pol ray; fr tis the ational ements “eet mth dd i ee te re ii (Ching sive of Chg Pro. 146)tha ke ea intligile for theory Poli resm presents the thereat “natu of raion oragn poly that epeence can never completly thier "Re the sme ime pola elm consis ratonl foreign poly eo be od feign ply, for oly «tonal foreign policy minis sand mat {hse bene andy hace, complies wh bo the mol precept of prodence abd the pola reuiepent of aces Plscal ai want the photographic pc ‘ur ofthe pli ml to resemble at much at pole painted poet. ‘Awa fhe inevitable gap beeen posta i, aonal-fveig policy and fot ‘len plc actly, poll elim mantis not oly that hey must ‘cus upon the anal elements of plial rey but aso ht frei policy ‘ght 0b ational view of ow moral and patil pups. "Hence, it no anament agate theory here presented that cul fx ign policy doesnot anna ive up 2 That argument misunderstand the Intcaon of th book which fo present aot an indiscriminate deseption of lia ety buts tional hor af ntemationdl polis, Fa fom Being in ‘aided bythe fct hay for iste psf blince of power policy wll ‘cucely be found eit, sume that ely, Being deficient a thi repet Inu Deundesood snl evade pponiation tan idea tem of ane of pow. "SR auames att ey concept of weris an cbiesive et env a {Tenia it Ged onge and Tora. The des tert oded of he sence ‘Fat an swe By To ciComtanes of tne ad pice: Thue SEatonen, born of the experince oF ancient Gree, that ie of interests the sures of bonds wheter between stats or iia war ken up ia the hinceenth century by Lod Salus reak thatthe oly Bond wasn at Ens among noni the ane of al cain interes” ras rected io {Een prince of government by George Washingon: ‘Asal knowledge of aman nsw convince hat wit he grea ‘Sip of mandir the pening pcp; nd ht lst ery tun ic more a andr inflence Motes of public viru may fr tine orn pacar inte, sce ment te oben a cendet ply dred they re ot of thems slice to rode pe Tein confrmiy ote ened cate sad bltons of cl day ew Incn at aco kings contin aie of lem of priate nee, tt avtge to he sommon od It win excl pith depriy ‘human nature one secu he et othe eperece of vey age {hd non ha pond tnd me stn pest mae are the coast tin ofan bee we can ae there Notion aot bul 0 he [prsanpive tach of te mains an ceed Ie was echoed and enlarged upon in the went century by Max Weber’ stration Imre (mater an ea, tides, diate die the actos of men “erthe “age ofthe werd cet bythe eas ve vey saved riches dering the son which the dynam of tae hae ‘ete in of nnn dteining pola action in a panculr prod of Ihitory depends epon the poll od tral cmtet within which fogn po ‘ays fomrdated. The gus that might be pamued by masons ip thle frei ply ean ran the whole gait of Objectives any auton as ete puedo might pony panwe “The ame versions apply eo the concep of power Its content and the manner of us ae determined bythe pols and ctl enone. Power nny compe ying ta sabes rd mini the cool of man ve a, “Ts power overs alc reatonsps at serve that en, fom physical i= lence othe anos sie prycbolgial tes By which one mind conta ante. ower oven the domination af man by man bath when itisscpined by mor tds and ontlled by contitional segs, ain Wester democracies and ‘be it that untamed and arbre fre that ids its in moti Ba its ‘en stength and role sicaton ints agganizemert. Totti ak doer not ame thatthe contemporary condtons under ich ong poisy pert, wth tet exzeme elit and the everpresent That of laeseale vse, cnnot be changed. The balnce of power ‘sane, indeed a perenil clement oF al lal oct, 2 the authors of The eels popes well knw, ye i capable of operating si does i the Gited States andere coon of lative siya peaceful conte. theft tht have gen to chee conditions can be duplicated onthe in ‘eratiea ene, snr contin of abit and peace wil hen eval there, {they have ove lng stetches of history among certain nations ‘What isu of the gene canter of nematonl lan i also te of the nationstite athe lomate pat offence of emtepory fcgn policy. ‘hie he eis ned bees that incr the perennial sandal by which po Til acion must be je snd dice, the contemporary connection etme inet and the nant sprout of bistoy sod therfore bond ro die {pen in he couse of hia Nod in the eit poon mila ait the ‘Mlompton ta the rent dono te polite word a satin seats wll be ‘load by ae nto ute fence, mre inking with he tec ‘wel potenalies and the mer reuse of de conemporay wd "The realist pars comps with cer adhoc of thought before the al imparant question of ow the contemporary wo tobe ansfonmed. Te alist i pode tthe ranma abe ached ony Hough he workmen Te miggs Say tata cc Pert De tt ‘nin ly er ei 6 a a ‘oat cea as aan bpx I manipulation ofthe perennial fas that ive shaped the ps hey wi he ae ‘Tevet cannot peu tht we can bing abo ta arfomation by cnr fnting pili tha a tc aw nt asc el Ut fis fo {ike tho asin secu “Poi realag is aware ofthe morligixance plication. Is ale amas ofthe inelcablefenson between the orl command and the 1 ‘fements of sucess poles sion. And is upwiling to los ove and ‘hee hat eson and has olsiscte Doth the moral an the pl ies [ping appear a though the sar tof police wee monly more s8- ‘nga they scaly re, and he moa aw es exacting that actual Reanmaitains tht unit moa pines canoe be applied wo the actions stein ther bat unienal osmulaton but that they must be fk ‘ered though the concree sieustaces fe ad plas. Te nv may ‘yf hi,“ pret mand (Lt ase be done, ven if the wold es)” but he ste hr no gt ay 5 in the name of those who ae its ‘See Bodh ndiua and sate must jude poi action by wnvenal mca pin ‘Gps suchas that of Ubon er wie the indvdaal har «mor sight to ac ft hie indefeveof uch a orl principe ee ate has no ht to ets nora daapecbation of the inngemene of iby get inthe way of seca plcal aceon, iene bythe marl principle of ational seid. There in be no polieal moray wichourprodnce titi, without eonsideation of the polis! consquenes of sexing mor scton. Realism, then, considers the mein ofthe consequences of tema poli acionsto be he spine vino in polis Ethics in the absract judges acon by 1 = mig wih he moral laws plies judges action by its political conse (gens Clas and medics philosophy knew thi and so dil Lincoln when fea 1 the ey bs ow othe very et anand mean oe doing ‘ovat he ede cd rings me otal i, wats id agaist me ‘fot amenot to sabi I the end bing me ow wrong. ten anges sea ing wa ght would make 0 diferenc $l ali refs 9 sai the orl pti of pri iat Beal bs atone emg ee Sg eee ST anes anceps emer dl Al oto {Emptt-and few hae een ale ori the empeaton for longo ote thie ‘Seu parca ssptons ad action inthe moral purposes ofthe univers. To Sov tha non sre subject othe mo lw one thing, while to pretend © iow with ceninty what good ander the lations among nations i que loo, There 4 wold of ifrence between the ble that ll ations sas nde th dg of God nsrtabl othe uan mind, and the Bip. ‘ou cmon tht Co aye om one side apd har wt one wil nes ‘onto be wild by God ab, "Te lighbcared equation Between paul aaonalism and the coun sels of rovdence is motalyindefenible, for is that very sn of pride againat which the Grek tagedians and the tibial prophets fume ware as and ‘aed, Tat equation ao policy peicon, or it able o engender the “Evora nudge tan the Bide rang ey, desaoy ations Sd clzaons™in the ase of moa principled, x God hime ‘Gm he ther han ew ec the concep of iter dfine! ems of poner tat sees fom both ar moral ecess and that poi fly For if we [av eat natons ou own incleed, polices using tee spective ‘Rect defined ites of power, we are abl 0 do justice to ll of them. And SRST sce wl of them in dul ese wea abet jug ober ‘abl of punuing poe hat espes se Bo pe staan, tne ey anc ‘Sieche meron of moral jude a sn os ha once moh ofthe theo of pola ra tee ic been miundersod and mie, tee no isying is ‘Gninatve melt and mon sete wo mates posite nc he tele is a at ‘hess he cera th lj the eat iin ie Ta letaed a pores athe conomist hel a tems of tee ec Ss heey ofthe cononmiyof con witha he mora, ofthe TSSISENS ottcion ith mor pple: The economic ks “How does ths po Spratt eal, orssent of 12" The myer aks sts porn 2a. tt ih he ls olen? Te mort ss I this pobyin aco wth mr ‘cpl? And te polcl etie as Tow des ths py ai te owe Ton (Or ofthe eal oremment of Congres, te pry, of gees, tthe case maybe) “Fa plea reals pot unaware ofthe existence and the een of ta sar of tou other than politcal ones. As pala ait e can but b> inne ee other andar to thon of pals. Ande prs company with arr nhen ey impor eandars of thought apropat to ter spheres cae repute spheres I shee tht pleats fale ise with dhe "Pete Reni uppreac to ntemational plies, Tat his ie nt efi comended, mere pen fhe magation but goes 1 the ve core UeeEeoreny tn be shown fom many ston expe, The wil oF Fee make the point? "Ba he Soviet Union stack Foland This ation conned Fane and Cet Bain wih vo tut te legate ther pica. Dil that action vi cts Coren ofthe eng of Nations, and it did what countermeasises ‘Seas go camaters gi lem te es a ig er eee Simba te Cy. Tee gf oma Mele aS ip ce Ch ‘Sepa ee eh weshoud France and Gis itn take? The lea question could csi be answered In the fina, for obvious the Soviet Union had done what ms peed bythe Corenne The answer othe pit ueston depend fst pon the ‘anne in whch the Rusian ation afeted the interes of Price and Gre rin; second, upon the exiting dvb of power between Fae sd ret Britain, onthe on hand, and the Soviet Union snd ether pote howe na ‘ions, epecily German on the other and, third, ponte influence hat the ‘ountemesares well o have upon the ites of France and Grest Bain tnd the frre dsbution of pone. ance and Great Brin athe leg rerber ofthe League f Nations stot thatthe Snir Union wt expel ‘om he Lega, and hey mee prevented on jinng Flan nthe wast ‘he Sot Union only by Sweden's fst alloy thei troop opus trough Seder om ter way onan this refs by Swe ad ot sve hem, France and Great Brain would shorly have found themselves at war wih the Soviet Union snd Geman tthe sme tine “The poly of Rance and Gree Bain war casi ramp fleas in tha they lowed the answer to the lea questo, leat within te sphere, 0 deceit tei plital actions Insts of king both questions, hat ow od hat ot power, they aed ony the question of lve and the answer they received ‘ould have no Beating on dese hatte very exec might have depended "Th cond example iste the “sorte approach” to intemationl politics. Ie concer the intemavonal Satu ofthe Camemunist {Gigs The vise ofthat government conftonted the Wesem word with to us, one mol, the oe politcal. Were the naire and poise ofthat gor: ttoment in aecord wih he moral pipe of he Westen wrk? Should the ‘Waters word deal with ich a government? The answer to the ist question oul not fall to bein the negate. Yet it aid wot allow with nce thatthe ert the second question should also bein the agai. The standard of ‘thought apled to the fist-the morl-question was simpy Yo tex the nate tnd the polices ofthe Communist govenmeat of China by the principles of ‘Wester moni, On the ater han, the second-thepoisal-quetion had besubcted to the compleatd st ofthe interests vaved and the power sai. 2ble on ether sie ani ofthe bearing of ne othe ober couse of sion upon ‘hes iments and power Te appli ofthis txt coldwell have le othe ‘onchsion that it woul be wie aot to deal with te Communist goverment ‘of China. To atest this conclusion by neglecing thr text alogeter and answering the policalqusin ia terms ofthe moral se war indeed 3 elec ‘ample ofthe “morale aprouch” to intematioal polis "Te thd axe ilosuatessknly the contase bewera realm and the ‘eaciemoralitc approach to foreign policy. Gret Bis, a one ofthe par tos ofthe newly of Belin, ett war with Germany in Auge 1914. be ‘aus Germany had ited she neural of Belgium. The Bish acon could be inti in cer ei rin ealtemorisc terms. That is tos, oe cout ‘0 prevent the contol of he Low Counter bys hoe poner wa then nt 9 ‘much the volaion of Belgium's newly perseas the hale tention ofthe ‘lator that proved the rationale for Bish interven. Ifthe tor had been ‘ther aon but Germany, Gat Bruin might wel hae refined om ne ‘ening. Tithe poston taken by Si Edward Gre, Dri foreign sectty Ching ht ped. Undenecetry for Prin AB Haringe remake hit in 190: "Face vols Belgian neva n war pai Cemany, dou fulwhether England oe Russ would move anger maintain Belgian nei, hie th etal of Begum was vated by Germany, it probable that he ‘eave would be she case." Whereupon Si Edad Gre replied: “Tis ithe point” ec one could also take dhe lace and morals poston tht the vile ‘on of Belgium's newaliy pers, bueuse of legal and moral dees and pull ofthe intrest a tate and of he ent ofthe lor tied Bish St, fr tht mates, American intervention Thi atthe eston thet Theodore ‘Rocuevek ook sleet Se Edward Gay of Jnuay 22,1915: “To me the cu ofthe station has bee Blum. England Pace had ed tomar lg at Germany bi ce sol ave pote thet x th si wr onpon Ceer fare merken peor rat ware wk ‘ol or what sold doe by thse mo bee ha eter ol (Shere in god than that there sach thing interatonal moe, Tee it patton ston Amen eho sno mere un Engh tha be 1 German who endear loyal to ere the iter of sown cout, Dat ‘wh a caioxs wo do wt he can fr justice and deceny os ts ‘pain st ages who tere el oie! to jel terns by ‘he conduct on sy gen occasion ‘This realist defense of he aetonomy ofthe poi sphere apatite ob version y ther moder of thought doesnot imply direged forthe extence nd Iiporance af thee other modes of thought It ahermples that ead should ‘taped is proper epee and faction. Pola seal is based up pr ‘ale conception of human mate. Real mani + compose of "conamic ‘pan? “polite man” mora man,” lis man” ce Ama who was pth ng but “pola man? wold bes beat fo he mould Be completely aking in ‘moral esains.A'man who Was noting but “otal man” woul bea foo, foe ‘rsld be completely lang in predence. A'man who mat nothing but rlipous ma would be suit for he would be comple lacking in Waly core Recoaiing a these deen facets of human nature eit, poital rea fam lo vecogines tha inorder 9 undemtand one of hem one ha deal with ton its own ems. That ist say, if want to undesand“eligiows man" must forthe time beg abseact fom the oe aspect of human nature and eal ith i religious aspect sift were te only ove Furthermore, Tus apt othe ei ‘Bou phere he standards of thot appropiate wot, ays remaining sare of th tn of ter anda thal ines don he hoes ekmoder economist fr inane, would conceive of sienc nd its reams 0 ‘Ser sens ofan in any oer way leis exactly Cough sucha proces of ‘Ghunipton fon eter wanda of thought and the development of one ap roma fo subject miter, hat economics bas developed an autonome Theo athe economg aces of man, To contra toa simi development inthe fi of plier ended the purpose of pli eis, tin the nature of things ta a theory plies hats based upon such psincpes will oe est ith snus apron or dos, fr that mae, sah een plc or teay abd poy alk un counter to ew tends in our cl ture that arent ale to sconce theme to dhe assumptions and ssl of a ‘abel, objective theory af oltcr One ofthese wens dpaages the oe of pwc in secety on grounds hatte from the experience apd pisopy ofthe necench century ne sll adder cules to ti tendency ler in greater ‘dal! Th ther wend cpp tthe ait ther and practice of pls ters ‘fom the ey relorip that exists and mus ext, Beween the human mod nd the polit spe. For sone ta we sal seus te” he human ind ‘Bis dapbyay operons cannot beat lok the wh of pols straight inthe ice feta pate, dor, belt, and embelish the tth-the mone 80, tbe fhe the nivalis actly awe in the procenes of polis, abd parce Ini in hon fintematonl polis. Fox oni by deceiving imself about the ‘wea poles andthe role he ply om she potial see is an able lie ‘Sate ar pola cima wh imac aad his fellow men “Tus iciineviabl that theory that wes to understand intemational pl. cs an tcl ant ought bein vew often nar, ther han ‘Syeople mou ito se ic mst overcome apyehlopal stance hat mest ther bunches oflesning need ot fee. A book devoed co che theoreti inestandng oF international polis therefore requis a special explanation sd justifcaton, The Science of UNDERSTANDING INTERNATIOWAL POLITICS Different Approaches ‘This ook has ro purpose. The fit to detet and understand the forces that ermine pic stone among nations, and to comprehend the ways ‘ic thst Gres at upon one another and upon international police rel ‘Daven insttons n mow ater branches of the oil ens his pspose ‘ould be tae for rtd, beasse the natura of al scenic undertakings te dacover the foresundeing soil phenomena nd the mode of thet pera. In approaching the ud Of ination! polis, one cannot ake this pupore for ranted; therefore eqs special empha. As Dr. Crayon ‘Kec harp i ‘Unt cent nes th ay ofneraonllans in he United Ste har been doin Ip y persons who hae oe of hee pron Fi tee hie been he hatin ho bate onside ier ‘oval veitone merely a een histo in which the dent is banded bythe sbens ofan deg moun of sasbe dt A Second group the Inversion wpe, have propery concemed themselves pinay wih the Teal per of erate ns, bu they have seldom mde serous ‘Soto nga he andaentl son forthe conan incomplete ‘sand inequnsy ofthe ens Bally hte ve ben thowe who The been ese concen ih teats relaons thy ae han with the more pert sem whch hese dea woul ket bull. Only ‘ren blaeiy ave tens underatea 1 examine te fondamen {Sand pert forces af wd pity, andthe ictatons which embody them noha view to peo condemn, bt merlin an eft 9 vie «beter andentanding of these base dives which eemine the International Politics