M. L. BATRINOS Mathe Moder Greek Ma@e mathe ( matics) = learn A new method of learning modern Greek«..The idea of writing this method was that since there is a treasure of Greek words, stems and roots in all European PP een eRe eee ae tuse this abudant lexical stock in his own language to Pee et a en ‘modern Greek but also Greek of all times." The English language is particularly rich in Greek words. PNR ete Rae English words, are contained in Webster's International eae Ce er Reed a ee ao ace imellectual game of discovering the myriads of Greek words in the English vocabulary and of using them to understand a Rea ene a cc ae eed Tn a ne ec cc a ee gee eT Se ce ree a ee eee eed Fa ee ee ee ee ee Se eee eae eeMathe Modern Greek A new method of learning modern Greek‘Menelaos L. Batrinos Mevéhaog A. Mnarpivog 8, Ewripidou St Eupunibou 8 Poliia-Kiffsia (145 €3) Trohreia - Knpuoid 145 63 Greece TnA. (01) 6204 041 Tel (01) 62 04 041 All rights reserved. This new method of learning modern Greek Méthe Modern Greek is protected by copyright. The method of discovering in any language Greek words, stems and roots and of using them for teaching modern Graek to the speakers of that language or for any cther purpose is also protected by copyright. No part of tis method may be reproduced in any form or by any means, including photocopying, or utilized by any information storage or retrieval system without written permission trom the copyright owners. ISBN 960-7398-41.6 Copyright © 1996 PUBLICATIONS P. Ch. PASCHALIDIS Tetrapoleos 14, Athens 118 27 Tel: (01) 77 89 125 - (01) 77 99.012 Fax: (01) 7759 421Contents Prologue The History of the Greek language The diglossy of the Greek language The pronunciation of Greek The accentuation of Greek words. The Greek Alphabet. ‘Synoptic Table of pronunciation of Greek letters Basic Grammar. Gr 1a. The genders of the Greek nouns and the definite article, The endings of the Greek nouns, ¢. The indefinite article First Lesson (L,) ‘Second Lesson (L:) i Basic Grammar. Gr 2a. The plural form of the nouns and definite article, b. The plural of the adjectives and of the verbs be and have, e. The third person of the personal pronoun as a demonstrative pronoun Third Lesson (Ls) Basic Grammar. Gr 3a. The endings of the verbs, b. The cases of the nouns, . The pronoun no one, nobody, d. The word every Fourth Lesson (L.) Basic Grammar Gr 4a. The plural of the verb have, b. The accusative of the personal pronouns Fifth Lesson (Ls) Basic Grammar. Gr 5a. The verbs say and listen, b. The adverbs, ¢. The genitive case of the personal pronouns Sixth Lesson (Le) Basic Grammar. Gr 6a. The genitive of the masculine and neuter nouns and adjectives, b. The genitive of the feminine nouns and adjectives Seventh Lesson (L;) Basic Grammar. Gr 7a. The passive voice of the verbs, b. Verbs with active and passive voice 13 14 16 17 23 25 26 28 31 32 35 38 at 42 AS 46 49 50 53Eighth Lesson (le) Basic Grammar, Gr 8a, The vocative case, b. Verbs stressed on the last syllable, €. The comparative and superlative form of the adjectives Ninth Lesson (Le) Basic Grammar. Gr 9a. The tenses of the verbs, b. The continuing and the complete form ol the past and the future tense, ¢. The past tense of the verbs stressed on the last sylable, d. The future tense, e. The past and the future tense of the verbs be and have. Table of the endings ofthe past and future tenses Tonth Lesson (Lu) ‘Almost all Greek prepositions should be familiar to an English-speaking person Basic Grammar. Gr 10a. and b. The subjunctive of the verbs, e. The imperative of the verbs, d. The participle of the active voice Eleventh Lesson (L;,) Basic Grammar. Gr 112. The past tense of the passive voice, b. The future of the passive voice, ¢. The subjunctive ofthe passive voice, d. The participle of the passive voice, e. The imperative of the passive voice Twelfth Lesson (Ly) Basic Grammar. Gr 12a. The perfect and plupertect tense, b., €. and 4. The past and future tense of certain regular verbs. Thirteenth Lesson (Lis) ‘The pronouns of the Greek language a. The personal pronouns, b. The genitive of the personal pronoun, ¢. The demonstrative pronouns, d. The interrogative pronouns, e. The indefinite pronouns Synoptic table of the pronouns Basic Grammar, Gr 19a. The endings of masculine nouns, b, The endings of the masculine ‘orm of the adjectives Fourteenth Lesson (L1.) Table of the endings of masculine nouns Basic Grammar. Gr14a,b and e. The endings of feminine nouns Fifteenth Lesson (Ls) Table of the endings of feminine nouns 54 57 58 61 63 64 87 75 76 a1 82 85 88 93 98 99 100 104 105 108 108vil Basic Grammar. Gr 18a and b. The endings of the neuter nouns, ¢. The endings of the neuter form of the adjectives, d. The conditional of the verbs, @. The impersonal verbs 109 Table of the endings of neuter nouns 1 Sixteenth Lesson (Lis) 112 The continuity of the Greek language 7 The feminine figure in Greek art 122 Useful dialogues. A, “I want a room* 124 The home ' 128 The days, the months and the seasons of the year 129 Useful dialogues, A, "I travel in Greece" 130 The time 133 Useful dialogues. A, "At the marks 134 The numbers 138 Useful dialogues. A, "At the restaurant" 140 Foods, fruits, vegetables, drinks. 142. Useful dialogues. As "Professions" 144 Table of professions 147 The education in modern Greece. 148, Useful dialogues. A "Visit to the city" 150 The family. 154 The colours. 156 The body 187 The garments 158 Good wishes 160 The answer to the question where ?, how much ? 162 The answer to the question when ? 163 Commented references 165 Vocabulary 169Prologue For many years, when talking to foreign scientists, 1 had noticed with grief that even those who had been taught ancient Greek were not in a position to understand or recognize everyday Greek words which, however, had passed into their own vocabulary and were used by them in their speech and writings almost unchanged A major cause of this lack of understanding is of course the phonetic value that Erasmus arbitrarily gave to the Greek letters, Which the Western world widely accepted, creating a barrier of ‘communication between students of ancient Greek and those of Byzantine and modern Greek. A characteristic example is the awkward situation in which | and a foreign friend proud of his knowledge of ancient Greek found ourselves when we were introduced and he kept repeating to me, each time more loudly and clearly, the incomprehensible word ey: dima) joma, which understood only when 1 asked him to write it down! EYAAIMONIZOMAI (= | am glad, pleased). He in his turn was no less embarassed to recognize the same word when it was uttered the way it has been pronounced for centuries: evtiemon ome In 1977 as organizer of a Congress of French-speaking endo. crinologists in Athens, | addressed the participants in modern Greek, using words which should all be well known to them, as explained in the written text reproduced on page 4 The impression this initiative created and the great surprise experienced by all when they found out that the strange-sounding words took on a familiar form and meaning on paper gave me the idea of writing this method, The idea was that since in all European and American lan- ‘guages there is a treasure of Greek words, stems and roots, anordinary educated person could use this abundant lexical stock of Greek origin in his own language to understand in an easy and relatively simple way not only modern Greek but also Greek of all times. All he should need is a guide that explains the structure and particularities of the Greek language and helps him in the search for and recognition of the Greek words hidden in his language, with which he will build up a large Greek vocabulary. A phonetical rehabilitation of the Greek loan words in a foreign language is also necessary, not of course for the original pronunciation of the Greek letters, for which only unproven theories exist, but for the sound which they have most probably had for atleast 2,000 years, until the present, The English language is particularly rich in Greek words, Constantinidis, in his book The Greek words in the English language (1992), reports that he has counted 5,250 - 9,030 Greek words in dictionaries of 35,000-43,000 words of every day English, a percentage of 15-20%, 21.07% of the 166,725 English words contained in Webster's International dictionary. It is to be noted that the above calculations and as many as 35,136 Greek words or did not include the numerous composite English words with a Greek component. The first contact of the English language with Greek was through the Bible which was written in Greek, but the main influence \was at the time of Renaissance when the revived interest in Greek Philosophical ideas and letters had a profound impact on the humanistic movement and the development of arts and science, It was ‘only natural that Western languages, including English, still poor in words expressing abstract concepts, borrowed from the rich Greek vocabulary the appropriate terms and expressions or created rneologisms with Greek roots from the vast lexical stock of ancient Greek authors or from that offered by contemporary Byzantine scholarsAnother stimulus for undertaking the task of writing this method is my admiration for the Greek language, which from its first written appearance in the epics of Homer has shown a high degree of perfection and an ability to express subtle nuances with a richness ‘of words and characterizations only encountered in modern elaborate languages. The endurance of the Greek language for over 3,500 years, manifesting its worth and strength as a tool of expression, also deserves admiration especially when one takes into consideration that the people who spoke it remained subject to the Romans for 500 years, suffered successive incursions by Slavs and ‘Arabs, was under Western domination for 200 years and under Turkish occupation for another 400, The greatest thinkers and philosophers expressed their thoughts in Greek and the sacred texts of Christianity were written in this language. It is therefore deplorable that those whose mother tongue is not Greek have no direct contact with this perfect tool for expressing human thought, although they know without realizing it a multitude of Greek words. The final impetus for writing this method was given to me by the encouragement | received fom an English-speaking audience when | addressed them in Greek and by the fact that my Greek prosphonesis was published in a prestigious scientific journal (see page 5). Searching for Greek words and roots in the English language has been a th sure that the English-speaking reader of this method will feel the same pleasure in the intellectual game of discovering these words in 18 experience which | have greatly enjoyed and | am his mother tongue and giving them their Greek form and sound in order to constitute an easily intelligible and rich Greek vocabulary. The author's satisfaction will be complete and his goal in writing this method fully accomplished if the common phrase “it’s all Greek to me" will in the future mean “it’s familiar to me’,Alloevon da Profeur M, Btinos Paisdene du Conieé Helnigue & Organinion, ‘ouverture de ls XV Reunion dex Endocringlogives Aihanes le 6 septembee 1979 Pi amis) Galt (Fangs) ke (Vee Belg) lati (mdsin) Endocr Lipo Ge i) olpes* (quelques prs (phen lds en tangs) gos (cone) se ‘tous? (A tout) es synddrous (es neds). Sin () Elsi Gnu) lossa® Gangs) os (ul ine (ot) i vas (a base) om (de) dseedn? (médl) diivon(asbe). S a ang) pou (ts, beancoup) sychna® (eguement) gripe ™ (vous fcciver) 6 (ou) i lopn (es francophones) endoerindlogi ke (a) pou (que) phos {por to symptom (nxt symporum): ta andropdna ex andeogtae) i como es Normone) pou (us) charetiizaum (acca) wows desks omnes) Theocs™ (je cone) 6x ge) ober? (ous) 1 ais (les mots) tow logon’ mow le tm pac) aan (on) ss omnes Ke () syeabizo "Ge comin. og (Endocri- (sm) ine (st) vrchys™ (cour) this (pour) eno (si) mepilo™ (grand) unm Chime) alle is) 0 enchousasmds (ents) ne (ex) hypervlcs (exces) (pour) ts potypes (le evginun) eran (avaun) ou (que) tha acodsoume’™ Hypothico™ Ge sppos) di (qu) eat (pendane) in pero (a periods) tow symposiou (da symposium) ts pint ra resis) i Iya a slucon) pllon*beavoup) provndton oe) tor 2) dessos™ (tion) be () metavolamos (8a me ton end ® (bn) tn apoerga™ (a cooperation) tbe (der ano on (le an) sophia (er savant) Prastho* (jot) 64 (ue) i pi a ile) cs Asins (Ate) he (+ eli "a tere hltsiqu), 0 ourands (le ei) Ke (tithes a me) ine (on) ie thos a6 vou dposion) mets apts) co amp, Meaphro” Ge uansmet) sn there (der Griques) Encocrnoldgon thi (pov Call (on) erga (ea ke (dy lla) sympa (ympathie ton Eliaon os xésous" (es dangers tra” (médecine i force () lous ou 1, phltosophis, 2 v, tmtrogine, 3 v. prologue, dislogue, joménorhée, v. glossite, 6 v. gnostlque 7 v. olocausa, 8 v. polyménoihte, 8 v. eyehnoménorhée, 410 v, graphiqus, 11 v. pheromones, 12 v, théore, 13 v.loxleve, 14 v, synechies, 15 v. Chronciogie, 16 v. brachysaciyie, 17 v. megalomanis, 18 v. hyperbotique, 19. exgestornsapi, 20 v. acoustique, 21. hypothéve 22v. gbndse, 23. analyse, 28 v. drastigus, 26 v. aynergieme 26 v. prosthées, 27 v. pollique, 28 v. geopiephie 23 v. uranogapti, 30 v. thalassénie, 21 v dlathon 32 v, métaphore. 33 v. thermique, 36 v. xénophot 35 v. calligrphie, 36 v. dynamiaue, dymamomére,ay, 1995 INTRAOVARIAN REGULATORS AND POLYCYSTIC OVARIAN SYNDROME: RECENT PROGRESS ON CLINICAL AND ‘THERAPEUTIC ASPECTS" Prosphonesis! (address) int ui age, eee ae ee NL aie pia fg at i es as ra a ge saloon tae ne ftps eae erees mp ay rh Che Oa ee SE enemas See cae ee (i) ap and cr ey on tas hee ae Mean fan sf EIB eee a iy Silt oo), [Pa asaetpeaniea tay” games 2 ene pn ge nome Secepeirtmerm atc) + ep aap peter icone rE cmp rae nutin ales ies Fresno ee ae, Seuaitcmtedpmengnnt nha ede Aart Tee Wecapaaoy, phic Soa an og = di dest i © ese cha "hensHELLASThe History of the Greek language The Greek language has a history of more than 3,500 years, during which it has enjoyed a continuous tradition down to the present day. In the course of these centuries it has been greatly affected by the developments of Greek-speaking peoples and its history should be studied in parallel with the events that shaped the history of the Greeks, Nine major historical periods can be distinguished during which the Greek language influenced by the historic events has evolved to its present form: 1. From the origin of the Greek language to the time of Homeric Epics. The origin of Greek language is lost in the mist of prehistory. Indistinct also is the remote ancestry of the Greeks, the people who inhabited the southern part of the Balkan peninsula and the islands and shores of the Aegean sea. Neolithic settlements, more numerous than in any other place in Europe, are scattered throughout Greece, and in the Bronze Age the Cyciadic civilization flourished in the Aegean islands. During the first half of the second millenium BC or earlier, succesive waves of people descended from the north and mingled with the inhabitants of this area. The ew - comers and the natives formed one race of Greok-speaking people who developed the Minoan civilization in Crete and the Aegean islands and the Mycenaen civilization on the mainland, The first evidence that the language of these people was Greek is an archaic form of writing used in the second millenium BC, the Linear B, which consisted of ideograms depicting not letters but syllables. ‘The words of Linear B are Greek words that have remained in use until the present time in the Greek language e.g. the word a-te-ro (= other) became eteron in Classical Greek and is stil in use in modern Greek, and in English as well (heterogeneity)The number of Linear B words, however, Is very restricted referring only to people, animals, agricultural products and manufactured objects listed on clay tablets, ‘This script was used for keeping administrative accounts and documents, and therefore the information that Linear B gives us about the Greek spoken in the Late Bronze Age is limited, 2. The Greek language in the pre-Classical period. The first full account of the Greek language spoken in the pre-Classical period, and very probably much earlier, is found in the epics of Homer, composed in the seventh century BC. The poems of Homer contain more than 10,000 words, and reveal that the Greek language had by that time acquired a high degree of perfection and an ability to convey subtle nuances with a richness of words, expressions and characterizations only encountered in modern elaborate languages. 3. The Greek language in the Classical period (5t" century BC) In Classical times different dialects were spoken in ancient Greece which were mutually comprehensible by the citizens of each city-state without difficulty. However, the dialect spoken in Athens, the Attic, in which Plato and Aristotle wrote their works, became a vehicle of literary prose that was used even by non-Athenians. The political hegemony of Athens soon led to the wide use of Attic throughout the Hellenic world, including the cities of Macedonia in which it was adopted as the official language. The intellectual prestige of Athens and the influence of its Classical philosophers ‘and writers made Attic-Greek the language of culture and of intellectual and social distinction, which was used for centuries by the learned and educated classes of all nations. 4. The Greek language in Hellenistic times (323 - 145 BC) The conquests of Alexander the Great spread Greek culture and language to the fends of the then known world. The world was unified under Alexander and his Successors and the official language of communi ation was Greek. The rapid and vastexpansion of Greek to foreign nations and remote places led to the need for a simplification of the language and the creation of a common and more easily understood dialect, the Kouv#} AtdAeKrog (Kini thidlectos = common dialect). The Kowa} was an Attic-based dialect because Attic Greek had been the official language of the Kingdom of Macedonia since the time of King Philip, Alexander's father. The Kowr did rot only serve communication with new people in far-off lands but was also adopted as the official language by the Greek city-states, replacing the local dialects and becoming a universal language that was used as such even after the Roman conquest, ‘Among the changes imposed by Kowvth on Attic Greek were alterations in the pronunciation of diphthongs, vowels and even consonants. These phonological changes, in which the pronunciation of modern Greek has its origin, had started in the Classical period but were more pronounced in the Kow# and continued to occur thereatter. 5. The Greek language during the Roman conquest (145 BC - AD 395) Greece was conquered by the Romans and remained under Roman domination for five centuries until the Byzantine Empire was created in AD 395 by the division of the Roman Empire into Western and Eastern. During that time Greek-speaking people used the Kowvr, which continuously evolved through the time. The upper class and educated Romans also learned and spoke Greek as a token of intellectual distinction and of social and educational status. The New Testament, the Gospels, the writings of the Apostolic Fathers were written in the current Kawi dialect of their time, which had remained an international language within the Roman Empire. The Greek language in the early Byzantine era (AD 395 - 1100) ‘The Eastern Roman Empire, with Constantinople as its capital, soon became independent and expanded as the Byzantine Empire. Byzantium was a multinational ‘empire including the territories of Greece, the remaining Balkans and Asia Minor. Thetrunk of the Byzantine Empire and its principal ethnic group were the Greeks and the Greek language was the main language spoken throughout its dominion soon replacing Roman as the official language. Even the name of its capital, Constantinopolis (city of Constantine), which was given by a Roman Emperor at the very beginning of the creation of the Eastern Roman Empire, was Greek. Written documents of this period are limited but it is believed that many Phonological changes in the Greek language that are stil in use in modern Greek took lace at that time. The current form of Greek was greatly influenced by the changes that occurred during this period, especialy in its earlier hat. 7. The Greek language during the late Byzantine era (1100-1453) ‘The Byzantne Empire had by this time been completely Hellenized. All classes ‘spoke Greek. The 500,000 inhabitants of the Capital spoke only Greek, education was in Greek and all official and private texts were written in Greek. The Greek monks Cyril ‘and Methodius from Thessaloniki had introduced the Greek alphabet to the Slavs in 863. The Greek-speaking people of Byzantium, at that time surrounded by the Arabs in the South, the Turks in the East, the Slavs in the North and separated from the West by their faith in Orthodoxy, developed a strong feeling of Greek ethnic identity and a Nostalgia for the glory of ancient Greece. In 1204, however, the Crusaders occupied Constantinople and the greater part of Byzantium, installing a Latin domination that dismantled the mlitary and economic power of Byzantium leading to the disintegration of its social structure and rendering it vulnerable to the Turkish conquest. Latin rule over Greece also had an impact on the Greek language. Many Latin loan-words, mosty Italian and French, entered into the Greek vocabulary. At the same time the decline of the Byzantine Empire, which now was split into small states in Epirus (Northern Greece) and in the Black Sea, was a severe blow to the elaborate Byzantine educational system in which the Greek language was taught. In the last century of this period Constantinople was liberated and the empire partly restored by the Palaeologi. There was an artistic and literary renaissance as a reaction to the hated Westerners, who had all the political power but no knowledge of the Greek language that could give them direct access to the wisdom of ancient Greek texts and the original Divine Word." 8. The Greek language under the Turkish occupation (1453-1821). Constantinople fell into the hands of the Turks in 1453 and this marked the end of the Byzantine state, The first three centuries of Turkish occupation were dark ages for the Greeks and their language. No schools existed to teach the language, and Greek society disintegrated, degenerating into small communities of illiterate individuals struggling to survive in poverty and ignorance. The only remaining primitive nuclei of education were the higher ranks of Greek priests, to whom the Turks granted religious and administrative rights that enabled them to maintain the faith in Orthodoxy and the teaching of Greek to the clergy and a few members of the Greek communities in their pastorates. Greeks, however, ving or having found refuge in the Greek islands occupied by the Venetians or in western countries, mainly Italy, continued fervently to serve Greek letters and produce literary work in Greek, though this hardly ever reached Turkish- ‘occupied Greece. The situation began to change in the last century of Turkish occupation (1700- 1821), with the end of commercial isolation and the weakening of the Ottoman Empire. ‘Schools started functioning in many Greek communities, Greek merchants travelled abroad, bringing back along with wealth Greek literary texts and European political ideas. Gradually but rapidly a class of richer, better educated Greeks more conscious land proud of their national identity, was created in each Greek community, which together with the clergy and the people aspired for liberty Despite the difficulties the effort made during this period to teach the Greek people its language with books and grammars, to enlighten it with literary texts and to remind it of its glorious past was tremendous. The language used, however, was not Uniform, Some texts ignored the spoken language, others are a mixture of the spoken and the learned language of all epochs or of the author's choice, and other used the spoken language or tried to systematize this. Throughout the four centuries of Turkish rule many Turkish words entered Greek language, mainly connected with everyday life, and very seldom abstract terms.2 9. Modern Greek With the creation of a new Greek state after the War for Independence (1821) the necessity for a uriform national language became urgent. The first tendency was to resuscitate the Atticizing Koi} or a language more or less close to it, purified of Turkish and other influences. The second, weaker tendency was to form a national language based on the speech of the people. The first tendency prevailed, but the language that was adopted, the ka@apevouod katharévoussa (= the pure or purifying from KaBapég katharés (catharsis) = pure, clean) was not the Atticizing Kou, but a mixture of the purified spoken language and the learned language of all times, Moreover, it was not uniform, allowing writers and speakers to use more archaic or more spoken forms and words at their will. The katharévoussa was used in education, administration, journalism, public lite, etc. By the end cf nineteenth century the movement for a language of spoken Greek gained ground among the writers, being reinforced by the extremes of katharévoussa users and the difficulty and weaknesses of this language. The language they used and proposed for a national language was called Anuomir} thimotiki (rom Brjyog thimos (democracy) = feople). Soon the dispute over the language became a serious political and sociel issue, and the object of division and political distinction between the conservatives who favoured katharévoussa and the liberals who supported thimotiki. This situation lasted until 1976 when a conservative Government decided to adopt the thimotiki as the official language of the Greek state. This is a brief history of the Greek language essential for any student who desires to learn modern Greek. Taking this historic background Into considera- tion he/she can understand and explain why the Greek language of today Is so flexible and expressive, with a multitude of forms and a large and subtle range of linguistic patterns that accrued as a result of its long tradition (see also the ‘chapter on "The continuity of the Greek language’, p. 117)13 The diglossy of the Greek language. A problem of diglossy has always existed in the Greek language. In Classical times the poets used archaic linguistic forms or expressions that were not in use in spoken language. However, the problem of digiossy appeared mainly with the introduction of the Kor} dialect and has been perpetuated ever since. The Kowr) dialect was a simplification of Attic destined for international use, which was spoken throughout the world in Hellenistic and Roman times and gradually evolved into Byzantine and Modern Greek. Alongside the use of Kory) there had always been a form of Greek that was considered purer and more literary than the Kowwt} which was characterized as unrefined or even vulgar. In the Roman Empire it was the Attic that was taught as a literary language worthy of learned people and the upper class, ‘The use of this parallel language became a mark of education and culture, as Well as of social distinction, while Kouvrj remained the language of the people. The sacred texts of Christianity were written in the Koive of their time, However, Christian writers of the third and fourth centuries in the main educated members of the upper class like Basil, Gregory of Nazianzus, John Chrysostom, wrote in the Greek of the educated class. The diglossy was maintained in the Byzantine empire in which the administration, the clergy and the intellectuals used an official language, while the people spoke the evolved form of the Kot The problem of diglossy, having such a troubled history, took on serious political land social dimensions in modern Greece as the language became a political issue. The debate ended in 1976 with the official adoption of a form of the thimotiki, but educated Greeks feel free to enrich their writing and speech with earlier forms and expressions. The student of moder Greek should also be aware that many journalistic or literary texts or signs all over Greece are still written in or have endings of the katharévoussaThe pronunciation of Greek. In the Greok language there are letters or combination of letters that represent the same sound and have the same pronunciation (there are 3 letters 11, nH, and u ¥ and 2 combinations of letters e1 El and o1 O1 that all are pronounced / (as in sit). It is Certain that in pre-Classical Greek these, and perhaps other letters as well, had a dif ferent pronunciation. However, the exact sound of the original pronunciation remains unknown and itis unlikely that it will ever be revealed In Classical times many changes in the pronunciation had already occurred which varied in the different dialects. The greater changes, however, took place during the period of intemnationalization of the Greek language in Hellenistic times. Good evidence for this is the phonetic transfer of Greek words to the Latin vocabulary, which gives us the clue to the sound of the Greek letters at that time. Words like AEAPOI ‘helfi have passed into Latin as DELPHI, indicating that the two letters Ol were not Pronounced separately but as an |, Earlier we have the example of a Delphic prophecy that a catastrophe would befall Athens. The priestess at Delphi uttered the word Aoipi6g limés and the Athenians, according to Thucydides, wondered whether she meant Aoiid limss meaning plague or Aids limés meaning famine, a fact showing Clearly that the letters o1 and 1 had the same sound in Classical times. Another characteristic exemple is the name of AAEZANAPEIA alexanthria, the city that Alexander the Great founded in Egypt, which became ALEXANDRIA in Latin showing that the sound of the two vowels El had become “I" by that time. The true Pronunciation of the Greek letters is also betrayed by many letters and documents: surviving on papyri, in which spelling mistakes reveal the real sound of the letters. Ordinary people without good knowledge of orthography use alternatively the letter 1 (v6ta) for the letters Y, El and H, the letter © (émicron) for the letter (oméga) and the letter E instead of Al, showing that the sound of these letters was identical as it Continues to be to-day. By the time the Gospels were written and throughout the Byzantine period there is strong evidence that the above changes had been stabilized and that Greek15 letters and combinations of letters were pronounced as they are now in modern Greek. It was therefore natural that western languages, and more specifically English, adopted this pronunciation when they incorporated Greek loan words into their vocabulary at the time of Renaissance or earlier. Accordingly the letters El were pronounced | (ENEIZOAIO opisséthio = episode) the letters Ol as i and the letter OY as 00 (OIKOYMENIKOE icoomenicés = oecumenical) the letter ¥ (YWIAON = Ipsilon) also | (MY@OE mithos = myth, MYETHPIO mistiio = mystery) the letters Al as © (AINITMA énigma = enigma) ete, In the sixteenth century, when the interest in Greek letters was great, Erasmus introduced a simplified but arbitrary system of pronunciation of Greek to facilitate the study of ancient Greek. Despite the initial strong opposition of eminent English scholars Erasmian pronunciation prevailed and has been widely used in the West ever since. This system, advocating among other things the pronunciation of each letter separately and giving the sound of y\, to the letter ¥, besides maltreating the Greek language has been the cause of a serious impediment of communication between students of ancient Greek and those of New Testament Greek or medieval and modern Grook. According to Erasmus the El of ANESANAPEIA should be pronounced as in clght, instead of | that has been its sound from the time of its foundation in 331 BC down to the present day. We are therefore of the strong opinion that itis quite purposeless to try to re-es- tablish without concrete evidence the way Greek letters were originally pronounced, cr to adopt any arbitrary proposal for their sound and Ignore their pronunciation that has been in use for at least 20 centuries It would also be wonderful and to the benefit of all students of Greek letters if teachers of the Greek language of any period, following the example of early English scholars, would agree to utter the Greek words with their traditional pronunciation instead of using an artificial and unscientific system.The accentuation of Greek words The stressed syllable of Greek words was originally denoted by a change in the pitch of the voice not a stress. In Hellenistic times, however, the accents were introduced in order to help the correct reading and pronunciation. The three accents used, the acute “ the grave » and the circumflex ~, indicated the way the stressed syllable should be pronounced Later, in ealy Byzantine times a mark called a breathing was added when a word began with @ vowel or a diphthong or the letter p (:), 1 distinguish the rough or emooth pronunciation of the vowel, The mark of rough ‘ or smooth "breathings was placed over the smal letters of the vowels (Gxu} acm = acme, d88¢ othos = street And to the let ofthe capitals or over the second letter of the diphthongs ( Epinn evtépi = Europe). When the intial vowel of a word took an accent the breathing was writen before the acute or the grave accent (#a éna = one) and beneath the circumtiex (Giwos.imnoss = hymn. The writing o! the accents and the breathings, although their phonological significance had been lost long ago, was maintained in all Greek texts up until 1981 hon a single accent system was officially introduced to indicate the stressed syilable of the Greek words. In this method the accents and breathings of the words will be maintained for historical reasons when passages of older texts are quoted.The Greek alphabet The first step in learning Greek is to become familar with the Greek alphabet. Here ‘are some guidelines that will help the reader to become accustomed to the Greek letters 'a) There is a corresponding English sound for almost all Greek letters, b) Almost all small Greek letters are different trom those of the English alphabet {and their writing, sound and name should be memorized (with some help from ‘mathematics and physics as is shown in the table that follows). 2A dia, fa (alphabet) a asinfather | adgdinro, allavito = alphabet ‘oxa’nuia, akabimia = academy BB | pra, vita (alphabet) v BiBAoypagIa, vivioyratia, bibliography, piphos, vivios = bible YT | yéua, yaima (gamma | has the sound of w in | yeaypagla, yeoyratia = geography ays) ‘woman. Before € and 1 | viyévtie, yyantos = gigantic | ithas the sound of yas in yes and yield | 8A | aéAva, Seite (Dotta of | th as in then Bnuoxparia, Simokratia = demo Nile, Dota force) cracy, Bpéya, Brdma = drama © E | eyoy, epsilon € always as in get, bet | eniBero, epiBeto = epithet (Never as in the, mo) &Z | otra, zta inalgebra | z asin 2010 ‘og, ziloss = zeal the third unknown va- Bookovinds, zooloyikéss |_| a The reader should pay special attention to the phonatic spelling of the letters y, 3, © land x because, in order to avoid confusion, these letters will not be changed when a Greek word is transliterated.8 ‘Letter = Name Pronunciation = Examples 1H fra, to 8 bra, tite | aways as in ft Th asin theatre Buch iki = ethics Has one of the fv is" of the Greek language (, ny ¥, ©, oF) which all have exactly the same sound (Do not | confuse the capital H withthe English HD ‘60, 850i = thesis, ‘BAnTic,altiss = athlete 11 | yeaa, yots fota subscript) i K dra, k2p9 Phi, Beta, Kappa) | always asin ft (never asin time) Wea, I5éa = idea, wroouyxpacta, ‘Biossinkrassia = idiosynerasy running, kikikéss = oyelic evipuné, kentrikéss = contral AA | Aaya, anda © © 6upov, orikron © smal) ks, asin telex EfeBag, ksoSoos = exodus napdkdnkog, parailoss = parallel, néhog, poloss = pole 1néxpo, métro = meter ovéroves, monéionoss = monoto ovaorip, onast = monastery, | ekwrnds, cksotkdss = exotic koguoraninies, kosmopoliikoss19 oe a TAT | mfr hay 5 loea paisa I) | ofthe ckcumterence ourévuno,prostno = prototype | | of acycie) oP pm ; aaereeS aia nmosrpoos peros = exouerpe Serre | (©o not confuse the capital P with the English P 95 olyna, siya (sigma s (Always asa-siblant | avdAvan, andlssi = analysis E | shaped, sigmoid) asin place, toast) | xpian, krissi E:The symbolof except before the let- | adarnua, sista = system summation ters B,¥,3,%pandv | onagudg, spasmdss = spasm Itthen has the sound ofz) The letter gis used only tthe end ofthe words and is always pronounced as $$ + T | rau, teh ( inhog, illoss = ttle | orpamyinc, tativki = strategy, ramen statistik! = statistics20 WY | Gyp.x, ipsion ‘as in sit. Wi the let- | unoxpg,Ipoctss = hypocrite ters aande itforms | rypawia,tirania = tyranny the diphthongs au and | Govno, silo = asylum tv Itisthenpronoun- | vBpauhd, Srevikéss = hydraulic, cod ether orf sav or | auréypago, atsyrato = autograph | at, ev ore (ee diph thongs) 2 | ait i quroyparia,floyata = photograrry | | guapépos oslo = phosphorus xX [x i (eriequare in| asinnave | XBO6.xé0E8 = chaos statics opartpas,xoractiass = character vY | yiost Ps asiniapse | addr, psciméss = psalm © | copeya, ome (exactly tke the | wxeavé, okeandss = oceen, | (abi) Garpo) epuruds eothoss = erat ‘MAéuve,tklono = telephone [Note that eueya () and Sxpov () have the same sound} ©) The reader should also become familiar with the capital letters because almost all inscriptions, titles, signs etc., are written in capitals Of the 24 capital letters the following 10: yaya yama A. Béxxa delta © Bir ita A nausea mda a bl ni pi otyya siya om fi w yt pst Q apéya omeya, are different and should be memorized.a1 More important is that the letters B, H, P, Y and X, which are the same as those of the English alphabet, have a different sound in Greek Remember always that B is pronounced V, (BIBAOE vivioss = bible) His not the English H but the tira, one of the five "is" pronounced always as an | {as in ff} (QHMOKPATIA Simocratia = democracy, HOIKH isiki =ethics) P_ (6) is not the English P but the R (PY@MOZ riGmoss = rhythm, MPATO proto = first) X_ is not the English X (for which stands the Greek = ) but the xi pronounced as in have (KAOE yoss = chaos, XPIZTOE yristéss = Christ) YY (ipsiion) is one of the five "is" and is pronounced like an i fit) except when it forms. a diphthong with © =OY and then both are pronounced oo (as in moon) or with ‘AY or E = EY and then is pronounced as V or F (see below) Combination of vowels in diphthongs ‘There are six combinations of vowels, of OI, €1 El, ai Al, ou OY, au AY and eu EY forming diphthongs. Of these the diphthongs o1,e1, at, and ou have a single sound: 01 = 1 omovopia Ikonomia = economy, IKooyia icoloyia = ecology £1= | eM#108510 episs6di0 = episode 1 = © avaio®noia anesthissia = anaesthesia, avanpfa anemia = anaemia ‘u= 00 (as in moon) ouronta ootopia = utopia ‘The diphthongs au and eu are pronounced av and ev respectively before a vowel or cone ofthe voiced consonants B,¥, 3, A Hs Vs B ‘euayyéNo evangélo = evangel, euBayiovia evSemonia = eudemonism, euvodx0q ‘evnodyoss = eunuch, Eupkinn evrépi = Europe When the lettor that follows is one of the following consonants 8, x, EM 0, X and y these diphthongs have the sound of af and ef respectively: ‘uBevriég afSentikéss = authentic, autéypago aftéyrato = autograph, auréyaro atémato = automatic, auompdg afstiéss = austere, aurofioypagia aftovioyratia = ‘autobiography.Combination of consonants There are seven combinations of consonants yn MIN, vr NT, YK TK, yy IT, yx PX, TOTE, 1% TZ which represent the following sounds: bm MI, vr NT_and yx TK at the beginning of a word are pronounced like the English letters B, D and G respectively in the words Bed, Do, Go. In the middle of a word these letters are pronounced mb, nd and ng. ‘upmdgeta simbasia = sympathy avrinodeq andipodes = antipodes x-osnne P 2 « (place) or 2 ze an) = hy (have) = ps (psalm) © (rot) Dek e<4MaaG0 eexecs Combination of vowels oa O= gy a EL = a AL =o (ge) YOY = 65 (moon) au AY = ay oral eu EY = evoret Combination of consonants BM MIT (bed) oF is (ambition) vr NT (do) or ne (end) YR EK 9 (go) or ng (England) WIT ng (hunger) Two identical consonants (MA AA, ji MM. etc), except vy IT, are always pro- ‘nounced as one (as in English) Different capital letters: rAOA5 1, 20,00 Capital letters with different sound: B=v, H=i, P=r, ¥=i, X Note that all small letters are aifferent from the corresponding English letters. Of the capital letters those in circles are different from and those in squares are identical to letters of the English alphabet but they have a different sound.24 H H To 10 4 H To ° ° To H 4 H H To ° 4 To H To 4 To gzro In order to become more familiar with the Greek letters and their pronunciation here Is alist of Greek words with their definite aticle, written in capitals and in small letters with thelr pronunciation, All these words are used almost unchanged in the English Janguage so tha: the student can make the comparison and realize and memozise the difference in writing and pronunciation. ANAAYEH YNO@EEH ANEKAOTO ANTIOTO @EQPIA ATONIA AEPONAANC AONHTHE AOAHTIKOE ANIMA, APIOMHTIKH ATMOZOAPA FEQrPAGIA ‘IATA @EATPO KYKNOE EPANEIA (@EPMOMETPO KATHTOPIA KENTPO kaMoaia MOYEEIO TOWTHE ‘OIKONOMIA EYMMAQEIA THAE@ONO AINOMENO OATOrPAOIA WyxOROTIA MYZTHPIO YTEINH n avéAvon 1 und8eom 10 avéxBoro 0 avti6oro n eewpia n ayovia 0 azpon\dvo © adkntig © adhnnKég ro aivyya 1 ap.euntus n atysaxpaipa 1 yeaypagia n Sara 10 8Eatpo © KOKA0G n Gepaneia 10 Gepjserpo A kamnyopia To KévtpO 1 Kopobia To uovseio © mounrtig 1 oovopia n oumnésera to mAEHUNO +10 patvouevo 1 guroypagia 1 guxohoyia To warp 1 uyeenr to to to andlissi ipethessi anékSoto andi8oto Beoria ayonia aeroplino abiitiss abiitikéss éniyma ariomitki atméstera Yyeogratia Bieta Beatro kikloss Gerapia Bermémetro keatiyoria kéntro komodia piltiss ikonomia simba6ia tiletono fenémeno fotoyrafia Psixoloyia misttio ivi = the analysis the hypothesis the anecdote the antidote the theory the agony the airplane the athlete athiet the enigma the arithmetics the atmosphere the geography the diet the theatre the cycle the therapy the thermometer the category the centre the comedy the museum the poet the economy the sympathy the telephone the phenomenon = the photograph the psychology the mystery the hygiene Note that in the word puotripro we meet three and in the word Yyrewv four diferent “is* (U4 €1, 1) which are all pronounced i as in sit. Read these Greek words out loud again and again, and write them down many times in capitals and small letters.25 Baotxt (assik= basic) ypapparixry (yramatiki= grammar) 1. a. The words in Greek have a definite article corresponding to the English the, The definite article in Greek, unlike the English the, has different forms which agree with the gender, the number, and the case of the noun. The nouns in Greek are divided into three genders: To apaeviK6 arseniko (hence arsenic which was thought by alchemists to be a masculine metal) = the masculine, To {@nAUKE (5) = the feminine, ro oUBErepo (o05etoro) = the neuter The definite article (the word for the English the) is © for masculine nouns, n for fernine nouns and ro for neuter nouns. b. The endings of Greek nouns differ according to the gender to which the noun belongs. The great majority of the masculine nouns have an ending -0¢ (05s) the majority of femine an -a or -n and the majority of neuter nouns an -o or -1. The ending of the adjectives accompanying a noun should agree with that of the noun (n ypaywariKt yramatiki = grammar is a feminine noun, therefore the adjective Bacwxr vassiki = basic has the feminine ending -n). The definite articles 0, n, 10, and the endings -og, -a or -n and -o(v) have been the same since the origin of the written Greek language (Homeric poems). In many feminine nouns the ending -n has replaced in modern Greek the ancient tending -1¢ (ss), which is used in ka8apedouga katharévouss2 and is stil in use on several ‘occasions and in many signs. Many Greek feminine nouns ending in -ig have passed into the English vocabulary: avéhuarg anaiississ (modem Greek avélven ani!) = analysis, xKpioig krississ (modem xpfon iviss) = crisis, umé@eaIg 589s/s= (modern unéBean ipd8essi) = hypothesis ete. cc. The indefinite article, the English a or an, also has different forms in Greek according to the gender of the noun. I is: vag énass, (81 iss in Ancient and katharévoussa) for a masculine noun, [bid 78 (oF stressed on pi in Ancient: mia) for a feminine noun, va éna (ev en, in Ancient and .atharévoussa) for a neuter noun. The Greek verb | am and the personal pronouns are: ‘yt V6 (0, sian ime (am), 204 esi (YOU), Bio isse (are), ‘auTég 2fi6ss (he), aUTH af (she), auré =f (t) efvar ine (is) d. The third person of the personal pronoun aurég, aur, auré is also used as a demonstrative pronoun with the meaning this: Aurég 0 dvépunog 1 eivar; (aides 0 Anrop08s t ne: this man what is he?) Aur n Yau iva Baw (at | yramai ine vassk mth grammar is asi) AuTé to UGGna eivat tO NpsTO (afié to mAina ine fo préto =this lesson is the first)26 Mpwr01 (proto) pa@qua2 (madima) 1. Ey? eiyar npuitog oe 6kat. Eyed efjuan évag véogS dv8pwnoc®. 26. ime. prétoss se la. eyo ime énas néoss anroposs Eov eicai modu? véog. Autéc eivat évag véog dvépwrtoc. ssi see poli néoss, aftéss ino énass neoss anroposs. Tieivat autég; Ti eivar aur; ti Ine aftéss? ti ine afte? 2, EoU eioat ja peyarn® yuvaixa®, Aut n yuvaika efvar Mohd Kah Kat essi isse mia meyali yinéka. atti yinéka ine poli kali ke euyewun!', adAG Bev"? eivat véa. lout todd véa. Tieioat ents evyeniki, ala én Inenéa, —issepolinéa. _tiisse essi? 9. Aur sivat éva Kex6'9 naiSil4. Aey eivat evyevIK6 Ma. Aev eit piKp6'S Allé ine éna kako pedi. én ine evyerik6 pedi. Sén ime mikro aii. Eiyar peyaro nai. Eat weyddog, Eivot noAd KaKé ra’. edi. ime meyélo pedi. ime meyaoss. ine poli kako pedi 4. Aurés elvat évag Kadds dvOpwrtog Kat @iAog'S, iva Kahds gihog, aftéss ine énass kaléss 4n6réposs ke floss. ine kaléss filoss, Autég eivat Evas @Nog'” avepumtos, aftéss ine énass aloss an@roposs. 5. Ey kat évag éNog. Eau Kat pia @XAn, Aut6 eivat éva dMo nai’. eyé ke énass aloss. essike mia ai, _afto ine éna alo pes. 6. Autrn ypauarun} 8 eivar Bach afti { yramatiki ne vassiki (in the first lessons a double s (ss) will remind the reader of the sibilant sound that the letter ofyua ¢, 3, ¢ has at the end of the words and before vowels and certain consonants) Vocabulary (abbrevated \). 1. O npairog, mpm, ro npwro 0 picioss, | pvt, o prbto (prototype, protagonist) = the frst The number 1 is expressed by the neuter form ofthe indefinite article: €va, ena. One as an agjaciis évag ene, pia 9, éva ena 2. 10 wG@qua to ms8ma (mathematics) = lesson, 3. e720 (ho does not know the Freucian Ego. Note pve (only) tha the accent is on) From ev) comes eyworiig oyoistise = egoit 4. dhog, SAN, Gho loss, ol clo (nolograph, holocaust) = all, 6ka isthe plural ofthe neuter Sho, 5. 0 vé0,n véa, 10 vEo 0 néoss, ina, 1o1éo (neolithic, neoclassical, neoterc) = new, recent, ‘modem, young when it refers to people as inthis case. 6. © dvBpusnog © ariroposs (anthropology, philanthropy) 7. MOAI pol (Polytechnic, polytnic, polyglot) = very, much 8. 0 ueydhog, n weyGin, 1o HEYA © m2Vs}085, ey, 0 meyalo (megalomania, megaphone) = big, great, arg, with people refers to age. 8. m1 yuvatica | vine (gynaecology) = woman, ‘man, human beingFirst lesson (L,) (The adjective nptiros is in the neuter form npibro because the word 1u68nha is neuter: to mpdiro Hé8nua) 1. lam first (@ man is speaking, ifit were a woman it should be evi efyar mpd 9), in (= oF) all (everything). | am a new (young) man. You are very new (young). This (here ‘au6¢ is a demonstrative pronoun) is a new (young) man. What (=n) is he? (Note that the question mark in Greek isthe English semicolon). What is this? 2. You are a big woman (here wey6An refers to age and means grown-up or even old). This woman is very good (kind) and (= xat i) polite but (= aAAé =i) she is not new (young) (Note that the adjectives Kahf, euyevin, véa have the feminine ending -n or - {a because they accompany the feminine word ‘yuvaixa). You are very new (young) (MloAd véa because itis addressed to a woman. If it were addressed to a man it should be: efoar MOAG vEog iss po\) nso). What are you? 3. This is a bad boy. He is not a polite boy. | am not small child. | am a big boy. | am big (meaning big man, this is why yeyékog has the masculine ending in -0g). He is a very bad boy. 4, This is a good man and friend. He is a good friend. This is another man. 5. | and another (male). You and another (female). This is another child. 6. This grammar is basic. ‘Note: In the translation the order of the words in the Greek text and their specific ‘meaning for each occasion will be maintained to help the reader become familar with the Greek syntax and idioms. A more appropriate English expression will be given in brackets. RAAF, TO KAAS © aides, kal (0 Kalo (calligraphy) = good, nee, kind, 11, 0 cuyevinds, n EUyEVIn, To EUYEVIKG © ovyorikés=, | sven to svyenine. (eugenic) = polite ‘The prefix ev- pronounced o' oF ev combines with many Greek words and gives to them the meaning of good, pleasant, well, abundant, happiness as in eupopia, efor = euphoria), euBawpovia ovSeinonia (eudemanism) 12, Bev en (Ike the English ther) = not. t comes trom the ancient ouBEv oor (oUBE+-ev) = not ‘one. The final v of Sev is droped before certain consonants ¥8, 0 Mang, KaKF OF KOKI, TO KONE, © 8, jon! ohn. fo Koko (eacophen 14. Yo maNBt io 000% (pecattcs)= child, boy 15. 0 HIKpSG,n HIRD, TO pIKPE 0 7) "D8. me, Lo mikes (microphone, microscope 16. 0 gihog © ficss= amale frend, n @iAn = a female riend (philosophy, philanthropy, biblophile) 17. © Ghkog,n| GAAn, TO 4ANO © Slo°s, 2! 103 (allochromatio, allegory, allergy)= another. 48. n ypawpamig |S or=0%" (grammatic)= the grammar. 49. © Baamég, n Bagint, To BoaIKG © y25=):555,\ vss), to val baa. basic2 Aebrepot (5éftero) Haequa (maeima) 1. Rog 0 KGoHO. The nouns (the names of persons, animals, things, actions) have also different endings that are called cases. The nouns in modern Greek have three cases the ‘nominative, the accusative and the genitive. In a few instances they have also a fourth case the vocatve. In ancient Greek there was a fit case the dative, The nominative case is used mainly to show the subject (person oF thing) of the sentence. The accusative case is used to show the object of the sentence. The questions: ‘What do you have? Whom id you see? should be answered by the appropriate noun with its ending of the accusative case, The verb éxw is followed by the noun in the accusative The ending of the accusative case of masculine nouns and adjectives in -04 js -0(¥) forthe singular © ands @ihog, © ise floss but éxw Eva(v) KaAS(Y) @iho(Y), Exo Ena(n) kel6(0) ‘on. The final vis Usually dropped in modern Greek “oug 0058 forthe plural: 01 KAO pido, | but €xw Kaos @ikoug 60 Kloss floss For the feminine and neuter nouns the ending does not change: OL KanEG gies | Ka1655 “less, Exw KOAES giAES, £10 Kl6ss flees, ya Kad maKBIG 2 ald pe, qo KAS naHBI6, 6,0 Kal pesys ©. The indefinite pronoun no one, nobody is composed of the word Kav isn and the indefinite article Evag, wa, éva: xavévag (rn), kayié (), xavéva (0)Banas) (125i) ypaypering (y2matiki) ‘The word every in Greek is Kae 2% and remains unchangeable for the three ‘genders: K48e GvOpwMOG K:5e Snopes |= every man KG8E yuvaina © 00 yinck> every woman KAGE TIONS, 208 ped) = every child Kade becomes everyone or each one with the addition of the indefinite article évac, ia, éva: a) © KaBévag, © !20énas = everyone or each one (m) (Ké8e + évag) KG8e Gv8pwmog Eyer gihoug, K38e sns!opOss 6x! {loos = every man has friends © KaBévac éxe1 @ikous, © a9¢n295 &y!flooss = everyone has friends © KaBévag éxe1 Eva Ff B40 gidoUG, © ka9/A55 6y/ ena | Dio ‘looss = each one has one or two friends B) nm KaBepd | caves = everyone or each one (1) (KBE + 4d): 600 Kar KAGE GAAN yuvalxa, O85) > 1390 4) née = You and every other wo- man KaBeytd ée1 giAeg, | Ker &y less = everyone (f) has friends (*) Bio yuvaines (0.0 y"°Ke55), n KaBEMG Exe Buo AIBIG, | 29°79 x) Slo pedya = two women, each one has two children YW) To KaBéva, 10 |2%n@ = everyone or each one (n) (Kae + éva): OBE MaIBi, 0% pedi, IMPS Fh HeYAAD, Mikro | MeyAI9, xed Eva @iho, &! Ene filo = every child, small or big, has a friend ‘To KaBéva éxe1 yépia Kar NdBiIa, (> /a0ena Ex! yérva ke podya = everyone has hands and feet éva yia xaBéva nav i, ena ya ka@éne ped! = one for each child | Euvormndg (syn opikes: ) vena (pinakase = table) Aricle Endings of nouns Every | Every one ___Detinite Indefinite ‘and adjectives Each one | Singular (m) © &vag— (eis) 0G (m) kaévag (m) On pé ig) | aor -n * aged () » 7 va ey) - OW) (n) » aBéva (n) Plural (m) oF 1 (mn) (orca) 8g (41g oF - ai) (9) L>_y = | ill hd ie | ‘The ancient and K forms are given in brackets, |The Epéx8e10 temple on the AcropolisTéraprot (Start) wa@nya (madima) 1. (Eye) éxw ORG Kat} yeiuin? yia aura ta nai. (Ew) éxeig raided; ‘Exw tpia v6 x0 poll all ynémi ya aka ta pedya. essi eye pedya? éyo tla eaBié, Ox Sev uw axoua nad po8ya. 6x! Bén é(0 akoma pedya “Exe: NyO? qu. To qu Bev Exe Sivan’, Aeveivar Suva Eivak aBivero. 2x0 iyo. foes. to ose 5én éyi Sinai. Bén ine Binald. ine dina. ExeL TONY KSaHO KaL NYO ws 630 poli késmok iyo fo58 . Elon véog Kat Be eva Buvens va etc weya nad. Efoar pKp6g eat isse néoss ke Bin ine Sinalé na éyiss meyla pebyé. isse mikros ine ‘aduvaro va éyergBévayn, Tvéa rou eicat | Tt véa, Ta vea Bev ivan KAA. abinato_na éyissBinami. tinéapooisse! tinéa? tanga Sén ine kala Aut} éxel MOAL KaAr Kat SuvaT pwr). Kayid Sev éxet Kad} pwr. Guvdterc® nord atti 6x1 poli kali Ke Sinati fon.” kamia 8én 6 kal font fonéze’ pol Kavévag Bev guvigen kanenass Ben fondzi . xu Eva jsyho ps8”. O pos efvas ueyidog, Aurds civar véog Kat Buvarég 6 éna meyalo vo. 0 f6v08' ine meyéloss, atoss ino néoss ke. Binaldee kat Sev éxei Kavéva oBo. ke Bén 6x! kanéna fovo . Exw éva névo®. O névog evar peydog. Or névor sive MOAU LeyGAoL. AsV éxw Xo éna péno. opénos’ine_meyaloss. | _péni ine poli meyall. én 6x0 heyhoug Mévoug add Y6vo uUKpOUS. Th rdvog efvat aUTOG, Meyalooss pénooss alé méno mikrobs. ti pénoss ine. aftéss, ev aKouw® tinora. Eou @wvdigers adAd aut Bev aKodel. Pari guvdters: ‘én akodo tipota. essifondziss ald alti 6én akooi. yall fondziss? Fiat’ kavévag Bev axotel yati_kanénass 66n akodi . Kade dvOpunog éxet pa. 8éon 19 o'aUTSv Tov KBOHO. Onwe Ka K4BE YUVaKKa Kat Kae anéropos €x) mia Bési_—_s'aftén ton késmo. épos ke kaGe yinéka ke aii. Kat 200; H iSéa Bev eivat obte! véa odret! npurérurm'?, pebi. kaiesi. | i5éadén ine odte néa ode prototpi OnaBivag éxertBéeq ddec Kad Kai GAAES 6X KAAS. H KaBeWE yuvaiKa 6 kaQénass 6x! idéess loss kaléss ke dloss 6yi kaléss. i kaemia yineka 4@1 ja @iAN, To naBEva naIdi éxe1 Eva gio. OUTE eye) ote eau. xi miafll, to ka€éna pedi 6x énatfilo. o6te ey oéte ess!Fourth lesson (14) 1. I nave (a) very good opinion for (about) these children. You, do you have children? (Eai is put for emphasis and can be omitted). | have three children. No, | have not yet ma ara) children 2. Ithas litle (dim) light. The light dos not have power. It is not strong. itis weak. It has (there are) many people and lite light. 3. You are new (young) and itis not possible to have big children, You are smal itis impossible to nave strength. What (now) new (young) you are. What news? The news are (() not good. (Note again that the the frst person plural ofthe neuter adjectives is the same with the frst person, singular of the female adjective endings in -a: "Tr véa rou sivar’... "Ta véa Bev sivas naka") 4. She has (a) very good (nice) and strong voice. No one has (a) good voice (royid because it refers to women. It would be Kavévas it it referred to men). You shout (or speak loudly) much (alo). No one (now it refers fo men) is not (s) shouting, (In Greek two negative words Kavévag and Sev do not cancel each other out as they would in English. 5. | have a big (great fear. The fear is big (grea). He is new (young) and strong and does not have none (has no) tear 6. Ihave a pain. The pain is big (great). The pains are very big (strong). | do not have big pains but only small. What pain is ths. 7. I don't hear nothing (anything). You shout but she does not hear. Why {= ylari, yal. It comes from yia (= for) and 7 (= what). It has also the meaning of because] do you shout? Because (= yrar nobody hears. 8. Every man has a place inthis world as (= émas, dpos = as, lke) and (= way, kc. Karis coften used in the place of too or also as inthis ¢ase) every woman and child. You too? The ideais nether new nor original 9. Each one has ideas others good and others not good, Each woman has a (femafe) fiend. Each child has a friend. Nether me nor you. Vocabulary. 1, TEéTapTOG “1-0, ‘etrioss 4-0 = fourth. The number 4 is fEaaepa \ess0r0. A condensed form of ‘régaepa used in combined words is Terpa (‘cra (tetrahedron). The masculine and feminine {forms of reogepa is réooepeig or TEaDEpIG (scare) and the neuter is Téagepa (\0e20"2) ‘yan, yd (physiognomy, gnemology) = opinion Aiyos, -1, 0, liyoss 1,0 (oligarchy, oigachrome) = litle, fow ‘1 B6voyn, | Sina (dynamic, dynamite) = force, power, strength Buvard, v6, Snes, i, 4, = strong, also possibe (evar Buvars; ine Sinates = ie (t) possible? Aev sivar Buvaré Sen ino Sito = (t) Is not possible or evan aBWvaTO Ins ainsio = (i is impossible (again the negative pref a) 6. guvatia ionszo = speak loudly, shout, call somebody. From n guava i fon (a.¥y9) (© 965, 0 {ovoss (phobia) = fear ‘© n6v0¢, 0 procs (pain) = pain. The verb is nevi) pons =| fel pain, | hurt ‘aKobw, shove (acouometry, acoustics) = 1. hear, listen, 2 follow the instructions of somebody. the voice10. 1 Béon, | céss' (hes's) = 1. place, 2. postion, 3. opinion. 11, ob octe = neither, ote... odTe = neither nor 12, mpurérumDg, Ae) 2 urd Ne shoo urd AEV(e) 6 fe) 2k08n(6) b. The adverbs in Greek are usually formed from the adjectives and they have the same form as the nominative plural of the neuter gender (ra Kahé maid 2 ale pedya = the good boys. Eipat Kaha i799 iis = | am well) The ancient and iatharévoussa ending of the adverbs formed also from the adject- ives is -wg (088). Many adverbs are still used with this ending: euxapiatig °fx2r's\o%° with pleasure, apéows emescocs = at once, or are used with both endings like BeBaiag and BéBara \°veoss and vevea = of course. ‘A few adverbs have the same form as the accusative singular of the neuter gender like pévo mono = only, Ayo |'y0 = alittle, afew: To navi efvai pévo = the child is alone, 6vo ro naiBi = only the child ©. The genitive case of the pronouns ey, eat, aurég etc., that is the form of the word that answers to the question whose (whose book is this it is my book), i: wou ("900 = my), wag ("nas = our), 0u (505 = your), (00g (2° = your), Tou (0° = his), Tg (> = her), Tou ((08= its), ToUG ((00 = thet) for all three genders. The genitive form of the pronoun in Greek comes after the noun: To maiBi you (o ped! moo = my child, n yuvaika GoU | yinei soo = your wife, 0 pihog mE © fio her frend, When the genitive form pou, aou, Tou, tg etc., comes after a word which is stressed on the third syllable from the end like © év@pumtog the word is given an extra stress on its last syllable: 0 Gvpundg wag, © 6° our man, 01 évepuam Tous, | 22/0! {008 = their men, ‘The genitive case is also used to mean to me, to you, to him ete., with verbs like write, speak, give, send and others. it then comes before the verb: Ti wou ypaqeig; what tome you write (what do you write to me 2), Ti aou Biver; what does he (she) give to you ? Trou (mg) Aég; What do you say to him (her) ? Mag Kavere (jcenele = you do) aura Tm ‘x6pn you do this favor to us ? In this lesson we shall also meet three very common verbs Kéves kino = | do or | make, @€\w °1> = | want, pope opés mas‘Exro! (ékro) waOqua 1. Tikdverg?; Biya. KaAd, euxapioTsd. Miig efoar; Aev eiai mokU Kand. tikdnis, imo. kala, etrarsts. pés ise, Sén ime pol kal O natépac? cou Ti Kaver; H untépat mg nid efvar; Ta naidid Tous Tt Kavouy; 0 paras’ $00 tikéni; I'mitera ts pés Ine: ta peBya toos ti kanoon: 2, Napaxahss unopdi® va Kav éva TAEpavNUA®, AvTUXtG” Bev ExoULe TA PWVO, parakalé bore na kino éna tiefenima; Bielyds "8én éxoome tefono. Mn pwvaiers yrati mAcpwva®, And nov mAspuveiG; mi fonazis ati tond. 26 pod titonis; 3. Ti BéAzIG"® eou 250; And oéva de BEAw tinote. Auttiv de 6éAw va thy axoww. Wi Oslis” esi 85; aps séna Bé Oélo tipote, alin 86 6810 na tin akobo. Ta @éde1 Sha. GéAet Ta Ndvtal'. Ae(v) Ge (Tov, Ty, To, TOUG, IG, Ta) BEAw. ta éli dla. O81 ta panta. Se(n) se (ton, tin, to, toos, tis, ta) Bélo. 4. Ae(v) c'aKovw. Ae{\) unopsd va o'cKOGw. Ae(v) unopel va Kdver tinoTe via o6va, {e(n) s'ako6o. 58(n) bor na s'akobo. Bé(n) bori na kéni_tipote yia séna. Eépw 61 pnopeite adAd Be BédeTe, Edv BEhete pnopeite. kséro ti borite ala 580élete, ean Gélete borite, 5. Timpaynara'? eivat auré nou Kdvere; Ae(v) pmopeig va xévers auré ta npéyyara. praymata ine até poo kénete; 34(n) boris nakénis ata ta praymata Tinpaynara éyeig ya%{ cou; BIBNa'® Kai da npdypara. Atya npdyuara, ti préymata éxis"mazi soo; vivia ke dla praymata, liya praymata 6. Tixdveig tappa; AuaBEz0"# éva euxdptoro'® BiBNo. Mou To Biverg'®; Euyapiowwe’? ti énist6ra;'Siavé20_éna efxéristo vilio. Moo to dinis; efyaristos cag To Bim. Ox Sev To divo o& Kavéva. sas to 6ino. 6x) 3én to dino se kanéna 7. Zou 10 Aéw'® puind!®, Tou Aec!® ndvrote ™m yussin cou; Tou m(v) Aw ardd Bev 00 to Ié0 ilk. too lés_pandote ti_ynémi soo; too ti Io alé én ‘TV oxodes. TiMet autéc; Mn you Aére autd va npdyyara. tin ako6i, 1118 aftés; mi moo Iéte afté ta praymata. 8, Mia ASEn?? ove Béhw and géva. “Exw To Abyo2" Gou; O Adyod?? rou efvat mia leksi_méno 8él0 ap6 séna. 6x0 tol6y¥0 $00; 0 I6yos’ too ine nndvra Kahég, O Réyos?3 rou 8éNw auté Ta Rpdypara eivat aUTSG, Panta kalés. oléyos’ poo Gélo afté ta praymata ine aftés. 9. ‘Oxi nodAd AbyIOR. Ta ASyia Bev éxoUV aEia?5, adAd ta épya?®, Me Aoi 6x! pola Iya. ta léya den 6xoon aksia, ald taérya. Me loya aveig 6 BEAEIG, AUTG Kavel Eva AE Shoyo"” épyo. kanis” 6ti @élis. aftés' Kani énaaxi6loyo éryo.Sixth lesson (Lg) 1. What you do (how are you?)? | am well | thank (thanks). How (= mig pos) are you ? | ‘am not very well. Your father what he does (how is he?)? Her mother how is she? Their children what they do (how are they?)? 2. Please can | make a telephone call? Unfortunately we don't have a telephone. Don't shout because I telephone. From (= ané 200) where (= M06 P06) are you telephoning? 3. What do you want here (A contracted form of @éheig is ®e¢; 11 Bec ect eBtb; eoU is put for emphasis). From you | don't want nothing. Her | don't want to hear her. He (or she) ‘wants them all. He (or she) wants everything. | don't want you (him, her, it, them). 4. | don't hear you. I can not (bear to) hear you. He (or she) can not do nothing for you. | know that you can but you don't want. If you want you can, ‘5. What are these things that you are doing? You can not do these (such) things. What things you have with you? Books and other things. A few things. 6. What are you doing now (= ‘pa (6r3)? | am reading a pleasant book. Do you give it to me? With pleasure I give it to you. No I don't give it to no one (any one). 7. | say itto you friendly (amicably). Do you tel him always your opinion? | tell i to him but hhe does not hear (listen) to it. What does he say? Don't tell me these things. 8. One word only | want from you . Do | have your word? His speech is always good. The reason that | want these things is ths. 8. Not many words. The words do not have value but the deeds, With words you do what (whatever) you want. He, he does a remarkable work. Vocabulary AeEiA6y10% loxoyio 4. nrg, 1-0 €c108, 5-0 decined, kav £670 = make, do. Here it has the meaning of how are you ‘omarépag © p2i2"=> (patemal = father ‘nuinrépa | ners (matomal) = mother mopid bo" = can To MAEgavAHA 0 tleKOnima (telephone) = telephone call ByoTuxteg.5sx0= = unfortunally. Comes from n THY |!) = luck and! the prefix 3u0- which isthe opposite of eu- (Ly, V1) denoting something bad, deprived, cificul, Painful, working badly as in the words Bugevtepia Sisenteria = dysentery, Buona, Sispepaia = dyspepsia, 8. To mAEgUV {0 tlé/ono = telephone 8. _mAggwvid sion = telophone. Note that phonetically the only diference between the noun To TAépuNO the telephone) and the verb tAepavd (I telephone) is the place ofthe accent, 10, 8é\w clo = want. The second person singular GéReIg is often used inthe contracted form és (Beg; what do you want?) 11, ra mvra ta anc is the plural of o nav pan = all, the whole, everything. The word nav is used in combined words to denote that something is universal or pertains the whole = panchromatic, Pan-American, PanGermanism, Par-Hellenic. ith. The number 6 is €& &xi (hexagon). EB as an adjective is not“ 12, ro npdyya, a mpdyyara (pio p8yma, a praynata (pragmatic) = tingle), deed), "mpayvanKes 6. yaks,” m Greek means real in substance or cause reflect Orpaypatis Hou eaurég (2x38) = my real st. 49, 10 pipAo 1 v0 (olograpry,biblophile) = book, n BiBdog| vive () = Bible. 44. Braptw Siavazo = read 45. euxdpiov95, ny -0 = eiisos, 0 = pleasant (se the verb exyapuot Ly, V7). 416. Bivu Sino = abv. From Sivo comes n B6an | 8°: = dose 47, euyapiorug o'sic2 = wth pleasure, Tho adver of euxspIoTos (No 15). Note that phone aly the cflererce between the adverb and the mascullne adjcive les onthe stecsed sylablo = euxcpioras, euxspoTee 18, Ada or Ney 1 Flo (ecto, cate!) = say, tel (se also No 21 and 24), The 2nd person ‘singular ofthe vers héw is Reg (a contractod frm of Aéyetg).TiAEG; what do you say 7). The 3" person plural of A(ylw: AEs) fe sed to mean they call ois called: pe Aévle) Feopyo m= Ten(o) yorve = hey ell me George. Mg (= how) ro Aéve) aus; pos 10 n(0) ad = Row (what), do thoy (you) al this? ic ka = Mendy, amicably. The adver ofthe adjective guns, endl (Fom gdog L, Vie). 20. néén is (oxeon) = word 21, @Aby0G © 1oV0= logorhoes, logomacty, daoave means your werd. 22, here © éyog means speech 2. here o Nog has the meaning ofthe reason. 24. ra Ada) fete only in plural) = the words, verbal sayings. The words Aéyw, AEN, 160g, Ady, Joy 2y "109%, come ll from the sare root 25, mafia 2x arom) = vale 26, 10 Epyo, 0 Epye (pl) 9 7, 2 61a (erg the ni of work, ex Gomety) = work(s), dood) 27. afs6toyog, --0 2910/05 = remarkable, considerabe, worthy of note (480g, 0 10> = worthy, deserving, mertorious, capable, see No 25) + Adyos = speech No 21). 28, ro AeBGyo 2 l0y'0 = voabulaty, glossary. It comes irom the words én (No 20) + Ayo (No 18) 6 fils, 4-0 1. word, 2. speech, 3. reason, Here it "ovo! 8 héyes piv? vat vat, 08 ob" esto. 0 léyes ian ne ne 0000 Jesus Christ to his disciples Matthew) | | eae | 1. éotw esto = let be, Eoru isthe imperative ofthe ancient verb exis eat (1am). In modern Greek éovw is used with the meaning of so be It and with Kat t means even: ora Kat = even six, 2. yay imdn = the ancient of yours, 8. ou of OUK 20 09k = not (s8e Le, Ve)9 Baoiy (yassik') ypoppaniKy (yramatik') 2. The genitive case of the nouns is mainly used to show who "owns" or "possesses" something. The masculine nouns and adjectives in -og and the neuter nouns and ‘adjectives in -0 and -1 have in the genitive case the ending -ou (pronounced as in moon) Examples: ( vé-0g Bpdp-0g © néos Srémos = the new road Tou vé-ov Bpdp-ou (00 "1800 5rérm00 = of the new road 0 xpit-0g KBa}I-06 © [los kSsm08 = the thrid world Tou tpft-ou KogpHOU 109 Irioo kosmo0 = of the third world To KaBap-6 yuad-6 (0 kaBar6 miai6 = the clear mind, Tou ka8p-06 Uah-06 00 ks82r08 misio8 = ofthe clear mind To Bpsixun-o xépu to vromiko xéri = the dirty hand Tou Bosiuk-o0 YEp1-06 100 vromikoo xeryou = of the dirty hand Note that the neuter nouns ending In -1 move the stress to the last syllable in the genitive case: xépt - xepIOU, 1681 - MOBIOG podyou Ifthe masculine noun 'is stressed on the third syllable from the end the stress in the genitive case usually moves to the second syllable 0 @v8pumog, 0 sn3/op08 = the man ‘Tou avepiiTIoy, {00 andropoo = of the man, The few feminine nouns ending in -0¢ like €EB0g ¢x050s = exit have also the ending -ou in the genitive case and move the stress to the second syllable if they are trisyllables: mg e&6Bou tis ©x0500 = of the exit Example: a gira mg e&6Bou (2 tis exéB00 he lights ofthe exit b. The feminine nouns and adjectives in -a and -n form their genitive case by adding ‘an -¢ (oiyLa, siyma). Examples: H epai-a kai euyev Kupha | oréa ke evyoril kira = the beautiful and polite lady. Tg wpai-ag_ Kat euyevm-tig Kupf-ag is oreas ko ovyonikis hirias = of the beautiful and polite lady. H kad uyef-a | kal iyla = good heath Tg Kadig_Uyeéas t's kalls|yias = of good health H Buvatf gaver | Sina fon! = the strong voice Tne Buvar-tig. @avfig tis Sinctis (onic = of the strong voice Heuydpioen Guo | ehy2rist 20) = the pleasant life Trg euxapiot-ng Gu-tig ts efxaristis 201s = of the pleasant lie,‘EBSopo! (évSomo) paenya 4. Ta para (ta) TOU (00) Bpéuou (Srdmoc) eva Riya (ya), H duvapin (Sinami) tou avOpwnou (anSropoo) eivat To WUGASS (rmiald) Tou. H dxpné (akri) tou KéapoU (k6smoo). H dkpn Tou Spdpou (5rdm00). H @wvr} (fon!) Tou Kupiou (kirioo) tou. 2. OFix0G5 (ix09) THE tis) pug (Fonis) mE (ts) Bev vax wpatoe® (oréos). H aia (aksia) kau n onpacta’ (simasia) mg (tis) yung (ynémis) TOU evar pK (nike). H uyeic® (via) me véag, @paiag (oréas) Kai euyemarig (evyenikis) xuplag (iris) Bev efvar xa 3. H EfoB09 (éksob0s) tou oxodeiou"® (syolloo) efvan exel (ek). H @Eon, (96s) Tou BiBNou (vivlioo) ou (s00) efvax Kér3"t (Kai0). Aev efvar autdg © apLBde"? (aridmés) Tou MAEivOY [ilef6n00) TS, 4. Mou (p00) efor (ise). Eien (ime) €&0"3 (6x0). Eiyaote (maste) édot néva'4 (pA70) FlapaKands (parakalé) nou efvar 1 elooBo«" (\soB0s); Aev éyei KaAd @ug (fos) Kau Be BAgnw"® (viépo) ty €foBo (éks0do). Exel (ek) Bev elvan EEOBos eivar n eiao5oq ((so80s). Aev-m Baénerg (Viepis); 5. Mou efvar aun} n 0864!” (054). Asv Eépea (ks6r0). Aev ty Fépu. =Eperg (Ks) avtév Tov Spsuo; Ox Sev Tov EEpw. AUTES eivar wovdBpouoc's (monodromos), EB eiva, dv0 KaB0305!9 (ka80d0s), n dvodce? (anodes) eivax Grov GAO Bpspo. 6. ‘Exe Bhénw (viepo) ueyAAn MIpGoBO" (prbob). AUTE TO MARK Bev éxer Kaya (Kamia) npdobo. H npd056¢ Tous (008) eva KPH iat! (yal) Bev NpooeyoUN (proséx00"). 7. Tabpa (tora) sive, pia avespadn (andmali) nepiodoc®2 (periodos) . Aut my nepiod0 Sev Sxoune (8x00m) quae. KaBe nepioBog mE Geri? (2018) tou avBpsimou (2n0rSpo°) Se Ta npopAysaTa"* (orovlimala) me 8. To 6vopa? (snoma) mg Bou (0500) eivan.... Ta pata ng e196Bou (is0500). Zrwepa (simera) 0 puBpse2 (rrn53) rg Rpe6sou (or05500) eivat tepdomioc2”(teréstios). To xaoaKTnPIOTIKG® (xaraktiristike) TE NepIddou (peridS00) auT}g eivat n tepdonia (terastia) Npdodog (proo5os). Note: hereafter only the pronunciation of new or dificult words will be given. AsESy10 loxilovio 1. €B8op06,-n,-0 6vSom00, |, o-= seventh, From EB8oH0¢ comes n efBoysa ovSorna8e (hebdomadial = weekly) = the week. The number 7 end epts (heptagon). End as an Adjective is notdeciined © Bpdyog o 5:60 (hippodrome, aerodrome) = 1, street, road 2. way 1 brain, mind ‘outermost par, 2. end, 3. edge ‘sound, Hiya x0 = echo To was t0 mi (pallomyeltis) 1 pn ci (acropolis, acrobat © Fxg 0 08 (20%, echogram)Seventh lesson (L7) 1. The lights of the street are few (dim). The power of man is his brain (mind). The end of the world, The end of the street. The voice of his master. 2. The sound of her voice is not nice. The value and the significance of his opinion is small, The health of the new (young), beautiful and polite lady is not good. 3. The exit of the school is there ( not the number of her telephone. tei ok’). The place of the book is downstairs. This is 4. Where are you? | am outside. We are all upstairs. Please where is the entrance? It does not have (there is no) good light and I don't see the exit. There it is not the exit itis the entrance. Don't you see it? '5. Where is this street? | don’t know. | don't know it. Do you know this street? No | don't know it. This is one-way street. Here is only the descent. The ascent is in the other street 6. He has, | see, great progress. This child does not have no (any) progress. Their progress is small because they pay no attention, 7. Now (= rapa tra) it is an abnormal period. This period (of time) we don't have light, Every period of the life of man has its problems. 8. The name of the street is... The lights of the entrance. Today the rhythm (rate) of progress is tremendous. The characteristic of this period is the tremendous progress. nice, beaut, lovely. H wpaia Exévn (ore Eleni) Beeuttl Helen (of Troy) 7. anpacia | cimasia (semasiology, semantics) = significance, meaning 8 ‘uyeia | iyia (hygiene) = heath 8. 1 €¥0B0g | eks050s (exodus) 10. To oxohtio 0 syo\i0 = schoo! 11. K€ ko (cathode, cation) = down, downwards, lower $2, © 9p18H6¢ © aridmds (arithmetic) = number 13, 6a &ks0 (exodus, exctic) = out, outside 14, nave oF évw ano, dno (anode) = up, upstairs, upper 15. n eigo8og | s050s (episode) = entrance (ag + 0869) 16. Bhénw vispo =I see 17. m1 0865 | 056s (exodus) = the street. H 086¢ is the ancient word for street which is used for the names ofthe streets inthe towns. The name ofthe street following the word eBé¢, OAO, is always in the genitive case: 086g Meyaou AAcEGvBpou = street of Alexander the Groat ‘The more common word for street is another ancient word @ Bp6yog (N° 2). The word o86¢ combines with prepositions and! adverbs to form compound words many of which have enter. {ed into the English vocabulary (see No 18, 20, 22). H 08g and its combined words belong to the rare feminine nouns ending in-og like the masculine nouns and are decined lke thom (11056, mg 0800, my 086, otc). The names of many Greek Islands are feminine and end in 10g: 7| Kunpog (pros = Cyprus), n P680g, n MUKovos, n Mémuog, n Mdpag ete3. © wovdSpopog o/>ormS om 9. 1 RBBOBOG one way (uovo-+Baduog = alone street) cs (cathode) = descent rdw (N® 11) +086} M1 6v0808 2750: (anode) = ascent [ava (NO 14) +086q] A pdoB0g 0°50 = progress [no (= before in ont of +086] A mepieBOg. =! 000s = peo’ ne (= around) +0864) ‘ullmata = problem(s) 4. hyn, 2. rate 2'= tremendous, huge. From to répag gen. tou Téparog > monster 1-0 = characteristic Dosorative figure on a bronze krater (330 BC) ‘Archeological Museum, Thessaloniki(peceet Yeouyaru Gr.7 2. _ The verbs in modem Greek have two voices as in English, the active and the passive. Verbs ofthe active voice, indicating thatthe subject they refer to acts, have in the first person singular the ending -w (Ex-a, guavat-w, aKou-W). The verbs of the passive voice represent the subject as receiving the action or as acting upon itself or on its own interest. The verbs of the passive voice have in the first person singular the ending -jat preceded by the vowels © (-opai), 1 (-ie ya), ov (-oupa!) ora (apa) The verbs in -opat have the following endings: -oyar (ome) = eves pavrdZ-opa, faniazoine = limagine £01 (ese) = cot gavréz- oar, ‘2niarc° = you imagine strat (ete) = cuts, aut, aut gavra-era, (3032010 = he, she, itimagines -Suare (omaste) = euelg gavrat-duate,(an270%"a010 = we imagine -t0Te (este) = e0elg pavtéteore, fs"i8z0"'° = you imagine ovat (onte) = auTot, autés, aurd, pavréz-ovrar, ‘2nia70n'° ‘The verbs in -tena have the same endings proceeded by the usra () tc, Example the verb mouk-iéyar (°05/eme = be sold) ouk-éya1, roukaéoat, roukiérar (The ancient and K form of the third person singular mhefrar, NRQAEITAL ool (= is sold) is used in al signs) ouAs6paote, noukséore, noukobvrat (here the -ovral becomes -ouvrai) ‘The verbs in -oupiar have the following edings -odyen, -efocn, -efra fore, -ouvra The endings ofthe verbs in -ape (371°) have an ka (a) in place of éidev (e) and in the 3rd person plural an -ou (20) in place of Suixpov (0): they imagine sé, térat = ovpaore, - G0B-Gpar (ove = 1am afraid) ‘9o8-6pacte, 908-doa, go8-Gore, 9o8-éra, (908-oGvra. 'b. Some verbs have both voices .. yp (9/0 = I write) and ypég-opar (yrsiome = | am written). The passive voice of these verbs is commonly used in the third person (singular or plural) Flag ypagerar auri n AEEN; 06 yralots all x) = how is written this word? Mg Agyovran aut Ta NAIBIG; ps |eyor\> alia ta pedys = how are they called these children? Note that in certain verbs the second person plural of the active voice and the third pperson singular of the passive voice are phonetically the same. Ti ypO@eTE; (/ yalci> = What are you writing?) Nag ypaperay; (265 yroicie = how is written?) In dictionaries and glossaries the verbs are given in the form of the first person singular: ypépus, pavrdZopa.‘Oydo0! (oy500) paenua 1. Oavrézouar® (artazome) On (= that) Eépeig tous KivBGvoU? (kindinoos). Toug EEpw ahd aMAG Bev qoRGuar* (fovame). Ae gavrdeca we weyahn wSEa Toy éyet Yia Tov sauté? (oat) To., Bev palvera® (fénete)adAd elvax odd eruivBuvec" (epikin5inos). OrKivduvor efva pavractHco”(‘antastik. 2, Tpdqu® nodAd yodujara? Kd8e ePBoudSa"® (evsomada). Th mg YedgeEIG; Tk ypdget oruepa n e@pnuepiba (efimerida). Ae ypdpet kavéva véo. Mag ypagerat auth n NEN; 3. Aev auoBivoyat" (es8anome) KANG. Kém éxw. Ti éxeig; Aev aiaBéveaai (es0nese) Kokd; Ox eitia evrdger!® (entax). Autos Sev aioBévera vinote. Eval évag avalg8rt0¢"? (anéséitos) évepumos, 4, Anayopetiera (apayorévete) 1m elao8og ([s050s). MapaKadss Sev enrpénerct'® (epitrépete) to kérmoya'® Mou entipénete (epitrepetey Oxt Bev enmrpémw oF Kavéva, ‘Anayopeverar avompiig’ (ists) n otGByeUN" (camels). Anayopevovrat (apayorévonte) ra Ga (26a) eB. 5. Ae paiverat va Fiper tinote. Mou paiverar 6x ta xépia (Xérya) 00U ela Niyo KGa” (iia), Mou gaierar én efoat Ceoréc? (costds), tows (isos) éxexg muperé, Nat Zeovaivoya® (zosiénome) MO. 6. Mra nouAére™ (poole) to Brayépropd™ (Siamérisma) oag; ‘Ox, o'auts To Brayépioua aronsi™ (Ktiks) Kax Bev TO NOUR (00010). EB Swe (Sos) ypdper TOAEITAI (polite). ev EEpw n ypdipesexel,Eépu 6x Sev Noudséra (poo!) Peg, ()voudtu”” [(o}nikiszo] to anit you. Tapaxahss pmopette va you nefre edv (]vourdZerar [(e nikidzete] aur To onin; AuTIOGHAX®® (liposme) GAAG Sev EEpw edv ()vowsdZerat. E85 BAénw éva ENOIKIAZETAL 8. Aunota® nou cag to Aéw OAS aUTT eivar n aAABe1a™ (alidia). PoBoGyaL Sui Be Aget ‘THY aNiGeva. Mn ooRdgai Sev Eéper tinoTe. Aev poBodvrat (fovoénte) Kavéva, AeEISyI0 1, 678006, -n, -0 62005 4, -0 = eighth. The number 8 is oxrE acto (octopus, October). Ones as an adjective is net declined ‘gavratopar irizome (fantasy, fantasti) = imagine suppose © xivBuv0g 0 Kindnos = dange’. Emwiv8wv0G -, -0 epikindinos, +, -0 = dangerous ‘PoPGpar fovame end oBodyn jovosme = be afraid, fear, (hom poBoG = fear (Ls, Vs) (© eautds (oU) 0 vats (mos) = mysel, From the adjective autés, 0 (automat) = salt. O ‘eautécis always accompanied by Hou, 20U, YOU, mg, ete ‘gaivopariénom phenomenon) = look, seem ‘gavracTKss, -f, fantastikos, 0 (fantastic) = imaginary, unreal ‘ypdqu yraio (grarhology, autograph) = write 1a yp@uyara ia yismaia (grammatical = the letters. The plural of ypauua (La, Va) 10. n eB8opdBa | ovComada = weak. See EASOHO (L7.Vs)55 Eighth lesson (Ls) 1. Limagine that (= én) you know the dangers. | know them but (= aAAd) | am not afraid ‘You don’t (can't) imagine what (a) great idea he has for (about) himself. He does not look (t) but he is very dangerous. The dangers are imaginary. 2. I write many letters every week. What do you write to her? What does it write today the newspaper? It does not write no (any) news, How (= ru) is written this word? 3. I don't feel well. Something (= xn) | have. What have you? Don't you fee! well? No, | ‘am allright. He does not feel nothing (anything). He is an insensitive (without feelings) 4. The entrance is forbidden. Please, is not allowed the smoking (the order of the words could also be = napaxals To kénvigua Sev enirpérerai). Do you allow me? (Note that eneepénerar and ermpénete are phonetically the same). No, | don't allow no one (anyone). It is forbidden strictly the parking. Are forbidden the animals here (As the Greek language presents a high degree of flexibility in the word order the phrase could also be = Ta Ga anayopedovrai £845 1 660 anayopevoveat ra Ciba. Note also that in Greek the definite article 0, n, 10 is used more often than in English). 5. He does not seem to know nothing (anything). It seems to me that your hands are a lite cold. You seem to me that you are warm, pethaps (=iowc) you have fever. Yes, | fee! very warm, 6. Is there a possibilty that (= yrjrwac) you sell your flat? No, in this flat I live and | don't sal it. Here, however, (= yc) it writes (tis written) IS SOLD (to be sold). (FewAeirat is the Srd person of the ancient verb nwhsi-rlwhoouai which in modern Greek has become ouAG - nouAiuai. See Gr. 7 and N° 24) ) | don't know what it writes there, | know that itis not sold 7. You know, | let my house. Please can you tell me if this house is to let. Here | see a (sign) TO LET. 8. | am sorry that | say it to you but this is the truth. | am afraid that he does not say the truth. Don't be afraid he does not know nothing (anything). They are not afraid of nobody (anybody). 11. e1oBavopar vedios = fel, ene (eee avaigdnros N13) 412, evr6ketontsx: = everything in order, OK. all ight [the ancient preposition e word ran (syntax) = order inthe dative case] 18, avaie@nrog anessios (anaesthetic) = insensitive. The negative prefix a-(av- before a vowel) tums the adjective io8nréc, 28 éc = perceptible, sensitive to avaigénrog 14, enayopeiw cpayoisvo = forbid, anayopedopr apayorevo™e = be forbidden, anayopederat ‘apayorévete = Is forbidden 15, enmpénw epirrepo = allow, permit, enrppénoyar ep\épome = be allowed, Bev enrrpémeva isnot alowed in andthe16. a 18. 19. 20. a 22, 23. 28. 2s, 28. 27. 28, 23, 30. 9 xémmgyia oma (acapnia = reduction of carbon dioxide in the blood, capncmancy = = 1 inhabit. dwell 2 Ive (€)voudG9, (0) -0 = ent, hire.Evoeéterar ENOIKIAZETAY 622% =i ent o.be Tent, tole. Both naomi (kav (= downward) + om = dwel in Acie) end evomidte (ov in) + oxia) come from the word mola a ecslogy, economy) ro omic so = house. A word borrowed from the Latin Rossum (osples), Aumodyar 22:6 and Runépaniosis> = be gory. From him, nadieeia = = tuth ‘When Socrates was asked how could one lve his ile without sorrow he replied Taio! abivenov®, 0b? yap! Eoxt® uShw8joixtav” atxodvea® Kan GvOpsuon® Optosyea:” pndénore!! Avneioban!™ Ts) impose, becasze fs net fossil) for hin who resin a yor house an fr him whe associates wi pepe never el sore 4. roto, -, 0, = this, Seep. 946, 2. aBivatov = see Ly, Vs, 8.04 = not (Le, Ve), 4 as because, 5. eri = the ancient eiva, 6. néluv = the accusative of néNiG (acronis) ~ the ety, 7, oma) = 328 No 27, 8. oKoUvIG conde = him who lves, The accusative of the Participe of oxi (No 27), 8. av8pneag = to men, The dative plural of dvepartog (Ly, Ve). 10. oudouvea omilcsndia = him who contacts, associates with. The accusative of the Participle of opt omic (O}qhd in modern Greek means tak, speak. See next lesson No 6, 41, unbérote = never, 12. AioBat = be sorrow. The ancient infntive of umiovyat (No 29)a 12. Tho vocative case of the nouns and adjectives is used when one addresses Someone directly and is identical vith the accusative wth the exception ofthe masculine nouns and adjectives ending in-0g in which case it has the ending -€: Kipie, pide pou, @eé pou (my God). The verbs in the active voice all have the ending ~w inthe fist person singular and are divided into two categories: Those which have the accent on the second syle from the end ike éx, gavatw and which have the same endings as éxw, and those that are stressed on the last syllable that is on - Many verbs sirssed on -i9 have the same endings as the verb éxw except for the second person plural in which they have the ending -ee (instead of =ere). Examples: mops, pmopeire, mequvd, mepwveie, ouyKupdd (sinjo10 = | forgive) ouvKwpEiTE (ue ouyxwpeire = excuse me). The majority, however, ofthe verbs stressed on -i) have the endings: ey. eueig.dye(or ope) £00..-6 eoeig. re faunég aur -aUr6..-€ oF Get autol- autég - aud. .4v oF -dv(e) ‘A number of commonly used verbs ending in -@ form their personal endings by fusing the last letter of their stem with the fist letter of the ending. Thus the verbs wiAd- @ ("ldo = speak, talk), ayanté-w (ayap3o = love) stand more often as piéd (ril6) and ayant) (ayap6) in the first person singular. In the second person singular or plural, however, they stand only in the contracted form: pwh-dg: pik-dre (Instead of yiAé-<1 under): et MIMS (or Hrd) pets piA-Spe (or wove) 206 pihdg cocig pike ‘aUtég phe (Or AGEs) AUTO HA-ObV (or HEv(e) aur > autés > ‘c. The comparison of adjectives in Greek is made ether by the use of the word m6 (06 = more) or by adding the ending -repog, (-tepn, neem (hurismatic) = 1. coin, 2. currency 25. perpa rrto (metric) = count. From to wérpo intro = mete 28. npénel prop! mit should t must, itis proper, tis necessary. A very common impersonal vero 27. Binds A, 6 WOU 95 ico, 0, moo = mine (always With WOU, oou, TOU ete) 28. ovowétouar onom.izome = be named, be called. rom to évoya = the name (Ly, Vas) 28. xprioog, 1,-9.0 251705, 0 = useful 30, 70 AeBiné 10 200 (lexicon) = dictionary 31. n pé8080g 25000" = method. See the word 086g Ly, Viz 32. xpnenpomoid yisimopio = use (.p. xonawionoiyoa = »"\siiopisse), (XpnoWOnoKd = make Useful) no1d pio isthe ancient ave (=make, cteate). A common insertion on ancient vases [is the namo o tho artist and the word ENOIHEE = he made. From nou comes also the wordo moines © pis (eoat) = poet, ereator, and noon, | o'=\= poetry. The verb nox and the endings -notog -pio: (=maker, creator) and -notsio(y) -p o(°) (= place or shop of Creation) are often used in combined words = evepyomond, 0/200 (evépyeia energy+no%s) = activate, nBonoidg, 180716: (5 ethics = moral conduct noida) = actor 33. oBqyd o31y> = 1. guide, 2. conduct (rive @ car), 3. lead the way. From o36¢-+ayw> (synagogue) = bring, lea. 34, ro aUTOKIVATO © o'0K'nt0 = automobile, car. From auré (autogr ‘own, by one's selt+xinré (kinetic) = moving (it. seltmoving) 3h, automatic) = sel, one's “Thoresi! cig? Evav Oc6v3, Taxépa Tavtoxpétopa® Trouguy® odgavas? Kat ye*, dpardiv® tel névewoe!nan Gopacow!™ 1. Se0 No 4, 2 ei = in, 3. See No 2, 4. See Le, Vs,_5. Navroxpétopa paniokratora = universal ruler, paniocrator (névra (Le, Vis) + xpdropa (democrat, aristocrat) = holder, governor, 6. creator. See No 32, 7. Se0 Ls, Vis, 8. yn v (Geography, apogee) = earth, land, 8. opatés, ~f, © = visible, 10. te = and (@ postpositve conjunctional parle of ancient Greek), 11. ndviwv = the genitive plural of ra nave (Lg, Viz), 12. @6pat0G,-n, -0 = invisible (a + opartéa) (.. mort oupavot Kat yng oparww Te Névraw Kai GopTUY = creator ofthe ‘ky and the ear and of everything visible and invisible). "Kéopov xévbe? oie? ig4 Qesin® ote? avOpsinon® enoiqae’, 4A Fv? et kat for! xat Foran! Bp! aecgoov * Hpdvderros (535-475 80) Heracitus ‘Ths woe, ether someone oth gods nor of men creald, but as (eit) avaye and is. ‘and wil be, tre everivng 1. n6oHoV = Le, Vo, 2. T6vBe (Ane) = aurév Gr te and p. 94d (Se = a particle emphasizing the ‘demonstrative pronoun), 3, Ute = Ly. Va, 4 Biv = gan. pl of No 2, 6. av8psinwy = gen. pl. of Ly. Vp 7. etoinge = No $2, 8. cAX’ = GAAd = but, 2,11, 12 tv, dom, dora = the 9 pes, sing. of imperfect, pres. and fut of eu (An. = elu) = was, i, wil be, 10. aet (Ane) = always, forever 18. up = fro. S00 Ly Veg, 14. a8iivog, 7-0 (Ane) = evertving, eternal (ei + Zur} No 20).ot Booms yoamomh =D a. The verbs in Greek have three tenses the present the past and the future which refer to the different points in time in which the action denoted by the verb was accomplished. In the present tense the verb denotes something that is being done now, at the present time or habitually: ypd@w éva ypéuna (| write or | am writing a letter). In Greek there is no distinction between present simple and present continuous as in English. However, an analogous distinction exists for the past and future tenses, ‘Another form of present tense is the perfect tense which denotes that the action took place in the past and is now completed or finished. We will meet this form later. 'b. The past and future tenses in Greek each have two forms. One form denotes that the action is, or is perceived as, continuing, or progressive, or durative, or repeated, The second form denotes that an action is, or is perceived as, complete. Using this form the speaker is viewing the action (or series of actions) as a single, neither progressive nor habitual, completed whole. ‘This distinction is an important feature of Greek verbs and is reflected in the existence of a diferent stem of the verb for each occasion: ‘The stem of the first person singular of the present tense (ypd-w) is used for the continuous or repeated form of the past or future tense. When the verb in these tenses denotes that the action involved is or will be complete there is @ change in the final letter or letters of the stem. There are certain patterns in the way these changes take place but there are also many irregular verbs. The main features are the change of final letters: 18,9, 91,11, evandau to w, KYX to & TV too. The characteristic final letters, therefor, of this stem are the o (aiyyia) the & (&)) and the w (4), Inthe formation of the past tenses two more changes take place: First, the stress moves to the third syllable from the end. The movement of the stress is an important feature indicating that the action took place in the past. Second, when the verb has two syllables and begins with a consonant it becomes trisylable by adding an e- (éyuhov) which is stressed at the beginning of the stem. The &- is dropped in the plural ifthe verb with its ending has become trisyllabe. In both forms of the past the endings of the verbs are -, -€6,- The verb ypdgu in the continuous form becomes: £ypag-a (| was writing), Eypag-eg, éypag-c, ‘yp49-aye (without the additional « because itis trisyllable), ypd-are, éypap-av or ypé9-ave lis stem becomes ypay- when the action it denotes was completed: éypag-a 6hn ‘Tv nuiépa (| was writing all day), but €ypay-a éva yoguyia (I wrote a letter) -ape, -are, av(s),cc. The verbs stressed on the last syllable -« have the same endings in the past tense but these verbs take between the stem and the ending an -ug- in the continuous form called the imperfect tense and an -n9- or -aG-, -£6:, -U0-, AE, -0E-, in the complete form called the aoristor simple past tense. ‘These verbs move their stress to the second syllable from the end in the continuous form and to the third syllable in the complete form: mAepuV-d, napaxaha ‘MAeuv-oU0N (Iwas telephoning) mrapaKad-ouea -mdc@pdv-naa (| telephoned) napakdh-eoa Remember, therefore, that the past tenses are characterized (a) by a shitt of the stress to the third (or the second) syllable from the end and (b) by the addition of a stressed & when the verbs are disyllable and begin with a consonant. Remember aiso that the final endings are the same in both forms but in the verbs stressed on the second syllable from the end there Is a change of the final letter(s) of the stem to a, & or in the complete form (the aorist) whereas in the verbs stressed on the last syllable ~@ there is an -ouo- in the continuous form (Imperfect) and an -no- (or its variant) in the complete form (aovist) between the stem and the final endings. The ‘second stem with which the other tenses are formed is that ofthe aorist in both categories of verbs: é-ypay-a, maz@pavna-c.

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