Cau Truc Dia Chi Ip Tren Internet PDF

Su tp bi Nghim Ph Cng, http://www.diachiweb.com, email: cuonngp@diachiweb.
com
Cu trc a ch trn Internet

(a ch IP)
I. Gii thiu chung

II. Cu trc a ch IP
Thnh phn, hnh dng ca a ch v cc lp a ch

1. a ch lp A (A Class)
a ch mng (Net ID)
a ch cc my ch trn mt mng (Host ID)
2. a ch lp B (B Class)
a ch mng (Net ID)
a ch cc my ch trn mt mng (Host ID
3. a ch lp C (C Class)
a ch mng (Net ID)
a ch cc my ch trn mt mng (Host ID)
4. a ch mng con ca Internet (IP Subnetting)

Nguyn nhn v phng php chia a ch mng con
Default Mask (gi tr trn a ch mng)
Subnet Mask (gi tr trn ca tng mng con)
a) a ch mng con ca a ch lp C
2 mng con
6 mng con
b) a ch mng con t a ch lp B
5. Ph lc tham kho a ch mng con lp B
1
Su tp bi Nghim Ph Cng, http://www.diachiweb.com, email: cuonngp@diachiweb.com
Phn I - Gii thiu chung
Nh chng ta bit Internet l mt mng my tnh ton cu , do hng nghn mng my tnh t
khp mi ni ni li to nn. Khc vi cch t chc theo cc cp: ni ht, lin tnh, quc t ca mt
mng vin thng nh mng thoi chng hn, mng Internet t chc ch c mt cp, cc mng my
tnh d nh, d to khi ni vo Internet u bnh ng vi nhau. Do cch t chc nh vy nn trn
Internet c cu trc a ch, cch nh a ch c bit, trong khi cch nh a ch i vi mng vin
thng li n gin hn nhiu.
i vi mng vin thng nh mng thoi chng hn, khch hng cc vng khc nhau hon ton
c th c cng s in thoi, phn bit vi nhau bng m vng, m tnh hay m quc t. i vi
mng Internet , do cch t chc ch c mt cp nn mi mt khch hng hay mt my ch ( Host )
hoc Router u c mt a ch internet duy nht m khng c php trng vi bt k ai. Do vy
m a ch trn Internet thc s l mt ti nguyn.
Hng chc triu my ch trn hng trm nghn mng. a ch khng c trng nhau cn phi c
cu trc a ch c bit qun l thng nht v mt T chc ca Internet gi l Trung tm thng tin
mng Internet - Network Information Center ( NIC ) ch tr phn phi, NIC ch phn a ch mng (
Net ID ) cn a ch my ch trn mng ( Host ID ) do cc T chc qun l Internet ca tng quc
gia mt t phn phi. (Trong thc t c th nh tuyn (routing ) trn mng Internet ngoi a ch
IP cn cn n tn ring ca cc my ch (Host) - Domain Name ). Cc phn tip theo chng ta hy
nghin cu cu trc c bit ca a ch Internet.
Phn II: Cu trc a ch IP
a/ Thnh phn v hnh dng ca a ch IP
a ch IP ang c s dng hin ti (IPv4) c 32 bit chia thnh 4 Octet ( mi Octet c 8 bit, tng
ng 1 byte ) cch m u t tri qua phi bt 1 cho n bt 32, cc Octet tch bit nhau bng
du chm (.), bao gm c 3 thnh phn chnh.
Bit 1................................................................................... 32
Bit nhn dng lp ( Class bit )

a ch ca mng ( Net ID )
a ch ca my ch ( Host ID ).
Ghi ch: Tn l a ch my ch nhng thc t khng ch c my ch m tt c cc my con

(Workstation), cc cng truy nhp v.v..u cn c a ch.
Bit nhn dng lp (Class bit) phn bit a ch lp no.
1/ - a ch Internet biu hin dng bit nh phn:
x y x y x y x y. x y x y x y x y. x y x y x y x y. x y x y x y x y
x, y = 0 hoc 1.
V d:
0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0. 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1. 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0. 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
2
bit nhn dng Octet 1 Octet 2 Octet 3 Octet 4
2/ - a ch Internet biu hin dng thp phn: xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx
x l s thp phn t 0 n 9
V d: 146. 123. 110. 224
Dng vit y ca a ch IP l 3 con s trong tng Octet. V d: a ch IP thng thy trn thc
t c th l 53.143.10.2 nhng dng y l 053.143.010.002.
b / Cc lp a ch IP
a ch IP chia ra 5 lp A,B,C, D, E. Hin ti dng ht lp A,B v gn ht lp C, cn lp D v E

T chc internet ang dnh cho mc ch khc khng phn, nn chng ta ch nghin cu 3 lp
u.
Qua cu trc cc lp a ch IP chng ta c nhn xt sau:
Bit nhn dng l nhng bit u tin - ca lp A l 0, ca lp B l 10, ca lp C l 110.
3
Lp D c 4 bit u tin nhn dng l 1110, cn lp E c 5 bt u tin nhn dng l 11110.

a ch lp A: a ch mng t v a ch my ch trn tng mng nhiu.
a ch lp B: a ch mng va phi v a ch my ch trn tng mng va phi.
a ch lp C: a ch mng nhiu, a ch my ch trn tng mng t.
S mng S my ch ti a
a ch lp Vng a ch l thuyt
ti a s dng trn tng mng
A T 0.0.0.0 n 127.0.0.0 126 16777214
B T 128.0.0.0 n 191.255.0.0 16382 65534
C T 192.0.0.0 n 223.255.255.0 2097150 254
D T 224.0.0.0 n 240.0.0.0 Khng phn
E T 241.0.0.0 n 255.0.0.0 Khng phn
S bit dng
a ch lp Vng a ch s dng Bit nhn dng
phn cho mng
A T 1 n 127 0 7
B T 128.1 n 191.254 10 14
C T 192.0.1 n 223.255.254 110 21
D 1110 ---
E 11110 ---
Nh vy nu chng ta thy 1 a ch IP c 4 nhm s cch nhau bng du chm, nu thy nhm s

th nht nh hn 126 bit a ch ny lp A, nm trong khong 128 n 191 bit a ch ny lp
B v t 192 n 223 bit a ch ny lp C.
Ghi nh: a ch thc t khng phn trong trng hp tt c cc bit trong mt hay nhiu Octet s
dng cho a ch mng hay a ch my ch u bng 0 hay u bng 1. iu ny ng cho tt c
cc lp a ch.
i / a ch Lp A
Tng qut chung:
Bit th nht l bit nhn dng lp A = 0.

7 bit cn li trong Octet th nht dnh cho a ch mng.
3 Octet cn li c 24 bit dnh cho a ch ca my Ch.
Class A: ( 0 - 126 )
- net id: 126 mng

- host id:16.777.214 my ch trn mt mng
a/ a ch mng (Net ID)
4
1/ Kh nng phn a ch
n
Khi m s bit chng ta m t tri qua phi, nhng khi tnh gi tr thp phn 2 ca bit li tnh t
phi qua tri, bt u t bit 0. Octet th nht dnh cho a ch mng, bit 7 = 0 l bit nhn dng lp A.
7
7 bit cn li t bit 0 n bit 6 dnh cho a ch mng ( 2 ) = 128. Nhng trn thc t a ch khi tt c
cc bit bng 0 hoc bng 1 u khng phn cho mng. Khi gi tr cc bit u bng 0, gi tr thp
phn 0 l khng c ngha, cn a ch l 127 khi cc bit u bng 1 dng thng bo ni b, nn
trn thc t cn li 126 mng.
Octet 1
Cch tnh a ch mng lp A.
S th t Bit (n)- tnh t phi qua tri: 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

Gi tr nh phn (0 hay 1) ca Bit: x x x x x x x
n
Gi tr thp phn tng ng khi gi tr bit = 1 s l 2
Gi tr thp phn tng ng khi gi tr bit = 0 khng tnh.
Gi tr thp phn ln nht khi gi tr ca 7 bit u bng 1 l 127.
Xin xem bng tnh trn vn gi tr ca tt c cc Bit
Nh vy kh nng phn a ch ca lp A cho 126 mng -
2/ Biu hiu a ch trn thc t: T 001 n 126
b / a ch ca cc my ch trn mt mng
1/ Kh nng phn a ch
Ba Octet sau gm 24 bit c tnh t bit 0 n bit 23 dnh cho a ch my ch trn tng mng.
Vi cch tnh nh trn, c tng s my ch trn mt mng ta c.
5
Ga tr tng ng vi Bit n
Gi tr 2n a ch
23.22.21.20.19.18.16.|15.14.13.12.11.10.9.8.|7.6.5.4.3.2.1.0
..0...0...0...0...0...0...0.|.0...0...0...0...0...0..0.0.|0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0 000
0
..0...0...0...0...0...0...0.|.0...0...0...0...0...0..0.0.|0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0 2 001
1
..0...0...0...0...0...0...0.|.0...0...0...0...0...0..0.0.|0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0 2 002
................................... ...... ......
................................... ...... ......
23 1
..1...1...1...1...1...1...1.|.1...1...1...1...1...1..1.1.|1.1.1.1.1.1.1.0 2 +...+2 16777214
..1...1...1...1...1...1...1.|.1...1...1...1...1...1..1.1.|1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1 16777215
<------Octet2-------><-------Octet3--------->|<--Octet4---->
a ch khi cc bit u bng 0 hay bng 1 b ra. Trn thc t cn li 224-2 = 16 777 214
Nh vy kh nng phn a ch cho 16 777 214 my ch.
2/ Biu hin a ch trn thc t
Octet 2 Octet 3 Octet 4
Octet 2
Ga tr tng ng vi
th t bit (n)
Gi tr 2n a ch my ch
76543210
00000000 000
0
00000001 2 001
1
00000010 2 002
1 0
00000011 2 +2 003
................ ........... ......
................ ........... ......
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
11111111 2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 255
6
Nh vy gi tr thp phn Octet 2 tnh t 000 ti 255.
Octet 3
Ga tr tng ng vi
th t bit (n)
Gi tr 2n a ch my ch
76543210
00000000 000
0
00000001 2 001
1
00000010 2 002
1 0
00000011 2 +2 003
................ ........... ......
................ ........... ......
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
11111111 2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 255
Octet 4
Ga tr tng ng vi
th t bit (n)
Gi tr 2n a ch my ch
76543210
00000000 000 Khng phn
0
00000001 2 001
1
00000010 2 002
1 0
00000011 2 +2 003
................ ........... ......
................ ........... ......
7 6 5 4 3 2 1
11111110 2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 254
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
11111111 2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 255 Khng phn
7
Tng qut li ti a ch ca mt mng, khi ln lt thay i cc gi tr ca cc Octet 2, 3, 4.ta s c

16 777 216 kh nng thay i m cc con s khng trng lp nhau ( Combinations ) c nghi l 16
777 216 a ch ca my ch trn mng, nhng thc t phn ch l
(256 x 256 x 256) - 2 =16 777 214
Biu hin trn thc t l ba s thp phn trong 3 Octet cch nhau du.
T 000. 000. 0001 n 255. 255. 254
Kt lun: a ch lp A c th phn cho 126 mng v mi mt mng c 16 777 214 my ch. Ni

cch khc a ch thc t s t 001.000.000.001 n 126.255.255.254
V d: Mt a ch y ca lp A: 124. 234. 200. 254. Trong :
a ch mng: 124
a ch my ch: 234.200.254
II / a ch Lp B
Tng qut chung:
2 bit u tin nhn dng lp B l 1 v 0.

14 bit cn li trong 2 Octet u tin dnh cho a ch mng.
2 Octet cn li gm 16 bit dnh cho a ch my Ch.
- net id:
16.382 mng
- host id: 65.534 my ch trn mt mng
a/ a ch mng
1/ Kh nng phn a ch
Octet 1 Octet 2
Hai Octet u tin c 16 bit phn cho a ch mng, 2 bit ( bit 1 v bit 2 ) k t tri sang c gi tr
ln lt l 1 v 0 dng nhn dng a ch lp B. Nh vy cn li 14 bit cho Net ID - a ch
mng.
8
Theo cch tnh nh ca a ch mng Lp A ta c.
Ga tr bit
Gi tr 2n a ch mng
13.12.11.10.9.8 7.6.5.4.3.2.1.0
..0...0...0...0..0.0 0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0 000
0
..0...0...0...0..0.0 0.0.0.0.0.0.0.1 2 001
..0...0...0...0..0.0 0.0.0.0.0.0.1.0 21 002
....................... ...... ......
....................... ...... ......
..1...1...1...1..1.1 1.1.1.1.1.1.1.0 213+...21 16 382
..1...1...1...1..1.1 1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1 213+... 20 Khng phn
<-----Octet1-----> <--Octet2----->
Tng t nh a ch Lp A, cc bit u bng 0 v cc bit u bng 1 c b ra, nn thc t gi tr

thp phn ch t 1 n 16 382 c ngha phn c cho 16 382 mng.
2/ Biu hin trn thc t.
Biu hin a ch trn thc t th hin s thp phn trong 2 Octet cch nhau bng du chm (. ).
Cch tnh s thp phn cho tng Octet mt.
Octet 1
Ga tr tng ng vi
th t bit (n) Net ID
Gi tr 2n a ch mng
76543210
7
10000000 2 128
7 0
10000001 2 +2 129
7 1
10000010 2 +2 130
7 1 0
10000011 2 +2 +2 131
................ ........... ......
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
10111111 2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 191
9
a ch mng ca Lp A t 001 n 126. ( khng phn 127 ). Nh vy a ch mng ca Lp B

Octet th nht s t 128 cho n 191.
Nh vy gi tr thp phn ca Octet 1 t 128 n 191.
Octet 2
Ga tr tng ng vi
th t bit (n)
Net ID
Gi tr 2n
a ch mng
76543210
00000000 000 Khng phn
0
00000001 2 001
1
00000010 2 002
1 0
00000011 2 +2 003
................ ........... ......
................ ........... ......
7 6 5 4 3 2 1
11111110 2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 254
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
11111111 2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 255 Khng phn
Nh vy: a ch mng lp B biu hin trn thc t gm 2 Octet

t 128.001 cho n 191. 254
c ngha phn c cho 16 382 mng ( 214 - 2 ).
b / a ch cc my ch trn mt mng
1 / Kh nng phn a ch
Octet 3 v 4 gm 16 bit dnh cho a ch ca cc my ch trn tng mng.
10
Ga tr Bit
n
Gi tr 2 a ch
.15.14.13.12.11.10..9.8.|7.6.5.4.3.2.1.0
..0...0...0...0...0...0..0.0.|0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0 000
0
..0...0...0...0...0...0..0.0.|0.0.0.0.0.0.0.1 2 001
..0...0...0...0...0...0..0.0.|0.0.0.0.0.0.1.0 21 002
..0...0...0...0...0...0..0.0.|0.0.0.0.0.0.1.1 21+20 003
................................... ...... ......
................................... ...... ......
..1...1...1...1...1...1..1.1.|1.1.1.1.1.1.1.0 215+...21 65534
..1...1...1...1...1...1..1.1.|1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1 215+... 20 65535
<--------Octet 3------->|<---Octet 4-->
16
a ch ca cc bit bng 0 v bng 1 b ra, Kh nng thc t cn li 65534 a ch ( 2 - 2) phn
cho cc my ch trn mt mng.
2/ Biu hin a ch trn thc t
Octet 3
Ga tr tng ng vi
th t bit (n)
n
Gi tr 2 a ch my ch
76543210
00000000 000
0
00000001 2 001
1
00000010 2 002
1 0
00000011 2 +2 003
........... ......
................ ........... ......
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
11111111 2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 255
11
Octet 4
Ga tr tng ng vi
th t bit (n)
n
Gi tr 2 a ch my ch
76543210
00000000 000 Khng phn
0
00000001 2 001
1
00000010 2 002
1 0
00000011 2 +2 003
................ ........... ......
................ ........... ......
7 6 5 4 3 2 1
11111110 2 +2 +2+2 +2 +2 +2+2 +2 254
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
11111111 2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 255 Khng phn
Biu hin a ch my ch trn thc t ca Lp B l

t 000. 001 n 255. 254
Kt lun: a ch Lp B c th phn cho 16 382 mng v mi mng c n 65 534 my ch. Ni

cch khc a ch phn trong thc t s
t 128. 001. 000. 001 n 191. 254. 255. 254
V d: Mt a ch y ca lp B l 130.130.130.130. Trong :
a ch mng: 130.130
a ch my ch: 130.130
12
III/ a ch Lp C
Tng qut chung.
3 bit u tin nhn dng lp C l 1,1,0.

21 bit cn li trong 3 Octet u dnh cho a ch mng.
Octet cui cng c 8 bit dnh cho a ch my ch.
- net id: 2.097.150 mng

- host id: 254 mych/1 mng
a / a ch mng
1/ Kh nng phn a ch
21 bit cn li ca 3 Octet u dnh cho a ch mng
Gi tr tng ng vi bit n
n a ch
Gi tr 2
mng
20.19.18.17.16.|15.14.13.12.11.10.9.8.|7.6.5.4.3.2.1.0
.0...0...0...0...0..|.0...0...0...0...0...0..0.0.|0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0. 0
.0...0...0...0...0..|.0...0...0...0...0...0..0.0.|0.0.0.0.0.0.0.1. 20 1
.0...0...0...0...0..|.0...0...0...0...0...0..0.0.|0.0.0.0.0.0.1.0. 21 2
......................... .. .
......................... .. .
.1...1...1...1...1..|.1...1...1...1...1...1..1.1.|1.1.1.1.1.1.1.0. 2 +...+21
20
2097150
.1...1...1...1...1..|.1...1...1...1...1...1..1.1.|1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1. 220+...+20 2097151
<--Octet 1---->|<------Octet 2-------->|<----Octet 3-->
Cc bit u bng 0 hay bng 1 khng phn, nn kh nng phn a ch cho mng lp C l 2 097
21
150 hoc bng 2 - 2.
2/ Biu hin trn thc t
Octet 1
13
Ga tr tng ng vi
th t bit (n) Net ID
n
Gi tr 2 a ch mng
76543210
7 6
11000000 2 +2 192
7 6 0
11000001 2 +2 +2 193
7 6 1
11000010 2 +2 +2 194
7 6 1 0
11000011 2 +2 +2 +2 195
................ ........... ......
................ ........... ......
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
11011111 2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 223
Octet 2
Ga tr tng ng vi
th t bit (n)
n Net ID
Gi tr 2
a ch mng
76543210
00000000 000
0
00000001 2 001
1
00000010 2 002
1 0
00000011 2 +2 003
................ ........... ......
................ ........... ......
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
11111111 2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 255
Octet 3
14
Ga tr tng ng vi
th t bit (n)
n Net ID
Gi tr 2
a ch mng
76543210
00000000 000 Khng phn
0
00000001 2 001
1
00000010 2 002
1 0
00000011 2 +2 003
................ ........... ......
................ ........... ......
7 6 5 4 3 2 1
11111110 2 +2 +2+2 +2 +2 +2+2 +2 254
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
11111111 2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 255 Khng phn
Kt lun: a ch dnh cho mng ca lp C c kh nng phn cho 2097150 mng, ni cch khc
trn thc t s
t 192. 000. 001 n 223. 255. 254
b / a ch my ch trn tng mng
1/ Kh nng phn a ch
Octet 4 c 8 bit phn a ch cho cc my ch trn mt mng.
Octet 4
Ga tr tng ng vi
th t bit (n)
n
Gi tr 2 a ch my ch
76543210
15
00000000 000 Khng phn

0
00000001 2 001
1
00000010 2 002
1 0
00000011 2 +2 003
................ ........... ......
................ ........... ......
7 6 5 4 3 2 1
11111110 2 +2 +2+2 +2 +2 +2+2 +2 254
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
11111111 2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 255 Khng phn
8
Nh vy kh nng cho my ch trn tng mng ca a ch lp C l 254 hay 2 - 2.
2/ Biu hin trn thc t: T 001 n 254.
Kt lun: a ch lp C c th phn cho 2 097 150 mng v mi mt mng c 254 my ch. Ni

cch khc s t 192. 000. 001. 001 n 223. 255. 254.254
V d mt a ch Internet lp C y : 198. 010. 122. 230. Trong :
a ch mng: 198.010.122
a ch my ch: 230
V d: Trung tm thng tin mng Internet vng Chu - Thi bnh dng ( APNIC ) phn cho VDC 8
a ch ca lp C c th phn cho 8 mng t 203.162.0.0 cho n 203.162.7.0. Nhm s th nht l
203 cho bit y l nhng khi a ch lp C.
a ch y ca mt khi a ch 203.162.0.0 phi l 203.162.000.000, chng ta c s dng

trn vn octet cui cng c ngha l c 254 a ch my ch v u cui trn mt mng. V d
mng 203.162.0 s c a ch u cui t 203.162.0.000 n 203.162.0. 255. Nh vy tng cng
VDC c 8x254=2032 a ch l thuyt phn cho cc my ch v u cui trn 8 mng 203.162.0 ;
203.162.1;.....203.162.7 v.v..
Nh vy a ch mng l c nh, chng ta ch c quyn phn a ch cho my ch trn mng .
9.
16
Iv / a ch mng con ca Internet (IP subnetting)
a/ Nguyn nhn
Nh nu trn a ch trn Internet thc s l mt ti nguyn, mt mng khi gia nhp Internet c
Trung tm thng tin mng Internet ( NIC) phn cho mt s a ch va dng vi yu cu lc ,
sau ny nu mng pht trin thm li phi xin NIC thm, l iu khng thun tin cho cc nh
khai thc mng.
Hn na cc lp a ch ca Internet khng phi hon ton ph hp vi yu cu thc t, a ch lp

B chng hn, mi mt a ch mng c th cp cho 65534 my ch, Thc t c mng nh ch c vi
chc my ch th s lng ph rt nhiu a ch cn li m khng ai dng c . khc phc vn
ny v tn dng ti a a ch c NIC phn, bt u t nm 1985 ngi ta ngh n a ch mng
con.
Nh vy phn a ch mng con l m rng a ch cho nhiu mng trn c s mt a ch mng

m NIC phn cho, ph hp vi s lng thc t my ch c trn tng mng.
b/ Phng php phn chia a ch mng con
Trc khi nghin cu phn ny chng ta cn phi hiu qua mt s khi nim lin quan ti vic phn
a ch cc mng con.
1/ - Default Mask: (Gi tr trn a ch mng) c nh ngha trc cho tng lp a ch A,B,C. Thc
cht l gi tr thp phn cao nht (khi tt c 8 bit u bng 1) trong cc Octet dnh cho a ch mng
- Net ID.
Default Mask:
Lp A 255.0.0.0
Lp B 255.255.0.0
Lp C 255.255.255.0
2/ - Subnet Mask: ( gi tr trn ca tng mng con)
Subnet Mask l kt hp ca Default Mask vi gi tr thp phn cao nht ca cc bit ly t cc Octet
ca a ch my ch sang phn a ch mng to a ch mng con.
Subnet Mask bao gi cng i km vi a ch mng tiu chun cho ngi c bit a ch
mng tiu chun ny dng c cho 254 my ch hay chia ra thnh cc mng con. Mt khc n
cn gip Router trong vic nh tuyn cuc gi.
Nguyn tc chung:
Ly bt mt s bit ca phn a ch my ch to a ch mng con.

Ly i bao nhiu bit ph thuc vo s mng con cn thit (Subnet mask) m nh khai thc mng
quyt nh s to ra.
V a ch lp A v B u ht, hn na hin ti mng Internet ca Tng cng ty do VDC qun l

ang c phn 8 a ch mng lp C nn chng ta s nghin cu k phn chia a ch mng con
lp C.
17
10
I / a ch mng con ca a ch lp C
Class c:
a ch lp C c 3 octet cho a ch mng v 1 octet cui cho a ch my ch v vy ch c 8 bit l

thuyt to mng con, thc t nu dng 1 bit m mng con v 7 bit cho a ch my ch th vn
ch l mt mng v ngc li 7 bit cho mng v 1 bit cho a ch my ch th mt mng ch c
mt my, nh vy khng logic, t nht phi dng 2 bit m rng a ch v 2 bit cho a ch my ch
trn tng mng. Do vy trn thc t ch dng nh bng sau.
Default Mask ca lp C : 255.255.255.0
a ch
my ch
<-------->
255.255.255.1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 ; 192 ( 2 bit / ch mng con 6 bit /ch
my ch)
255.255.255.1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 ; 224 ( 3 bit /ch mng con 5 bit /ch
my ch)
my ch)
my ch)
my ch)
<---------------> <--------->
Default Mask a ch
mng con
Trng Subnetmask S lng S my ch trn

hp m ng con tng mng
1 255.255.255.192 2 62
18
2 255.255.255.224 6 30
3 255.255.255.240 14 14
4 255.255.255.248 30 6
5 255.255.255.252 62 2
Bng 1: Kh nng chia mng con ca a ch Lp C
Nh vy mt a ch mng lp C ch c 5 trng hp la chn trn (Hay 5 Subnet Mask khc

nhau), tu tng trng hp c th quyt nh s mng con.
1/ Trng hp 1 - Hai mng con
Subnet Mask 255.255.255.192.
T mt a ch tiu chun to c a ch cho hai mng con, mi mt mng c 62 my ch.
S dng hai bit (bit 7 v 6) ca phn a ch my ch to mng con. Nh vy cn li 6 bit phn

cho my ch.
a/ Tnh a ch mng
Octet 4
Bit 7 543210
6
xxx.xxx.xxx. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 = xxx.xxx.xxx.0
0
1
xxx.xxx.xxx. 1 000000 =
0 xxx.xxx.xxx.128
xxx.xxx.xxx. 1 000000 =
1 xxx.xxx.xxx.192
Ghi ch: xxx.xxx.xxx l a ch mng tiu chun ca lp C.
a ch ca mng l gi tr ca bit 7 v 6 ln lt bng 0 v 1. Trong trng hp chia a ch mng

con khng bao gi c dng a ch khi cc bit u bng 0 hay bng 1. Do vy trng hp 2 mng
con ni trn, a ch mng con s l:
Mng con 1: a ch mng xxx.xxx.xxx.64

Mng con 2: a ch mng xxx.xxx.xxx.128
b/ Tnh a ch cho my ch cho mng con 1
Chng ta ch cn 6 bit cho a ch my ch trn tng mng.
19
Octet 4
Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
0
xxx.xxx.xxx. 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 = xxx.xxx.xxx.64 a ch mng

0
1
0
............. ........ .............

.
0
xxx.xxx.xxx. 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 =xxx.xxx.xxx.127 Khng phn

1
a ch mng con 1
Mi mng cn li 62 a ch cho my ch.
Mng 1: T xxx.xxx.xxx. 065 n xxx.xxx.xxx.126
c/ Tnh a ch cho my ch cho mng con 2
Tng t nh cch tnh trn ta c
Octet 4
Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
xxx.xxx.xxx. 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 = xxx.xxx.xxx.128 a ch mng
xxx.xxx.xxx. 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 = xxx.xxx.xxx.129
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20
xxx.xxx.xxx. 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 = xxx.xxx.xxx.191 Khng phn

a ch mng con 2
Mng 2: a ch my ch trn mng 2.
T xxx.xxx.xxx.129 n xxx.xxx.xxx.190.
Tng qut li:
Subnet ID Hosts
0 1-62
64 65-126
128 129-190
192 193-254
a/ Mng con th nht
* / a ch mng con: xxx.xxx.xxx.064
* / a ch cc my ch trn mng con ny t.
xxx.xxx.xxx. 065
xxx.xxx.xxx. 066
xxx.xxx.xxx. 067
..............
n xxx.xxx.xxx. 126
b/ Mng con th 2
*/ a ch mng con: xxx.xxx.xxx. 128
*/ a ch cc my ch trn mng con ny t.
xxx.xxx.xxx. 129
xxx.xxx.xxx. 130
.............
n xxx.xxx.xxx. 190
a ch my ch t 1 n 62 v t 193 n 254 v 127 ; 191 b mt, ngha l mt 130 a ch.
V d: a ch tiu chun lp C l 196. 200. 123
21
Subnetmask 255.255.255.192
T a ch ny ta c 2 mng con l:
* Mng 1: a ch mng 196.200.123.064
a ch My ch trn mng ny.
T 196.200.123.065 n 196. 200. 123. 126.
* Mng 2: a ch mng 196.200.123.128
a ch my ch trn mng ny.
T 196.200.123.129 n 196.200.123. 190
2/ Trng hp 2 - Su mng con
Subnetmask: 255.255.255.224.
To c 6 mng con, mi mng con c 30 my ch
a/ Tnh a ch Mng con
Trng hp ny s dng 3 bit ( bit 7,6,5) ca a ch my ch (Octet 4) b sung cho a ch mng

tiu chun to mng con.
Octet 4
Bit 7 6 4321
5 0
xxx.xxx.xxx. 0 0 0000 = xxx.xxx.xxx.0

0 0

1 0

0 0

1 0

0 0

1 0
22
0 0

1 0
B trng hp cc bit u bng 0 hay 1, chng ta cn li a ch ca 6 mng con sau.
xxx.xxx.xxx.32 ; Mng con 1
b / Tnh a ch my ch cho mng con 1
Octet 4
Bit 7 6 4321
5 0
xxx.xxx.xxx. 00 0000 = xxx.xxx.xxx. 32 a ch mng

1 0
xxx.xxx.xxx. 00 0001 = xxx.xxx.xxx.33

1 1

1 0

1 1

1 0
......... .... .... ...............

1 0
xxx.xxx.xxx. 00 1111 = xxx.xxx.xxx.63 Khng phn

1 1
Nh vy a ch my ch ca mng con 1 s t 33 n 62.
23
Tng t nh cch tnh nu trn chng ta c th tnh c cho tt c cc trng hp cn li

(xem bng 1) v c tng hp li nh sau.
1/ Trng hp 1: Subnetmask 255.255.255.192
2 mng con.
62 my ch mi mng.
6 mng con.
30 my ch mi mng.
14 mng con.
14 my ch mi mng
30 mng con.
6 my ch mi mng.
5/ Trng hp 5: Subnetmask 255.255.255.252.
62 mng con.
2 my ch mi mng.
Xem bng tnh a ch cho cc trng hp trn
V d: a ch mng lp C m NIC phn cho VDC l 203.162.4.0. Trn a ch ny phn ra 2 mng

con th a ch s l.
Mng 1: a ch mng 203.162.4.64.
a ch my ch trn mng t 203.162.4.65 n 203.162.4.126
Mng 2: a ch mng 203.162.4.128.
a ch my ch trn mng t 203.162.4.129 n 203.162.4.190
11.
II / a ch mng con t a ch lp B
Default Mask ca lp B l 255.255.0.0
class b:
24
Net ID - Khi phn a ch mng con s dng Octet 3
a ch lp B c 2 Octet th 3 v th 4 dnh cho a ch my ch nn v nguyn l c th ly c

c 16 bit to a ch mng . Nu t mt a ch mng c NIC phn chng ta nh m rng ln
254 mng v mi mng s c 254 my ch. Trng hp ny s ly ht 8 bit ca octet th 3 b sung
n
vo a ch mng v ch cn li 8 bit thc t cho a ch my ch, theo cch tnh s thp phn 2 gi
tr ca 8 bit nh nu phn lp C, chng ta s c:
Bng phn chia a ch mng con lp B
Class B #of hosts per

Subnetting (Default #of subnets subnet
Subnet Mask
Subnet mask) S mng con S my ch trn
255.255.0.0 mi mng con
255.255.192.0 2 16382
255.255.224.0 6 8190
255.255.240.0 14 4094
S dng Octet 3 m
rng mng con 255.255.248.0 30 2460
255.255.252.0 62 1022
255.255.254.0 126 510
255.255..255.0 254 254
255.255.255.128 510 126
255.255.255.192 1022 62
S dng c Octet 4 255.255.255.224 2046 30

m rng mng con
255.255.255.240 4094 14
255.255.255.248 8190 6
255.255.255.252 16382 2
a ch lp B v l thuyt c 2 octet u cho a ch mng, khi chia mng con theo phng php s
dng tt c 8 bit trong 3 octet cho a ch mng, trn thc tng ng vi lp C, nh vy v a ch
NIC phn l lp B nhng cch t chc a ch li lp C ( Xem Bng ph lc phn a ch mng con
lp B ).
Trong bng ny cn ch ct 6 - khong cch a ch gia 2 mng con gii thiu cho chng ta
cch tnh a ch cc mng con, a ch cc my ch trn tng mng lin quan ti ct 7,8,9,10.
25
V d: Trng hp Subnetmask 255.255.240.0 l r nht.
Chia c 14 mng con, mi mng con c 4094 my ch, khong cch a ch gia hai mng con l
16.0 c ngha.
Mng con 1 c a ch l xxx.yyy.16.0 ; Mng con 2 s c a ch l xxx.yyy.16.0 + 16.0 =

xxx.yyy.32.0 c tip tc nh vy ta s tnh c a ch ca tng mng con v mng con 14 l
xxx.yyy. 224.0.
a ch my ch u tin trn mng con 1 l xxx.yyy.16.1 ; a ch my ch u tin trn mng
con 2 s l xxx.yyy.16.1 + 16.0 = xxx.yyy.32.1. Tip tc nh vy ta s tnh a ch c my ch
u tin ca mng con 14 l xxx.yyy.224.1 v.v..
Tng t chng ta bit c a ch cui cng ca cc my ch trn mt mng con.
Theo hng dn ny chng ta s tm c cc trng hp khc.
Tm li chia a ch mng con cng phi theo mt quy lut nht nh ngoi mun ca chng ta, khi
chia mng con cng b mt kh nhiu a ch, mt t hay nhiu tu thuc vo cc trng hp c th.
12.
ph lc tham kho a ch mng con lp b
Subnet Subnet mask No, of No, of Net no. Net step Net id First host
bit networks hosts
Th t khong a ch cc a ch u tin
s bit S mng S my mng cch a mng con ca my ch
dnh con ch trn ch gia trn tng mng
cho tng con 2 mng con
mng mng con
con
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
2 255.255.192.0 2 16382 0* 64.0
1 xxx.yyy.64.0 xxx.yyy.64.1
3*
3 255.255.224.0 6 8190 0* 32.0
2 xxx.yyy.64.0
26
3 xxx.yyy.96.0
4 xxx.yyy.128.0 +32.0
5 xxx.yyy.140.0
7*
4 255.255.240.0 14 4094 0* 16.0
. +16.0 +16.0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
5 255.255.248.0 30 2046 0* 8.0
. +8.0 +8.0
31*
27
6 255.255.252.0 62 1022 0* 4.0
. +4.0 +4.0
63*
7 255.255.254.0 126 510 0* 2.0
. +2.0 +2.0
126 xxx.yyy.252.0 xxx.yyy.252.1
127*
8 255.255.255.0 254 254 0* 1.0
. +1.0 +1.0
254 xxx.yyy.254.0 xxx.yyy.254.1
255*
Ghi ch : Nhng gi tri XXX* l nhng gi tr c tt c cc bit u bng 0 c ngha y l mng con
v bng 1 dng ni b , thc t khng phn .
Bai tap
1
28
Cu hi s 1
V sao a ch Internet li c cu trc khc vi a ch ca mng vin thng?
j
k
l
m
n A. V t chc Internet mun th
j
k
l
m
n B. V mng Internet c t chc bnh ng, ch c mt cp .
j
k
l
m
n C. V a ch phn cho ngi s dng Internet khng c trng nhau.
j
k
l
m
n D. ng trng hp B v C
j
k
l
m
n E. Khng c cu tr li no trn y ng
j
k
l
m
n N. B qua, khng tr li.
Cu hi s 2
Phn phi a ch Internet?
j
k
l
m
n A. B Bu in vin thng M
j
k
l
m
n B. Lin minh vin thng quc t (ITU)
j
k
l
m
n C. Hip hi Internet quc t
j
k
l
m
n D. Trung tm thng tin mng Internet (NIC)
j
k
l
m
Cu hi s 3
29
Mt a ch Internet c ghi l 48.20.109.4. a ch vit nh th ny c ng

khng?
j
k
l
m
n A. Khng ng
j
k
l
m
n B. ng
j
k
l
m
n C. ng, nhng khng vit dng y
j
k
l
m
n D. y khng phi a ch Internet
j
k
l
m
Cu hi s 4
Nu chng ta mun mt a ch Internet t chc mt mng li tham gia
mng Internet vi qui m 150 my tnh v 50 cng truy nhp khc nhau,
chng ta chn lp a ch no?
j
k
l
m
n A. Lp A
j
k
l
m
n B. Lp B
j
k
l
m
n C. Lp C
j
k
l
m
n D. Lp D
j
k
l
m
n E. Lp E
j
k
l
m
30
Cu hi s 5
a ch IP: 225.010.14.32. a ch ny lp a ch no?
j
k
l
m
n A. Lp A
j
k
l
m
n B. Lp B
j
k
l
m
n C. Lp C
j
k
l
m
n D. Lp D
j
k
l
m
n E. Lp E
j
k
l
m
Cu hi s 6
a ch IP: 180.30.20.10. u l a ch mng (Net ID)?
j
k
l
m
n A. 180
j
k
l
m
n B.180.30
j
k
l
m
n C. 30.20
j
k
l
m
n D. 180.30.20
j
k
l
m
n E. 20.10
j
k
l
m
31
Cu hi s 7
a ch IP: 203.162.12.10. u l a ch ca my ch?
j
k
l
m
n A. 10
j
k
l
m
n B. 203
j
k
l
m
n C. 12.10
j
k
l
m
n D. 162.12.10
j
k
l
m
n E. 203.162
j
k
l
m
Cu hi s 8
Mun bit kh nng phn a ch (khng gian a ch) ca mng (Net ID)
trong mt lp chng ta cn c vo:
j
k
l
m
n A. S octet dnh cho Net ID
j
k
l
m
n B. S bit trong class bit
32
j
k
l
m
n C. S bit cn li trong octet (cc octet) dnh cho Net ID
j
k
l
m
n D. S octet dnh cho my ch (Host ID)
j
k
l
m
Cu hi s 9
To a ch mng con da trn nguyn tc no?
j
k
l
m
n A. a ch mng m NIC phn cho
j
k
l
m
n B. Trn lp a ch
j
k
l
m
n C. Trn a ch ca my ch
j
k
l
m
n D. Trn bit nhn dng lp (class bit)
j
k
l
m
n E. Ly bt mt s bit ca phn a ch my ch
j
k
l
m
Ch : Cu tr li Bn chn cho cu hi ny l n
Cu hi s 10
33
255.255.0.0. Dy s ny l:
j
k
l
m
n A. a ch Internet lp B
j
k
l
m
n B. a ch Internet lp C
j
k
l
m
n C. Gi tr trn (Default Mask) lp A
j
k
l
m
n D. Gi tr trn (Default Mask) lp B
j
k
l
m
n E. a ch mng lp B
j
k
l
m
Cu hi s 11
Subnet Mask (gi tr trn ca tng mng con) ni ln iu g?
j
k
l
m
n A. S mng con c to ra t a ch mng NIC phn
j
k
l
m
n B. S mng con c to ra t a ch lp A, B hoc C
j
k
l
m
n C. S my ch (Host ID) c to ra t a ch mng NIC phn
j
k
l
m
n D. Khng ni iu g c, y l gi tr quy c
j
k
l
m
34
Cu hi s 12
Mt a ch mng lp C c th chia ra ti a cho bao nhiu mng con?
j
k
l
m
n A. Bao nhiu tu
j
k
l
m
n B. 5
j
k
l
m
n C. 30
j
k
l
m
n D. 62
j
k
l
m
n E. Khng c cu tr li ng
j
k
l
m
Cu hi s 13
Chng ta c bao nhiu kh nng la chn khi chia a ch mng con mt a
ch mng lp C?
j
k
l
m
n A. Chia thoi mi
j
k
l
m
n B. 256
j
k
l
m
n C. 5
j
k
l
m
n D. 14
j
k
l
m
n E. 62
j
k
l
m
35
Cu hi s 14
Khi nhn thy a ch lp C c Subnet Mask l 255.255.255.224 chng ta
hiu th no?
j
k
l
m
n A. S dng 3 bit ca a ch my ch cho a ch mng con
j
k
l
m
n B. S dng 6 mng con trn a ch lp C
j
k
l
m
n C. Hai cu tr li trn u ng
j
k
l
m
n D. Hai cu tr li trn u sai
j
k
l
m
Ch : Cu tr li Bn chn cho cu hi ny l n
Cu hi s 15
36
T chc qun l mng Internet ca tng quc gia c php phn chia phn
no trong a ch Internet (a ch IP)?
j
k
l
m
n A. c phn a ch mng (Net ID) trong tng lp.
j
k
l
m
n B.c phn a ch cc my ch trn tng mng (Host ID)
j
k
l
m
n C. c phn c Net ID ln Host ID
j
k
l
m
n D. Khng c quyn phn chia
j
k
l
m
37

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Su tp bi Nghim Ph Cng, http://www.diachiweb.com, email: cuonngp@diachiweb.

Cu trc a ch trn Internet

I. Gii thiu chung

Thnh phn, hnh dng ca a ch v cc lp a ch

4. a ch mng con ca Internet (IP Subnetting)

Phn I - Gii thiu chung

Phn II: Cu trc a ch IP

a/ Thnh phn v hnh dng ca a ch IP

Bit nhn dng lp ( Class bit )

Ghi ch: Tn l a ch my ch nhng thc t khng ch c my ch m tt c cc my con

Bit nhn dng lp (Class bit) phn bit a ch lp no.

1/ - a ch Internet biu hin dng bit nh phn:

bit nhn dng Octet 1 Octet 2 Octet 3 Octet 4

2/ - a ch Internet biu hin dng thp phn: xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx

V d: 146. 123. 110. 224

a ch IP chia ra 5 lp A,B,C, D, E. Hin ti dng ht lp A,B v gn ht lp C, cn lp D v E

Qua cu trc cc lp a ch IP chng ta c nhn xt sau:

Bit nhn dng l nhng bit u tin - ca lp A l 0, ca lp B l 10, ca lp C l 110.

Lp D c 4 bit u tin nhn dng l 1110, cn lp E c 5 bt u tin nhn dng l 11110.

Nh vy nu chng ta thy 1 a ch IP c 4 nhm s cch nhau bng du chm, nu thy nhm s

Tng qut chung:

Bit th nht l bit nhn dng lp A = 0.

- net id: 126 mng

a/ a ch mng (Net ID)

Cch tnh a ch mng lp A.

S th t Bit (n)- tnh t phi qua tri: 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

Xin xem bng tnh trn vn gi tr ca tt c cc Bit

Nh vy kh nng phn a ch ca lp A cho 126 mng -

2/ Biu hiu a ch trn thc t: T 001 n 126

Vi cch tnh nh trn, c tng s my ch trn mt mng ta c.

Nh vy kh nng phn a ch cho 16 777 214 my ch.

2/ Biu hin a ch trn thc t

Octet 2 Octet 3 Octet 4

Nh vy gi tr thp phn Octet 2 tnh t 000 ti 255.

Nh vy gi tr thp phn Octet 3 tnh t 000 ti 255.

Nh vy gi tr thp phn Octet 4 tnh t 001 ti 254.

Tng qut li ti a ch ca mt mng, khi ln lt thay i cc gi tr ca cc Octet 2, 3, 4.ta s c

(256 x 256 x 256) - 2 =16 777 214

T 000. 000. 0001 n 255. 255. 254

Kt lun: a ch lp A c th phn cho 126 mng v mi mt mng c 16 777 214 my ch. Ni

V d: Mt a ch y ca lp A: 124. 234. 200. 254. Trong :

Tng qut chung:

2 bit u tin nhn dng lp B l 1 v 0.

Theo cch tnh nh ca a ch mng Lp A ta c.

Tng t nh a ch Lp A, cc bit u bng 0 v cc bit u bng 1 c b ra, nn thc t gi tr

2/ Biu hin trn thc t.

a ch mng ca Lp A t 001 n 126. ( khng phn 127 ). Nh vy a ch mng ca Lp B

Nh vy gi tr thp phn ca Octet 1 t 128 n 191.

Nh vy gi tr thp phn ca Octet 2 t 001 n 254.

Nh vy: a ch mng lp B biu hin trn thc t gm 2 Octet

Octet 3 v 4 gm 16 bit dnh cho a ch ca cc my ch trn tng mng.

2/ Biu hin a ch trn thc t

Nh vy gi tr thp phn ca Octet 3 t 000 n 255.

Nh vy gi tr thp phn ca Octet 4 t 001 n 254.

Biu hin a ch my ch trn thc t ca Lp B l

Kt lun: a ch Lp B c th phn cho 16 382 mng v mi mng c n 65 534 my ch. Ni

Tng qut chung.

3 bit u tin nhn dng lp C l 1,1,0.

- net id: 2.097.150 mng

21 bit cn li ca 3 Octet u dnh cho a ch mng

2/ Biu hin trn thc t

Nh vy gi tr thp phn ca Octet 1 t 192 n 223.

Nh vy gi tr thp phn ca Octet 2 t 000 n 255.