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W
K

WW
K o

K o

K o

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W

KW

--


W
K

K
K 3 3 3x 2 y W
K W
9x 2 12x 2 EF
K 7 x 3 y 2 2 x 3 y
K 4 x 2 + x 4 x 2 + 3x 2 x
K (2 = 2 x 0 )
W
an K n an 0 an x n + an1 x n1 + .......... + a2 x 2 + a1 x + a0
K a0
WW

9 9 , 1, 5 2 9x2 , x , 5 9x2 x + 5
2 2 , 11 1 2x , 11 11 2 x
1 1, 5 , 3 3
3
x , 5x , 3 x3 + 5x 3

--


K

WW
1) (3x 2 + 6 x 4) + (4 x 2 5 x + 3) 2) ( x 2 5 x + 7) (2 x 2 + 3x 2)
W
1) (3 x 2 + 6 x 4) + (4 x 2 5 x + 3) = (3 x 2 + 4 x 2 ) + (6 x 5 x) + ((4) + 1) = 7 x 2 + x 3

2) ( x 2 5 x + 7) (2 x 2 + 3 x 2) = ( x 2 2 x 2 ) + [(5 x) (+3 x)] + (7 (2)) = x 2 8 x + 9

W
K
(2 x 3)(3x 2 x + 1) WW
W
(2 x 3)(3x 2 x + 1) = (2 x)(3 x 2 ) + (2 x)( x) + (2 x)(1) + (3)(3x 2 ) + (3)( x) + (3)(1)

= 6 x 3 2 x 2 + 2 x 9 x 2 + 3 x 3 = 6 x 3 11x 2 + 5 x 3
W
( x + y )( x y ) = x 2 y 2

( x + y )( x + y ) = ( x + y ) 2 = x 2 + 2 xy + y 2

( x y )( x y ) = ( x y ) 2 = x 2 2 xy + y 2
( x + y )( x + y )( x + y ) = ( x + y ) 3 = x 3 + 3x 2 y + 3xy 2 + y 3

( x y )( x y )( x y ) = ( x y ) 3 = x 3 3 x 2 y + 3 xy 2 y 3
WW
1) (7 x + 10)(7 x 10) 2) (2 y 2 + 11z 2 ) 2 3) (2 x 3 y ) 3
W
1) (7 x + 10)(7 x 10) = (7 x) 2 (10) 2 = 49 x 2 100
2) (2 y 2 + 11z 2 ) 2 = (2 y 2 ) 2 + 2(2 y 2 )(11z 2 ) + (11z 2 ) 2 = 4 y 4 + 44 y 2 z 2 + 121z 4
3) ( 2 x 3 y ) 3 = (2 x) 3 3(2 x) 2 (3 y ) + 3(2 x)(3 y ) 2 (3 y ) 3 = 8 x 3 36 x 2 y + 54 xy 2 27 y 3
--


1) x = 4 2) x = 2 W 2 x 3 6 x 2 + 7 W
W
W x
1) 2 x 3 6 x 2 + 7 = 2(4) 3 6(4) 2 + 7 = 2(64) 6(16) + 7 = 128 96 + 7 = 217

2) 2 x 3 6 x 2 + 7 = 2( 2 ) 3 6( 2 ) 2 + 7 = 2(2 2 ) 6(2) + 7 = 4 2 12 + 7 = 4 2 5
EF
W
K
W x 3 x 2 + 9 x 16 W
x + 12
x3 x 2 + 9 x 16
x 2 3x
12 x 16
12 x 36
20
20 x + 12 x 3 x 2 + 9 x 16

--


WW
1) x 2 + 2 x 7 2) 2 3) 4 x 2 y 2 5 x 3 y 2 + 17 xy 3

4) 2 x 4 + 3 x 3 + 4 x 2 + 5 5) x 3 1 6) 9 x 5 y + 10 xy 4 11x 2 y 2
WW
1) (3 x 2 + 4 x + 5) + (2 x 2 + 7 x 2) 5) (5 x 7)(3 x 2 8 x 5)

2) (4 w 2 2 w + 7) + (5w3 + 8w 2 1) 6) (3 x 2 2 x + 5)(2 x 2 5 x + 2)

3) (7 s 2 4 s + 11) (2s 2 + 11s 9) 7) (3c 2)(4c + 1)(5c 2)

4) (u 3 3u 2 4u + 8) (u 2 2u + 4) 8) (4u 5)(2u 1)(3u 4)

WW
1) (3 x + 5)(3 x 5) 7) [( x + 5) + y ][( x + 5) y ]
2) (4 x 2 3 y )(4 x 2 + 3 y ) 8) [( x 2 y ) + 7][( x 2 y ) 7]
3) (3 x 2 y ) 2 9) ( x 1) 3

4) ( 4 w + z ) 2 10) (2 x + y ) 3
5) [( x 2) + y ] 11) [( x 1) + 2 y ]
2 3

6) [( x + 3) y ] 12) [4 (1 2 y )]
2 3

WW
1) x 2 + 7 x 1 ; x = 3

2 ) x 2 5 x + 4 ; x = 5

3) 5 x 3 x 2 + 5 x 3 ; x = 1

4 )1 x 3 x 5 ; x = 2

--


WW
1) 5 x 3 + 6 x 17 x + 20 , x + 3

2) 6 x 4 + 3 x 2 11x 2 3 x + 9 , 2 x 3

3) 2 x 4 x 3 23x 2 + 9 x + 45 , 2 x 2 x 5

4) 24 x 5 + 20 x 3 16 x 2 15 , 6 x 2 + 5

--


K

W
K

K
EKKF

K
WW
1)10 x 3 + 6 x 2)12 x 2 y 6 xy 30 xy 2 3) ( x 4)(2a b) + ( x + 4)(2a b)
W
W 2 x 6 x 10x 3 EKKFE
10 x 3 + 6 x = 2 x(5 x 2 ) + 2 x(3) = 2 x(5 x 2 + 3)
W 6 xy EKKFE
12 x 2 y 6 xy 30 xy 2 = 6 xy(2 x) 6 xy(1) 6 xy(5 y ) = 6 xy(2 x 1 5 y ) = 6 xy(2 x 5 y 1)
W 2a b EKKFE
( x 4)(2a b) + ( x + 4)(2a b) = (2a b)[( x 4) + ( x + 4)] = (2a b)( x 4 + x + 4)

= (2a b)(2 x) = 2 x(2a b)
K
6 y 3 21y 2 4 y + 14 WW
W
W
6 y 3 21y 2 4 y + 14 = (6 y 3 21y 2 ) (4 y 14)
WEKKF
6 y 3 21y 2 4 y + 14 = (6 y 3 21y 2 ) (4 y 14) = 3 y 2 (2 y 7) 2(2 y 7)
W 2 y 7
6 y 3 21 y 2 4 y + 14 = (6 y 3 21 y 2 ) (4 y 14) = 3 y 2 (2 y 7) 2(2 y 7)

= (2 y 7)(3 y 2 2)

--


ax 2 + bx + c
a = 1 W
x 2

KK b c
x 2 + 7 x 18 WW
W
18 c = 18 b = 7
(2) + 9 = 7 W 9 2 K 7
WKK (2) 9 = 18
x 2 + 7 x 18 = ( x 2)( x + 9)
K

K
a 1 W
W m , n , p , q
1) mn = a , 2) pq = c , 3) mq + np = b
W
ax 2 + bx + c = (mx + p)(nx + q)
K c < 0 c > 0 b q p
K n m 3) 2) 1) n m

--


6 x 2 + 11x + 3 WW
W
mn = 6 , pq = 4 , mq + np = 11 W m , n , p , q
b > 0 c > 0 q p
W m = 2, n = 3, p = 3, q = 1 W
6 x 2 + 11x + 3 = (2 x + 3)(3x + 1)
b 2 4ac ax 2 + bx + c W
K b 2 4ac = (5) 2 4(6)(4) = 121 = 112 6 x 2 5 x 4 K
(mn + p) 2 ax 2 + bx + c m = n p = q


W
x 2 y 2 = ( x + y )( x y )
49 x 2 144 W
W
49 x 2 144 = (7 x) 2 (12) 2 49 x 2 144
49 x 2 144 = (7 x) 2 (12) 2 = (7 x + 12)(7 x 12) W

W
i ) x 3 y 3 = ( x y )( x 2 + xy + y 2 ) ii ) x 3 + y 3 = ( x + y )( x 2 xy + y 2 )
1) 8a 3 + b 3 2) a 3 64 WW
W
ii ) 8a 3 + b 3 = (2a) 3 + (b) 3 8a 3 + b 3 E
W
8a 3 + b 3 = (2a ) 3 + (b) 3 = (2a + b)[(2a ) 2 (2a )(b) + (b) 2 ]

= (2a + b)(4a 2 2ab + b 2 )
i) a 3 64 = (a) 3 (4) 3 a 3 64 E
--


W
a 3 64 = (a ) 3 (4) 3 = (a 4)[(a ) 2 + (a)(4) + (4) 2 ] = (a 4)(a 2 + 4a + 16)

K
1) 2m 2 + 6mn 15m 5n 2) p 2 + p q q 2 WW
W
W
1) 2m 2 + 6mn 15n 5m = (2m 2 + 6mn) + (15n 5m)
= 2m(m + 3n) 5(3n + m)
= (m + 3n)(2m 5)
2) p 2 + p q q 2 = p 2 q 2 + p q = ( p 2 q 2 ) + ( p q )
= ( p + q)( p q ) + ( p q )
= ( p q )( p + q + 1)

- -


W
1) 15 x 2 12 x 13) x 4 + 11x 2 + 18 27) 1 + y 12
2) 6a 3 b 2 12a 2 b + 72ab 3 14) 9 x 4 + 10 x 2 + 1 28) 8 x 6
3) ( x 4)(m + 2n) + n( x 4) 15) 6 x 4 + 23x 2 + 15 29) ( x 2) 3 1
4) x( y 3) 5(3 y ) 18) x 2 9 31)(a + b) 3 + (a b) 3
5) 3 x 3 + x 2 + 6 x + 2 19) 81b 2 16c 2 33) 27 ( x + 1) 6
6) 2 x 2 2 xy + x y 20) x 4 9 34) 5 xy + 20 y 15 x 60
7) 10 z 3 15 z 2 4 z + 6 21) 16 y 4 196 35) 4 x 2 + 2 x y y 2
8) 6m 3 + 4m 2 15m 10 22) 1 121n 2 36) x 2 + 6 x + 9 y 2
9) x 2 + 9 x + 20 23) x 2 ( y + z ) 2 37) 4 x 2 9 y 2 + 4 x + 1
10) b 2 + 12b 28 24) x 3 8 38) 27 x 3 6 x 2 + 2 x 1
11) 8a 2 26a + 15 25) p 3 + 64 39) 8 x 3 + 12 x 2 + 6 x + 1
12) 6 x 2 23 x + 20 26) 64u 3 27 w 3 40) a 2 + a + b b 2

EFK
W
K
x 2 3x + 4 3x + 1
K 2 W
x + 7 x + 12 2 x 5

K
2x
x = 0 x = 3 2
W
x 3x
K

- -


WW
P R P PR P P P
= PS = QR , = R0 , = =
Q S Q QR Q Q Q
P R P+R P R PR P R PR P R PS
+ = , = , = , = R0
Q Q Q Q Q Q Q S QS Q S QR

K
K
x 2 + 2x 3
WW17
x 2 + 5x + 6
W
W
x 2 + 2 x 3 = ( x 1)( x + 3) , x 2 + 5 x + 6 = ( x + 2)( x + 3)
W
x 2 + 2x 3
( x 1)( x + 3) x 1
= = , x + 3 0 x 3
x + 5 x + 6 ( x + 2)( x + 3) x + 2
2

x+6 x 6 x x+6
= + = + 3 x + 3 W
2 2 2 2 2
x 2 5x + 6 x 1 x 2 + 6 x + 9 x 2 + 7 x + 12
1) 2 2) 3 3 WW
x +x2 x2 x + 27 x 3x 2 + 9 x
W
x 2 5 x + 6 x 1 ( x 2)( x 3) x 1 ( x 2)( x 3)( x 1) x 3
1) 2 = = = , x 1 x 2
x + x 2 x 2 ( x 1)( x + 2) x 2 ( x 1)( x + 2)( x 2) x + 2
x 2 + 6 x + 9 x 2 + 7 x + 12 ( x + 3)( x + 3) ( x + 4)( x + 3)
2) 3
3 =
x + 27 x 3x + 9 x ( x + 3)( x 3 x + 9) x( x 2 3 x + 9)
2 2

( x + 3)( x + 3) x ( x 2 3 x + 9)
=
( x + 3)( x 2 3 x + 9) ( x + 4)( x + 3)
( x + 3)( x + 3) x( x 2 3x + 9) x
= = , x 0 x 3
2
( x + 3)( x 3x + 9)( x + 4)( x + 3) x+4

- -


WW
2mn + m mn + m x 3 x 2x 1
1) 2) + 3)
m+n m+n x + 1 2x 1 x2 4 x 2 3 x 10
W
KEF
2mn + m mn + m (2mn + m) (mn + m) 2mn + m mn m mn
1) = = =
m+n m+n m+n m+n m+n
x 3 x(2 x 1) + 3( x + 1) 2 x 2 x + 3 x + 3 2 x 2 + 2 x + 3
2) + = = =
x + 1 2x 1 ( x + 1)(2 x 1) ( x + 1)(2 x 1) ( x + 1)(2 x 1)
x 2x 1 x 2x 1 x( x 5) (2 x 1)( x 2)
3) 2 = =
x 4 x 3x 10 ( x 2)( x + 2) ( x 5)( x + 2)
2
( x 2)( x + 2)( x 5)

( x 2 5 x ) ( 2 x 2 4 x x + 2) x 2 5 x 2 x 2 + 4 x + x 2
= =
( x 2)( x + 2)( x 5) ( x 2)( x + 2)( x 5)

x2 2 x2 + 2
= =
( x 2)( x + 2)( x 5) ( x 2)( x + 2)( x 5)
K

K

- -


2 1
+
x y 1
1) x 2 x 2) 1 WW
3x 2 x y

x5 x5
W
2 1 2 x + 1( x 2) 2 x + x 2 3x 2
+
x ( x 2) x ( x 2) x ( x 2) 3x 2 x 5
1) x 2 x = = = =
3x 2 3x 2 3x 2 3x 2 x ( x 2 ) 3x 2

x5 x5 x5 x5 x5
(3x 2)( x 5) x5
= =
x( x 2)(3x 2) x( x 2)

xy 1 1
1 x
x y y xy 1
y x ( xy 1)( x)
2) 1 = = = = =
x y 1 y 1 xy y 1 xy ( y )(1 xy )
x x
(1)(1 xy )( x) (1)( x) x
= = =
( y )(1 xy ) ( y) y

x 1 + y 1 2x 2 + y
W W
z 1 3x 2
x 1 + y 1 z 2x2 + y 2 + y
= =
z 1 x+ y 3x 2 3

- -


WW
x2 4 x 2 x 20 x3 9x a3 + 8
1) 2) 3) 3 4) 2
(x 2)(x + 3) 3 x 15 x + x2 6x a 8

x 2 + 3 x 40 10 x 2 3 x 1 2 x 3 6 x 2 + 5 x 15 x3 x 2 + x
5) 6) 7) 8)
x 2 + 3x + 10 2 x 2 + 5x 3 9 x2 x3 + 1

WW
x 2 + x 3 x 2 + 19 x + 28 x 2 16 x 2 4 x 21
1) 2)
2x + 3 x 2 + 5x + 4 x 2 + 7 x + 12 x2 4x
12m 2 + 28m + 15 2m 2 m 3 6u 2 5u + 1 2u 2 + 3u 2
3) 2 4) 2
6m + 35m + 25 3m 2 + 11m 20 3u + 11u 4 u 2 + 3u 4
z 2 81 z 2 z 20 2a 2 5a + 3 3a 2 8a 3
5) 2 6) 2 2
z 16 z 2 + 5 z 36 a +a2 a a6
W W
9 x + 1 3x + 4 x + 1 2x 1 x 3x 1
1) 2) + 3) 2
2x 1 2x 1 2x + 3 2x 3 2
x 9 x + 7 x + 12
1 2 3x 2 + 11x 4 x +1 2x x+5 2 1
4) + 5) 6) 1 + 3
x 3x 1 x5 x3 x3 x3 x x
WW
2 3 4 1 1 1
1) + 2) + 2 + 2
2 x + 1 3x + 1 4 x + 1 2
x + 7 x + 12 x 9 x 16

2 3 5 1 2x 2x 1
3) + 2 2 4) + 2
2
x 3 x + 2 x 1 x + 3 x 10 (x 2) 2
x+2 x 4
WW
1 2 x+2 1 z 2 + 3z 10 2 y 2 + 11y + 15
+
y 2 4 y 21
2) x 1 x + 1
2 2
1) x + 3 x 1 3) z2 + z 6 4) 2
x 3 x 1 z z 30 6 y + 11y 10
+ +
x 1 x + 3 2x x 1 x 1
2
2 z 2 15 z + 18 3 y 2 23 y + 14
- -


WW
1 1

1)
(x + h )
2
x 2
2) x + h x 3)
a 1
h h a 1 + a 2
1 1
1+ 4+
a 1b ab 1 p2 x
4) 5) 6)
a2 + b2 1 1
1 1
p+3 x

- -


K
KE FW
K
K x x = 3 2 x + 1 = 7 W
K 2(3) + 1 = 7 3 x x = 3

K
K x 2 5 x + 6 = 0 x = 2 x = 3 W
x

K x = W
W

K 7 x + 3 = 11 2 x + 3 + 5 x = 11 W
K 3x = 9 3x 7 = 2 W
W
5
x = 12 x = 10
6
W
W x EFW
a 0 b a ax + b = 0
3
1) 2x + 5 = 9 2) x 6 = 0 3) ( x + 2)(5x + 1) = 5x( x + 1) WW
4
W
WE
2x + 5 5 = 9 5 2x = 4 x = 4
3 4
W E
4 3
3 3 3 4 3 4
x6=0 x6+6=0+6 x = 6 x = (6) x = 8
4 4 4 3 4 3
- -


W 5 x 2 , 5 x , 2 E
( x + 2)(5 x + 1) = 5 x( x + 1) 5 x 2 + 11x + 2 = 5 x 2 + 5 x 11x + 2 = 5 x
2 1 1
6 x + 2 = 0 6 x = 2 x = = x=
6 3 3
KW

K
K
x 24 5 x x 5
1) = 2) 1 + = WW
x3 x3 x5 x5
W
K x 3 E
K ( x 3)
x 24 5 x
( x 3) = ( x 3) x = 24 5 x x + 5 x = 24 5 x + 5 x
x3 x3

6 x 24
6 x = 24 = x=4
6 6
K 3

K x 5 E
K ( x 5)
x 5 x 5
( x 5)1 + = ( x 5) ( x 5)1 + ( x 5) = ( x 5)
x 5 x 5 x 5 x 5
x 5 + x = 5 2 x 5 = 5 2 x 5 + 5 = 5 + 5 2 x = 10 x = 5
x = 5
K

- -


W
1) 2 x + 10 = 40 3 5 3x 12
9) = 14) =2
x + 2 2x 7 x+4 x+4
2) 3 y + 20 = 2
x x+4 5 3 4
3) 4 x 11 = 7 x + 20 10) = 15) =
x3 x+2 x3 x2 x3
4) 4(2 x 17) + 5(3 x 8) = 0 x+3 x3
11) = 17) 5[x (4 x 5)] = 3 2 x
3 1 2 x+5 x4
5) x + = 18) 6[3 y 2( y 1)] 2 + 7 y = 0
4 2 3 9 3m
12) 2 + =
1 1 19 m3 m3 19) 4[2 + ( y + 1) 2 ] = ( y + 2) 2
6) x + 7 x =
2 4 2 4x 3 2x 4
13) = 19) ( y + 3) = ( y + 4) 2 + 1
2
7) 5( x + 3)( x 3) = 5 x( x 1) 2x x2

40 3 x 6 x + 7 12 + x 5 x 7 21) ( z 7) 2 = ( z 2) 2 + 9
8) = 14) = +2
5x 8 4 3

- -


W
WW
ax 2 + bx + c = 0 a0
K

ax 2 + bx + c
AB = 0 A = 0 B = 0 W
1) x 2 + 10 x + 25 = 0 2) 2 x 2 + x 6 = 0 WW
W
x 2 + 8 x + 15 = ( x + 3)( x + 5) E
W
x 2 + 8 x + 15 = ( x + 3)( x + 5) = 0 { x + 3 = 0 x = 3 x + 5 = 0 x = 5}
K x = 5 x = 3 x 2 + 8 x + 15 = 0
K
W a 1 m , n , p , q E
3
2 x 2 + x 6 = (2 x 3)( x + 2) = 0 2 x 3 = 0 2 x = 3 x = 2
x + 2 = 0 x = 2
3
x = x = 2 2 x 2 + x 6 = 0
2

K A = B B > 0 A 2 = B W B A
1) x 2 5 = 0 2) ( x + 1) 2 = 49 WW
W
WE
x2 5 + 5 = 0 + 5 x2 = 5 x = 5
x = 5 x = 5 W
WE

- -


( x + 1) 2 = 49 x + 1 = 49 x + 1 = 7 x = 7 1
x = 7 1 = 6 x = 7 1 = 8
K x = 8 x = 6 W
W
a 1 a
2
K
b
2
2
KK x
b
2
1) x 2 2 x + 6 = 0 2) 2 x 2 + 8 x 15 = 0 WW27
W
2
2
= 1 a = 1 E
2
W
x 2 2 x 8 = 0 x 2 2 x = 8 x 2 2 x + 1 = 8 + 1 ( x 1) 2 = 9
W
( x 1) 2 = 9 x 1 = 9 x 1 = 3

{ x 1 = 3 x = 4 x 1 = 3 x = 2}
a 1 a = 2 E
W
1 1 15
2 x 2 + 8 x 15 = 0 2 x 2 + 8 x = 15 (2 x 2 + 8 x) = (15) x 2 + 4 x =
2 2 2
2 2
W = = 4
b 4
2 2
15 23 23 23
x 2 + 4 x + 4 = + 4 ( x + 2) 2 = x+2= x= 2
2 2 2 2

46 4 46 4 46 4
x= x= x=
2 2 2

- -


W
W
b b 2 4ac
Kx = ax 2 + bx + c = 0, a 0 W
2a
W b 2 4ac
b b 2 4ac
x = W b 2 4ac
2a
b
x = W b 2 4ac
2a
K b 2 4ac
1) 2 x 2 5 x + 2 = 0 2) x 2 + 6 x + 9 = 0 3) 3x 2 + 6 x + 7 = 0 WW
W
W a = 2 b = 5 c = 2 E
b 2 4ac = (5) 2 4(2)(2) = 25 16 = 9 > 0
W
b b 2 4ac (5) 9 5 3 5+3 8 53 2 1
x= = = x= = = 2 x= = =
2a 2(2) 4 4 4 4 4 2
W a = 1 b = 6 c = 9 E
b 2 4ac = (6) 2 4(1)(9) = 36 36 = 0
b ( 6)
x= = = 3 W
2a 2(1)
W a = 3 b = 6 c = 7 E
b 2 4ac = (6) 2 4(3)(7) = 36 84 = 48 < 0
.

- -

W
1) x 2 2 x 15 = 0 2) 8 y 2 + 189 y 72 = 0
2 2
4) 8 + 14t 15t = 0 5) ( x 5) 9 = 0
W
1) x 2 = 81 2) 2 x 2 48 = 0
2 2 2 2
4) ( x 8) = ( x + 1) 5) x = ( x + 1)
W
1) x 2 + 8 x 10 = 0 2) x 2 6 x = 0
2 2
4) 2 x + 10 x 3 = 0 5) 4 x 4 x + 15 = 0
W
1) x 2 2 x 15 = 0 2) x 2 + x 1 = 0
1 3
4) 3 x 2 5 x + 3 = 0 5) x 2 + x 1 = 0
2 4
7) x 2 = 7 x 1 8) 2 x 2 + 3 x + 2 = 0
k W
1)16 x 2 + kx + 9 = 0 2) x 2 + kx + 81 = 0 3) y 2 3 y + k = 0 4) x 2 + 15 x + k = 0
- -
3) 3 x 2 7 x = 0
2 2
6) (2 x 5) (4 x 11) = 0
3) ( x 5) 2 = 36
2 2
6) 4 x = (2 x + 3)
3) x 2 + 7 x 2 = 0
2
6) 2 + 10 x 5 x = 0
3) 2 x 2 + 4 x + 1 = 0
2 1
6) x 2 5 x + = 0
3 2
9) 2 x 2 + 5 x 3 = 0

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W
KK

WW
K o

K o

K o

K o

KW

- -


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KK Seki Ko wa
K
KW
WK
n n W
n
K
KK1 1
W 4 4 3 3 2 2 KW
1 2 1 0
1 3 9
2 4 3 1 1 5
1) 2) 2 6 3 3)
1 3 2 2 5 1
8 7 4
0 2 0 3
W 2 2
E F 2 2 W
W EF
a b
= ad bc
c d
WW
2 4 1 1
1) 2)
1 3 5 0
W
2 4
1) = (2 3) (4 1) = 6 4 = 2
1 3
1 1
2) = (1 0) (5 1) = 0 (5) = 5
5 0
- -


W 3 3
EF 3 3 W
E F
W
a11 a12 a13 a11 a12 a13 a11 a12
a21 a22 a23 = a21 a22 a23 a21 a22 = a11a22 a33 + a12 a23a31 + a13a21a32

a31 a32 a33 a31 a32 a33 a31 a32
a31a22 a13 a32 a23a11 a33a21a12
WW
1 3 9 1 0 2
1) 2 6 3 2) 5 1 3
8 7 4 0 2 4
W
1 3 9 1 3 91 3
1) 2 6 3 = 2 6 3 2 6
8 7 4 8 7 48 7
= (1 6 4) + (3 3 8) + (9 2 7) (8 6 9) (7 3 1) (4 2 3)
= 24 + 72 + 126 432 21 24 = 255
1 0 2 1 0 2 1 0
2) 5 1 3 = 5 1 3 5 1
0 2 4 0 2 4 0 2
= (1 1 4) + (0 3 0) + (2 5 2) (0 1 2) (2 3 1) (4 5 0)
= 4 + 0 20 0 (6) 0 = 18

- -


WK
KW
WW
1 5 0
1 5
1) 2) 0 1 2
1 0
2 3 4
W
WE
1 5 1 1
= =5
1 0 5 0
WE
1 5 0 1 0 2
0 1 2 = 5 1 3 = 18
2 3 4 0 2 4

W
KEF
WW
1 9 9
1 2
1) 2) 2 18 3
1 3
8 21 4
W
WE
1 2 0.5 2 0.5 4 2 4
= = 0 .5 = 0 .5 2 = 1
1 3 1 3 1 3
WE
1 9 9 1 3 3 9 1 3 9
2 18 3 = 2 3 6 3 = 3 2 6 3 = 3 255 = 765
8 21 4 8 3 7 4 8 7 4

- -


KW
WW
1 9 9
2 1
1) 2) 8 21 4
3 1
2 18 3
W
WE
2 1 1 2
= = 1
3 1 1 3
WE
1 9 9 1 9 9
8 21 4 = 2 18 3 = 765
2 18 3 8 21 4
KW
WW
1 1 2
1 2
1) 2) 0 0 3
1 2
1 1 5
W
WE
1 2
=0
1 2
WE
1 1 2
0 0 3 =0
1 1 5

- -


WK
m n W
K n m
K1 1
W 3 3 1 5 4 1 3 2 2 3 W
1
5 3 5 2 3
5 7 10 0
A = , B = 7 5 , C = , D = ( 0.6 2 17 1 0 ), E = 1 0 0.7
3 5 12 10 12 0.5
2 4 0

2
W
KKEFW
WW
3 + 2 2 1x3 5 2 3

F = 1 0 0.7 , G = 1 2 0.7
2
26 0 2 4 0

A
F E G
A B
K E = F E

- -


WK
W
E FW
KEF
WW
2 4 7 2 0 1
A = B =
6 3 1 3 4 7
W
1) A + B 2) B A
W
2 2 4 + 0 7 +1 0 4 8
1) A + B = =
6 + 3 3 + 4 1+ 7 3 7 6
2 2 0 4 1 7 4 4 6
2) B A = =
3 ( 6) 4 3 7 ( 1) 9 1 8
KW
WKW
1) B + A 2) B + ( A + B ) 3) B + B + A
W
WE
0 4 8
B + A = A + B =
3 7 6
WE

0 4 8 2 0 1 2 4 9
B + ( A + B) = ( B + A) + B = + =
3 7 6 3 4 7 0 11 13
WE
2 4 9
B + B + A = B + A + B = B + ( A + B) =
0 11 13

- -


W
EFEFW
E
FE FE F
K
WW
3 0 0 .5 1

A = 1 2 B = 0 2
6 5 3 0.4

W
B
1) 3 A 2) A + 2 B 3)
2
W
3 0 3 3 3 0 9 0

1) 3 A = 3 1 2 = 3 1 3 2 = 3 6
6 5 3 6 3 5 18 15

3 0 0 .5 1 3 0 1 2 2 2

2) A + 2 B = 1 1 2 + 2 0 2 = 1 2 + 0 4 = 1 6
6 5 3 0.4 6 5 6 0.8 0 4.2

0 .5 1
0 .5 1
0 2 2
2 0.25 0.5

B 3 0.4 0 2
3) = = = 0 1
2 2 2 2
3 0 .4 1 .5 0 .2

2 2
KEFW
WKW
1) A 3 2) 1.5(2 A)
W
WE

- -


9 0

A 3 = 3A = 3 6
18 15

WE
9 0

1.5(2 A) = (1.5 2) A = 3 A = 3 6
18 15

W
W
K

- -


WW
3
3
1
1) a = (1 2 0 0.3) 2) b = (1 2 0 0.3) 1
4 4

10
W
1) a = (1x 3) + (2x1) + (0 x 4) + (0.3x10) = 3 2 + 0 + 3 = 2
K b E
K
W
F k n m k W
m n E
K
WW
10 15 1 2 30
30 40 90
A = B = 70 90 C = 15 0 12
25 80 100 120 110 23 3
6
W
1) AB 2) BA 3) BC
W
10 15

(30 40 90 ) 70 (30 40 90 ) 90
120 110 8300 6750
1) AB = =
10 15 6150 3425
( 25 80 100 ) 70

( 25 80 100 ) 90

120 110

- -


30 40 90
(10 15) (10 15) (10 15 )
25 80 100 75 1600 2400
30 40 90
2) BA = (70 90 ) (70 90 ) (70 90 ) = 150 10000 15300
25 80 100
850 13600 21800
30 40 90
(120 110 ) (120 110 ) (120 110 )
25 80 100
KE
KW
W W
AB BA
WW
3

1
A = (1 2 0 0.3)
4

10
W
3 1 3 2 3 0 3 0.3 3 6 0 0.9

11 1 2 1 0 1 0 .3 1 2 0 0 .3
A= =
4 1 4 2 40 4 0.3 4 8 0 1 .2

10 1 10 2 10 0 10 0.3 10 20 0 3
W
3 3

1 1
(1 2 0 0.3) (1 2 0 0.3)
4 4

10 10
WW
2 1
1
A = B = (3 0 0.5) C = 3 0
2 0 4

- -


W
1) ( AB)C 2) A( BC )
W
2 1
3 0 0 .5 6 5
1) ( AB)C = 3 0 =
6 0 1 12 10
0 4
WE
6 5
A( BC ) = ( AB)C =
12 10
W W
( A + B )C = AC + BC

A( B + C ) = AB + AC
K C B A
W
n m At m n A W
K
KW
W
3
2 3 0
At = ( 1 2 ) Bt = 0 C t =
0.5 1 0 4

- -


WK
W
K A W
KK det (A)
WW
1 0 3 0 1 4
1 1 2 3
A = B = C = 4 2 1 D = 5 3 0
1 0 1 1 2 0
1 6 1 3

4 0 6
E =
0 1 5
W
1 1
det( A) = = 0 (1) = 1
1 0
2 3
det( B) = = 2 3 = 5
1 1
1 0 3 1 0 3 1 0

det(C ) = 4 2 1 = 4 2 1 4 2 = 2 + 0 + 0 (12) 0 0 = 10
2 0 1 2 0 1 2 0
0 1 4 0 1 4 0 1
det( D) = 5 3 0 = 5 3 0 5 3 = 0 + 0 20 72 0 15 = 107
6 1 3 6 1 3 6 1
K E det(E )
KW
WKW
1) det( AB ) 2) det( BA) 3) det(CD ) 4) det( DC )
W
WK

- -


1) det( AB ) = det( A) det( B) = 1 5 = 5

2) det( BA) = det( B ) det( A) = 5 1 = 5

3) det(CD ) = det(C ) det( D) = 10 107 = 1070
4) det( DC ) = det( D ) det(C ) = 107 10 = 1070
W
K W
K W
W
2 1
F =
6 3
W
W
KEF
WW
1 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 2 0
A = B = C = 0 2 0 D = 0 3 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 3

W
1 2 3
1 1 1 0 0
E = F = 0 0 4 G =
0 0 0 0 2 0 1 0

KEFW
KW
W
det( A) = 1 0 = 0
det( B ) = 2 1 = 2

det(C ) = 1 2 1 = 2
det(C ) = 0 3 3 = 0

- -


W
K W
KI n n I n
W
1 0 0 0
1 0 0
1 0 0 1 0 0
I 2 = I3 = 0 1 0 I4 =
0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0

0 0 0 1
KW
WW
1 2 31 0 0 1 0 0 1 2 3

1) A = 0 3 4 0 1 0 2) B = 0 1 0 0 3 4
1 5 20 0 1 0 0 1 1 5 2

W
1 2 3

1) A = 0 3 4
1 5 2


1 2 3

2) B = 0 3 4 = A
1 5 2

W
A a W
F a A a
WEF 4 4 3 3 2 2 E A
+ +
+ +
+ + +
+ +
+ + + +

+ +

- -


KK cofA K
WW
1 3 2
3 1
1) A = 2) B = 1 4 2
2 0 2 3 2

W
+0 2 0 2
1) cofA = =
( 1) + 3 1 3
4 2 1 2 1 4
+ +
3 2 2 2 2 3 14 2 11
3 2
1 2 1 3
2) cofB = + = 12 6 3
3 2 2 2 2 3
2 4 7
3 2 1 2 1 3
+ +
4 2 1 2 1 4
W
K A W
K adjA
KW
W
0 1
1) adjA = (cofA) t =
2 3
14 12 2

2) adjB = (cofB ) t = 2 6 4
11 3 7

- -


WK
J A 1 A W
W
AA 1 = A1 A = I
A
W
W
adjA
A 1 =
det( A)
KW
W
WE
3 1
det( A) = = 0 ( 2 ) = 2 0
2 0
W
0 1

adjA 2 3 0 0.5
1
A = = =
det( A) 2 1 1 .5
WE
1 3 2 1 3 2 1 3
det( B) = 1 4 2 = 1 4 2 1 4 = 8 + 12 6 16 6 6 = 30 0
2 3 2 2 3 2 2 3
W
14 12 2
7 2 1
2 6 4
15 5 15
adjB 11 3 7 1 1 2
B 1 = = =
det( B) 30 15 5 15
11 1 7

30 10 30

- -


WW
1 0 3 1 2 10
1 2 2 6
1 ) A = 2 5 1 2) B = 0 2 5 3) C = 4) D =
0 4 1 0 0 3 4 1 3
0
W
WWE
1 0 3 1 0 3 1 0
det( A) = 2 5 1 = 2 5 1 2 5 = 5 + 0 24 0 (4) 0 = 15 0
0 4 1 0 4 1 0 4
K
WW
5 1 2 1 2 5
+ +
4 1 0 1 0 4
9 2 8
0 3 1 3 1 0
cofA = + = 12 1 4
4 1 0 1 0 4
15 5 5
0 3 1 3 1 0
+ +
5 1 2 1 2 5
WW
9 12 15

adjA = (cofA) t = 2 1 5
8 4 5

WW
9 12 15
3 4
2 1 5 1
8 4 5 52 5
1

1
1
A =
adjA
=
=
det( A) 15 15 15 3
8 4 1

15 15 3
WWE

- -


1 2 10 1 2 10 1 2
det( B) = 0 2 5 = 0 2 5 0 2 = 0 + 0 + 0 0 0 0 = 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
K
WWE
1 2
det(C ) = = 4 6 = 2 0
3 4
K
WW
+ 4 3
cofC =
2 + 1
WW
4 2
adjC = (cofC ) t =
3 1
WW
4 2

C 1 =
adjC
=
3 1 = 2 1


det(C ) 2 1 .5 0 .5
WWE
2 6
det( D) = = 6 (6) = 0
1 3
K
W 2 2
W ad bc 0 d c b a W9
d b d b

c a c a
1
a b
= =
c d ad bc a b
c d
K 2 2

- -


K9 2 2 W
W
WE
0 (1) 0 1

3 2 3 0 0.5
1
3 1 2
= = =
2 0 3 1 2 1 1 . 5
2 0

WE
4 2 4 2

3 1 3 1 2
1
1 2 1
= = =
3 4 1 2 2 1 .5 0 .5
3 4
KE
2 6
= 6 ( 6 ) = 0
1 3

- -


WW
1 2 2 5 0 7
1) 2) 3)
3 5 3 1 3 6
3 1 1 1 2 0 1 2 3
4) 2 1 2 5) 3 1 1 6) 0 1 4
1 2 0 2 2 5 0 0 1
WW
3 1 7 2 2 5 1 0 0 1 1 5
1) 2 1 14 2) 3 1 1 3) 2 1 0 4) 3 3 0
5 10 35 1 2 0 3 4 1 2 2 6
WW
1 0 4 10 2 6 0.5 12 2
A = B = C =
2 6 5 3 7 1 0 5 3
W
1) A 2 B + C 2) 2C + 3 A 3) B A + 3C
WW
4 1 1 2 1 2 1
3 1 2
1) 1 0 2) 2 3 5 4 3
4 1 2 1 4 2 3 2
2 2
3 1
2 3 4 3 0 1
1 2 1 4 2 0
3) 4) 1 4 2 2 5 3
0 3 7 1 4 1 1
0 5 1 2 3
3 7

- -


WW
1 0 0
1 2 5 10
1) A = 2) B = 3) C = 5 10 0
4 6 1 2 3 14 0


1 5 3 1 10 9 8

4) D = 0 2 1 5) E = 2 11 12 7
4 3 0 3 4 5 6

WW
1 6 12
M=
12 12 6
W
1) det( M ) 2) M 2 = MM 3) M 3 = MMM
WW
2 3 5 1 5 9
A = B = C =
1 0 1 2 6 6
W R Q P
1) P = 2 A + B 2 2) AQ + BQ = I 3) RA = C
WW
k 2k 3
M =
2 k 1
k
WW
2 1 1

A = 2 2 3
1 1 2

WK
0 0 1

B = A 1 0 1 0 A
1 0 0

- -

]<gj]<]<j<^]<]

W
K

WW
K o

K o

K o

K o

KW

- -


K

??
K
EF
K

KK
WK
KW
W z y x W
1) x + 2.5 y + 3x
2) y + 3 x 2 y + z
3) 2 x y + 3 z
W z y x
x + xy z
x2 + x + 1
x+ y+z
KW
W z y x W
x + 2 .5 y + 3 x 6 = z 2 y + 3
2 x y + 3z = 2
x + 3 .5 y = 6
W z y x
x + xy z = 0
x2 + x + 1 = 3
x + y + z = y + z + 10

- -


KEFW
K
W z y x W
x + 3y + 2z = 2
3 x 6 y + z = 3

2 x + y 5 z = 10
x + 3z = 0

W
WK
W

K
W
K
W
F

KE
KWK
K
WW
1) x + 3 = 2 x 6 2 ) 3 .5 x + 4 = 7 x 3 3 .5 x 3) 2(3 x) = 2 x + 6
W
WWE
x 2 x = 6 3
WW
3x = 9
WWW
9
x= =3
3

- -


WE
3 . 5 x 7 x + 3 . 5 x = 3 4
W
0 = 7
KW
WE
6 2 x = 2 x + 6

2x + 2x = 6 6
W
0=0
KW
WK
W
KW
KKW
KW
WW

W

K
KW
KW
WW
1) 2 x + y = 5 2) 2 x + y = 5 3) 2 x + y = 5

3 x 4 y = 25 x 0 .5 y = 2 x 0.5 y = 2.5
W
W x y WE
y = 5 + 2x
WW

- -


3 x 4(5 + 2 x) = 25
WW
3 x 20 8 x = 25
3 x 8 x = 25 + 20
5 x = 5
5
x= =1
5
WW
y = 5 + 2x

y = 5 + (2 1) = 7
WW
x =1 y=7
W x y WE
y = 5 + 2x
WW
x 0.5(5 + 2 x) = 2
WW
x 2 .5 x = 2
x x = 2 + 2 .5
0 = 4.5
KW
W x y WE
y = 5 + 2x
WW
x 0.5(5 + 2 x) = 2.5
WW
x 2.5 x = 2.5
x x = 2.5 + 2.5
0=0
KW

- -


W
W y x W
a1 x + b1 y = c1

a 2 x + b2 y = c 2
KK c 2 c1 b2 b1 a 2 a1
2 2 D
W
a1 b1
D= = a1b2 a2 b1
a2 b2
2 2
W
c1 b1
Dx = = c1b2 c2b1
c2 b2

a1 c1
Dy = = a1c2 a2 c1
a2 c2
WW
WW
Dx Dy
x= y=
D D
E F W
K
W
K
KW
W
WE
2 1
D= =83=50
3 4
W
- -


5 1
Dx = = 20 (25) = 5
25 4

2 5
Dy = = 50 15 = 35
3 25
W
Dx 5
x= = =1
D 5

D y 35
y= = =7
D 5
WE
2 1
D= =11= 0
1 0 .5
W
5 1
Dx = = 2.5 2 = 4.5 0
2 0 .5
K x
WE
2 1
D= =11= 0
1 0 .5
W
5 1
Dx = = 2.5 (2.5) = 0
2 .5 0 .5

2 5
Dy = =55=0
1 2 .5
K
WW
1) 2 x + 3 y = 4 2) 3 x + 2 y = 12 3) 2 x + 8 y = 4

x y = 3 5x 3 y = 1 x + 4 y = 14
W

- -


2 3
1) D = = 2 3 = 5 0
1 1
4 3
Dx = = 4 ( 9 ) = 5
3 1
2 4
Dy = = 6 4 = 10
1 3
W
Dx 5
x= = = 1
D 5

D y 10
y= = =2
D 5
3 2
2) D = = 9 10 = 19 0
5 3
12 2
Dx = = 36 2 = 38
1 3
3 12
Dy = = 3 60 = 57
5 1
W
Dx 38
x== =2
D 19

D y 57
y= = =3
D 19
2 8
3) D = =88=0
1 4

4 8
Dx = = 16 112 = 96 0
14 4
K

- -


WK
K
W z y x W
a1 x + b1 y + c1 z = d1
a 2 x + b2 y + c 2 z = d 2
a 3 x + b3 y + c 3 z = d 3
d 3 d 2 d1 c3 c 2 c1 b3 b2 b1 a 3 a 2 a1
K
3 3 D
W
a1 b1 c1
D = a2 b2 c2
a3 b3 c3
3 3
W
d1 b1 c1
Dx = d 2 b2 c2
d3 b3 c3
a1 d1 c1
D y = a2 d2 c2
a3 d3 c3
a1 b1 d1
Dz = a2 b2 d2
a3 b3 d3
WW
WW
Dx Dy Dz
x= y= z=
D D D
E FW
K
- -


W
K
WW
1) x + y + z = 6 2) x + y + z = 6 3) x + y + z = 6
2 x + 3 y + z = 11 2 x + 3 y + z = 11 2 x + 3 y + z = 11
3x + 2 y + 2 z = 13 x 2y = 4 x 2 y = 5
W
1 1 1 1 1 11 1
1) D = 2 3 1 = 2 3 12 3 = 6 + 3 + 4 9 2 4 = 2 0
3 2 2 3 2 23 2
6 1 1 6 1 1 6 1
D x = 11 3 1 = 11 3 1 11 3 = 36 + 13 + 22 39 12 22 = 2
13 2 2 13 2 2 13 2
1 6 1 1 6 11 6
D y = 2 11 1 = 2 11 1 2 11 = 22 + 18 + 26 33 13 24 = 4
3 13 2 3 13 2 3 13
1 1 6 1 1 6 1 1
Dz = 2 3 11 = 2 3 11 2 3 = 39 + 33 + 24 54 22 26 = 6
3 2 13 3 2 13 3 2
WE D 0 F
Dx 2
x= = =1
D 2
Dy 4
y= = =2
D 2
D 6
z= z = =3
D 2

- -


1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2) D = 2 3 1= 2 3 1 2 3 = 0 1 4 (3) (2) 0 = 0
1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2

6 1 1 6 1 16 1
Dx = 11 3 1 = 11 3 1 11 3 = 0 + 4 22 12 (12) 0 = 18 0
4 2 0 4 2 0 4 2
KE D = 0 Dx 0 F
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
3) D = 2 3 1= 2 3 1 2 3 = 0 1 4 (3) (2) 0 = 0
1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2
6 1 1 6 1 1 6 1
Dx = 11 3 1 = 11 3 1 11 3 = 0 5 22 (15) (12) 0 = 0
5 2 0 5 2 05 2

1 6 1 1 6 1 1 6
Dy = 2 11 1= 2 11 1 2 11 = 0 6 10 (11) (5) 0 = 0
1 5 0 1 5 0 1 5
1 1 6 1 1 6 1 1
Dz = 2 3 11 = 2 3 11 2 3 = 15 11 24 (18) (22) (10) = 0
1 2 5 1 2 5 1 2
KE D = Dx = D y = Dz = 0 F

WK
W
AU = C
U A
C

- -


KW
W
2 1 x 5 2 1 x 5 2 1 x 5
1) = 2) = 3) =
3 4 y 25 1 0 .5 y 2 1 0 .5 y 2 .5
KW
WK
1 1 1 x 6 1 1 1 x 6 1 1 1 x 6

1) 2 3 1 y = 11 2) 2 3 1 y = 11 3) 2 3 1 y = 11
3 2 2 z 13 1 2 0 z 4 1 2 0 z 5

WW
AU = C
K A
W A
U = A 1C
WW
W
WWE
2 1
=83=50
3 4
K
WW
4 1 4 1

3 2 5
1
2 1 5
= =
3 4 5 3 2

5 5
WW
4 1
5 5 5 1
1
x 2 1 5
= = =
y 3 4 25 3 2 25 7

5 5

- -


WW
x =1 y=7
WWE
2 1
=11= 0
1 0.5

WWE
2 1
=11= 0
1 0.5

KW
W
WWE
1 1 1 1 1 11 1
2 3 1 = 2 3 1 2 3 = 6 + 3 + 4 9 2 4 = 2 0
3 2 2 3 2 23 2
K
WW
t
1 1 1 1 1 1 + 4
t
1 + (5) 4 0 2

1 adj 2 3 1 cof 2 3 1 0 + (1) (1) 1 1 1
1 1 1 3 2 2 3 2 2 + (2) (1)
= + 1 5 1 1
2 3 1 = = =
3 2 2 2 2 2 2

1
1 1 1 2 0 1

2 3 1 = 0.5 0.5 0.5
3 2 2 2.5 0.5 0.5

WW
1
x 1 1 1 6 2 0 1 6 1

y = 2 3 1 11 = 0.5 0.5 0.5 11 = 2
z 3 2 2 13 2.5 0.5 0.5 13 3

- -


WW
x =1 y=2 z =3
WWE
1 1 1
2 3 1 =0
1 2 0

WWE
1 1 1
2 3 1 =0
1 2 0

- -


WW
x+2 2 4
1) x (2 x + 3) = 2) 6 + 2(1 x) = 3 x 4 3) =
2 x + 3 1 x

x4 x+2
4) 2 x + 5 = 5) 5 6 x + (3x 2) = 4(2 + x) 6) = 5
2 3+ x
WW
1) 2 x 3 y = 1 2) 4 x + 2 y = 8 3) 2 x + 4 y = 0
x + 4y = 0 x 0 .5 y = 2 x 2y = 5

4) 4 x + 5 y = 9 5) 4 x 5 y = 9 6) 4 x 5 y = 9
x + 3y = 2 8 x + 10 y = 18 2 x + 2 .5 y = 0
WW
1) x + y + z = 6 2) 3 x + 5 y z = 10 3) x z = 12
x + 2y z = 0 x + 2 y + z = 11 3 x + 2 y = 3
2x 3y + 4z = 2 5 x + y 3z = 12 6 x + 2 y + 3 z = 10

4) x + 2 z = 13 5) x + 2 y z = 2 6) y + z = 0
y+ z =5 x + 15 y 3 z = 11 x + y z = 10
x y=0 y + 2z = 3 x + 2 y = 12

- -

]<gj]<]<j<^]<]

W
K

WW
K o

K o

K o

K o

KW

- -


K
W
K

WK
X Y X f W
X x2 x1 Y
W Y
x1 = x2 f ( x1 ) = f ( x2 )
K x f (x)
x f (x) Y X
x Y f (x) f y = f (x) x f
KK Y f (x) Y
f : X Y W

K
f W W
0 2 f Y = {2,4,6,8} X = {0,1,2,3}
1 W Y X
4
f (1) = 2, f (2) = 4, f (3) = 6
2 X f
6
K Y
3 8 W
W
f ( x) = 2 x W f : X Y
X Y
- -


f Y = {0,1,4,9,2} X = {0,1,1,2,2,5} WW
W Y X
f (0) = 0, f (1) = f (1) = 1, f (2) = f (2) = 4

f
X f
0 0 W Y
2 2 1 1 0
1 1 5 Y
-1 f (5) Y
4 KK Y
2 W
9
W
-2
f : X Y
-2
5 f ( x) = x 2 W
f
W
X Y
x1 = x2 ( x1 )2 = ( x2 )2 f ( x1 ) = f ( x2 )
Countries Cities W W
K f (x) x W Countries Cities f
Cities x f
KW Countries
x x
WK Countries
f ( Riyadh) = Saudi Arabia
f ( A lg iers ) = A lg eria

f (Cairo) = Egypt
f ( London) = United Kingdom
K Abha Countries f ( Abha)

- -


Cities g Countries Cities W W

K x g (x) W Countries
Cities x g
WK Countries
g ( Riyadh) = Saudi Arabia
g ( A lg iers ) = A lg eria
g (Cairo) = Egypt
g ( London) = United Kingdom
g ( Abha ) = Saudi Arabia
Cities Countries f Countries W
K x f (x) W
KK Saudi Arabia W
EF f W
f
K
K R f D f f
KW
W
1) D f = {1,2,3} R f = {2,4,6}

2) D f = {0,1,1,2,2} R f = {0,1,4}
W Capitals E
D f = Capitals R f = Countries
4) D g = Cities R g = Countries
K f ( x) = 2 x W f W
K f (14) f (5) E K f E K f E
W
W f E
x1 = x2 2 x1 = 2 x2 f ( x1 ) = f ( x2 )
- -


Df = W f E
R f = {2,4,6,8,10,L} W
. f (14) = 2 14 = 28 f (5) = 2 5 = 10 E
K f ( x) = 2 x W R R g R W
K g (5) g (2.5) E K g E K g E
W
W g E
x1 = x 2 2 x1 = 2 x 2 g ( x1 ) = g ( x 2 )
Dg = R W g E
y = 2 = 2 = g
y y y
W R g = R W R
2 2 2
. 0.6 = g (0.3) 3 = g (1.5) WK

. g (5) = 2 5 = 10 g ( 2.5) = 2 2.5 = 5 E

W g f W
1) D f = Dg

2) x D f f ( x ) = g ( x )
K f = g W
g f W
W
W f g W
D f = Capitals Dg = Cities
g f W
W
W f g W
D f = Dg = R
WW
g:

- -


g ( x) = x 2 W
f = g K f
W
D f = = Dg WEF
f (3) = 2 3 = 6 g (3) = 3 2 = 9 3 D f = W
K f g W
WK
f : X Y W
K D f = X W
W
W
K f ( x) = 2 x f : {0,1,2,3} {2,4,6,8} W
KE f (0) F D f = {1,2,3} {0,1,2,3}
K f ( x) = x 2 f : {0,1,1,2,2,5} {0,1,4,9,2} W
E f (5) F D f = {0,1,1,2,2} {0,1,1,2,2,5}
K
KK x f (x) f : Cities Countries W
E f ( Abha ) F D f = Capitals Cities
K
K x g (x) g : Cities Countries W
K Dg = Cities
K f ( x) = 2 x f : W
K D f =
K g ( x) = 2 x g : R R W
K Dg = R
K g ( x) = x 2 g: W
K D g = N

- -


K f : D f Y f : X Y W

KEF
KW
W
KK f ( x) = 2 x f : {1,2,3} {2,4,6,8} W
K f ( x) = x 2 f : {0,1,1,2,2} {0,1,4,9,2} W
K x f (x) f : Capitals Countries W
KK
E F f : X Y W
x2 x1
K D f = X f ( x1 ) = f ( x 2 ) x1 = x 2 W
KW
W
K f ( x) = 2 x f : {1,2,3} {2,4,6,8} W
KK f ( x1 ) = f ( x2 ) 2 x1 = 2 x2 x1 = x2 W
K f ( x) = x 2 f : {0,1,1,2,2} {0,1,4,9,2} W
KK f (1) = 12 = 1 = (1) 2 = f (1) WK
KKK x f (x) f : Capitals Countries W
KK f ( x1 ) = f ( x 2 ) x1 = x 2 W
K x g (x) g : Cities Countries W
K g ( Riyadh) = Saudi Arabia = g ( Abha) WK
K f ( x) = 2 x f : W
K f ( x1 ) = f ( x2 ) 2 x1 = 2 x2 x1 = x2 WK
K g ( x) = 2 x g : R R W
K g ( x1 ) = g ( x 2 ) 2 x1 = 2 x 2 x1 = x 2 WK
K g ( x) = x 2 g: W
- -


WK
K g ( x1 ) = g ( x 2 ) ( x1 ) 2 = ( x 2 ) 2 x1 2 = x 2 2 x1 = x 2 x1 = x 2
x2 x1
K
E F f : X Y W
R f = Y W
K D f = X
KW
W
K f ( x) = 2 x f : {1,2,3} {2,4,6,8} W
KK R f = {2,4,6} {2,4,6,8} W
KKEFW
K f ( x) = x 2 f : {0,1,1,2,2} {0,1,4,9,2} W
KK R f = {0,1,4} {0,1,4,9,2} W
KEFW
KKK x f (x) f : Capitals Countries W
KK R f = Countries W
K x g ( x) g : Cities Countries W
KK R g = Countries WK
K f ( x) = 2 x f : W
KK R f = {2,4,6,8,10, L} N W
KKW
K g ( x) = 2 x g : R R W
K R f = R WK
K g ( x) = x 2 g: W
K R f = {1,4,9,16,25,L} N WK
KK

- -


K f : D f R f f : X Y W

K
KW
W
K f ( x) = 2 x f : {1,2,3} {2,4,6} W
K f ( x) = x 2 f : {0,1,1,2,2} {0,1,4} W
KK f ( x) = 2 x f : {2,4,6,8,10, L} W
K g ( x) = x 2 g: {1,4,9,16,25, L} W
E F f : X Y WK

K
KKW
W
W
K f ( x) = 2 x f : {1,2,3} {2,4,6} E
KKK x f (x) f : Capitals Countries E
K f ( x) = 2 x f : {2,4,6,8,10, L} E
K g ( x) = 2 x g : R R E
K g ( x) = x 2 g: {1,4,9,16,25, L} E
K
K f ( x) = x 2 W f : R R W
W
K f (1) = 12 = 1 = (1) 2 = f (1) W
W Y X f W
K x 2 x1 x1 = x 2 f ( x1 ) = f ( x 2 ) WE
K x 2 x1 x1 = x 2 f ( x1 ) = f ( x 2 ) WE
- -


D f = X
K x 2 x1 x1 = x 2 f ( x1 ) = f ( x 2 ) WE
D f = X
K x 2 x1 f ( x1 ) = f ( x2 ) x1 = x2
K x 2 x1 x1 = x 2 f ( x1 ) = f ( x 2 ) WE
D f = X
R f = Y
K x 2 x1 x1 = x 2 f ( x1 ) = f ( x 2 ) WE
D f = X
K x 2 x1 f ( x1 ) = f ( x2 ) x1 = x2
R f = Y

WK
g : Y Z f : X Y W
g o f ( x ) = g [ f ( x )] W Z X g o f
W f o g g o f W
1) f : R R , f ( x) = x + 1 g : R R , g ( x) = x 2
2) f : N N , f ( x ) = x + 1 g : N N, g ( x ) = x 2

3) f : N N, f ( x) = x g : N N, g ( x ) = x 2
4) f : R R , f ( x ) = x g : R R , g ( x) = x 2
W
g o f ( x) = g [ f ( x)] = g [x + 1] = (x + 1)2 = x 2 + 2 x + 1 W g o f : R R E
[ ]
f o g ( x) = f [g ( x)] = f x 2 = x 2 + 1 W f o g : R R
g o f ( x) = g [ f ( x)] = g [x + 1] = (x + 1)2 = x 2 + 2 x + 1 W g o f : N N E
[ ]
f o g ( x) = f [g ( x)] = f x 2 = x 2 + 1 W f o g : N N
g o f ( x) = g [ f ( x)] = g [ x ] = ( x )
2
= x W g o f : N N E

- -


x f o g ( x) = f [g ( x)] = f [x 2 ] = x 2 = x = x W f o g : N N
K
g o f ( x) = g [ f ( x)] = g [ x ] = ( x ) = x W g o f : R R E
2

x f o g ( x) = f [g ( x)] = f [x 2 ] = x 2 = x W f o g : R R
K
KW
KW
K x = 1 g o f ( x) = x 2 + 2 x + 1 f o g ( x) = x 2 + 1 W f o g g o f E
K x = 1 g o f ( x) = x 2 + 2 x + 1 f o g ( x) = x 2 + 1 W f o g g o f E
K g o f ( x) = x = f o g ( x) W f o g = g o f E
K x = 1 g o f ( x) = x f o g ( x) = x W f o g g o f E
WK
KW
KW
W

W
K y = f ( x) EF x E
K ( x, y ) E
x E
KKK

- -


K f ( x) = x f : R R WW
W
WW
x 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.25
y= x 0.00 0.50 0.71 0.87 1.00 1.12 1.22 1.32 1.41 1.50
WW
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2

0.5 1 1.5 2

WW
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2

0.5 1 1.5 2

KK
K
WW
K x D f x D f f ( x) + f ( x) = 0 f ( x) = f ( x) WE
K x D f x D f f ( x) f ( x) = 0 f ( x) = f ( x) WE
W
W

- -


W f ( x) = x + 1 f : R R E
f ( x) + f ( x) = ( x) + 1 + x + 1 = 2 0

f ( x) f ( x) = ( x) + 1 ( x + 1) = x + 1 x 1 = 2 x 0
W g ( x) = x 2 g : R R
g ( x) g ( x) = ( x) 2 x 2 = x 2 x 2 = 0
x D f = N f ( x) = x + 1 f : N N E
KK x D f
K g ( x) = x 2 g : N N
x D f = N f ( x) = x f : N N E
KK x D f
f ( x) = x f : R R E
KEF
W
W
EFK
W
K
K W
KK a y = f ( x) = a f : R R WW
W
K D f = R E
K R f = {a} E
K f ( x) = f ( x) E
KE

- -


K f ( x) = 2 f : R R W W
W
1
0.5

-4 -2 2 4
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
-2.5

-3

KK a 0 y = f ( x) = a x f : R R WW
W
K D f = R E
KK R f = R E
K f ( x) = f ( x) E
KKE
K f ( x) = 2 x f : R R WW
W
3

-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
-1

-2

-3

- -


b 0 a 0 y = f ( x) = a x + b f : R R W W
KK
W
K D f = R E
KK R f = R E
KE
E
3

1
KK

-2 -1 1 2 3
f : R R WW
-1 K f ( x) = 2 x + 1.5
-2
W
-3


c b a 0 y = f ( x) = a x 2 + b x + c f : R R WW
K
W
K D f = R E
KK R f R E
K b = 0 E
K b = c = 0 E
K f ( x) = 2 x 2 + 1.5 f : R R WW
W
2

-2 -1 1 2

-1

-2

-3
- -


KW
2x + 1
f ( x) = f : R R W
x 1
W
K D f = R {1} E
KK R f = R {2} E
KE
KE
2x + 1
K f ( x ) = f : R R WW
x 1
W
10
7.5
5

2.5

-10 -5 5 10


-2.5
-5
-7.5
-10
W
KW
FK
= 180 WE FE
W
KK
f ( x + p ) = f ( p ) W p > 0 f : R R W
KE p F x D f
W x W
sin x
K cos x

- -


K y = sin x sin : R R W sin W W

KK
W
K D f = R E
KKK 1 sin x 1 W R f = [1,1] E
K sin( x) = sin x E
K 2 sin( x + 2 ) = sin x E
KE
1

0.5

-2p 3p -p p p p 3p 2p
- -
2 2 2 2
-0.5

-1

K y = cos x cos : R R W cos W W

KK
W
K D f = R E
KKK 1 cos x 1W R f = [1,1] E
K cos( x) = cos x E
K 2 cos( x + 2 ) = cos x E
KE
1

0.5

-2p 3p -p p p p 3p 2p
- -
2 2 2 2
-0.5

-1

- -


sin x
KK y = tan x = tan : R R W tan WW
cos x
W
5 3 3 5 7
K D f = R {L , , , , , , , L} E
2 2 2 2 2 2
K R f = R E
K tan( x) = tan x E
K tan( x + ) = tan x E
K??E
8
6
4
2

-2p 3p -p p p p 3p 2p
- -
2 2 -2 2 2

-4
-6

-8
cos x
KK y = cot x = cot : R R W cot WW
sin x
W
K D f = R {L ,2 , ,0, ,2 ,3 , L} E
K R f = R E
K cot( x) = cot x E
K tan( x + ) = tan x E
1
K cot x = E
tan x
K??E
8
6
4
2

-2p 3p -p p p p 3p 2p
- -
2 2 -2 2 2

-4
-6

-8

- -


1
KK y = sec x = sec : R R W sec WW
cos x
W
5 3 3 5 7
K D f = R {L , , , , , , , L} E
2 2 2 2 2 2
6 R f = R (1,1) = (,1] U [1, ) E
4
sec x 1W
K sec x 1
2

p p
K sec( x) = sec x E
- 2 p - 3 p -p - p 3p 2p
2 2
2 -2 2

-4 K 2 sec( x + 2 ) = sec x E
K??E
-6

1
KK y = csc x = csc : R R W csc WW
sin x
W
K D f = R {L ,2 , ,0, ,2 ,3 , L} E
csc x 1 W R f = R (1,1) = (,1] U [1, ) E
K csc x 1
KK csc( x) = csc x E
K 2 csc( x + 2 ) = csc x E
K??E
6

- 2 p - 3 p -p p p p 3p 2p
-
2 2 2 2
-2

-4

-6

- -


y = arcsin x arcsin : R R W arcsin W W

KE shift sin sin 1 WFK x = sin y
W
K sin(arcsin x) = x arcsin(sin x) = x E
K D f = [1,1] E

R f = , E
p

2 2
2

K arcsin x W
p

4 2 2
K arcsin( x) = arcsin x E
-1 -0.5 0.5 1
KKE
p

KE
-
4

p
-
2
arccos : R R W arccos W W
cos 1 WFK x = cos y y = arccos x
KE shift cos
W
K cos(arccos x) = x arccos(cos x) = x E
K D f = [1,1] E
K 0 arccos x W R f = [0, ] E
KE
KKE
KE
p

3p

4

p

2

p

4

-1 -0.5 0.5 1

- -


y = arctan x arctan : R R W arctan W W

KE shift tan tan 1 WFK x = tan y
W
tan(arctan x) = x arctan(tan x) = x E
K D f = R E

p

2 R f = , E
2 2
p

4
K < arctan x < W
2 2
-4 -2 2 4 K arctan( x) = arctan x E
KKE
p
-
4

p
-
2 KE

KK b 1 y = f ( x) = b x f : R R WW
W
K D f = R E
KK b x > 0 W R f = [0, ) E
KE
K e 2.71828 y = e x W E
K x
KK b E
K y = e x WW
W
50

40

30

20

10

-1 1 2 3 4

- -


y = log b x log b : R R W log b WW

KK b 1 x = b y
W
K b logb x = x log b (b x ) = x E
K D f = (0, ) E
KK R f = R E
KE
y = ln x = log e x W E
K K e 2.71828
K x
ln x
K log b x = WE
ln b
K b x = e x ln b WE
KK b E
K y = ln x WW
W
3

5 10 15 20

-1

- -

1) f : N N, f ( x) = x 3
3) f : R R , f ( x) = x 3 + 1
WW
WEFW
1) f : N N, f ( x) = x 3
3) f : R R , f ( x) = x 3 + 1
x3 + 1
5) f : R R , f ( x) =
x2
W f o g g o f W
1) f : R R , f ( x) = sin x
1
2) f : R R , f ( x ) =
x
3) f : R R , f ( x) = e x
4) f : R R , f ( x ) = x + 1
5) f : R R , f ( x) = x
W
1) f : R R , f ( x) = sin 2 x
3) f : R R , f ( x) = e
x
W
WEFW
1) f : R R , f ( x) = sin 2 x
3) f : R R , f ( x) = e
x
- -
WW
2) f : N N, f ( x) = 3 x
4) f : R R , f ( x ) = 3 x 1
2) f : N N , f ( x ) = 3 x
4) f : R R , f ( x ) = 3 x 1
3
x 1
6) f : R R , f ( x ) =
x2 + 1
g : R R , f ( x) = x 2
g : R R , f ( x) = x 2
g : R R , f ( x) = x 2
g : R R , f ( x) = x
g : R R , f ( x) = x
1
2) f : R R , f ( x ) =
x
4) f : R R , f ( x ) = x
WW
1
2) f : R R , f ( x ) =
x
4) f : R R , f ( x ) = x


WW

1) sin 2) cos 60 3) tan 4) cot 56
2 4

1
5) arcsin(1) 6) arccos 7) arctan10 8) arcsin(0.13)
2
WW
1 1
1) sin 2 x 2) cos x 3) sin 2 x cos x 4) tan x + 2 cos 3 x
4 4
W
W
W
WW
1) log 3 10 2) log 2 16 3) log10 = log 360 4) log 2
50

- -

]<gj]<]<j<^]<]

W
KK

WW
K o

K o

K o

K o

K o

KW

- -


John Napier E
F
KK

K

K

WK
W n x n x W
x n = x x L x n
x0 = 1 W
WW
1) 32 2) (2) 4 3) (3) 3
W
1) 32 = 3 3 = 9
2) (2) 4 = 2 2 2 2 = 16
3) (3) 3 = 3 3 3 = 27
W n x n x 0 W
1
x n =
xn
WW
1) 32 2) (2) 4 3) (3) 3

- -


W
1 1
1) 32 = =
32 9
1 1
2) (2) 4 = 4
=
(2) 16
1 1 1
3) (3) 3 = = =
(3) 3 27 27
n y x W
n y = x n W
1
W y y
n
1
yn = n y = x W n
1
yn =n y = x W n
K

K
K
WW
1 1 1
1) 8 3 2) (27) 3 3) 16 4
W
1
1) 8 3 =3 8=2
1
2) (27) 3 = 3 27 = 3
1
= 4 16 = 2
3) 16 4
p p
W x q x W
q q

x = (q x )
p
q p

- -


WW
2 5 3

1) (27) 3 2) 16 4 3) 25 2
W
2
1) (27) 3 = (
3
27 )
2
= (3) 2 = 9
5
1 1 1 1
2) 16 4 = = = =
5
16 4
( 16 )
4 5
2 5
32
3
3) 25 2 = ( ) 3
25 = 53 = 125
KW
WW
1) 2 2) 3) 2
W
14142
1) 2 1.4142 =
10000
31416
2) 3.1416 =
10000
98696
3) 2 9.8696 =
10000
p
q x W
q
W x
p

x x q

K
WW
1) 3 2
2) 2
W
2
1) 3 31.14142 4.728

2) 2 2 3.1416 8.825
- -


W y x W
( ) = x
1) x
2) ( x y ) = x y
3) x x = x +
x
4)
= x
x
WW
6
3
10 x y 2
3x
2
5x 3 4 y 3 6 2 1 3 xy 3
4)
x y z
1) 2)
y 4 15 x 4

3)
5x y 4
2y x 5 y 3 z 2 4 x2 y

W
10 x 3 y 2 10 x 3 y 2 31 2 4 2 2 2x 2
1) = = 2x y = 2x y = 2
5x y 4 5 x y4 y
2
3x 5x 3 4 y 3 32 x 2 5x 3 2 2 y 3 32 5 2 2 x 5 y 3 3x
2) = 3
y 4 15 x 4 2 2 y 2 y 4 3 5 x 4 = 2 2 3 5 x 4 y 6 = 3x y = y 3
2y
x 6 y 2 z 1 xy
3) = x 65 y 2 ( 3) z 1 2 = x y z 3 =
x 5 y 3 z 2 z3
6

( ) ( ) ( )
6 1 6
3 xy 3
xy 3 3
3 3
xy 3
2
x2 y6 x 2 ( y )
6
4) xy
= = = = 6 = 6
4 x2 y
( ) ( ) ( )
1 6 3
x2 y 4 x2 y 4
3
x 2 y 2 x 2 ( y ) 2 x 2 ( y ) 2
3

=x 2 3
( y ) 6
3
2 =x 1
( y )
9
2 =
( y)
9

x
4 x y y
2

K y x 2

- -


WK
b x b 1 W
y = f ( x) = b x W
WW
x
1) y = f ( x) = 2 x
2) y = f ( x ) = x
3) y = f ( x) = 2 2

W
x
1 1 1
y = f ( x) = 2 x
= x = W E
2 2 2
K E

( 2)
x
x
y = f ( x) = 2 2 = W 2 E
W b 1 v u W
1) b u > 0
2) b u b v = b u + v
bu
3) v
= b u v
b
( )
4) b u
v
= bu v
WW
5 x+ 2 25 x
1) (2 x 23 )4 ( )
1
x
2) 3) x
9 32
1253+ x
W
x 3
( ) ( 2)
1
3 4 x
1) 2 x
2 = 2 24
4 =48 4

2)
5 x + 2 25 x
=
5 (5 ) = 5
x+2 2 x x+2 2 x
5
=
5 x+2
= 5 2 x 7 =
1
=
1
125 3+ x
(5 )3 3+ x 5 9+3 x
5 9+3 x
5 2 x+7
5 52x
7

x x
1 1 1 1 1 1
= = 7 2 =
57 52x 5 5 78125 25

( ) ( )
x
1
3) x
93 2 x
= (9) x 9 = 9 9 x

- -


WK
x b 1 W
K x = b y W y = f ( x) = log b x W b
E b logb x = x log b b x = x F
W b 1 v u W
1) y = log b u u > 0
2) log b (u v) = log b u + log b v
u
3) log b = log b u log b v
v
( )
4) log b u v = v log b u
5) log b 1 = 0
6) log b b = 1
WW
1) log 3 ( x + 3) + 2 log 3 10 log 3 x 2) log 2 6 + log 2 (3 x 2) + log 2 (3 2 x)
W
( x + 3) 10 2
1) log 3 ( x + 3) + 2 log 3 10 log 3 x = log 3 ( x + 3) + log 3 10 2 log 3 x = log 3
x
100( x + 3)
= log 3
x
(3x 2)(3 2 x)
2) log 2 6 + log 2 (3x 2) + log 2 (3 2 x) = log 2
6
W
KW
log x W
WW
1) log100 + log 0.001 log1000 2) log 0.1 log 0.01 + log1000
W
1) log100 + log 0.001 log1000 = log10 2 + log10 3 log10 3 = 2 3 3 = 4

2) log 0.1 log 0.01 + log1000 = log10 1 log10 2 + log10 3 = (1) (2) + 3 = 6
- -


W e EFW
n
e = lim 1 +
1
2.71828
n n
ln x W
K
WW
1) ln10 2) ln 3.15 3) ln 2
W
1) ln10 2.3026
2) ln 3.15 1.1474
3) ln 2 0.3466
W x b 1 W
1) b x = e x ln b
ln x
2) log b x =
ln b

K
WW
1) log 2 10 2) log 5 2 3) log 2
5
W
ln10 2.3026
1) log 2 10 = = 3.322
ln 2 0.6931
ln 2 0.3466
2) log 5 2 = = 0.215
ln 5 1.6094
ln 5 1.6094
3) log 2 5 = = 4.643
ln 2 0.3466

- -


WK
W v u W
u = v

ln u = ln v u > 0
v > 0


K
WW
3 x +1 x 2 + 2 x 1
1 4 25
1) 53 x 2 = 4 2) = 92 x 3 3) =
2 5 16
W
ln 4
1) 5 3 x 2 = 4 ln 5 3 x 2 = ln 4 (3x 2) ln 5 = ln 4 3x 2 =
ln 5
ln 4
+2
ln 4 ln 5
3x = +2 x= 0.954
ln 5 3
3 x +1 3 x +1
1 2 x 3 1 1
2) =9 ln = ln 9 2 x 3 (3x + 1) ln = (2 x 3) ln 9
2 2 2
1 1 1 1
3x ln + ln = 2 x ln 9 3 ln 9 3x ln 2 x ln 9 = 3 ln 9 ln
2 2 2 2
1
3 ln 9 ln
1 1 2 0.018
x(3 ln 2 ln 9) = 3 ln 9 ln x =
2 2 1
(3 ln 2 ln 9)
2
x 2 + 2 x 1 x 2 + 2 x 1 2
4 25 4 25 4 4
3) = ln = ln ( x 2 + 2 x 1) ln = ln
5 16 5 16 5 5
2
4 4
ln 2 ln
x2 + 2x 1 = 5 x 2 + 2x 1 = 5 x 2 + 2 x 1 = 2
4 4
ln ln
5 5
x + 2 x 1 + 2 = 0 x + 2 x + 1 = 0 ( x + 1) 2 = 0 x + 1 = 0 x = 1
2 2

- -


WW
1) ln x = 2 2) ln(3 x 5) = 5 3) ln( x 2) + ln( x + 3) = ln 2
W
x = e 2
1) ln x = 2 ln x = ln e 2
x = e 2 7.389
x>0
3x 5 = e 5 e5 + 5
2) ln(3x 5) = 5 ln(3 x 5) = ln e
5 5
3x = e + 5 x = 51.138
3x 5 > 0 3
ln( x 2)( x + 3) = ln 2 ( x 2)( x + 3) = 2

3) ln( x 2) + ln( x + 3) = ln 2 x2>0 x2>0
x +3>0 x +3>0


x 2 + x 6 = 2 x 2 + x 6 2 = 0 x 2 + x 8 = 0

x2>0 x2>0 x2>0
x+3>0 x+3>0 x+3>0

K x 2 + x 8 = 0 W
= b 2 4ac = 12 (4 1 8) = 33 > 0 W
W
b 1 33
x1 = = 3.372
2a 2 1

b + 1 + 33
x2 = = 2.372
2a 2 1
WEF
K x1 2 0 W
KK x2 + 3 > 0 x2 2 > 0 W
1 + 33
x= 2.372 WW
2
WW
1) log 3 x = 2 2) log 6 (3x 5) = 5 3) log 2 ( x 2) + log 2 ( x + 3) = 1
W

- -


ln x x = 32
1) log 3 x = 2 = 2 ln x = 2 ln 3 ln x = ln 3 2
x=9
ln 3 x > 0
ln(3 x 5)
2) log 6 (3x 5) = 5 = 5 ln(3 x 5) = 5 ln 6 ln(3x 5) = ln 6 5
ln 6

3x 5 = 6 5 7781
3 x 5 = 7776 3 x = 7776 + 5 x = = 2593.67
3 x 5 > 0 3
ln( x 2)( x + 3)
log 2 ( x 2)( x + 3) = 1 =1
ln 2
3) log 2 ( x 2) + log 2 ( x + 3) = 1 x2>0 x2>0
x +3>0 x +3>0


ln( x 2)( x + 3) = ln 2 ( x 2)( x + 3) = 2 ( x 2)( x + 3) = 2

x2>0 x2>0 x2>0
x +3>0 x +3>0 x +3>0

1 + 33
K x = 2.372 W
2 1
WW
1) x 4 = 2 2) x 4.1 = 2 3) 5 x = 3 x 3.5
W
ln 2 ln 2
4 4 ln 2
1) x = 2 ln x = ln 2 4 ln x = ln 2 ln x = ln x = ln e 4 x= e4
4
x = 4 e ln 2 x = 4 2 x = 4 2 1.189
ln 2 ln 2
4.1 4.1 ln 2
2) x = 2 ln x = ln 2 4.1ln x = ln 2 ln x = ln x = ln e 4.1 x = e 4.1
4 .1
1
( )
1
x= e ln 2 4.1 x= 2 .1
4 1.184
1
3.5
3) x = 3x
5
x5 = 3 x 3.5 x 0.2 x 3.5 = 3 x 3.7 = 3 ln x 3.7 = ln 3 3.7 ln x = ln 3
ln 3 ln 3 1
( )
1
ln 3
ln x = ln x = ln e 3.7 x = e 3.7 x = e ln 3 3.7 x = 3 .7
3 1.346
3.7

- -


{{
KK

- -


WW
3 2
3
x2 y6 2 x 5 3 2 x 3 y 2x 6 z y6
1) 2) 3) 2 3
15 y 3 10 10 x y z
2 3
6
x 2 y 18 x y
1.7
x 4.1 y 3.2 z 5.3 x 2.7 4
x 2.4 z 1.2 y 4.2 z 5
4)
5)
z2 y
4.6
3
y 5.4 1.5
x 6
x 1.8
WW
2 x +1 31 2 x 2 x + 3
1) 2) ( ) (1 2e )
3) e 2 x
3 x 2

2 x 1 6 x+2 8
WW
1) log 2 ( x + 1) log 2 ( x 2 + 2 x + 1) 2) ln( x + 3) 2 ln(1 x) + 4 ln x

3) log 5 e x +1 log 3 e 2 x 4) log 9 ( x 2 1) log 3 ( x + 1)
WW
1) 3 x 2 = 4 2) x 5 = 2 x 3 3) 2 x 6 = x 2
WW
1) 3 x 2.5 = 4 2) x 0.5 = 2 x 3 3) 2 x1.6 = x 2
WW
2 x+2
1) 2 = 5 x x +1
2) 3 = 3
x x
3) x = 3 x+1 4) e x +3 = 5
6
WW
1) ln x + ln(2 x) = 0 2) ln( x + 3) + ln( x + 2) = ln 4 3) ln( x + 6) = ln(2 x 1)
WW
1) log 2 x + log 2 (2 x) = 0 2) log 3 ( x + 5) + log 3 ( x + 1) = log 3 2

3) log( x 6) = log(2 x + 3) 4) log x = 3 5) log 2 ( x + 3) + log 5 ( x 2) = 0

- -

]<gj]<]<j<^]<]

W
K

WW
K o

K o

K o

K o

K o

KW

- -


K Leonhard Euler
KW

WK
WK
x2 + 1 = 0
x 2 = 1
K
W
x = 1 x = 1
K 1
W x 2 + 1 = 0 j W
j = 1
K
WW
1) j 2 2) j 3 3) j 4
W
1) j 2 = ( 1) 2 = 1
2) j 3 = ( 1) 3 = ( 1) 2 ( 1) = (1) j = j
3) j 4 = ( 1) 4 = ( 1) 2 ( 1) 2 = (1)(1) = 1
W z W
z=a+b j
K j = 1 b a
W
K z = ( a, b)

- -


K b z a
W
a = Re( z ) b = Im( z )
yj K
K
z = a + bj

b

K
a x

W
W
1) 3 2) 0 3) 2 j 4) 2 + 0.5 j 5) 16
W
W
1) 3 = 3 + 0 j = (3,0)
2) 0 = 0 + 0 j = (0,0)
K 3) 2 j = 0 + 2 j = (0, 2 )
4) 2 + 0.5 j = (2,0.5)
5) 16 = 16 1 = 16 1 = 4 j = (0,4)

WK
W
EFW
KEFEF

- -


WW
1) (2 + 3 j ) + (7 4 j ) 2) (3 + 2 j ) (5 j ) 3) (1 2 j )

4) (5 j ) + 1 2 j 5) 2 + 6 j + (8 6 j ) 6) ( 4 j ) + ( 4 j )
W
1) (2 + 3 j ) + (7 4 j ) = 2 + 3 j + 7 4 j = (2 + 7) + (3 4) j = 5 j
2) (3 + 2 j ) (5 j ) = 3 + 2 j 5 + j = (3 5) + (2 + 1) j = 8 + 3 j
3) (1 2 j ) = 1 + 2 j

4) (5 j ) + 1 2 j = 5 j + 1 2 j = (5 + 1) + (1 2) j = 6 3 j
5) 2 + 6 j + (8 6 j ) = 2 + 6 j + 8 6 j = (2 + 8) + (6 6) j = 6 + 0 j = 6
6) (4 j ) + (4 j ) = 4 + j + 4 j = (4 + 4) + (1 1) j = 0 + 0 j = 0
KW
W
W
KEF
WW
1) (2 + 3 j )(7 4 j ) 2) (3 + 2 j )(5 j ) 3) (1 2 j )(5 j )

4) (5 j )(1 2 j ) 5) (2 + 6 j )(8 6 j ) 6) (4 j ) 2 = (4 j )(4 j )
W
1) (2 + 3 j )(7 4 j ) = (2 7) + (2 4 j ) + (3 j 7) + (3 j 4 j )
= 14 + 8 j + 21 j 12 j 2 = 14 + 29 j + 12 = 2 + 29 j
2) (3 + 2 j )(5 j ) = (3 5) + (3 j ) + (2 j 5) + (2 j j )
= 15 + 3 j + 10 j 2 j 2 = 15 + 13 j + 2 = 13 + 13 j
3) (1 2 j )(5 j ) = (1 5) + (1 j ) + (2 j 5) + (2 j j )
= 5 j 10 j + 2 j 2 = 5 11 j 2 = 3 11 j
4) (5 j )(1 2 j ) = (5 1) + (5 2 j ) + ( j 1) + ( j 2 j )
= 5 10 j j + 2 j 2 = 5 11 j 2 = 3 11 j
5) (2 + 6 j )(8 6 j ) = (2 8) + (2 6 j ) + (6 j 8) + (6 j 6 j )
= 16 + 12 j + 48 j 36 j 2 = 16 + 60 j + 36 = 20 + 60 j
6) (4 j ) 2 = (4 j )(4 j ) = (4 4) + (4 j ) + ( j 4) + ( j j )
= 16 4 j 4 j + j 2 = 16 8 j 1 = 15 8 j
- -


KW
WW
z1 = 2 + 3 j z2 = 4 j z3 = 1 18 j
W
1) z1 z 2 + z 2 z3 2) z 2 z3 z1 z3
W
1) z1 z 2 + z 2 z3 = z 2 ( z1 + z3 ) = (4 j )(2 + 3 j + (1 18 j )) = (4 j )(2 + 3 j 1 18 j )

= (4 j )(3 15 j ) = 12 60 j + 3 j + 15 j 2 = 12 57 j 15 = 27 57 j

2) z 2 z 3 z1 z 3 = z 3 ( z 2 z1 ) = (1 18 j )(4 j (2 + 3 j )) = (1 18 j )(4 j + 2 3 j )
= (1 18 j )(6 4 j ) = 6 + 4 j 108 j + 72 j 2 = 6 104 j 72 = 78 104 j
W
W
K
WW
2+3j 42j 6+3j 42j 6+3j
1) 2) 3) +
2 2 2 2
W
2+3j
1) = 1 + 1.5 j
2
42j 6+3j
2) = 2 + j + 3 1.5 j = 1 0.5 j
2
42j 6+3j
3) + = 2 + j + 3 1.5 j = 1 0.5 j
2 2
W
K z = a b j z = a + b j W

- -


WW
1) (3 + j ) + 2 + 3 j 2) ( 7 j ) + 5 2 j 3) (2 j )(1 j )
W
1) (3 + j ) + 2 + 3 j = 3 j + 2 + 3 j = 1 + 2 j
2) ( 7 j ) + 5 2 j = + 7 j + 5 2 j = ( + 5) + ( 7 2) j
3) (2 j )(1 j ) = (2 j )(1 + j ) = 2 + 2 j + j j 2 = 2 + 3 j + 1 = 1 + 3 j
KEF W
WW
1) (3 + j )(3 + j ) 2) ( 2 2 j ) ( 2 2 j )
W
1) (3 + j )(3 + j ) = (3 j )(3 + j ) = 9 3 j + 3 j j 2 = 9 + 1 = 10

2) ( 2 2 j )( 2 2 j ) = ( 2 2 j )( 2 + 2 j ) = ( 2 ) 2 (2 j ) 2 = 2 4 j 2 = 2 + 4 = 6
W
W
KEF
WW
1 5+ j 23j
1) 2) 3)
34j 23j 6 j
W
1 1 3+ 4j 3+ 4j 3+ 4j 3+ 4j 3+ 4j 3 4
1) = = = = = = + j
3 4 j 3 4 j 3 + 4 j (3) (4 j )
2 2
9 16 j 2
9 + 16 25 25 25
2
2) 5 + j = 5 + j 2 + 3 j = 10 + 15 j + 2 j + 3 j = 10 + 17 j 3 = 7 + 17 j = 7 + 17 j = 7 + 17 j
23j 23j 2+3j 2 2
2 (3 j ) 2
49j 4+9 13 13 13
2 3 j 2 3 j 6 + j 12 + 2 j 18 j 3 j 2 12 16 j + 3 15 16 j 15 16
3) = = = = = j
6 j 6 j 6+ j 62 j 2 36 + 1 37 37 37

- -


WK
z = a + b j W
W
z = a2 + b2
WW
1) 3 4 j 2) 3 + 4 j 3) 2 3 j + 4 + 5 j 4) 2 3 j + 4 + 5 j
W
1) 3 4 j = (3) 2 + (4) 2 = 25 = 5
2) 3 + 4 j = (3) 2 + 4 2 = 25 = 5

3) 2 3 j + 4 + 5 j = 6 + 2 j = 6 2 + 2 2 = 40 = 2 10
4) 2 3 j + 4 + 5 j = 2 2 + (3) 2 + 4 2 + 5 2 = 13 + 41
KW
(3 2 j )(3 + 2 j ) WW
W
2
(3 2 j )(3 + 2 j ) = (3 2 j )(3 2 j ) = 3 2 j = 32 + 2 2 = 13
z W
yj W
z = r (cos + j sin )
z r
z = r (cos + j sin ) = r
r sin
r= z
KK z z
z = r W
r cos x

- -


WW
1) 00 2) 230 3) 3135 4) 0.5 90
W
1) 00 = 0(cos 0 + j sin 0) = 0(1 + 1 j ) = 0
3 1
2) 230 = 2(cos 30 + j sin 30) = 2 + j = 3 + j
2 2

1 1 3 2 3 2
3) 3135 = 3(cos 135 + j sin 135) = 3 + j = + j
2 2 2 2
4) 0.5 90 = 0.5(cos(90) + j sin( 90)) = 0.5(0 1 j ) = 0.5 j
z = r z = a + b j W

KKK r = z = a 2 + b 2 W
E K z = 0 F z = 00 = 0 r = 0 W
KK = arccos b 0 r 0
a
r
KK = arccos b < 0 r 0
a
r
arccos E b F
cos shift [0,180] cos
KE cos 1 F

- -


WW
1) 5 + 5 j 2) 3 j
W
1) a = 5 b = 5
r = a 2 + b 2 = 5 2 + 5 2 = 50 = 5 2
a 5
b = 5 0 = arccos = arccos = 45
r 5 2
5 + 5 j = r = 5 245

2) a = 3 b = 1
r = a 2 + b 2 = ( 3 ) 2 + (1) 2 = 4 = 2
a 3
b = 1 < 0 = arccos = arccos = 150

r 2
3 j = r = 2 150
WK n W
(r ) n = r n n

K
WW
1) (1 + j )10 2) (1 + j ) 10
W
W1 + j WE
a = 1, b = 1
r = a 2 + b 2 = 12 + 12 = 2 0
a 1
b = 1 0 = arccos = arccos = 45
r 2
1 + j = r = 245 W
WW
(1 + j )10 = ( 245)10 = ( 2 )10 10 45 = 32450

- -


WW
(1 + j )10 = 32450 = 32(cos 450 + j sin 450) = 32(0 + 1 j ) = 32 j
WE
1 + j = 245
WW
1
(1 + j ) 10 = ( 245) 10 = ( 2 ) 10 10 45 = 450
32
WW
1 1 1 1
(1 + j ) 10 = 450 = (cos(450) + j sin( 450)) = (0 1 j ) = j
32 32 32 32
j
. r = re W e j = cos + j sin W
K
K
WW
2(cos 30 + j sin 30)
1) (230)(0.590) 2)
0.5(cos 90 + j sin 90)
W
1) (230)(0.590) = 2e j 30 0.5e j 90 = 2 0.5 e j 30+ j 90 = 1 e j120
1 3
= 1(cos120 + j sin 120) = + j
2 2
2(cos 30 + j sin 30) 2e j 30 2 j 30 j 90
2) = j 90
= e = 4e j 60
0.5(cos 90 + j sin 90) 0.5e 0.5

1 3
= 4(cos(60) + j sin(60)) = 4 j = 2 2 3 j
2 2
WK
WK n W
1 1

360 k
(r )n = r n + k = 0, ..., n 1
n n
K k n

- -


WW
1) z 3 = j 2) z 6 = 1
W
WE
1
z = ( j) 3
K j
W j W
a = 0 b = 1
r = a 2 + b 2 = 0 2 + (1) 2 = 1 0
a 0
b = 1 < 0 = arccos = arccos = 90
r 1
j = r = 1 90
WW
1 1 1
90 360 k
z = ( j) 3 = (1 90) 3 = 13 + k = 0, 1, 2
3 3
z = 1 30 + 120k k = 0, 1, 2
W k W
3 1
k = 0 : z 0 = 1 30 + (120 0) = 1 30 = 1(cos(30) + j sin(30)) = j
2 2
k = 1 : z1 = 1 30 + (120 1) = 190 = 1(cos 90 + j sin 90) = 0 + 1 j = j
3 1
k = 2 : z 2 = 1 30 + (120 2) = 1210 = 1(cos 210 + j sin 210) = j
2 2
WE
1
z = 16
K1
W1 W

- -


a =1 b = 0
r = a 2 + b 2 = 12 + 0 2 = 1 0
a 1
b = 0 0 = arccos = arccos = 0
r 1
1 = r = 10
WW
1 1 1
0 360 k
z = 16 = (10) 6 = 16 + k = 0,1, 2, 3, 4, 5
6 6
z = 160k k = 0,1, 2, 3, 4, 5
W k W
k = 0 : z 0 = 160 0 = 10 = 1(cos 0 + j sin 0) = 1
1 3
k = 1 : z1 = 160 1 = 160 = 1(cos 60 + j sin 60) =+ j
2 2
1 3
k = 2 : z 2 = 160 2 = 1120 = 1(cos 120 + j sin 120) = + j
2 2

k = 3 : z 3 = 160 3 = 1180 = 1(cos 180 + j sin 180) = 1
1 3
k = 4 : z 4 = 160 4 = 1240 = 1(cos 240 + j sin 240) = j
2 2
1 3
k = 5 : z 5 = 160 5 = 1300 = 1(cos 300 + j sin 300) = j
2 2

WK
KK
W c b a 0 z W
a z2 + b z + c = 0
W
b b 2 4ac b + b 2 4ac
z1 = z2 =
2a 2a

- -


WW W
1) z 2 + 2 z + 5 = 0 2) z 2 + z + 1 = 0 3) z 2 z 6 = 0
W
1) a = 1 b = 2 c = 5
2
b b 2 4ac 2 2 (4 1 5) 2 16
z1 = = =
2a 2 1 2
2 16 1 2 ( 16 1) 2 4 j
= = = = 1 2 j
2 2 2
b + b 2 4ac 2 + 2 2 (4 1 5) 2 + 16
z2 = = =
2a 2 1 2
2 + 16 1 2 + ( 16 1) 2 + 4 j
= = = = 1 + 2 j
2 2 2
2) a = 1 b = 1 c = 1
2
b b 2 4ac 1 1 (4 1 1) 1 3
z1 = = =
2a 2 1 2
1 3 1 1 ( 3 1) 1 3 j 1 3
= = = = j
2 2 2 2 2
2
b + b 2 4ac 1 + 1 (4 1 1) 1 + 3
z2 = = =
2a 2 1 2
1 + 3 1 1 + ( 3 1) 1 + 3 j 1 3
= = = = + j
2 2 2 2 2
3) a = 1 b = 1 c = 6
b b 2 4ac (1) (1) 2 (4 1 6) 1 25
z1 = = =
2a 2 1 2
1 5 4
= = = 2
2 2
b + b 2 4ac (1) + (1) 2 (4 1 6) 1 + 25
z2 = = =
2a 2 1 2
1+ 5 6
= = =3
2 2

- -


WW
1 1
1) 2 j (2 + 5 j ) (2 j ) 2) (4 4 j ) + 6 j (0.5 3 j ) 3) + 2 j (2 + j )
3 3
WW
1) (2 3 j )(5 + 6 j ) 2) ( 2 j + 3 5 j ) ( 2 4 j ) 3) (2 j ) 2 + (3 + j )(1 j )
WW
1) 2 j 2) 3 + j 3) (1 + 3 j )(4 2 j )
WW
z1 = 2 + j z 2 = 3 j
W
1) ( z1 + z 2 ) 2 j z1 2) z 2 + (2 j ) z1 z 2
WW
3+ j j 5+2j 1 3 j
1) 2) + 3) (2 + j )(5 + 2 j )
1 j (1 j ) 2
j j
WW
1) 4 2) 3 j 3) 1 j 4) 2 2 j
WW
1) 1 + 3 j 2) 2 2 3 j 3) 5 2 j 4) 3 3 j
WW
1) (1 + 3 j )
5
2 ) ( 2 j ) 7 3) (2 + j ) 6
WW
1) z 4 = 16 2) z 3 = 8 j 3) z 5 = 1
WW
1) z 2 + 2 z + 3 = 0 2) z 2 + z + 1 = 0 3) z 2 + 2 z + 2 = 0

- -


E
KJ
E
K
3) Gwyn Davies and Gordon Hick, Mathematics for scientific and technical students,
Addison Wesley Longman, Harlow, England, 1998.
4) Anders Hald, A History of Probability and Statistics and Their Applications before
1750, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1989.
5) Alexander Schrijver, Theory of Linear and Integer Programming, John Wiley & Sons,
Chichester, England, 1986.
6) Seymour Lipschutz and Marc Lipson, Discrete Mathematics, McGraw-Hill, New York,
1997.
7) Peter Tebbutt, Basic Mathematics, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, England, 1998.

- -


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