1

Chng 3
Cn bng ng c

ng c c gi l cn bng u ch lm vic xc nh nu cc lc v m men

tc dng ln khung (hoc b) khng thay i v chiu v cng . S thay i khng ngng
v chiu v cng cc lc v m men ng c khng cn bng gy rung ng mnh ng
c v b rung ng truyn n khung lm rung cc thit b v thm ch c th ph hu khung.
Rung ng mnh cc lin kt bu lng gy ra ng sut ph cc chi tit nhm khi xy lanh.
Mt khc tng hao mn cc chi tit rung ng, lm tng chi ph nhin liu v.v... Rung ng
nh hng n sc kho con ngi, lm tng n.
Nguyn nhn khng cn bng l c s thay i chu k v chiu v cng ca lc
qun tnh chuyn ng qua li v lc ly tm ca cc khi lng chuyn ng quay. ng c
nhiu xy lanh c th sinh ra m men khng cn bng theo chiu dc tc dng trong mt
phng phn b trc xy lanh. Nguyn nhn th hai l s thay i ca m men quay tng tc
ng thng qua m men lt c cng tr s v ngc chiu.
cn bng cc lc v m men t do cn v l sao cho tt c cc lc qun tnh v
m men t do bt k c th c cn bng, trong thc t iu ch t c vi cu trc rt
phc tp. a s cc ng c piston m men lt khng c cn bng hon ton. Vi cc bin
php kt cu khng th cn bng c m men lt. ci thin tnh cn bng, trong trng
hp ny t c nh gim khng u m men quay bng cch tng s xy lanh. Nh vy
thut ng cn bng ch din t s cn bng cc lc qun tnh v cc m men ca chng.
3.1 Cn bng lc ly tm
Cn bng lc qun tnh ly tm t c nh cn bng tnh v cn bng ng trc
khuu. Cn v l sao cho trng tm nm trn trc quay v tng cc m men lc ly tm i
vi im bt k trn trc bng 0.
iu kin cn bng gii tch c dng:
n n
m ri x i = 0; m ri y i = 0 (3.1)
1 1
c ngha l tng hnh chiu tt c cc lc ly tm ln trc to vung gc vi trc ca trc
khuu bng 0;
n n
m ri x i z i = 0; m ri y i z i = 0 (3.2)
1 1
c ngha l tng hnh chiu cc vect m men ln trc to vung gc vi trc ca trc
khuu bng 0. dng qui i m ri - l khi lng cc chi tit quay; xi, yi, zi to tng ng
ca chi tit quay th i. Trc z hng theo chiu trc khuu, trc x trng vi trc xy lanh, y
vung gc vi x v z.
Lc qun tnh ly tm, sinh ra cc trc c mt hay hai khuu c th cn bng nh i
trng. Khi lng mi i trng trc mt khuu l: m dt = 0.5mr.r/ c t v pha i
din c bin dc theo m trc, trng tm nm cch trc quay mt khong (H3.1).
trc hai khuu cng t hai i trng, lm cn bng m men tc dng trong mt
phng c bin. Khi lng mi i trng c tnh theo (3.3):
r a
m dt = m r . . (3.3)
2. b
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khi iu kin cn bng m men c tho mn.

Trc khuu ca a s cc ng c 4 k nhiu xy lanh c cn bng thun li nu cc
trc i xng qua mt phng vung gc v i qua im gia trc, tun th iu kin phn b
trng tm trn trc quay; s khuu khng c nh hn 4.
Trn hnh 3.1 l s b tr i trng cn bng lc qun tnh ly tm vi trc 1
khuu v trc 2 khuu.

Hnh 3.1 S b tr i trng

Cu trc ca ng c 4-, 6, 8 - xy lanh mc du t cn bng lc qun tnh ly tm

song vn cn b tr i trng trnh ph hu trc trong iu kin un.

3.2 Cn bng ng c mt xy lanh

Nh xt phn trn, i vi ng c khi lm vic cc phn khi lng chuyn ng
tnh tin khng cn bng sinh ra lc qun tnh Pj c ga tr nh sau:
Pj = m j .J vi gia tc chuyn ng tnh tin J ca Piston.
hoc Pj = m j .r.2 (cos + cos 2)
ta c th vit Pj = m j r2 cos m j r 2 cos 2 = Pj1 + Pj2
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Pj1 = m j .r.2 cos gi l lc qun tnh hng mt.

Pj2 = m j .r.2 . cos 2 gi l lc qun tnh hng 2.
ng c mt xy lanh, lc qun tnh hng nht v hng hai ca cc khi lng
chuyn ng tnh tin khng cn bng c cn bng theo phng php s dng c cu
Lang-st-che-r nh sau:

Hnh 3.2 S cn bng lc qun tnh ng c mt xy lanh

Cc lc ny c th c cn bng nh c cu b sung. cn bng lc qun tnh hng
nht ngi ta lp hai trc cn bng song song vi trc khuu, quay vi tc quay bng tc
quay trc khuu. Hai i trng lp trn hai trc sao cho gc gia trc xy lanh v bn knh
ca chng lun l - gc quay ca tay quay. Khi quay mi i trng to ra mt lc ly tm,
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thnh phn nm ngang t trit tiu v thnh phn thng ng to thnh mt lc ngc chiu
vi lc qun tnh hng nht.
Thnh phn thng ng lc cn bng l:
2 m dtI I 2 cos
cn bng lc qun tnh hng nht, khi lng mt i trng s l:
r
m dtI = 0,5.m j . (3.3)
I
cn bng lc qun tnh hng hai ngi ta cng lp 2 trc cn bng song song vi
trc khuu, v quay vi tc gp i tc quay trc khuu. Cc i trng c lp trn
trc cn bng sao cho bn knh ca n lun to vi trc xy lanh mt gc 2 . Cng nh trng
hp trn, thnh phn nm ngang ca lc cn bng t trit tiu, thnh phn thng ng to
thnh lc ngc chiu vi lc qun tnh v l: 2II m dtII (2 )2cos2
khi lng i trng trong trng hp ny:
1 .r
m dtII = m j . (3.4)
8 II
Thng thng trong cc ng c 1 xy lanh hin nay ngi ta ch cn bng lc qun
tnh ly tm v lc qun tnh loi 1, cn lc qun tnh loi 2 b qua v c cu ny kt cu cng
knh, phc tp.
3.3 Cn bng ng c nhiu xy lanh thng hng
3.3.1 Cn bng ng c 2 xy lanh
Trc khuu ca ng c loi ny thng c dng phn b khuu cch nhau 1800
(H3.3). Lc qun tnh hng nht tc dng xy lanh th nht v th hai s l:

Hnh 3.3 S trc khuu v lc qun tnh tc dng ln ng c hai xy lanh

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(
P jI' = m j r 2 cos v P jI" = m j r 2 cos 180 0 + ) (3.5)
Tr s ca cc lc ny bng nhau v ngc chiu do c tng bng 0. Cc lc qun
tnh hng nht to ra m men lc khng cn bng tc dng trong mt phng thng ng:
MjI = - a.r.mj2cos. M men ny c cn bng nh i trng lp trn m trc.
Lc qun tnh hng hai xy lanh th nht v th hai c dng:
'
P jII = m j r 2 cos 2 v P jII
"
= m j r 2 cos 2 (180 o ) (3.6)
2
v tng ca chng s l: PjII = 2 m j r 2 cos 2
1
Lc qun tnh hng hai c th c cn bng nh c cu cn bng ring.
3.3.2 Cn bng ng c 4 xy lanh
Trc khuu ca ng c loi ny thng c kt cu vi gc gia cc khuu to thnh
0
180 (H3.4). Lc qun tnh hng nht i vi xy lanh th nht v th t:
PjI1 = PjI 4 = m j .r.2 . cos (3.7)
i vi xy lanh th hai v th ba:
PjI 2 = PjI3 = m j .r.2 . cos(180 + ) (3.8)

Hnh 3.4 S trc khuu v lc qun tnh tc dng ng c

4 xy lanh mt hng
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4
Do tng lc qun tnh hng nht P jI = 0 . Cc lc c cn bng theo gi tr
1
tuyt i v phn b i xng qua mt phng vung gc i qua im gia trc khuu, do
4
tng m men lc qun tnh hng nht M jI = 0 .
1

Lc qun tnh hng hai i vi xy lanh th nht v th t:

PjII1 = PjII4 = m j .2 .. cos 2 (3.9)
i vi xy lanh th hai v th ba:
PjII2 = PjII3 = m j .2 .. cos 2(180 + ) (3.10)
4
Tng lc qun tnh hng hai: P
1
jII = - 4mjr2cos2 (3.11)

Cc lc ny c th c cn bng nh c cu cn bng. Do tnh cht i xng nn m

4
men lc qun tnh hng hai: M
1
jII =0

3.3.3 Cn bng ng c 6 xy lanh

ng c 6 xy lanh mt hng thng c phn b cc khuu trc cch nhau 1200. Cc
lc qun tnh i vi cc xy lanh :
PjI1 = PjI 6 = m j .r.2 . cos
PjI.2 = PjI.5 = - mjr2cos(1200+)
PjI.3 = PjI.4 = - mjr2cos(2400+)

Hnh 3.5 S trc khuu v lc qun tnh ng c 6 xy lanh mt hng

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Tng cc lc qun tnh hng nht s l:

6

P
1
jI = - 2mjr2 [cos+ cos(1200+)+ cos(2400+) = 0 (3.12)

c ngha l cc lc qun tnh hng nht ca ng c 6 xy lanh mt hng c cn bng.

Tng t cng c lc qun tnh hng hai:
6
P jII = - 2m r [cos2+ cos2(120 +)+ cos2(240 +) = 0
j
2 0 0
(3.13)
1
c ngha l ng c 6 xy lanh mt hng lc qun tnh hng hai cng c cn bng. Do i
xng qua mt phng i qua im gia trc khuu nn m men cc lc qun tnh hng nht v
hng hai u bng khng v ng c 6 xy lanh mt hng c cn bng hon ton.
3.4 Cn bng ng c ch V
3.4.1 Cn bng ng c ch V hai xy lanh vi gc gia hng 900
Lc qun tnh hng nht tng ng vi xy lanh th nht v th hai l:
PjIt = - mjr2cos ; P jIp = - mjr2 cos(2700+) (3.14)
Tng ca cc lc:
2
PjI = m jr2 cos 2 + sin 2 = m j r 2 (3.15)
1
c ngha l lun khng i v gi tr.
Gc gia lc tng v trc khuu th nht l c ngha l lc qun tnh tng lun c
phng trng vi phng tay quay. Do n c th c cn bng nh i trng t cng vi
i trng cn bng vi lc qun tnh ly tm khi khi lng i trng:
r
m dt = .(m k + m bt + m bp + m j ) (3.16)

Hnh 3.6 S trc khuu v lc qun tnh ng c ch V hai xy lanh

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y mk- khi lng phn chuyn ng quay ca c bin, m bt , m bp - khi lng bin
tri v phi qui i n c bin; m j - khi lng cc chi tit ca c cu bin tay quay chuyn
ng tnh tin.
Lc qun tnh hng hai tng ng vi xy lanh bn tri v phi l:
PjIIt = m j .r.2 .. cos 2 ; (3.17)

PjIIp = m j .r.2 .. cos 2(270 + ) (3.18)

Tng cc lc qun tnh hng hai c dng:
2
PjII = m jr2 cos 2 2 + cos 2 2(270 + ) = 2m j r 2 cos 2 (3.19)
1
Lc qun tnh hng hai lun tc dng trong mt phng ngang i qua trc ca trc
khuu v ch c cn bng nh c cu cn bng. Tuy nhin trong cc ng c hin ti ta
thng b qua khng cn bng v n lun tn ti khi ng c lm vic.
Dng kt cu xy lanh ch V ca c cu bin tay quay khng sinh ra m men ca cc
lc qun tnh.
3.4.2 Cn bng ng c ch V 8 xy lanh vi gc gia hng 900.
Cc trc khuu ca ng c loi ny c phn b gia hai mt phng vung gc vi
nhau (H.3.7) . Ngi ta thng nghin cu nh l 4 ng c ch V hai xy lanh t ni tip
theo trc khuu.

Hnh 3.7 S trc khuu ca ng c ch V 8 xy lanh

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Khi cn bng lc qun tnh hng nht ngi ta t trn mi cp xy lanh theo phng
tay quay cc i trng c ngha l tng cc lc qun tnh hng nht c cn bng nh i
trng. Tng m men ca cc lc qun tnh hng nht cng bng khng.
Lc qun tnh hng hai theo cc cp xy lanh:
PjII1t + PjII1p = 2 .m j .r.2 .. cos 2 (3.20)

PjII2 t + PjII2 p = 2 .m j .r.2 .. cos 2(90 + ) (3.21)

PjII3t + PjII3p = 2 .m j .r.2 .. cos 2(270 + ) (3.22)

PjII4 t + PjII4 p = 2 .m j .r.2 .. cos 2(180 + ) (3.23)

Tt c cc lc nm trong cng mt phng, cng gi tr tuyt i nhng khc du tng
cp, do tng hnh hc bng 0.
M men ca cc lc qun tnh hng hai cn bng vi nhau theo tng cp. ng c
nghin cu c th cn bng m men ca cc lc qun tnh hng nht nh i trng lp cui
trc khuu. Nu tr s khng cn bng ca lc qun tnh trn mt khuu l c th tr s mi i
trng t cui trc:
a c
m dt = 10. . (3.24)
b (2 )
y a- khong cch gia cc mt phng cha trc xy lanh k nhau; b- khong cch
gia cc i trng. Mt phng lp ghp cc i trng to vi mt phng ca khuu th
nht mt gc = 18030'.
Trong thc t, theo iu kin cu trc, thng p dng phi hp cc i trng cui
trc khuu vi cc i trng lp theo bn knh tay quay.