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Bonpocu H BBIHOAHHTe ynpaM HeHMS.
Our fam ily
0urfam ily consistsofseven m em bersaltogether:
father and mother,threeboys(sons)and two girls
(daughters). M y brother Sam is the eldest of us
boys: he is exactly eight years older than 1. M y
sister Nora is two years younger than m y brother
Snm ,and six yearsolder than 1.M y youngerbrother
Robert is twelve years o1d and m y younger sister
A nn is only seven.
M y father and m other, who are husband and
wife,celebrated theirsilverwedding (thetwenty-
fifth anniversary oftheir marriage)a few weeks
aFO.
M y full nam e is H enry John Sm ith.Sm ith is
m y surnam e (fam ily nam e):Henry John are my
Christian nam es,the nam esl received atbaptism
(christening). At hom e 1 am generally called
H arry. I am nearly fourteen years of age.N ext
Friday is m y birthday. W e'11 have a birthday
payty,and lam ' very eagerto know whatpresents
lstIlallreceive.
I
y younger brother Robert and ray younger
si 1 er Jknn both go to school. A;y elder brother
Sain is an engineer and spends m ost of his tim e
wozt king for a big firm in Birm ingham .H e com es
;
hom e for week-ends.M y eldersister Nora hasbeen
for two years engaged to a young architect nm ed
M r.Thom as Brow n. M r.B row n is her young m an
and, after the wedding, he'll be m y brother-in-
law . W e are al1looking forw ard to the m arriage
cerem ony,w hich w illtake place next Easter at our
parish church.
M r.Brown,the bridegroom ,w illwear a black
suit.The bride,m y sister N ora,willbe dressed in
w hite silk.M y seven-year-old sister A nn w illbe
one of the bridesm aids,together w ith her cousin
Fiona,who is ofaboutthe sam e age.They also will
be dressed in w hite.
W e are already beginning to m ake preparations
for the wedding breakfast, the festive m eal at
which a11thewedding-guestsarejoyfully received.
A rrangem ents have been m ade in regard to the
w edding-cake,which willbe eaten at this m ealas
a dessert.Thiscake willbe large.It willbe nearly
tw o feet in height. A l1 those present at the cere-
m ony, as w ell as all relations and friends, will
receive a piece of this cake.
A fter the wedding breakfastand the speeches,
w hich, I hope, will not be too long, the happy
8
newly m arried couple w ill hasten aw ay on their
honeym oon, w hich they will spend in beautiful
D evonshire.
There willbe m any guests present at the m eal,
for, besides m y own fam ily, there will be m any
relatives, n!y o1d grandfather,m y uncles, aunts,
and cousins.
M y favourite uncle is U ncle Jerem y, w ho,
strange to say,has never got m arried.H e has re-
m ained single,he isan old bachelor.Butheis very
fond of us children,his nephews and nieces.
A1l m y aunts, of whom I have four,have got
m arried. N ot one of them has rem ained an old
m aid.But A unt Sarah hasbeen for m any years a
widow :her husband died in India,where he held
a governm ent post.
U ntil a short tim e ago l had two grand-fathers.
One ofthem died and wmsburied lastyear.Hisbody
was laid to rest with his ancestors in the church
yard notfarfrom our hom e.M y other grandfather,
although he isover seventy yearsof age,isstillvery
active.H e spends m uch tim e in garderling..
1. W hatisyourage?(How old areyou'
?)Areyour
grandparents or great-grandparents still liv-
ing? H ave you any brothers and sisters? A re
they older or younger than you? W hatis your
surnam e? H ave you m ore than one Christian
nam e?
2. Give the fem inine form s of:husband,uncle,
boy,brother,bridegroom .
 G ive the m asculine form s of:daughter,niece,
grandm other,old m ald.
3. W hatdo you callyourfather'sbrother?W hat
do you callyour m other'ssister? Youruncle's
son? Y our aunt's daughter? Y our sister's
husband?Y ourbrother'swife?Yourbrother's
son? Y our sister's daughter? Y our father's
father?
4. Give expressionsfor:the anniversary of one's
birth; the tw enty-fifth anniversary of one's
m arriage;a w om an who has losther husband;
a m an who has lost his wife;a child w ho has
lostits parents;the cerem ony atwhich a child
receives its Christian nam e; an unm arried
m an;an unm arried w om an.
5. W hich relative did you like best as a child;
and why?
4.-.*
.
-
.
-. ZaXRHHP 2.ZpOqHTaRTe M BblyqHTe IHaAOrH.
1
M rs. S tone..A re those a11bills?
M r. S tone: Y es, they are. H ere's a Dem and
N ote from the Collector of Taxes.H e wantsnearly
50 $. W hat greedy people these tax collectors
are!
M rs. S tone.
.A nd how cruelof them to dem and
paym enta week after Christm as,when people have
been spending so m uch m oney on presents!
M r. Stone..H ere's a billfrom m y tailor.I see
1owehim 25 $.And another from theElectricity
10
Board.They want nearly 10 $.1don'tknow how
I shallpay al1m y debts.The electricity account's
high com pared w ith the quarter before.
M rd.Stone:That'semsily explained.W e always
use m ore current in the last quarter of the year.
lt gets dary early and we need the lightson by
tea-tim e.A nd w e've been using the electric fires
in the bedroom s.
M r.S tone:W ell,1,11have to w rite outcheques
for everybody except m y tailor.H e'llhave to w ait
till next m onth.
2
A :l'm very proud of m y daughter.She has quite
a good m em ory.She doesher best to rem em ber a1l
she reads.A nd she's only nine years old.
B:That's very good.W hom does she take after?
You or your wife?
A : M y w ife. As a child Julia learned a 1ot of
poem s by heart. She still know s quite a few of
them .
B :1 never could m em orize poetry.On the other
hand,I rem em ber num bers.I never forget an ad-
dress or a date.
A :N ot even your w ife's birthday?
B:N ever!A lice w ould take a dim view of that!
3
- ls your fam ily big,M r.M organ?
- N ot very. To be exact, very sm all. I'm
alone.
 You have never m arried,have you?
- D ivorce
N o.In fact 1'm a bachelor.
-
I hope you don't m ind m y asking but aren't
-
you thinking of m arrying som e day?
That's a11right.W ell,one can never tell.
- a m arriage,declared by a court of law .
.-..'.--.
- 3aaaxxe 3. H pounva/Te n nepecKa- nTe
TOI<CTbI.
Children and parents
Being a parent is probably the m ost difficult
and demanding job people ever do.It can also be
quite a disappointing tim e for som e parents espe-
cially ifthey expected parenthood tobe enjoyable
a11the tim e,or had unrealistic ideasabouthaving
the perfect child. But for m ost parents it is one
of the happiest and m ost satisfying experiences
of their lives.
There are som e problem s that can m ake being
a parent even m ore difficult - such as lack of
m oney,cram ped housing conditions,problem s in
your relationship.
The m ost im portant thing to rem em ber is that
there is no one correctw ay ofbringing up a child.
Provided their need are m et, children from all
different kinds of social, religious or cultural
backgrounds can stillgrow up to be happy,w ell-
adjusted adults.You are the only experts w hen it
com es to bringing up your children.
12
Their m arriage ended in divorce.W hy? There
can be m any reasons.Divorceis usually very pain-
fulforboth sides.Divorce is the officialending of
Divorce ks legal in m any countries:in R ussia,
European countries.lt's legal in Britain,though
not in Ireland,and can be given for an irretriev-
able breakdown of a m arriage.This can be caused
by adultery,cruelty,or desertion and in Britain
by two years separation.
In the USA divorce is also legal,though differ-
entstatesm ay have different laws aboutit.In m ost
states one m ay get a divorce for the sam e remsons
as in B ritain,usually after at lemst one year's sepa-
ration, and in som e states one can get a no-fault
divorce,when a person doesn'tblnm e eitherperson.
In both Britain and A m erica the co . # decides
which parentshould have custody of the children,
how the property isto be divided,and w hetherone
partner,usually the husband,should pay m oney to-
w ards the living costs of the other and children.
O'rsequ e Ha Bonpocsz.
W hy is divorce usually very painfulfor both
sides?
2. W here is divorce legal?
3. D o you know a couple that is divorced? Say
som e words about these people.
 Bwzr x o6paa n aax.
n paam x a,o av - x ,
> A> > @> . 3. M oney talks.
n aa eaawe FX AAA eea x.
A oxoo x.M @Aa.aA@p@>we.
Bxax- ,npxe- rl- / 5. A penny saved is a penny galned.
-'
-- aaaaaxe 1.BslnolzHn'
re aalaHne, ncxoas na
gaaz4razx cpzTyar
w /.
1) You have decided you are going to spend
a year abroad.Y ou have som e savings in the
bank butyou would liketoborrow 500 $ from
your parents.Try to persuade your parents
to lend you the m oney.D ecide how and w hen
you intend to pay them back.
2) Your daughter/son wants to borrow 500 $
so she/he can spend a year abroad.You are
not too keen on the idea.You want to know
where she/he isgoing,where she/he isgoing
to live and what she/he is going to do.You
also w ant to know how and when you willget
your m oney back.
- '-
---g3aaanxe 2.HpoqMTa/'re M HepeBeim'
re nocxo-
Buqlal. l'Ioa6epu're I H14M pyccxue aI4BnBaaeHTbl.
H arznm nq'e coqHHeHHe-paccye genHe Ha TeMy JIaHHbIX
nocnoBxm .
14
1. M oney is the root of al1evil.
2. M oney m akes m oney.
4. Take care of the pence and the pounds will
take care of them selves.
6. In for a penny,in for a pound.
7. W aste not,want not.
7:--
-'
-faala= e3.l'
Ipounva/ve xxnepese/mve Tescv.
M y bank account
After Stephen Leacock
W hen 1 get into a bank I get frightened. The
clerks frighten m e;the desks frighten m e;every-
thing frightens m e. The m om ent I pass through
the doors of a bank and attem pt to do business
there,Ibecom e a fool.
Iknew thisbefore,butm y salary had been raised
to fifty dollars a m onth and I felt that the bank
w as the only place for it.
So 1 walked in and looked round at the clerks
w ith fear. 1 had an idea that a person who w as
aboutto open an account m ustnecessarily consult
the m anager.
I went up to a place m arked <iAccountant''.The
accountant was a tallcoolm an.H e frightened m e.
<<can I see the m anager?'' I said, and added,
E<alone-''1 don'tknow why Isaid Ralone-''dxcertain-
ly,''said the accountant,and brought him .
15
 The m anager wms a calm ,serious m an. K<A re you
the m anager?''I said.God knows I didn't doubt it.
<tY es#''he said.
<<can I see you,''I asked,d'alone''.1didn'tw ant
to say d<alone''again, but without this word the
question seem ed useless.
The m anager looked at m e with som e anxiety.
H e felt that l had a terrible secret to tell.
Kdcom e in here,'' he said, and led the way to
a privateroom .H e turned the key in the lock.<<W e
can talk here,''he said, <tsit dow n.''W e both sat
down and looked at each other.I found no voice
to speak.
d<You are one of Pinkerton's detectives, 1 sup-
Pose,''he said.
M y m ysteriousm anner had m ade him think that
I was a detective.l knew w hat he w as thinking,
and itm ade m e worse.<dN o,notfrom Pinkerton'sy''
l said,seem ing to m ean that I was from another
agency.
d<To tell the truthy''1 went on, <<I am not a de-
tective at all.I have com e to open an account.I'd
like to keep allm y m oney in this bank.''
The m anagerlooked relieved butstillserious,he
felt sure now that I was a very rich m an,perhaps
a son of Baron Rothschild.
RA large account,I supposey''he said. <<liaairly
large,''Iw hispered.<tIintend to place in this bank
the sum of fifty-six dollars now and fifty dollars
a m onth regularly.''
16
The m anager got up and opened the door. He
called to the accountant.
<tM r.M ontgom ery,''hesaid,unkindly loud,sthis
gentlem an isopening an account.H ewillplacefifty-
six dollars in it.Good m orning.''1 stood up.
A big iron door stood open at the side of the
t
room .SsGood m orning,''Isaid and w alked into the
safe. ''Com e out,'' said the m anager coldly, and
showed m e the other way.
I went up to the accountant's position and
pushed the ballofm oney athim w ith a quick,sud-
den m ovem ent as if I were doing a sort of a trick.
M y face was terribly pale.<tl-lerey''I said,dput it
in m y account.''H e took the m oney and gave itto
another clerk.H e m ade m e w rite the sum on a bit
of paper and sign m y nam e in a book.I no longer
knew w hat Iw as doing.The bank seem ed to swim
before m y eyes.d<ls it in the account?''I asked in
a shaking voice.Rltis,''paid the accountant,'4rrhen
lwant to draw a cheque.''M y idea was to draw out
of itsix dollarsfor the present use.Som eone gave
m e a cheque-book and som eone else told m e how to
write itout.1wrote som ething on the cheque and
pushed it tow ard the clerk.H e looked at it.
<'W hat!A re you draw ing it all out again?''he
asked in surprise.Then Irealized that.I had writ-
ten fifty-six dollars instead of six.I had a feeling
that it w as im possible to explain the thing. A 1l
the clerkshad stopped writing to look atm e.Then
I m ade a decision.
17
 GYes,the w hole thing.'' Bu6epMq'e Ilpasllawnx,l/ BapHaxl'
r.
fdY ou w ish to draw your m oney out of the
1. W hen I enter a bank...
bank?''
a) Ifeelathom e;
REvery cent of it.''
b) lbecom e a fool;
<<A .
re you not going to put any m ore in the ac-
c) Igo straight to the manager.
count?''said the clerk.
d<N ever.'' 2. Iw ent to the bank...
The clerk prepared to pay the m oney.RH ow will a) to consultthe m anager;
you have it?'' b) because Ineeded money;
1 answered without even trying lo think, <iln c) to open an account.
fifty-dollar notes.'' 3. The m anager thought that...
H e gave m e a fifty-dollar note.RAnd the six?''
a) Iwasa detective;
he asked coldly.<<ln six-dollar notes,''I said. H e
b) Iwas making fun ofhim ;
gave m e six dollars and I rushed out.A s the big c) Iwasgoing totakeal1my money from this
door closed behind m e 1heard the sound of laugh- bank.
ter that w ent up to the roof of the bank.
Since then 1usea bank no m ore.1keep m y m oney 4. The accountant asked, ...
and m y savings in silver dollars in a sock. a) Gl'
low m uch money areyou going to putin
the account?''
COCTaBBTP HPPASOM eHHS CO CIPAFD W HMH CIOBO- b) RDo you wish to draw your money out of
COH PTaHH S M H H 3 TeE CTa:
the bank?''
c) <fW hy are you going to open an ac-
to get frightened; count?''
to raise one's salary;
to open an account; OTseTbTe Ha Bonpocu .
to look relieved;
to draw a cheque. 1. W hat conclusion do you draw about the m ain
character?
2. W hy is the story funny?
18 19
 .- .*.- .
3aaaaxe 4.Bsl6epnq'e Izpaslu bublR Bapuan'
r. 7. A rule of thum b is...
D etergent is... a) a principle or method based on practical
a) a chem icalproductwithoutsoap in it,used sense and experience rather than exact
for cleaning clothing,dishes etc.; rules or calculations;
b) any instrumentfor finding things. b) a rule which describes how to wear
gloves.
2. Tissue is...
'
.- .-
a) m aterial; 1--*aaqaxxe 5.Hpounva/Te u uepeseanTe Texcv.
b) a detergent.
To sm oke
3. Labelis... or not to sm oke?
a) a check; The problem of sm oking is m uch under discus-
b) apieceofpaperorothermaterial,fixed to sion.Som e people sm oke,som e don't.A t present
som ething,w hich gives inform ation about
little isknown for certain about the tobacco effect
what it is, where it is to go,w ho owns it on the hum an organism . The am ount of nicotine
etc. absorbed by a heavy sm oker per day is capable of
4. Shoe-tree is... killing a horse.Y et it does no visible harm to the
a) a kind ofa treewhich grows in the South; sm oker.A t least no im m ediate harm .
b) a piece of wood or plastic and m etalput A s to long-range effects m uch of w hat is attri-
inside a shoe to keep it in the right shape buted to tobacco can be caused by differentfactors.
when it is not being worn. Quite a numberofstudiesare carried on in order
to establish cause-effectrelationship betw een sm o-
5. A knockoutjacketis... king and som e dangerous diseases. Tlle num ber
a) a worn-outjacket; of theories advanced is increasing,but the m any
b) a very beautifuljacket. papers dealing with the problem have to adm it
that m ost evidence is am biguous and that there
6. A lam e m iniskirt is... is a little confusion and a 1ot of controversy con-
a) a skirt containing gold or silver threads; cerning the results obtained. H owever, the little
b) a new skirt. evidence that is conclusive m akes a11 doctors say
that the practice is harm ful.
20
 M ost ofthose sm oking wish to give itup,and it
is a m atter ofrecord thata great-m any heavy sm o-
kers often m ake severalattem pts before they give
up...eithersm oking or theattem pts.Itrequires not
a littlewillpow er and a greatdealofdeterm ination.
So only few succeed. And those few say that they
have felt so m uch better ever since.
.- - za7m M e 6. BM IIM HHTP ynpac HeHHs IIO ;IaH-
HOMY TeECTy.
M onday m orning
M onday m orning is the worst tim e of the week
for a 1ot of people, because it is the end of the
weekend and the beginning of another week of
w ork.M ore things seem to go wrong on M onday
m orning than on other days.
PaccTaBbTe cAelym m He HaCTH paccKaaa B nOPS4Ee
cIeq0BaHHS c06MTHR.
1. One M onday m orning w as worse than usual.
She w anted to do som e baking,so she sentthe
children into the garden to play. She m ade
her husband's favourite cake and put it in
the oven.W hen she had finished she looked
out into the garden and saw David clim bing
a tree. She was not w orried because he had
never fallen before.
2. Jane,a friend ofm ine,has two children,a boy
and a girl,who often m ake her life very diffi-
cult,especially on M onday m orning.
22
3. In half an hour the doctor cam e and took
David to hospital.Jane sent her daughter to
play next door. A s she went into the house
she sm elt som ething burning. <<Oh, no!The
cakel''she cried.It was burnt black.She sat
dow n tq have a rest.
4. Then she w ent upstairs to m ake the beds.
W hen she was upstairs she suddenly heard
a branch break. She looked out quickly and
saw David on the ground. H is arm was in a
funny position and she thoughthe had broken
it. H er neighbour cam e to help. Jane asked
her to phone the doctor.
5. <dTe11 m e the w orst,''he said. d<W e1l, 1'11 tell
you the good new s first,''Jane replied.<<l've
m ade your favourite cake this m orning,the
house isn't on fire and our daughter hasn't
broken her arm s.''
6. W hen John cam e hom e for lunch he saw his
w ife sitting there and felt that som ething
w as wrong. H e also sm elt som ething burn-
ing.
BM6epHTe IIPaBHJIBHBIR M PHaHT.
1. M onday m orning isthe worsttim e ofthew eek
because...
a) znany people are tired after Sunday;
b) it'sthe beginning ofanother week;
c) people have to go to work.
23
 2. Jane has tw o children,a boy and a girlwho... Look at this handw ritten letter.W hat things
a) help her,especially on M onday; can you find wrong with it? H ow could these faults
b) go to schoolon M onday; be im proved?
c) m ake her life difficult on M onday. M r.J.Green M s.P.Stone
17 M organ S treet
, 4 Q ueen Rd
3. One M onday m orning... Barford W inton
a) was worse than usual; 15 M ay 1999
b) she wanted to have a rest;
D ear Joltn,
c) she had a lotof thingsto do.
M y new flatisnice.It/ztzs4 rooms.Thereiscentral
4. D avid clim bed a tree... heatingand alargewindow.Ihaven'tgotenoughJur-
a) and broke itsbranch; niture yet.T#c flatison tke ground floor.Itisnear
b) felland broke hisarm ; the shops.Com e and visitm e.I can skow you tlte town
c) butdid notfall. while you are here.Bo can cfso go into the country.
P lease w rite soon.
5. Jane m ade her husband's favourite cake... Love, Pam .
a) and itburnt;
b) and hewas pleased; 2. Com pare the handwritten letter with the type
c) and it wasvery tasty. w ritten one below .H ow is the second one bet-
ter? W hat details of the second one m ake it
OTBeTsTe Ha sonpocsz.
seem better? A re there any things about the
1. W hat m akes Jane's life so difficult on M on- second version you stilldon't like?
day? 4 Queen Road
2. W hich day of the w eek do you like? W inton
3. H ow do you spend M onday? 15 M ay 1999

4-
.-.'
.-- 3agamte7.BNIIM HHTP YIIPaMHPHHS.
1. You havejustm oved into anew houseorflat.
W rite a letter to a friend describing it and
inviting him or her to stay.
24
Dear John,
M y new flat is really lovely!It's got four big
room s - a spacious lounge with a dining area,
tw o bedroom s and a very large kitchen w hich
25
looks out onto tlle garden.There's another large
window in the lounge w ith a super view of the
park opposite,which letsin lots ofsunshine in the
afternoon.lt'sfully equipped with centralheating
but so far l haven't bought any furniture!There
are no carpets down yet and allI've got is a bed
and a table and som e chairs.Still, it'llbe fun to
getsom e (second-handl)furniture to go in it.Oh,
and I forgot to say that it's on the ground floor
and quite near the shops,w hich isvery convenient
for m e because I've gota m em ory like a sieve and
I'm alw ays forgetting to buy som ething!
Do com e and visit m e!I'm sure you won't m ind
sleeping on the floor if I haven't got another bed
by the tim e you com e.I can show you the town
and we can go into the country too w hile you're
here.Iknow you'd enjoy it here!
Please write soon,
Love, Pam . friends,I do not trouble to inform him before-
3. W rite a letter to a friend inviting him or her
to stay with you.M akeyour hom e and the area
you live in sound as attractive as possible.
1- - aaaaaxe 8. aauoauuTe npouycux B upeaxo-
M PHHSX IIOAXOJW W HM H IIO CM bICJIF CJIOBaM H.
1. W e w ere al1athom e lastnightsitting watch-
ixtg teleArisiollilltle 1..............
2. A s it w as a cold evening w e had a fire going
ill tlle f.................
26
3. lkeep a1lm y clothes upstairs in the bedroom
in an o1d w ...........
4. W e both hate w ashing up so m uch thatw e've
decided to bti.y a d.................
W e love our house so m uch thatw e never re-
a1ly want to m ..................
6. M any old houseshaveabasem entroom called
a C..........
Father likes sitting and sm oking his pipe in
his favourite a...............
8. The place in the house where you have your
desk is called a s..........
.
.-
- -jI
'
-
laan% e9.Tlpoqn'rauTex uepasamuvevexc'
r.
BBIHOJIHHTe ynpaa HeHHe.
V isiting friends
W hen 1 wish to visit one of m y intim ate
hand,but Igo w ithout m ore ado to hishouse,and
ring the bell.Som eone com es to the door: it is
the m aid.<ils M r.Johnson at hom e?''1 ask.d<Y es,
sir,''the m aid replies,<<com e inside.M r.Johnson
is in the garden.He isjust planting some rose-
bushes.''
If I am a very intim ate friend of his,Im ay say
to the m aid,S<M ay 1 go out to him ,then?''#<Yes,
certainly,''she willsay,<igo straightthrough.''M y
friend catches sight of m e as I am walking along
the garden path.<<H el1o,Bob!l'm so pleased to see
27
you,o1d fellow ,what have you been doing a11this
tim e?''W e then sit down together on the law n,
and have a long chat.
Perhaps m y friend is not in,but has gone out
som ewhere.<dN o,sir,''the m aid willthen answ er,
<<I am sorry he is not in.H e went out about half
an hour ago.''- <<Do you know when he w ill be
back?''- <dI see.W ell,would you please tellhim
I called? Brow n is m y nam e.''- RW illyou leave
any m essage,M r.Brow n?''- <<N o, it is nothing
im portant.Iwillcallatthistim e tom orrow evening,
or perhaps a little earlier.''- Gvery good,I w ill
tellhim .Good evening,sirl''- <'G ood eveningl''
CoraacnTecs HaH onpoBeprHnTe aaHHble yTBep- -
geHns.
1. W hen I wish to visit one of m y intim ate
friends,I inform him beforehand.
2. If I am a very intim ate friend of his,I m ay
say to the m aid, <fM ay I go out to him ,
then?''
3. W e then call our m utual friends and go to
a pub.
4. If m y friend isn't at hom e I usually don't
speak to the m aid and go aw ay im m ediate-
ly.
5. d<W ill you leave any m essage, M r. Brow n?''
the m aid asks.
6. RFind him !It is very im portantl''I shout.
28
I 1 aaiewwe10.rlpou va/ve u nepecsaauveana-
JlOrH .
1
(Pete goeson a visitto his friend Henry)
H enry:H ello,Pete,is ityou? I'm delighted to
SOe ytm .
P ete.
.W ell, I thought it w as tim e I paid a
visit.It seem s such a long tim e since I saw you
last.
H enry:Yes,tim e flies.By the way,Ihave two
books of yours.I should like to return them .
P ete.
'H ave you finished reading them ?
H enry.
.Yes,and enjoyed them very much,too,
especially the one about dogs.
P ete: Yes, that book is a m asterpiece. W ould
you care to com e with m e to the theatre next
W ednesday?
H enry:W hat's on?
P ete:<<rl'he Caretaker''
H enry: By H arold Pinter? They say it is his
best w ork.It's really splendid.
P ete: Thanks very m uch, H enry. 1'11 com e.
W here shallw e m eet?
H enry:In tow n,at Lyons Corner H ouse,near
Leicester Square.A t seven o'clock sharp.
P eter:A t seven o'clock sharp.Very good.
H enry: W ell, I m ust be off now . Good-bye,
Peter.
P eter:Good-bye,H enry.
29
'
2 l'thlttured on the cover ofRolling Stone m agazine's
M icltael:Look here,Paul,w e aregoing to give
a party next week.W ould you like to com e?
P aul:Thank you.W ith pleasure.W ho else are
you koing to inVite?
M ichael:lthink Ann and Julia willcoine,som e
boys from m y group. I had to invite m y cousin
Philip. He is such a bore,but m y m other insists
on it.
P aul.D on't w orry.I'm sure w e're going to have
a good tim e.l have som e new pop records.W e'll
listen to the m usic and dance.
M ichae1. 'OK .
q-..
- 3aaazxzxe11.HpoqnTa/q'ez4nepeseanq'eTexc'
r.
OTBeTBTe Ha Bonpocu .
Claudia Schiffer
A t only 27 years of age, Claudia Schiffer has
taken the term super m odelto a new dim ension.
An international superstar, the native G erm an
has graced the covers of m ore than 500 m aga-
zines including Elle,H arper's Bazaar,Vogue and
Cosm opolitan.Vanity Fair,whose editorial policy
refuses any m odelon its cover,found itperfectly
appropriate to feature a <<princess Claudia''cover
and a seven page story as w ell as prestigious se-
cond cover.
Claudia has also been featured on the cover of
Tim e M agazine and was the first m odelever to be
30
'.10 M ost BeautifulW om en''.
She was also nam ed one of People M agazine's
..25 M ost Beautiful People'' and Us m agazine.
Slle recently signed a m ulti - year contract with
l,'o real which is an unprecedented agreeem ent
t
ilt term s of dim ension, longevity and financial
im pact.
The native Germ an began her m odeling career
i,1 1987 when she was discovered in a Germ an
discotheque while stilla student.It was not long
ilefore she landed the coveted Guess? cam paigns
which m ade her the m ost sought after m odel in
the w orld.
ln addition to her editorialw ork for m agazines
throughout the w orld,Claudia Schiffer has strut-
ted the runways for a11the top designers and has
been featured in cam paings for Chanel,V ersace,
Valentino and R alph Lauren am ong others.She is
the first and only m odelto have her wax likeness
in the Grevin M useum in Paris.
ln 1995,Claudia hosted the W orld M usicA wards
w ith actor Luke Perry in M onte Carlo.The success
of her 1990 swim suit calendar has been repeated
every year,as m ost surely willher 1997 edition
for w hich her royalties w ill go to the Pediatric
A IDS Foundation.She is also an honorary board
m em ber for Dishes A IDS.
Claudia has also published tw o books - a pic-
torial entitled 4tM em ories''and a black and white

coffee table book photographed by designer Karl
Lagerfeld.Claudia also created a series ofexercise
videos w ith her personal trainer K athy K aehler,
'4claudia Schiffer's Perfectly Fit''is a four part
series,each focusing on a differentbody part:abs,
buns,legs and arm s.
The half-hour tapes,released in January 1996
are distributed w orldw ide. Claudia recently
appeared in her first feature film , A bel Fer-
rara's E:rl'he Blackout'' w ith M atthew M odine,
Beatrice D alle and Dennis H opper.W ith a very
hectic work schedule, Claudia m akes her hom e
on M onaco.
1. H ow do you understand the phrase I'Claudia
Schiffer has taken the term super m odel to
a new dim ension''?
2. W hy is being a fashion m odel so prestigious
now adays?
3. W hatfashion m agazinesdo you know ? Do you
read them ?
4. W hat is the com pany L'Orealfam ous for?
5. N am e som e top designersw ho are w ell-know n
a11 over the w orld. Can you afford wearing
faschionable clothesproduced by thesedesign-
ers?
6. In what activities do super m odels usually
take part?
7. W hatpartsdoes ddclaudia Schiffer'sPerfectly
Fit''consist of?
32
.'. '
I- ''-j. 3aqau e la.rlpounva/'
d
=. ..
reu nHctwaupyuveaxa-
ll()1'1/1.
.
1
M r. S tone: Could I speak to M r. A bbott,
Illease?
M r.Abboqt..Speaking.
M r. S tozzcl Good m orning, M r. Abbott. This
is M r.Stone.
M r. A bbott.'Good m orning,M r. Stone. I am
glad to hear from you.H ow are you?
M r. S tone: Fine,and you,Jack?
M r. A bbott: I am fine, too.
M r. S tone: Thank you for the birthday card
llnd the cham pagne. The card gave m e as m uch
pleasure as the w ine.
M r. A bbott: H ow w as it, good?
M r.Stone:lt'sthebestchampagnelhlveever !
had.You certainly hitthe spotwith youreift. W e
m issed both ofyou at the birthday party.
M r.A bbott: lt's a pity M ary and l could not
com e.But you know the reason.
M r.Stone:Yes,ldo.W e drank to your health.
I hope you'll com e to m y wife's birthday party
this spring.
M r.A bbott:Ofcourse,w e'llbe happy to. Best
regards to Iris.
M r. Stone: Thank you. Say hello to M ary,
please.
M r. A bbott: I w ill, good-bye.
M r. Stone:Good-bye.
F
2 M r. F rost: I am sorry to hear that.Poor fel-
A: Com e in,please.M ake yourself at hom e.
B:Thanks.You have a nice place here.
A:I'm glad you like it.Thefurniture'sin pretty
bad condition,though.W e should get rid of it.
B . Don't do that. It's very com fortable. You
have children,don't you?
A .. Yes, w e do. Three boys and a girl. N ot
to m ention two dogs. So we have to m ake this
furniture do.A s long as the children are sm ll,
anyw ay.
B:Iknow whatyou m ean.Ourchildren are hard
on furnitur,too.
3 say,you had m et her at Steve's party?
M r. F rost:H ello,w ho's speaking?
M r. B ates:This is M r.Bates.
M r.F rost:Good afternoon.
M r. B ates: I haven't heard from you since
October.
M r. B ates:Ihad the flu fora couple ofweeks,
but I'm fine now .
M r. F rost:I'm glad to hear that.W e did have
a spellof bad weather.
M r. B ates: By the w ay, did you hear what
happened to Fred Jackson?
M r. F rost:N o,what about him ?
M r. B ates: H e has had such a bad case in the
f1u that they've taken him to the hospital.
34
I4)w, he won't be able to com e to the party which
I*111organizing.
M r. B ates:I'm afraid not.
M r.F rost:Butyou are OK ,so I'd like you and
your w ife to be present at the party.
M r. B ates:Thanks a lot,w e'llbe looking for-
ward to com ing to your place.
M r. F rost:Good-bye.
M r. B ates:Thanks for the invitation.
2
Jim :W ho's the tallgirlnext to Barbara?
C harles: That's M ary Anderson. Didn't you
J im :N o,1 wasn't at Steve's party.
Charlen:Oh!Then let m e introduce you to her
now ...M ary,this is m y cousin Jim .
M ary:H i,Jim .I'm glad to m eet you.
Jim :I'm glad to m eet you.Can't w e sit down
som ewhere and talk?
M ary:Sure,let's sit over there.
5
Sudan.
*W ould you like som e cookies? l just
m ade them .
L ucy: Thank you.Yes,I would.
Susan: These are chocolate, and those are
alm ond-flavored.
35
 L ucy:Ig'uess1'11trychocolateonefirst.M m m m ...
This is delicious.A re they hard to m ake?
Susan. '
No,they're really quite easy.W aita m i-
nute, I've got the recipe right here.See ...these
are the ingredients,and then you justfollow the
directions.
Lucy..That does look easy.I think 1'11 make
som e tonight.
6 trorrect place in the following passages.
'
P eter. A re you saving any m oney?
M ike:W ell,Ifind itvery difficult.As fastas
1 earn it,I seem to spend it!
P eter.
.W ell,l've started saving.1w ant to put
som ething away for a rainy day.
M ike..Iknow Iought to start.lt would be use-
f
ulto have som ething put by when Iget m arried.
H ow are you going to save? l m ean, where are
you putting the m oney? N ot under the m attress,
Ih
ope!
Peter:Oh no. W hen I looked into it, I found
there are about three m ain ways to Save m oney.
First,I could have a deposit account at the bank
fov m y savings, as well as my current account.
M ike: W ell, the banks aren't paying a 1ot of
i
nterestjust now,are they?
P eter.. N o, but then there're the building .
societies,and there's also the Post Office Savings '
Bank.
36
u ikc..w ell,which did you choose?
pcjcr:A building society.They paY Z0Od inter-
j,st, and you can get your m oney out easily if you
jylsthave a share account. I've gota share account
wth theAbbey NationalBuilding society.
.
' '-
! aaaaa e 13.BsznozzHnl.e yrfpa- HeHl's'
.
p ut each w ord or phrase in the group below in its
Opening an account
formalities, overdraft,open,braneh,JCC&YN'''ill
in, bank ckarges.
It,svery sjm pje to ...abank ...in Britain.There
are very s w ... .Just go to your local ''',a feW
form s, and tjjat,s it.Y ou w illprobabl; Only have
to pay ...if there is no m oney in your aCCOunt Or
iyyou borrow m oney from thebank,in Otherw ords
jf
you have an ....
Current and deposit accolntg
notice, current,cheque,withdraw,dC#OSif,inte-
rest.
For regujar everyday use m ost People Prefer
a .. . account. This norm a!jy earns no ...but yOu
are given a ...book, which m akes shopping and
payjug bm s very easy.A ...account earnsinterest
but it's not so easy to ...your m oney'YOu Som e-
ti
m es have to give a week's ... .
' 37
r'

U sing your account M e= x- ap- wxe l> - eaM .

X apaxrep uex@aex a,
balance, deposit, witkdrawal, standing order,
ax yewz, n p x am u .
statem ent.
* y- 6a x - 6osw.
A tregular intervals,perhapsm onthly,you will M @e x oA.- @ue- @.
receive a ...from the bank,giving details of each B aem aoe w.
... (money you putin)and ...(m oneyyou takeout). B x yew:
If you're not sure how m uch m oney you have in
your account,you can just go to your bank and
ask what your ...is.
'h.--'.-.
Ifyou haveto m ake a regular paym ent,likerent, t. ua aaaam xe 1.H poqMTa/q'e TeKc'
r.CocTasb'
re rzlzaz4
you can ask the bank to pay this nm ount for you H HOJrOTOBBTO HePeCKa3 TeKCTa.
autom atically. This arrangem ent is called a ... .
Afother Teresa
(1910-1997)
Albanian m issionary M other Teresa has dedi-
cated her life to helping the poor, the sick,and
the dying around the world,particularly those in
India.
Introduction
M other Teresa is am ong the m ost well-known
and highly respected w om en in the world in the
latter half of the twentieth century.
In 1948 shefounded a religiousorder of nuns in
Calcutta,India,called the M issionariesofCharity.
Through this order,she has dedicated her life to
helping the poor, the sick,and the dying around
the w orld, particularly those in lndia. H er self-
less work with the needy has brought her m uch
38 39
acclaim and m any awards, including the N obel
Peace Prize in 1979.
She was born A gnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu in 1910
in Skopje,'
Yugoslavia (what is now M acedonia).
Her parents,Nikola and Dronda Bojaxhiu,were
Albanians who settled in Skopje shortly after the
beginning of the century. Since her father was
co-ow ner of a construction firm ,her fam ily lived
com fortably while she was growing up.
In 1928 she suddenly decided to becom e a
nun and traveled to Dublin,Ireland,to join the
Sisters of Loreto, a religious order founded in
the seventeenth century.A fter studying at the
convent for less than a year,she left to join the
Loreto convent in the city of Darjeeling in north-
east India.
On M ay 24,1931,she took the nam e of<iTeresa''
in honor of St.Teresa of Lisieux.
In 1929 M other Teresa had been assigned to
teach geography at St. M ary's H igh School for
Girlsin Calcutta,south ofDarjeeling.A tthetim e.
thestreetsofCalcutta w ere crowded with beggars,
lepers,and the hom eless.U nwanted infants were
regularly left to die on the streets or in garbage
bins.
On a train back to Darjeeling in 1946,M other
Teresa felt the need to abandon her position at
St. M ary's to care for the needy in the slum s of
Calcutta.A fter receiving the consent of her arch-
bishop,she began her w ork.
40
Founds the M issionaries
of Charity in Calcutta
In 1948 Pope Pius XII granted M other Teresa
perm ission to live as an independent nun. That
sam e year, she becam e an Indian citizen. A f-
ter studying'nursing for three m onths with the
A m erican M edicalM issionaries in the Indian city
of Patna, she returned to Calcutta to found the
M issionaries of Charity.For her habit she chose
a plain white sariwith a blueborder and a sim ple
cross pinned to her left shoulder.
M other Teresa initially focused her efforts on
poor children in the streets,teaching them how to
read and how to care for them selves.
ln 1949 she was joined by her first recruit,
a young girl from the city of Bengal. M any of
those who joined her order over the next few
years w ere form er students from St. M ary's.
Each recruit w as required to devote her life to
serving the poor w ithout accepting any m ateriai
rew ard in return.
ln 1952 M other Teresa began w ork for w hich
the M issionaries of Charity has been noted ever
since. H er order received perm ission from Cal-
cutta officials to use a portion of the abandoned
tem ple to the goddess K ali, the H indu goddess
of death and destruction. H ere M other Teresa
founded the K alighat H om e for the Dying. She
and her fellow nuns gathered dying lndians off
41
the streets of Calcutta and brought them to this
hom e to care for them during the days before
they died.
E l1elPeace Prize.M otherTeresa accepted a1lofthese
stablishes a leper colony
ln the m id-1950s,M other Teresa began to hqlp
W ctim s Of leprosy. The lndian governm ent gave
the M issionaries of Charity a 34-acre plot of land
near the city of A sansol. Under M other Teresa's
Yuidance, a leper colony was established here, '
called ShantiNagar(Town ofPeace).Forherwork
am ong the people oflndia,the lndian governm ent
YaVe her the Padm ashree (dM agnificent Lotus'')
A w ard in Septem ber of 1962.
ln 1965 Pope PaulV1placed the M issionaries of
.
Charity directly under the control of the papacy
(theofficeofthepope). H e also authorized M other
ters to treat lepers, the blind, the disabled, the
aged,and the dying were soon opened w orldwide,
including one in R om e in 1968.M other Teresa also
organized schoolsand orphanagesfor thepoor.The
Brothers of Charity, the m ale com panion to the
Sisters of Charity,w as form ed in the m id-1960s
to run the hom es for the dying.
R eceives N obelPeace Prize
In 1971 Pope Paul VI honored M other Teresa
by aw arding her the first Pope John XX III Peace
Prize.The following year the governm entoflndia
'
,
42
presented her w ith the Jaw aharlal N ehru Aw ard
I'or InternationalU nderstanding.
In 1979 she received hergreatestaw ard,theN o-
aWards 0n behalfOfiue poor,using any m oney that
accom paniedethem to fund her centers.
By 1990 over 3 000 nuns belonged to the M is-
,
sionaries of Charity,running centers in 25 coun-
tries.
In 1988 M other Teresa sent her M issionaries 0f
charity into Russia and also opened a home for
Alos patients in San Francisco, California.
!
In 1991 she returned hom e to Albania and
opened a hom e in Tirana, the capital. A t this
t l
'''''
m
'
o. tlaore were 168 hom es operating in India.
> v '' '''- ''''
''
i
'
Later in 1995,plans m aterialized to open l ..
:
,
lom es !
iyychina. i
!
problem s becam e a concern.She suffered a heart
attack while visiting Pope John Paul11 in 1983.
she had a near fatalheart attack in 1989 and be-
gan wearing a pacem aker.
In A ugust 1996 the w orld prayed for M other
Teresa's recovery. At the age of86,M otherTeresa
was on a respirator in a hospital,suffering from
heart failure and m alaria.Doctors w ere not sure
she w ould recover. W ithin daysshe w as yuny con-
scious,asked to receive com m union,and requested
that the doctors send her hom e. W hen she w as j
sent hom e a few w eeks later in early Septem ber, j
43
 a doctor said she firm ly believed, <<flod w illtake
care of m e.''
ln late Novem ber of that sam e year, M other
Teresa was again hospitalized.She had angioplasty
surgery to clear two blocked arteries.Shew as also
given a m ild electric shock to correct an irregula:
heartbeat.She w as released after spending alm ost
a m onth in the hospital.
In M arch 1997, after an eight week selection
process, 63-year-old Sister Nirm ala was nam ed
as the new leader of the M issionaries of Charity.
A lthough M other Teresa had been trying to cut
back on her dutiesfor som e tim e (because of her
health problems),shestayed on in an advisory role
to Sister N irm ala.
In A pril 1997 film ing began on the m ovie
M other Teresa.
.In lAc Nam e of God's Poor with
actress Geraldine Chaplin playing the title role.
The m ovie aired in the fallof 1997 on %<rl'he Fam ily
Channel''even though, after viewing the m ovie,
M other Teresa refused to endorse it.
M other Teresa celebrated her 87th birthday in
A ugust, and died shortly thereafter of a heart
attack on Septem ber 5, 1997.The w orld grieved
her loss and one m ourner noted, d<lt w as M other
herself w ho poor people respected . W hen they
bury her,we willhave lost som ething thatcannot
be replaced.''
In appearanceM otherTeresawasboth tiny (only
about five feet tall)and energetic.Her face was
44
(Itlite w rinkled,but her dark eyes com m anded at-
ttllltion,radiating an energy and intelligence that
sllone without expressing nervousness or im pa-
tience. M any of her recruits cam e from people
llttracted by her own aura of sanctity, and she
h
seem ed little changed by the w orldwide attention
*
slle received.
conservativeswithin the CatholicChurch som e-
tim es used her as a sym boloftraditionalreligious
values that they felt lacking in their churches.
By popular consensus she was a saint for the
tim es, and a spate of alm ost adoring books and
articles started to canonize her in the 1980s and
' well into the 1990s.She herself tried to deflect
all attention aw ay from what she did to either
the works ofher group or to the god who w as her
inspiration.Slle continued to com bine energetic
adm inistrative activities with a dem anding life
of prayer, and if she accepted opportunities to
publicize her work they had little of the cult of
personality about them .
In the w ake of the 1979 N obelPrize for Peace
she received m any otherinternationalhonors,but
she som etim es disconcerted hum anitarian groups
by expressing her horror at abortion or her ow n
: preference for prayer rather than politics.W hen
asked w hat would happen to her group and work
after her death, she told people that God w ould
surely provide a successor - a person hum bler
and m ore faithful than she.The M issionaries of
45
Charity, w ho had brothers as w ell as sisters by
the m id-1980s,are guided by the constitution she
wrote forthem .They have theirvivid m em oriesof
the lovefor thepoor thatcreated the phenom enon
of M other Teresa in the first place. So the final
partofhpr story w illbe thelasting im pacther m e-
m ory has on the next generations of m issionaries,
as wellas in the world as a whole.
.- .'.m
- 3apam xe 2.l'Ipoqnqla/q'
e q'
exc'r Ix nepecxaa M'
re
ero.BzyznozfHM'
re aalaHns no Texcq' y.
RRom eo and Juliet''is a play by W illiam Sha-
kespeare about the love of two people, R om eo >nd
Juliet,from fam ilies who are enem ies. They m ar-
ry secretly,but they cannotbe together and they
both killthem selves.They are typicalexam ples of
unfortunate,unhappy lovers.
Rom eo and Juliet
Part I
ln the tow n of Verona, in Italy there were tw o
rich fam ilies, the Capulets and th: M ontagues.
There w as an old quarrelbetween these two fam i-
lies and w hen a Capulet m et a M ontague, they al-
waysbegan to fight.There wasa daughter, Juliet,
in the Capuletfam ily,who was fourteen years old
at the tim e of the story,and a son, Rom eo,in the
M ontague fam ily,w ho was sixteen.
46
(lne day old Capulet m ade a gret supper and
lllvited m any people to itbutno one of the house
4,1'the M ontagues.A t that tim e Rom eo liked the
girlwhose nam e w as Rosaline.H e knew that she
was invited to the Capulets,so he w entthere with
l'is friend M rrcutio.The young m en wore m asks
fltltheir faces.
W hen dancing began,Rom eo saw a young and
very beautiful girl whom he did not know .This
was Juliet and R om eo fell in love w ith her and
forgot all about R osaline.H e cam e up to the girl
llnd began to speak to her, but Juliet's cousin,
Tybalt, recognized R om eo and w anted to fight
with him .H ere was a M ontague in the house of
the Capulets!The fight did not take place because
old Capuletdid notgive T#balthis perm ission,but
Rom eo had to live the house.
H e did not go hom e,he w entinto the Capulets'
garden.Julietcould not sleep that night,she fell
in love w ith Rom eo too.She w ent up to the win-
dow of her room am d from there saw Rom eo in
the g'arden.They talked abouttheirlove and about
the quarrelbetween their fam ilies.R om eo asked
Juliet to m arry him the next day. They decided
that nobody m ust know about their love or about
their plan to m arry.
Part 11
In theearly m orning Rom eo wentto the Friartzaw -
rence,alz old m an,who could m arry him to Juliet.
47
 FriarLawrence w asa friend ofthe Capuletsand '
also ofthe M ontagues.H e thoughtthata m arriage
between Rom eo and Juliet could end the old quar !
-
rel,so he decided to m arry them .
The next day Rom eo and Juliet cam e to Friar
Law rence and he m arried them .Julietw ent hom e
to wait for her young husband,R om eo,who pro-
m ised to com e at night into the Capulets'garden
and m eet Juliet there.
Rom eo went into the town and m et his friend
M ercutio. ln one of the streets they saw Tybalt
.'
with a group of Capulets.
Rom eo did not want to fight with Tybalt, the
cousin of his Juliet,but Tybalt attacked M ercutio
and killed him .That m ade Rom eo vel'y angry and '
he fought with Tybalt.Soon Tybaltwas killed too.
The fight in the m iddle of the day in the street
w as seen by m any people. O1d Capulet and 0ld
M ontague ran there w ith their wives.The prince
of Verona also cam e there. H e asked the people
about the fight and decided that Rom eo m ust get
som e punishm ent.R om eo had to live V erona and r
go to som e other tow n .
This w as a terrible thing for Rom eo and Juliet.
They w ere very unhappy and did not know what
to d0.
Rom eo wentfor help to Friar Law rence who told
him to leave Verona.Friar Lawrence prom ised to
send Rom eo a letter when the quarrelbetween the
fam ilies ended.
48
Part III
som e days passed and Juliet's father called his
(jjjylghter to him and told her that she m ustm arry
Ijyoung m an w hose nam e w as Paris.
Juliet did notknow what to do. She was afraid
t,()tell her fpther about the m arriage to R om eo.
sjle told him that she w astoo young to m arry, but
()1(j capulet got very angry and did not want to
Iisten to her. Then Juliet w ent to Friar Law rence
for help.
u e listened to the girl and then told her to go
ljom e and be ready to m arry Paris. B ut the night ;
ljefore her m arriage she m ust drink som e m edi -
(rine from a little bottle which the friar gave her.
lurrhis m edicine willputyou to sleep for forty- tw o
jtoursy''said the friar.
Juliet w ent hom e and did as the friar told
jler. '
w hen her m other cam e into the room , Juliet
jay on her bed. She w as unconscious.The m other
t,hought that Juliet w as dead.The parents cried
very m uch, then they put Juliet into the fam ily
tom b .
Rom eo did not get Friar Law rence's letter but
j1e heard that Juliet w as dead and he w as very
unhappy. H e bought som e poison and cam e back !
t,o verona. H e went to the tomb of the Capulets
where Juliet lay and found Paris there.
Rom eo fought w ith him and killed the young
m an. Then he looked at Juliet for a long tim e, i
49
kissed her on the lips and drank his poison. H e gave som e m edicine;
felldown at Juliet's feet. to sleep for forfg-fu)o kours;
A tthis m om entJulietwokeup and saw R om eo. thought dAe was dccd;
Buttheyoung m an was dead.Juliettook a dagger put into the family tomb;
that w as on the floor and killed herself. drank Afs poison;
1 killed henself.
l'
Ioa6epn'
re B nepBoR qac'
rH Tescr
ra 2-3 npelw oa eHns --- '.- .

Itxaa aoMy HyHKTF nllaHa. =

.
3aaaHxe 3.H poqnTa/Te coneT W . tH excnnpa.
-

CleAaRTe HOACTPOEHM R nepeBol.

1) The old quarrelbetween the families of the
Capulets and the M ontagues. CX X X
2) The greatsppperatthe Capulets'house. M y m istress'eyes are nothing
3) Rom eo com es into the Capulets' house in like the sun;
a m ask. Coralis far m ore red
4) Rom eo fallsin love with Juliet. than her lips'red;
5) Rom eo meets Julietin the garden. If snow be w hite.why then
2 her bremsts are dun;
3aga/Te Bonpocu xo BTopo/ MacTn TexcTa, qTo6u If hairs be wires,black w ires
BBISCHHTB Caeiym m ee: grow on her head,
1 have seen roses dam ask,
1) why Friar Lawrence m arried the young peo- red and white,
ple;
But no such roses see Iin her cheeks;
2) who Romeo foughtin the street; And in som e perfum es
3) whatRomeo had to do as a punishm ent; is there m ore delight
4) who Rom eo and Julietasked for help.
Than in the breath that from
3 m y m istress reeks.
Paccsam n'
re o co6hlTnsx TpeTse Macl'n TexcTa, I love to hear her speak,
Hcrfo.
qbays KllloqeBble c.
qOBa: yet w ell I know
W ll8t W lrr#; That m usic hath a far m ore
could not tell about the m arriage; pleasing sound:
50 51
r 1 grant 1 never saw a goddess go;
M
y m istress,when she w alks,
treads on the ground.
A nd yet,by heaven, I think
m y love as rare
A s any she belied with false com pare.
- 'm .
- aaaaaxe 4.Hpounva/Te TeRcv. Ovsevsve Ha
Borzpocsz.H Hcqezlnpy/q'e gyza-qor Mepm y reposl
u .
Th
e luncheon
After W LSomersetM augham
1 <I never eat anything for luncheon-''
saw her at the theatre the other day.Ididn't
recognize her at once.Butsom eone m entioned her
nam e and during the intervalIw ent over and sat
down beside her.
She spoke to m e gaily: d<Do you rem em ber the
firsttim e Isaw you? You invited m e to luncheon.''
Did I rem em ber?
It was twenty years ago,I lived in Paris. 1 had
asmallroom in theLatin Quarter.Iearned enough
m oney to keep body and soultogether.
she wrote to m e about one of m y books.I ans-
wered and then received another letter from her.
she wanted to com e to Paris and have a talk w itll
m e. she asked m e to give her a little luncheon at
a restaurant. l was too young and I could not say
(uno,,to a wom an.
52
'
Ih
ad only eighty francstillthe end ofthe m onth.
..a
sm allluncheon willnot cost m ore than fifteen
rrayjcs ''I thought,d<and if I don't take coffee for
,
tjye next two weeks,I shall m anage w ell enough.''
so we m etat the restauranton Thursday athalf
llast twelve. .
She was not so young as 1 thought.In fact she
was a wonaan of forty and not very pretty. She
talked m uch,but as she w anted to talk about m e
I was ready to listen to her. W hen the w aiter
k
aroughtthe m enu,I saw that the pricesw ere very
lligh.Butshe said:
(xtjjy don,t say thatl''I answered.
<<Inever eat m ore than one thing.Ithink people
eat too m uch in our days.A little fish,perhaps.
u ave they any salm on?'' !
They had and I ordered it for m y guest. The
,
w aiter asked her: <<W i1lyou have anything while
w e are cooking it?''
<dNo,''she answ ered,R1never eat m ore than one
thing.Butifyou havealittlecaviar- 1shalltake
it.I like caviar.''
M y heart sank a little.I knew Ihad notenough ;
m oney to pay for caviar.But I could not tell her
that.ltold the waiter to bring caviar.For m yself
1Ordered the cheapestthing on the m enu and that j
,
w as a cutlet.
%;1 don't advise you to eat m eat.I don't know I
how you can work after this heavy food.'' '
53
j
 Then cam e the question of drink.
nlnever drink anything for luncheon,''she said.
RN either do 1,'*l answered quickly.
<<>lxceptlightwiney''she wenton.<<rlAhese French
wines are so light.They are wonderful.''
K<W hatwillyou drink?''Iasked her.<<M y doctor
does not 1et m e drink anything but cham pagne.''
I think 1 becam e pale. I ordered half a bottle of
cham pagne.
KfW hat willyou drink?''she asked.
<<M y doctor never lets m e drink anything but
w ater.''
She ate the caviar and she ate the salm on.She
talked gaily ofart,literature and m usic.ButIonly
wanted to know what the price of the luncheon
W aS.
W hen the w aiter brought m y cutlet, she said,
%<Iseethatyou alw ayseatheavy tllingsforluncheon.
I nm sure it's a m istake.W hy don'tyou follow m y
exam ple? You willfeelm uch better for it.''
d<Ishalleatonly one thingy''I said,as the waiter
cam e again with the bill.
RN o9no,'' she said. :<I never eat anything for
luncheon.Justa bite!Inever wantm orethan that.
I can't eat anything m ore,but if they have som e
of those giant asparagus I shall take them . I like
them very m uch.''
M y heart sank again.lknew that they costvery
m uch.But Iordered them .fshall1be able to pay
the bill?''lthought again and again.f4W hat shall
ltlo if the bill com es to m ore than l have.''I did
lyfltw ant to take m oney from m y guest.If the bill
tlflrnes to m ore I shallleave m y watch and say that
lshallcom e back and pay later,I decided.
The waiterbroughtthe asparagus.She ate them
ltltd 1 spoke of literature.A t last she finished.
<fcoffeet?''I asked her.
<KY'
es, just an ice-cream and coffee,''she ans-
wered.
ltwasjustthesnm e to m enow ;so lordered coffee
f'
or m yself and an ice-crenm and coffee for her.
I:Y'ou know ,I believe in one thing,''she said as
she ate the ice-cream ,<dafter lunch lm ustfeelthat
Ican eat a little m ore.''
d<A re you stillhungry?''Iasked with horror.
ddoh, no, I am not hungry, you see, I usually
don't eat luncheon.l have a cup of coffee in the
m orning and then dinner,but I never eat m ore
than one thing for luncheon-''
ioh I see''
Then a terrible thing happened.The waitercam e
up to us w ith a large basket fullof peaches.They
were not in season then and their price w as very
high.M y guest took one of those peaches.
tfYou see,you can't eat any m ore,but m y lun-
cheon is light and I shall eat a peach.''
The billcam e,and when lpaid itIhad the whole
m onth before m e and not a penny in m y pocket.
dFollow m y exam pley''she said,'Vand never eat
m ore than one thing for luncheon.''
55
F

4I'l1do better than that,''I answered.<41'11 eat j...yjZRIWWWP;.ssmoauuveyripamueHns.

A 7-1
:
nothing for dinner tonight.''
1)Doyou think thatthespeakerlikesordislikes
d<l-lum oristl'' she cried gaily. RYou are quite the people he is talking about?
a hum oristl''And she jum ped into a cab.
l am not a bad m an.But l am glad tllat today 1. P olly is usuaily frqnk.
she weighs m ore than three hundred pounds.So 2. M ary is very thrifty.
I had m y revenge at last. 3. Sam 'sqitebroad-minded.
4. Pete can be agressive.
1. Is it a hum orous story? W hy? 5. I find M ike self-im portant.
2. W hat can you say about the wom an's tem per? 6. R obert is quite bossy.
3. H ow did the author behave during the lun- 7. Jane is very original.
cheon? Try to describe his feelings. 8. D on't you think W illiam 's noisy?
4. W hy does he say at the end of the story that
he had his revenge at last? 2) M atch thesewordswith theiropposites.
1. clever introverted
).-..-.'.-..r
j- V 3aaazxxe 5.HpoqnTaR'
re npeaaoaeHns,onn- 2. extroverted tight-fisted
chlBazom ne xapaxq'ep Jzxg eR. H anHtun'
re It Iaa aoR 3. rude courteous
xapasTepncTnltecn'
ryalw m ,noaTBep:m alom ylo xapaxTep 4. cruel gregarious
Toro 14.qn n noro q egloBex a. 5. generous kind-hearted
6. unsociable half-witted
1. U ncle David is a warm -hearted and generous
m an .
2. M y cousin is very tnlstfuland always cheed ul. l-wt3aaaxxxxe7.Bsl6epHl'eupasnasslsz; BapnaHq'.
3. M ary is a m odest and virtuous girl. 1. Ihave a lotofproblem s with m y boss.W e are
4. Peter is a cunning and dishonest m an. always disagreeing about things. W e don't
5. M y father is a m an of character. really see eye to about anything.
6. M ichaelis a m an of no character.
7. M y brother is of a som ewhat rom antic nature.
a) nose;
8. M y younger sister is a careless easy-going girl. b) eye;
9. Liz takes things lightly. c) head;
d) ear.
10. M y bossisnotofa forgiving natlzre(temper).
 2. W e're getting m ore and m ore irritated with
each other. There is going to be a big argu
a) nose;
-
b) neck;
m ent soon.Things are com ing to a . c) head;
a) nose; d) finger.
b) finger;
7. l don't like him very m uch as a person but
c) headi. you've got to it to him , he does his
d) ear
job well.
3. I don't think we can plan this in advance. a) nose;
Tim e to im provise. W e should just play itby
b) eye;
c) hand;
a) nose; d) finger.
b) eye; 8. Iasked John w ho w as responsible forthem is-
c) head; take and he pointed the at A llison.
d) ear.
a) nose;
4. 1justcannotseem to do any manualtask to - b) finger;
day.I'm all fingers and . c) head;
a) nose; d) ear.
b) thumbs; 9. l'm w orried about this. 1 can feel it in m y
c) toes. that this is going to be a failure.
5. H e didn't give m e any help at all. H e didn't a) nose;
lift a - . b) eye;
a) nose; c) bones;
b) eye; d) ear.
c) head; 10. I'm having a problem w ith W ord.Could you
d) finger. lend m e a ?
6. 1 don't really know what is going to happen a) nose;
in the nextyearbut,sticking m y out, b) hand;
I would guess we will have a good year. c) head;
58 d) finger.
 11. I know som ething is w rong som ewhere but c) head;
I cannot put m y on it. d)leg.
a) nOSe; l6. H e really seem s able to anticipate w here the
b) eye; next problem will be.H e has a real
c) head;
for it.
d) finger.
a) nosei-
12. Iwasn't serious.Iw as pulling your . b) m outh;
a) nOSe; c) head;
b) leg'; d) ear.
c) head; If I w ere you, 1 would keep aw ay from the
d) finger. problem s.Stay outofitand keep your
13. M onique said that G uillaum e has assaulted clean.
her but he claim ed he hadn't laid a a) nose;
on her. b) eye;
a) nose; c) tongue;
b) eye; d) ear.
c) head;
18. Don't 1et her provoke you into saying som e-
d) finger. thing stupid.Just hold your .
14. Ithink we willhave to the facts. This a) nose;
Product is a failure. b) tongue;
a) nose; c) head;
b) face; d) ear.
c) finger; 19. Thisis m y problem ,notyours.M ind yourow n
d) ear. business and keep your outof m y af-
15. Ihate itwhen the auditors com e. They fairs.
around everywhere, asking difficult ques - a) nose;
tions. b) eye;
a) nose; c) head;
b) eye; d) ear.
60 61
20. lt cost a great dealof m oney. W e really paid lf you can think - and not m ake
through the for it. thoughts your aim ,
a) nose; If you can m eet with Trium ph
b) leg; and Disaster
c) head; A nd treat those tw o im postors
d) finger. just the same;
If you can bear to hear the truth
-l3aaasxe 8.H poqnTaTe cTnxoTsopeHne. Cae- you've spoken
I&RTP LOACTPOMHBI; HepeBoq. Twisted by knaves to m ake
a trap for fools,
If Or watch the things you gave
Rudyard K ipling your life to,broken,
If you can keep your head And stoop and build'em up
when allabout you with w orn-out tools:
Are losing theirs and If you can m ake one heap
blam ing it on you, of a1lyour winnings
If you can trust yourself A nd risk it on one turn
of pitch-and-toss,
when allm en doubt you
A nd lose and start again
But m ake allowance for their
at your beginnings
doubting too;
A nd never breathe a word
lf you can wait and
about your loss;
not be tired by w aiting,
If you can force your heart
Or,being lied about,don't dealin lies,
and nerve and sinew
Or,being hated,
To serve your turn long after
don't give way to hating,
they are gone,
A nd yet don't look too good,
A nd so hold on when there is
nor talk too w ise:
nothing in you
If you can dream - and not m ake
Except the W illwhich says to them :
dream s your m aster; f<l-lold onl''
62 63
 lf you can talk with crowds ,'I4.4'k (smooth),silky,rumpled,dishevelled,long,
and keep yourvirtue, tlrd'(l,bald (bald-headed),braids(plaits),lock,curl,
Or walk with Kings - nor lose Iilllflet,forelock,a brunette,a blond (e).
the com m on touch, a
If neither foes nor loving friends
I'ltt,paunchy,plum p,stout,well-fed,lathy,lean
can hurt you,
If allm en count w ith you, (llkdpstly aboutmen),slender,slim (aboutawoman),
but none too rnuch; oliglpt,neat(mostly aboutwom en),graceful.
If you can fill the unforgiving m inute 3
W ith sixty seconds' k ha
Kind (good),warm ,blue,brown dar ,grey, .
!
w orth of distance run, ,j,j.steel-grey,bulging,close-set,deep-set,sunken,
Y ours is the Earth and jjjyjtreyed,cross-eyed.
-

everything that's in it,

A nd - w hich is m ore - 4
you'llbe a M an, m y son! Ia()ng, oval, round, thin, square, fleshy, puffy,
'
wl'iIpkled,pasty,pim pled,freckled,pock-m arked,
1
-
1-7
- xr
z-
--1
w aaaau e9.Hoisepyn'egauHsleszaasazzns py6pux uwllrthy, gaunt, sunburned (tanned, browned),
caeaym m yzwlouncaszuswz-xapaxvepucvuxawz.cocvassve t'lt.ltll-shaven.
CO CSOBaMH CJOBOCOVOTaHHS H HPPASOMOHHS. 5
Figure;Lips;H and;Skin;M outh;N ose;Stature; ('
,ltiselled,clean-cut,delicate,forceful,regular,
Complexion;Jaw;Cheeks;Face;Eyelashes;Chin; )l.I.(.g.u1ar,large (m assive),sm all,stern.
Forehead;Eyebrows;Sm ile;Features;H air;Legs; 6
Teeth; Eyes.
(,
'ltarm ing, engaging, happy,pleasant,pleased, i
1
tlwtl()t, broad, cunning , faint, ironical, sad ,
Black, jet-black, dark, brow n, auburn, fair, ,$4.l.:,ined,w ry,enigm atic,w inning.
blond,golden,red,reddish,gray,grizzling (griz- 7
zled),ash-blonde,crisp,waved,curled,curly,lank
(straight),thick,abundant,scanty (thin),short, Ilark,fair,sallow.
64 65 I
'
;
.
Ij
1
-
 8 18
D elicate,rough.
(llose-set, even, uneven, large, sm all (tiny),
9 41l)11rSe.
A quiline,flat,hooked,snub,fleshy. 19
10 Square, strong.
e

Full,thick,rosy,painted,parched,parted.
20
11 Double, pointed, protruding, round, m assive.
Chubby (plump), hollow (sunken), pale, pink, 21
rouged,ruddy,stubby (unshaven),wrinkled,dim -
ples in one's cheeks. Curving, straight, thick.

12 ' . -..'.--.
.

Firm , large or big, snaall, stern, toothless, l.- aaaaxxe 10. Hpounva/ve n uepecxa-nve
strong,vivid. /(HaJIOr.

13 (Twoyoungpeople,GeorgeandAnn,m eetafter
Dim inutive,tall,short,m iddle-sized. tllapseof som eci#',fyears.)
14 G eorge.Did you receive m y letter,A nn?
Calloused,hairy,large,sm all,puffy,soft. A n n:Yes,I did.
G..'Iwished to see you very m uch,Ann.l hope
15 you willnot be displeased w ith m e.
Long,short,slender,shapely. A .;N o, I'm very glad to m eet you. lt's a long
tim e since w e have m et last.
16
G..'It is,indeed.I think it's about eight years,
A rched,bushy,pencilled,penthouse,shaggy.
isn't it?
17 A.:It m ust be eight,I think.
Broad,doomed,high (ta1l),large (open),low , G.;Y ou have changed,A nn.
narrow , retreating. A .: H ave 1?
66 6p
 G.:Yes,a great deal.
A..'Am 1 like w hat you expected m e to be?
G..'N o,A nn.You are m uch m ore beautifulthan
I thought you would be.
A .:A m 1?
G.:Yes.Butdo you know ,last night I was try-
ing to fancy you as a - .
A ..
'N ot a fat,blonde girl,with round blue eyes
and pigtails dangling dow n at the back of m y
head?
G.:N o,A nn,butas a tallgirlwith a m op ofhair
tied up in a bundle,with rouged cheeks
A .: Oh, yes!That's just like m e,isn't it? You
m ust have seen m e before you cam e here!
G..N o,indeed I was only guessing.
A ..
'W ell,go on.You are describing m e so w ell.
G..'A nd do what I would, Ann, those pigtails
of yours would com e back as the only right thing
for you.
A ..'W ell,and now do you like m y dum op of hair
and rouged cheeks''? You have hit so exactly on
m y appearance,haven't you?
G..
'Oh,Ann,don'tjeeratme.You can'tim agine
how glad I am to be m istaken. Y our fair heavy
braids are - .
A.. You know , George, when I got your letter
yesterday,I also tried to fancy you.
G..'A nd is there any likeness betw een m e and
w hat you fancied?
A ..'Yes,and a very striking one,I should say.
68
G.:W ell,how did you fancy m e?
A..'I w on't tellyou.A t least,not now .
f,t.
'W hen?
A .; Som etim e later.
.---,',---
1. - 3aaaaxeell.HpoqnTa/'
re o'
rpblsxu Ixcaeaa/q,e
HX XYWOM OCTBPHHBIR IIPPeBOA.
1
H is appearance w as singular. H e w as very tall
lllpd thin,with long limbs loosely jointed;hollow
f:lteeks and curiously high cheek-bones;he had so
(llldaverous an air that it surprised you to notice
Ilow full and sensual w ere his lips. H e wore his
llair very long. H is dark eyes, set deep in their
sockets,were large and tragic;and his hands with
their big, long fingers,w ere finely shaped;they
kfave him a look of great strength.
(W .S.M augham .Rainj
2
H e had a battered face,such as you som etim es
See given to satyrs hum orously represented in
llronze, and his ears were excessively large. H e
ltad a big m outhfulof dirty yellow teeth,tw o or
three m issing in front. H is eyes w ere sm all and
iis hands large, but a sw eeter soul never crept
into a sm aller or m ore m isshapen body.
(TheodoreDreiser.The Crtfiseofthe 'Tftsctpild''l
69
 Stopping to ask
(word portrait)
H e w as long and lean and raw -boned, a big,
rangy shepherd with grizzled hair and a sharp
w hite beard that stuck out from his chin like
a pointed spade.H e had fierceblue eyesthatnearly
succeeded in hiding a twinkle,and his voice was
as raw as the rest of him - the nearest thing to
conversational shout that I have ever heard. He
waswearing abrackenbrown,rough tweed jacket,
baggy, grey, hom espun trousers, and im m ense
boots,and he had thatinim itable knack ofcom for-
tably resting his hip on an angled stick that a11
hillshepherd have.
W e stopped the car to ask him w here a rum oured
Ggrey m are'stail''atFintry was,and the firstblast
ofhisreply leftus alm ostscared:itwas so difficult
to know ,in that first deafening m om ent,whether
he was going to be neighbourly or violent.
<1t'l1 be the Loup o'Fintry ye're m eanin','' he
roared,Kdrichthere on the Endrick!Ye're awa'past
it!lt'sback the road a wee!D 'ye see you hi11?''-
his stick arm rose in a threatening gesture,but
m ercifully swept round to point the way we had
com e -- <<lt's in ahintyou,and there's a path rins
frae the road over the brae face!A w a'back,and
ye'llno m iss itl''
To speak quietly after his roaring speech took
som ething of an effort,but we lnanaged to ask if
70
4ltlll'e was m uch w ater in the fall.A nd itw as then
w4!saw the twinkle.<'rris quite goodl''he shouted
gf'llially,and straightened his lean height beside
i,l1(!car.H e tugged at his beard and roared at us
I11fronclusion, <<A n' if it were w hisky it wad be
1.11Ilr betterl''
(TheBulletin,Glasgow)
1
'I'.
he opening paragraph describes the shepherd,
ttl14ltlle restbearsoutthedescription by showing him
ilkltction.The description falls into three parts:
11) physical features
i)) dress
(r) typicalhabits
Illztthe w riter hasnotdevided itconsecutively.
W lkatbelongs to each part?
2
Although there is little space left for anything
,.1:;4.,thew riter doesm ention one habitin paragraph
l11l'ee and another in the last paragraph.They are
l,4,t,h rough habits, in keeping with the essential
('Ikltracter of the m an.Find the two references.
l,
.
J7.
-taaaaxzxe12.l'IpounTaiq'eTelccv.Hepecxa-nn?e
('l'().
A pen-friend is a person,especially in a foreign
,'t'!1lltry,w ith w honz one has l'
nade friends b'
r w rtt-
r

- (
-
tlc.
:
. g letters,butwhom one has probably never m et. Kathryn Ivy Gann, born April8, 1987.
Students learning a foreign language are often stephen Joseph G ann , born January 30,1989.
encouraged to find a pen-friend, and this can be Jessica M arie Gann , born October 14,1991.
done through organizations established for this R ebekah Rose Gann, born Septem ber 4, 1993. ,
purpose. N owadays m any people use lnternet to Gleason John Gann, born Septem ber 24, 1996.
m ake friends and to com m unicatethrough com pu- . I
ter. lt,s very interesting and exciting.People usu- W e are cui-rently living in the Federated States p
ally have their electronic m ail addresses and use t)fM icronesia,a developing island country located :
E
them to send and receive their m essages.lt'sa very in the W esotern
, Pacific.Our
15island is Pohnpeilo- ;
trated at 6 58 N Latitude, ro jz,s sougjjutle. j
quick w ay to exchange the inform ation. Som e
people open their ow n sites or hom e pages w here W e arein tim e zone UT +11 (i.e.,18 hoursahead
they give the inform ation about their interests, f)fthe U .S.westcoast (PST)). :
.
l
'lobbies, fam ilies etc. M any people m ake friends Ponape is the old nam e for Pohnpei.KA stands
through Tnternet. for Caroline Islands, tlle island chain w e are t
/1part o:2 !
r'Q t3 13 Read the information aboutthe . j
'
1
y..
V..
,=. aqaIE>e . i
j
Ganns.Imagine that you've come across their home John's work informatlon i
page while browsing in Internet.Y ou've becom e inte- l
i
rested in m aking friends with them .
Job title i
Chaiz',D ivision.of N .
aturalScience and M athem a-
1.
, W rite your answ er to the G anns. Tell them gics. 1
4
about yourself, about your farnily, your in- !
terests, hobbies,dream s etc. Currentprojects .
1
:
2. H ow w ould you organize your hom e page in . Upgrading M ath Curriculum /l-liring New Staff
;
Internet? W ould you publish your pictures. ? . Teaching Developm ental and Com puter-Basetl
'
W ith w hom would you like to m ake friends M ath CoursesCom puterLab lntranetDeveloplnent :
;
through lnternet? Staff Training on Com puter Lab R esources and
l
fnternetA ccess. j
Fam ily inform ation
vork Afl/or?g
TTTe are John and Lucy G aun ,W e w ere m arried curriculum V itae, (current as oL
M arch 1.
()u,,
T,
fjg
ul'
ltl-a.
r5,?1st, 1983.'
TAi
rf:
l1)p-ve five cl
h.i.
l,t'
l.
ren: r!p9r)),
-'
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. '
!Jjt
,
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j
v)

II
N
vorkplace
Division ofM ath/science,
College of M icronesia - Federated States of
M icronesia.
Joh,n tzn,tf Zucg's interests
John - W orking with the 0ur Lady of M ercy
Sub-parish Council,surfing the w eb.
Lucy - H om e schooling, running a reading
program at Pohnpei Catholic School.
K athu's J'
nzeresfs
Favorite things: Daydream ing, talking to m y
friends,sleeping,sm ily face bean dolls.
Leastfavorite things:tzistening to Stephen com -
plain,Little John getting annoying,the devil.
W hatI'd like to do when l'm older:lwould like
to be a fam ous actress.
The mostimportantthing to m e:Jesus.
Stephen's interests
Stephen loves to play and w atch anything
sports related.H e has practically m em orized the
perform ance of any football team for the last
Season .
Jessica's interests
Favorite things: B arbies, Pen-p als.
Least favorite things: The color black, Bad
(iuys.
W hat I'd like to do when I'm older:I'd like to
becom e a fam ous star and be a dancer.
The m ostim portantthing to m e:Being special,
being a partQof the fam ily,Jesus Christ.
.
R ebekah's interests
D ancing and starting to learn to read,playing
w ith friends.
Little zohn''s interests
Branching out to other m em bers of the fam ily
especially D addy and K athy.
Our neighbors
Lucy has a 1ot of fun w ith our neighbors' kids
(asif she doesn'thaveenough ofher ownl).They
are at our house as m uch as they are at their own
it seem s.
Our Contcct inform ation
Street address
College of M icronesia - FSM , PO Box 159,
P ohnpei, FM 96941
Fax Num ber(603)288-8133
Electronic m ailaddress:gan@ nit.net
 '
l.t
--- '---
rw'3aaamxe14.rlpouyzvanvepaccsaa caeaakve ero
.
XJW OM OCTBPHHBIR IlepeBol. W IIIOJHHTP FIIPRU HPHHP,
JlaHHble lD clle TPKCTa.
Salvatore
(by W '
.SomersetM augham )
I wonder if I can do it.
1knew Salvatore firstwhen he was a boy of fif-
teen with a pleasant,ugly face,a laughing m outh
and care-free eyes.H e used to spend the m orning
lying aboutthe beach with nextto nothing on and
his brown body w as as thin as a rail. H e w as full
of grace,he w as in and outof the sea a1lthe tim e,
swim m ing with the clum cy,effortless stroke com -
mon to the fisherboys.Scrambling up the jagged
rocks on his hard feet,for except on Sundays he
neverw ore shoes,he would throw him self into the
deep water with a cry of delight. H is father was a
fisherm an w ho owned his own little vineyard and
Salvatore acted as nursem aid to his two younger
brothers.H e shouted to them to com e inshore when
they ventured out too far and m ade them dress
when it was tim e to clim b the hot,vineclad hill
for the frugalm idday m eal.
But boys in those Southern parts grow apace
and in a little while he w as m adly in love with a
pretty girlw ho lived on the Grande M arina. She
llad eyes like forest pools and held herself like a
daughter ofthe Caesars.They were affianced, but
tlley could not m arry tillSalvatore had done his
Iplilitary service,and when heleftthe island which
I1e had never left in his life before to becom e a
sailor in the navy of K ing Victor Em m anuel,he
wept like a child. lt w as hard for one w ho had
ltever been less free than the birds to be at the
lleck and callof others;itw as harder stillto live
ilta battleship w ith strangers instead ofin a little
white cottage am ong the vines;and when he w as
ashore, to walk in noisy, friendless cities with
streetsso crowded that he wasfrightened to cross
them ,w hen he had been used to silentpaths and
the m ountains and the sea.1suppose ithad never
struck him that lschia,w hich he looked at every
evening (itwas like a fairy island in the sunset)
to see w hat the w eather would be like next day,
or Vesuvius,pearly in the daw n,had anything to
do with him at all; but w hen he ceased to have
them before his eyes he realised in som e dim
fashion thatthey w ere as m uch partofhim as his
hands and his feet.H e was dreadfully honzesick.
But it was hardest of a11 to be parted from the
girlhe loved with a11his passionate young heart.
He wrote to her (in his childlike handwriting)
long, ill-spelt letters in which he told her how
constantly he thought of her and how m uch he
longed to be back.H e w as sent here and there,to
Spezzia,to V enice,to Bari and finally to China.
H ere he fell i11of som e m ysterious ailm ent that
 !

;r
i
kept him in hospitalfor m onths.H e bore it with lltllne.Y es, they had received a letter, and they
the m ute and uncom prehending patience of a dog. Ilad been told by another of the island boys that
IiI
W hen he learnt that it w as a form of rheum a- 1'e w as ill.Y es,that was why he w as back;w as it 1'
tism that m ade him unfit for further service his Iy()t a piece of luek? Oh,but they had heard that I
heart exulted,for he could go hom e;and he did It(!would never be quite well again.The doctors
notbother,in fact he scarcely listened,when the t'tllked a lot of nonsense, but he knew very well I
I
doctors told him that he w ould never again be tillatnow hewashomeagainandhewould recover. jj
quite well.W hat did he care w hen he was going 'I'hey w ere silent for a little,and then the m other f
back to the little island he loved so well and the lllldged thegirl.She did nottry to soften the blow . /
girl who w as waiting for him ? Sltetoldhim straightout,with thebluntdirect- j
,
W hen he got into the rowing-boat thatm et the ltOSSOfherrace,thatshecould notmarry a man '
/
steam er from N aples and wasrowed ashore he saw wllo would never be strong enough to work like a
j
j
his father and mother standing on the jetty and l'lan.They had m ade up their m inds,her m other
his two brothers,big boys now ,and he w aved to Itlld father and she,and herfather would never /
them .H is eyes searched am ong the crowd, that i his consent.
' 7
1
11 Ve
waited there, for the girl.H e could not see her. W hen Salvatore w ent hom e he found that .
There was agreatdealofkissing when hejumped lzlley all knew . The girl's father had been to tell
up the steps and they all, em otional creatures, tllem what they had decided,but they lacked the r
cried a little as they exchanged their greetings.H e (lllttrage to tell him them selves.H e wept on his
asked w here the girlw as.His m othertold him that l'lother'sbosom .H e was terribly unhappy,but he
she did not knclw ;they had not seen her for tw o fIid not blam e the girl.A fisherm an's life is hard
Cttld it needs strength and endurance. H e knew I
or three w eeks;so in the evening w hen the m oon
was shining over the placid sea and the lights of vtlry w ellthat a girlcould not afford to m arry a :
Naples twinkled in the distance he walked down to l'lan w ho m ight not be able to support her.H is '
/
I
l
i
the Grande M arina to her house.She w as sitting slnile w as very sad and his eyes had the look of
on the doorstep with her m other. H e was a little :tdog that has been beaten,but he did not com -
shy because he had not seen her for so long.H e Illain,and he never said a hard word of the girl
asked her if she had not received the letter that 1ke had loved so w ell.Then, a few m onths later,
he had written to her to say that he w as com ing when he had settled dow n to the com m on round,
79
1'

- .- L4
I
........- .
.
'
/
working in his father's vineyard and fishing,his
m other told him that there was a young wom an
i t
n the village w ho w as willing to m arry him .H er
k
'
nam e w as A ssunta.
dshe's as ugly as the devil,''he said.She was
older than he, tw enty-four or twenty-five, and
she had been engaged to a m an who,while doing
his m ilitary service, had been killed in A frica.
She had a little m oney of her ow n and if Sa1-
vatore m arried her she could buy him a boat of
his ow n and they could take a vineyard that by
a happy chance happened at that m om ent to be
w ithout a tenant.H is m other told him that As-
sunta had seen him at the festa and had fallen in
love with him .Salvatore sm iled his sweet sm ile
and said he would think about it.On the follo-
w ing Sunday, dressed in the stiff black clothes
in w hich he looked so m uch less wellthan in the
ragged shirt and trousels of every day, he w ent
up to High M ass at the parish church and placed
him self so that he could have a good look at the
young w om an.W hen he cam e dow n again he told
his m other that he w as w illing.
W ell,they w ere m arried and they settled down
in a tiny whitewashed house in the m iddle of
a handsom e vineyard.Salvatore w as now a great
big husky fellow,talland broad,butstillw ith that
ingenuous sm ile and those trusting, kindly eyes
thathehad had asa boy.H e had the m ostbeautiful
80
lklanners 1 have ever seen in m y life.A ssunta w as
11grim -visaged fem ale,with decided features,and
slle looked old for her years.But she had a good
lleart and she was no fool. l used to be am used
by the little sm ile of devotion that she gave her
llusband w he! %
l he was being very m asculine and
m asterful:she never ceased to be touched by his
gentle sw eetness.But she could not bear the girl
who had thrown him over, and notwithstanding
Salvatore's sm iling expostultions she had nothing
but harsh words for her.Presently children w ere
born to them .
It w as a hard enough life.A 1l through the fi-
shing season towardsevening he setoutin hisboat
with one of his brothers for the fishing grounds.
It was a long pull of six or seven m iles, and he
spentthe nightcatching the profitable cuttlefish.
Then there w as the long row back aga- in in order
to sellthe catch in tim e for it to go on the early
boat to N aples.A t other tim es he w as w orking in
his vineyard from daw n tillthe heat drove him to
rest and then again,w hen it w as a trifle cooler,till
dusk. O ften his rheum atism prevented him from
doing anything at al1and then he would lie about
the beach, sm oking cigarettes, with a pleasant
word for everyone notwithstanding the pain that
racked his lim bs.The foreigners who cam e down
to bathe and saw him there said that these ltalian
fisherm en were lazy devils.
81
'F
Som etim es he used to bring his cltildren down to
give them a bath.They were both boys and at this
tim e the elder was three and the younger less than
two.They sprawled aboutat the water's edge stark
naked and Salvatore standing on a rock would
dip them in the water.The elder one bore it w ith
stoicism ,but the baby scream ed lustily.Salvatore
had enorm ous hands, like legs of m utton, coarse
and hard from constanttoil,butwhen hebathed his
children,holding them sotenderly,drying them with
delicate care,upon m y w ord they w ere like flowers.
H ewould seatthe naked baby on thepalm ofhishand
and hold him up,laughing a little at his sm allness,
and ltislaugh w as like the laughter ofan angel.H is
eyes then were as candid ms his child's.
Istarted by saying thatIwondered ifI could do
are correct.
it and now I m ust tell you what it is that l have
tried to do.I w anted to see whether I could hold
your attention for a few pageswhile Idrew foryou
the portraitofa m an,justan ordinary fisherman
who possessed nothing in the world except a qua-
lity, which is the rarest, the m ost precious and
the loveliest that anyone can have. H eaven only
knows why he should so strangely and unexpect-
edly have possessed it.A ll1 know is that it shone
in him with a radiance that,if it had notbeen so
unconscious and so hum ble,w ould have been to
the com m on run of m en hardly bearable.
And in case you have notguessed w hat the qua-
lity was,I willtellyou.Goodness,just goodness.
82
A nswer the questions.
1. D escribe Salvatore's character.
2. W hat was the m ost precious trait of his cha-
racter?
3. Describe Assunta's appearance and character.
4. W hat is the author's attitude towards his
hero?
5. W hy does the author tell us that he knew
Salvatore?
6. W hy does the author starts this story by say-
ink d<1wonder if Ican do it.''? W hy does the
author think that it is very difficult to w rite
about good people?
U sing the text prove that the following statem ents
1. Salvatore loved his fam ily.
2. Salvatore was very fond of his village.
3. Salvatore lived in harm ony with the world.
4. There aren't m any people like Salvatore.
A nsw er the questions.
1. H ow m any parts are there in the story? Give
the nam e to each part.
2. W hat can you say about the author's style?
H ow does he depict nature? W hat other sty-
listic devices does he use?
R etellthe story.
83
 'I.
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L-- :3aanx4ve ls.HpouI4Ta/Tenocaoslm bl.l'log6epn'
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npoW e- xaxm
It HHM PYCCEHP aKBMBM PHTM .H aHHHIHTP COVHHPHHO-
a 6@xw- ax ropoAoa.
PaCCYM AeHHP Ha TeM y JIaHHBIX IIOCSOBHIT.
K yn w o ze Meao wx.
Prosperity m akesfriends,and adversity tries o 6paaoaareo au e Meaw wx.
them . A pxxrexw a 60x- %
2. A course of true love never did run sm ooth. a x axm rop oA oa.
3. P ity is akin to love. H ex p> .x yxw- a
4. W hen poverty com esin atthe door,love flies
out at the w indow .
'.
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roqHsle sbzcltaasl-
IIJHHS H cocTaBb' re C JTHMH IIPO JIOPKeHHSMH Jlllalfor
IIa TeMy ffB roPoqe#.

Popular Excuses for every occasion

1. W e had a flat tire.
2. The car ran out of gas.
10 com m on excuses g-iven to policem en
- - -

1. M y speedom eter m ust be broken.

2. Your radar gun m ust be broken.
3. There's never been a stop sign there before.
4. W ell,the light looked green to m e.
5. M y gas pedalm ust have gotten stuck.
6. lw as just keeping up with traffic.
7. W here I com e from ,we don't have to m ake
a com plete stop.
8. The guy in the red Cam aro w as going twice
as fast as l w as.
9. 1'm sick and 1 have to get to a hospital.
10. 1 didn't know what the speed lim it was.
85
 10 Bizarre excuses given to policem en
1. I don't even have a driver's license, so why
do I have to obey the traffic law s?
2. lt'sthecar'sfault- 1can'tcontrolitanym ore.
3. I'm alm ostout ofgas and lw as rushing to get
to a gas station before the tank runs dl'y.
4. This isn't even m y car. H ow w as I supposed
to know how fast it was going?
5. Isom etim es drive thisfastjustto m eetpolice-
m en .
6. 1'm being chased by UFOs.
7. Iwmsjusttrying to getthesebooksback before
they're overdue at the library.
8. The car runs so wellthat 70 m ph only seem s
like 40.
9. M y wife keptyelling,RFaster,faster - w e're
going to be latel''Give her the ticket.
10. M el Gibson always drives like that in the m o-
W es.
)---Caaaaaxe a.upouuva/ve,nepesegnve z: nepe-
cxaa n're 6ecely. H cnonsays pezzlznztn yqacr rxlvlzcoB
6ecegsl,cocTass'
re paccxaa o ilocl.orlplxl
ieqaTezzbxtocTxx
Jlov oHa.
A n na:It's stillearly,the weather m ay change.
Linda: Oh, it is wonderful! W e are really in
London!Iwantto see everything,to go everywhere!
G rant: W hen w e com e back 1 know that we
shallbe asked:<<l- lave you seen the H ouses of P ar-
liam ent?''RDid you go to the Tower of London?''
86
''Have you visited TheN ationalGallery?''<tDid you
see Trafalgar Square?''
Leo (j?zthesame manner,very quicklyl:Rl-
lave
you been to the British M useum ?'' d<Did you go
to the Zoo?''Rls it true that m en are w earing top
Ilats in the streets of London?''RDid you hear the
'tBoom -Boom ''of Big Ben?''E<lllid you see the Lon-
flon <<Bobby''and the London fog?''
A nna. .Butw e can't be everywhere and see eve-
rything at once,can w e,H arry?
H arry:Of course not.Everything in good order.
And 1et us begin at the beginning.
G rant:Ourfirstim pressions,children,London is
()ld,London isg'rey.London isaclosed book yet.H ave
vveever seen so m any bowlerhats,so m any umbrellas
l'lld so m any old-fashioned taxi-cabs in the streets?
No, never,And so m uch traffic,endless along the
llarrow streets!London is nota bitlike Paris.
H arry:Or N ew York.
L eo:Or Stockholm .
G ra ?zf.Or any other capitalin the world.C4. m-
llared to N ew Y ork,which is al1vertical,Lon n
seem s a1l flat.W here is the centre? In Paris you
ltave the Arc deTrium phe,the EiffelTow er,N otre
Ilam e.Every R om an city is m arked by a Forum .
M oscow has its Krem lin.But London...
H arry:Yes,London is different and difficuit.
G rant. An A m erican tourist w as telling m e
after her first visit to London: <$l have heard
so m uch about London! W hen l w as driving ic
 T

a taxifrom the station through London,I asked '

'
t
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y-*13a,
rlaune 3.HpoqnTa'
re 14 nepeseaH'
re Texc'r.
all the tim e uuw here is it? W here is it? W here is 2 t4('CTABBTe HJIaH IIPPOCMRaaoH oproT()BbTe JIPTI I.
;!BHIWSi
it?''She w as m eaning where is the centre of it, k'kk(,cl<aa06 OAHO; H3AOCTOIIPHMeHaTM BHOCTOW M OCRBLIF
no doubt. ''ttllozisays nutpopwzaqvzx,,'
qauuyio B 'reitcve.
L eo..Because London is so very English,1 sup- R ussian's w hite- stone heart
pose,no striking spots at first sight. ' ,
A Residents of every capital in the world w ould
n na: It is like the postcards w e've seen,the ' k
fil bably claim that there is som ething spec a)
m s' and the pictures. N ow w e are here I can 11F0
h kliAo11t their city. U nlike other tow ns, it alw ays
ardly believe it. jy
L llears the m ark Of the nation itse as w el'l as its
eo:Tellus m ore about London,H arry.
G Itistory,culture or tradiuons.
ra n t: It is too late to go out tonight and w e M oscow is an ancyeylt holy town of m edievai
are too tired anyway -- justlook atLinda!So 1et itussia.Even w hen sj.petersburg wasthecapitai
ustalk aboutLondon instead.You are going to be alld the center oftheR ussian Em pire,M oscow stil ,
our guide,H arry,aren't you? So do tellus som e- k
rem a uetj its heart.
thing about its past and so on. It u very difficult to describe allthe historical
H a,rry: W ith pleasure. l rather like talking alttj architectural m onum ents of the city, so we
about it.Butin the firstplace you sllouldn'tim a- ' W tjj just acquaint you with those which are the
gilke thatLondon is as grartd and attractive as'
the m ost fam olls.
touristssometimesmakeit.Itiscertalnly veryo1d Every m ajorcity hasitscwn symbol:the Eiffel
and full of historic associations. 1ts strong link 'gow er in Paris, Nvestm inster in London, or the
wie.ilthe past,itssurviving custom sand traditions, '
Joarthenon in A thens... lt is im possible to speak
J p .
evun the types of peopie... o: M oscow withoTtt m entioning the K rem lin. I'he
L inda.Oh we did see som e ofthe Gtsurlzivors'' ' xvord Ktk'rem lin''m eantfortified w allssurrounding
didn't w e? any city in R ussia. Every ancient R ussian tow n
A n na.'You m ean those early-victorians rlow n had its own krem lin.
(lA the hail? A t one tim e in M oscow there w ere three w alls,
H tlrry: Y es. A nd they are not the onpy o'lesa,
. .
(lue inside another-The flldeot,rtnd m ost im portant
VO1lWillsee & 1otm ore.Mre are a strang61m ixture fortress,the IWOSCOW K refnlin,loated illtlle Centel'
:Af'past and present. of the old-fashioned :4'
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' tryr.and
. a few fragm ents of the 'dlfitaigored''
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The first K rem lin had a facade of w hite stone t,lle lastcentury.TheA rm ory isthe oldestRussian :I
'
which is w hy the Russian people have called M os- :prt m useum . Originally this was w here precious i
cow the d<W hit kl .
e-stone City''ever since. :lrm or and weapons w ere stored. lt currently fea- I
The walls we see today were built in the 15th E ttlres collections of applied art both from R ussia !i
Centtlry. The K rem lin which used to serve as a (. j u a j
:,t1au. awroa-. j
YXYYRiS CCRY G ctiYicd SC$t1Pm PI1ty IIOVOYVlooked ! N ot far away is the Diam ond Collection,which i
gloom y or heavy. It is an extrem ely beautiful is of great historicalvalue. !i
architectural ensem ble where national Russian on the site of the m onastery destroyed in the 1
architecturalelem ents can be distinctly traced. ' l930snextto the Troitskaya (Trinity)Tower,the
CathedralSquare is the historicaland architec- Iaalace of Congresseswasbuiltin 1961 where Com -
turalcenter of the K rem lin. ltused to be a unique ;
( Inunist Party congresses were held.Tjyey hecam e
capitalpublic forum in the Middle Ages.The )'
,' :4partofRussian history which haSleftitsown (
architecturaloutlay of the square w as form ed by m ark on the Krem lin. (Further in this issue you
the 15th centul'y. ' willread m ore aboutthe Krem lin and the changes
Thesouth facadeoftheUspensky (Assumption) which are taking place today ). i
Cathedral, the m ost beautiful R ussian churcll, Red Square stretches out along the K rem lin !
faces this square. The Palace of Facets, one of wall. The adjective Hred''here does not m ean the
the buildings of the extensive K rem lin com plex, color at all.In the M iddle A ges the Russian word
flverlooks its w estern side. fori t- <fkrasny''- actuallymeantGbeautiftil''.lt l
Deep in the square stands Ivan the Great's Bell ts one of m edievalEurope's biggestsquares which .
Tow er whose dom e w as the tallest point in the is stillwellpreserved.ltis four tim esbigger than
city.The Arkhangelsky (ArchangelM ikhail) and st. M ark'sSquare in Venice and m uch biggerthan
Blagoveschensky (Annunciation)Cathedrals com - st. Peter's Square in Rom e.Place de la Concord in l
plem ent this m ajestic picture !i
.
j earisand TheaterSquarein Moscow arealm ostthe '
N ext to the square stands the 17th century 1
! sam e size.Charles de Gaulle Square in Paris and
Terem Palace with the Tsar's personal cham bers T the Senate Square in St. Petersburg are st jignt
uIay .
:
and rOOm S used for officiai cerem onies. On the '
) bigger buttheywerebui
, ltmuchlater. 1
tvestern side of the K rem lin is the Grand Krem lin
' A ccording to plan, Red Square has the shape of
Pal
' ace and the A rm ory,erected on the site of the f an elongated rectangle.lt runs along the K rem - .
O1d Palaceand Servicebuildingsi13the midflle (kbLL
t .
Itn wall to the State Department Store (GUM ). y
.

91
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i
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 '
)l.
St. V asil's Cathedral in the square is a unique
creation ofRussian nationalart-Built in the 16th
century on the order ofIvan the Terrible to com -
'
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p
l
- '
-
,
.
-
-
.
'
.
'
m em orate the victory over the K azan khanate,it
becam e one of the m ostm agnificentarchitectural
structures in the world.
On the opposite side of the square is the State
H istory M useum ,close to which standsthe restored
building of the K azansky Cathedral,tlle original
was destroyed in the period of m ilitantatheism in
the 1930s.There is also M oscow 's firstsculptural
m onum entin thesquare,erected in 1818 to citizen
M inin and PrincePozharsky,nationalheroesunder
whoseleadership foreign invadershad been driven
out of the country in the 17th centlzry.
ln the central part of the Square is the Lenin
M ausoleum . A lthough there are various points
of view regarding Lenin's activity and the role
he played in Russian history,the m ausoleum has
no doubt becom e an inseparable part of the Red
Square ensem ble.ln addition to its m ain function,
the m ausoleum served as a rostrum for leaders of
the form er Soviet U nion during m ilitary parades.
This building has becom e a true m onum ent to
a certain period of R ussian and w orld history.
The K rem lin W allitself carries a specialhistori-
cal im print since only the m ost em inent m ilitary
leaders, politicians and scientists of the Soviet
epoch are im m ured there.Stretching just behind
the m ausoleum along the K rem lin wall are seve-
1'111 necropolises of outstanding Soviet statesm en.
Am ong those buried here is Iosif Stalin - the
ltlan who sym bolizesthe gloom iestperiod ofSoviet
ltistory.
The A lexadrovsky Garden laid out in the first
ltalf ofthe lastcentury is located very close to Red
Square. The Tom b of the U nknow n Soldier is lo-
trated there,before which burns the EternalFlam e
t,o com m em orate the heroes of W orld W ar II.
The K rem lin and R ed Square are considered to
l)e the m ain historicaland geographicalcenters of
M oscow .They are closely surrounded by a chain
()f squares,that envelopes the center with a Rhalf
circle''.Each of them is worthy of a separate de-
scription and tour. Try it and you will undoubt-
edly enjoy it.
M useum s are also considered to be a very im -
portant part of the Russian capital.
N ot far from the K rem lin on the opposite side
()f the M oskva R iver on Lavrushinsky Lane is
11building constructed in the traditionalR ussian
style, resem bling a Russian terem and decorated
with the emblem of M oscow .This is the fam ous
Tretyakov Gallery.
The gallery w as founded in 1856 by PavelTre-
tyakov,a M oscow m erehant with the assistance of
SergeiTretyakov,hisbrother.It housesone of the
g'reatestcollections ofR ussian works of art.Som e
art critics believe it to be the largest nationalart
m useum in the world.
 ThePushkin State M useum isalso located in the
vicinity ofthe K rem lin.Visitors can see a m arvel-
lous collection of foreign works of art exhibited
there. The sculptures displayed in the m useum
com prise works of various periods,including the
ancient tim es.The m useum is fam ous for its rich
collection of im pressionist paintings.
M oscow is a large city incorporating m any his-
toricaland culturalcenters form erly located out-
side it - convents, country estates and country
palaces.K olom enskoye,an area of unique charm ,
served as the tsar's country residence in the 14th
century.Every M oscow tsar gave orders to erect
new buildings there. U nfortunately, not m any
of them have survived, but the Kolom enskoye
ensem ble still rem ains one of the m ost beautiful
R ussian architecturalm onum ents.
Onem orewell-known country estateisOstankino,
located alm ostatthefootoftheOstankino TV Tower.
The Palace-Theater is the gem of this architectural
ensem blecreated in the 171h- 18th centuries.Count
Sherem etyev built it especially for the serf-actress
Prmskovya Zhem chugova,who laterbecnm ehiswife.
To provide the theater with better acoustics,it was
m ade of wood,w hich does not look like wood at all,
btlt rather like m arble and m etal.
There arenotenough wordsto describe M oscow .
Our intention was to draw a brief sketch of the
m agnificent ancient city,whose detailed portrait
w ould hardly be possible to paint.
'
j..'
.-j
'aaaanxe 4.HpoqMTakTe Texcv.CocTasBTe ero
Il.lIaH.I'
IOJIFIPPHTP R I<alf<AOMy W HI<TF HAIH IIO 3-4 IlW ;I-
lIf)X<eHH S .
.
The M oscow K rem lin
Arm ory Cham ber
The Arm ory,Russia's oldest m useum ,is abso-
ltltely special. It contains a wealth of priceless
jltwelry and articles of the decorative and applied
llrts.But,above all,itboasts an invaluable collec-
t,i()n of field weapons and cerem onial arm s from
various countries and tim es,tracks the history of
ktrm s-m aking.The m useum ow es its nam e to a m e-
dlievalw orkshop thatproduced cold steeland from
tllelate 14th century firearm s for the courtof the
grand princes.In the 16th and 17th centuries the
Arm ory united anetwork ofshopsmakingjewelry,
icons,and court utensils.It also produced,pur-
(tllased and stored the finest weaponry.
TheA rm ory was firstlocated near theK rem lin's
'l'rinity Gates (Troitskie Vorota).Itsa workshops
''ttached thepeak oftheirachieveznentsin the latter
Ilart of the 17th century, w hen they w ere run by
t,heboyar(noblem an ofa high rank)Bogdan Khi-
trovo,w ho received the title of Tsar's A rm orer.
ln the early 18th century Peter the Great or-
(Iered a1l the m aster craftsm en transferred to the
llew capital, St. Petersburg. N ow the A rm ory
tlecam e the depository of historical, artistic and
tnaterial assets.
95
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Today the m useum is housed in a buildiug tjryfljneeing for safety hid his heavy arm or in the
!
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I
erected in the m id 19th century near the Krem lin's #'ld.1(Ibut never returned to retrieve it.
i-
!
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jE
BorovitskyGates(BorovitskieVorota).Itcontains
collections of w eapons of m edievalR ussian, O ri-
'l
xhenameofPrinceYaroslavisconnectedwitb qj
p
l
!I
t114! Iustory of M oscow . H e w as a grandson of the
ii
'l
centuries from Iran, Turkey, Egypt, Syria and ilE
.
ip1()l:g.w ith the first m ention of M oseow .
CentralAsian countries.Som eofthe lavishly deco- yaroslav was one of the sons of ' V-sevolod the Bi#' !
:
rated item s w ere gifts from rulers of the Orient. xlstand stad ed the dynasty ofthe Ryttrikovichesas l:
The collections of W est European cold steel Mllscow princes. Thiqdynmsty m ay becredited w' ith the I
and firearm s of the 15th- 19th centuries consist ljsjlor of collecting Russian lands into a single state. j
I
prilnarily of rif1es and pistols with exquisite je- The collection ofold Russian defense and com bat
welry finish.Of particular interest is a specim en weaponry stressescerem onialarm srichly decorated 1
ofGothicdefensive arm orofthe late 15th century with gold, silver,enam el,and preciousstones.These I
m ade ofm etalplates that covered the knightfrom wtlre m eant for m ajor cerem onies,
lzeadtofootandalsoanarmorforonfoot tour- -
suchaspublic
:djlpearancesofthe tsars, and receptionsofoverseas j
i
.
nam ents executed in France in the 16th century. :pjptbassadors or to be used as gifts by ambassadors !
Both w eigh over 30 kg. l,4joreign countriesand awardsto m ilitary leaders
The richestand m ost valuable collection features I'()rdistinguished perform ancein battle. d
!
Russian cold steeland firearm sfordefenseand conl- There were several types of arm ors. The most 1
bat.A m ong the oldest sam ples is a helm et dating widespread was the chain arm or, m ade of sm all I
!
i
i
from the late 12th century thatbelonged tc Prince il.on rings in the form of a shirt. Each such arm or
Yaroslav Vsevolodovich.A long with the rem a d rls t,dlok a m aster craftsm an som e tw o years to m ake ;
;
(7.f a chaln arm or it was found by peasants plowing ;,Ijd w as, therefore, m eant Only for outstanding
8. field near the tow n of Y urev early last century. I
warriors. Chain arm ors cam e from the Orient. I!
N early eight.centuries ago,on A pril 21, 1216,
place was the scene of abattlebetween the sonsand
this Ar cheologicalexcavations in Russia date them
I'rom the 10th century
j
'
. One of the collection's '
grandsons Of Prince VSeVOIIZ Yurievich, dubbed (lldest chain arm ors WaS m ade in the early 16th (
the Big N est,for the positioh of Grand Prince in fyentury and belonged to the boyar and m ilitary
the city ofV ladim ir.Prince Y aroslav lost the battle Ieader Prince Pyotr Shuysky . Tbe arm or weighs l
96 97

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12 kg and consists of 16,000 rings. W hen tllp
Prince was killed in 1564, the arm or w as taken
to the tsar's arm ory.According to legend it was
presented to Erm ak,the conqueror ofthe Siberian
K hanate,but failed to save his life as w ell.Five
decades after Ermak's death (in 1646)the chaill
arm or was found in the house of a Siberian prince
and returned to the arm ory as a relic.
From the late 16th century the chaln arm or
acquired a new form called badan, w hich w as
forged of large and flatrings.The m useum prides
itself on onebelonging to BorisG odunov,the first
elected tsar after the dynasty of the Ryurikovi-
ches.But the Godunovs failed to take root on the
tsar's throne. In the disturbances that followed
Tsar Boris and his only son, Fyodor, were both
killed.Every chain on Boris G odunov's badan has
engraved on it the words:<<God Is W ith Us''.
There w as also an additional arm or, w orn over
the chain arm or,which consisted of polished m etal
plates and w as called zertsalo or m irror-like.The
A rm ory has 60 m irror-like arm ors,som e com bin-
ing plates w ith chains.
The shield w as the oldest type of defense wea-
pon.The collection's best specim en is an lranian
shield of the 16th century m ade of a solid piece
of dam ask steel by an outstanding craftsm an,
M uham m ec M um m in. Experts insist a shield of
such rare beauty is not to be found elsewhere in
the world.The surface,divided by spiralstripes,
98
ir1(tarved with fine drawings inlaid with gold.The
lllliltld belonged to Prince Fyodor M stislavskiy and
11l'ttlr his death in 1622 was given to the A rm ory.
I1,was used on particularly solem n occasions as an
ildllispensable item of the tsar's fulldress.
'Phe helm et was another necessazy article of o1d
Itllssian nrmor.A conicalm etalhelm etwith ear-flaps
1111(1a neck-flap was called a erikhonka.The collec-
l,illn'sm ostluxurioushelm etisthe cerem onialcap of
M ikhailFyodorovich,the firsttsar in the R om anov
4Iynasty.The helm et,forged of dnm msk steelin the
(lrient, is em bellished with precious stones and
kdllhorism s from the K oran in Arabic.In 1621 the
ltt'aftsm an NikitaD avydov im proved on itsform and
(Iflcoration by adding a plate neck-flap,a protective
flflvering for the nose w ith the enam elim age ofA r-
ttllangelM ichaelon itand ear slits lined w ith pearls.
'I'l1e crown of the helm et was em bellished with gold
(lxecuted according to W est European m odels.
The 17th century gave birth to the legend that
t'lkis helm et of astounding beauty belonged to the
frelebrated warrior Prince A lexander N evski,son
()f Y aroslav V sevolodovich. Both princes w ere
(ranonized by the Russian Church as defenders of
Itussian land.
The sam ecollection holdsa child'shelm et,which
llelonged to the 3-year-old son of lvan the Terrible.
l'
lxecuted in the K rem lin's arm ory workshop, it
tkasa spiked conicalform to protectthe head from
a blow from above. A long its lower edge there
99
are sm allholes from which a chain net,barm itsa,
dropped to the shoulders. The net protected the
head, neck and shoulders from arrow s and from
blows with cold steel.
The m useum features a variety of cold steel,
including bear-spears, axes, swords, sabres, and
m aces.The tsar's fulldressalways included a bow
and arrows.In the 17th century this m ost ancient
w eapon had ritualsignificance.The bow was kept
in a special case w hich along with a quiver m ade
up the so-called soadak.In 1671 a group ofm asters
of the Silver Cham ber decorated 50 saadaks for
an assem bly of Polish am bassadors.A ccording to
ancient tradition,the saadak,as a ritualw eapon,
accom panied the tsar in m ilitary cam paigns and
on his visits to m onasteries.The splendid saadak
ofTsar M ikhailFyodorovich w as m ade in 1627 by
tlle sam e craftsm en that m ade the tsar's crow n.
The saadak took one year to m ake.
Cerem onial cold steel includes m aces and rods
with a ball or a thickness on the top end,called
pem achi. These sym bolized m ilitary rule and
pow er.Sabres in decorative sheatlls were given as
awards for valor and m ilitary service to the count-
ry.There are two dam ask steelsabres of Oriental
work with sheaths executed by K rem lin'sarm orers
and jewelers.These were given as aw ards to the
heroes of the nationalliberation m ovem entof the
early 17th century.Prince Dm itriy Pozharskiy and
the N izhny Novgorod citizen K uzm a M inin.
1OO
rl3oday the A rm ory boasts over 300 item s of
l'i''earm s.28 rifles m ade in different cities in the
# 1l#l,e 16th - early 17th centuries were presented
t#)the m useum in 1830 as m em orial arm s. The
l'ifIes were in action in the St. Sergius Trinity
Mflnastery w hen it w as besieged by Polish troops
iI1 1608.
rphere are several exhibits given as gifts to
Itllssian tsars.The English em bassy on behalf of
trlkarles 11 presented Tsar A lexey M ikhailovich
with a rifle that had belonged to the beheaded
tlljarles 1,and a pistolof Charles II,who restored
t,I1(,m onarchy and returned the Stew art dynasty
l.t, the throne. The Russian tsars valued these
Ilistoric objects and,took great care to preserve
t,l/tlm intact.
1'';
'-@
w
77 aaaaxwe 5.rlpouuvaii'
re ,znepeseauve vexcv.
f)'I'I1eTbTe Ha BOHPOCBI.
Cork city
Cork city isthe major metropolis of the south;
IIdtleed with a population ofabout 135,000 itis the
rit'llond largest city in the Irish R epublic.
The m ain business and shopping centre of the
d'tlwn lies on the island created by tw o channels of
f'Ike River Lee, w ith m ost places within walking
tlistanceofthecentre.(Thebusestend to beover-
(lrowded and the one-way traffic system is friend-
Iishly com plicated.)
t
 '
;
'
..
i.
i
,
.

!
i
don Steeple,the bell-tower of St A nne's Church, 'It''l'aHns, o'
rMeqeHHble X KBaMH c HPeM OM eHHSMH,
built on the site of a church destroyed when the i''l'MeqeHHBIMn qle paMn.
city was besieged by the Duke of M arlborough. a) traffic jams; '
j
;
:
Back acrossthe River Leeliesthecity'scathed- b) vandalism ; ,
i
:
ral, an imposing 19th century building in the c) slum s;
French Gothicstyle.Cork hastwom arkets.Neither d) pollution; j
catersspecifically fortouristsbutthosewhoenjoy e)overcrowding; ;
:
theatmosphereofarealworking marketwillapre- f)crime. j
!.

Ciate their charm . I) too m any people live in too sm allplace; '1
i
The Craw ford A rtG allery is wellw orth a visit. 2) every day,particularly in the rush-hour,the j
:'
I
j
lt regularly m ounts adventurous exhibitions by streets get so packed w ith traffic that travel I
contem porary artists. is very slow or even com es to a standstill. 1
The fashionable residentialdistrictsofCork city This is particularly stressfulfor com m uters, '
'!
overlook the harbour.There are other residential people w ho travelto work in the town. !:
areason the outskirts. ;y) theairand thewaterareno longeraspureas !
1. W here is Cork? they were; ;
!
!
2. W here is the shopping and business centre of 4) certain parts of the city which are poor and J
I
Cork? in a vel'y bad condition;
3. W hat is Cork's traffic system like? 5) Pointless destruction of other people's pro- !
,
4 . W hat is special about the site of St.A nne,s perty; I
!
Church? 6) illegalactivity,an offencewhich ispunished
5. In what style is the architecture of Cork by law . .
Cathedral? ' -.
-..'.--.
!j
6. Can you buy souvenirs at the m arkets? l
..uw(
*aaaaaxxe 7.Hpoqnva/'re Ixuepecsaan're IIIy- I
1. ls the Craw ford Gallery worth visiting and '1'OqHBIe paccxaasl. r
w hy? 1
8. W here do Cork people live?
9. Do thefashionable residentialdistrictsofCork A n agriculture student said to a farm er:idY our :
.

city overlook the harbour? lnethodsare too old fashioned.1won,tbe surprised

i
1O2 103
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: -
<' ' 1
t
j
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' II
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I

if this tree willgive you less than twenty pounds vtjllr pigs like that w hen there are people dying 11
of apples.'' W kth nothing to eat.
''

<<l won't be surprised either,''said the farm er, ' And he fined the farm er.
t'this is an orange tree''. ; >Aina11y, another m an cam e in and asked justthe 'i
'
2 sltltle question.Thehesitantfarm eranswered after
.
' 1, few m inute::RW el1,I give five dollars to each
A farm boy was drafted.On his first furlough, jlig so they can buy whatever they w ant.'' .

his Father asked him what he thought of A rm y i

life. 4
.
f'It's pretty good Pa. The food's not bad, the .
On a drive in the country,a city slicker noticed (
work's easy butbestof all,they 1etya sleep real ' ltfarmerlifting apig uptoan appletreeand holding tI
late in the m orning.'' t,I1e pig there as it ate one apple after another. L
t<M aybe I don't know what I'm talking about,''
a i .
sllid the city slicker,%ibut if you just shook the
There was a farm er who had m any pigs.One day j t'ree so the apples fellto the ground,wottldn't it .1
.

som eone went to the farm and asked the farm er: ' sllve a 1ot of tim e?'' !
KtW hat do you use to feed your pigs?'' <<Tim e?''said the farm er.tW hat does tim e m at- 'i
i
<tW ell,1givethem acorn,corn,andthingslike t,ertoapig?'' .1
that.W hy?'' ''
i
,

d;<Becauselam from theAnimalsProtection As- ' .

1....'71(-3aiex- e 8.Hpoqnrraii're Texc'r H q
- .,j
l) yltaa nle,
! ..

sociation and lthink you don'tfeed thezn like you 1( I<M HM qacl'sM Texc' ra Morv' r czzyavrrb aaroaoslcawln
EI
should,they shouldn't eat wastes.'' (uqeaylottm e:xxl- leo6xognMoc' rs c'rpouTeabcq'sa Buco' rHslx
Then he fined the farm er. ' tlilaz. lxxikh, xxx apaxq'epalaze oco6eHHoc'rn cospeMeuHslx
Som e days later, another person arrived and l,slcorxlslx aaauniih y;2)Haaosn' reocHosHrazeHcTopnuecsne 1
I:
asked the sam e question. ilexn B c'
rponrreascl'
seBszcovuslx aaaule BCIIIA. !
The farm er answ ered:'W el1,I feed tllem very j
Design and construct oy:o: tallbuildings !
w ell.I give them salm on,caviar,shrim p, steak ... '

w l1y?'' I
'dB ecause l am from the U zlited N ations The world is building at an ever-increasing
Organization and 1 think it's unfair that you feed pace to house the rapidly grow ing population, to
j 1O$ '.
.
i
I
replace deteriorating or obsolete buildings,and to
satisfy the dem and for accom m odation of a higher
quality.M ore and m ore buildings of al1types are
needed,from jungle huts to the tallgiants ofthe
m odern m etropolis.
The need for tallbuildings isincreasing rapidly.
Urban renewal schem es for decayed areas within
the central cores of m any large cities are feasible
only by replacing theexisting buildingsofm oderate
heightby fewer butsignificantly higherbuildings,
which, w hile increasing the population density,
provide m ore open space and green areas.
A greatdealofthought,research and experim en-
tation hasgone into the existing tallbuildings.The
literature and research on the slzbject is growing
steadily and it is apparent that m uch is yet to be
done.The field isvast.In addition to the problem s
associated with buildings of m oderate height,tall
buildings introduce am plifications of the sam e
problem s,and create new problem s of their own.
The aspects are m anifold and involve a num ber
of disciplines of learning: sociology, econom ics,
architecture,and m any branches of engineering.
11
Thescarcity ofland in the desirable centralparts
ofcitiesis undoubtedly one of thebasicreasonsfor
tallbuildings.H igh land values m ake the erection
of tallbuildings the only econom icalway to build.
Econom ic considerationswere theprim e m overs in
106
i,ll()erection oftheearly skyscraperstHe6ocI<pe6sll
i11the latter part of the last century.
The prestige value of tallbuildings is undoubt-
('ttly another reason that has prom pted buildings
dywners to strive for greater heights.
The desire to preserve the centralcore ofa city,
lllltlto lim it the urban sprawl,are further factors
which favour tallbuildings.Theincreased perm it-
t,f!(l population densities com bined with require-
'llents for am ple open space,m ake tallbuildings
t,I1e only practicalway for effective urban renew al
strhem es.
A nother reason for large,tallbuildings is the
(lem and oflarge organizations forbulk office space
i11one building in centralcity areas.
III
lt is rather difficult to define a tall building.
''rPall'' being a relative term ,changes its absolute
llteaning w ith tim e and locality.For instance the
f'irstChicago 4<skyscraper'',builtin 1885,had only
l0 floors.Generally,a Kttallbuilding''m ustextend
C'bove w hat is considered average or com m onplace
ilany particular location,at any given tim e.
The history of the early A m erican tall build-
ings,or skyscrapers,as they are generally called,
is closely associated with the cities of N ew York
ltnd Chicago.
U ntilthe m iddle ofthe 19th century the height
of com m ercialbuildings was generally lim ited to
1O7

6 floors,because the tenants and their clients were
reluctant to clim b higher.
The invention of a safety device by Elisha
G .Otis in 1853 m ade the use of the elevator ac-
ceptablefor passengertransport,and cleared away
one of the m ajor obstacles for taller buildings.
In 1870,a l3o-ft-high building (40 m)fully equ-
ipped with elevators w as com pleted in New York,
and in 1875 the tallest building in the sam e city
reached the height of 260ft(79m ).
The first building with a com plete iron fram e,
w here m asonry w as used only as a space-enclosing
elem ent,w asbuiltin Chicago in 1885:the lo-storey
H om e Life Insurance Building.
The construction of tall buildings spread !'a-
pidly during the follow ing years.A t the turn of
the century 74 '<tall''office buildings,the tallest
around 20 storeys, were standing in N ew Y ork.
In Chicago the tallest building reached the height
of 21 storeys (305 ft).Other American cities fol-
lowed suit.
The height of buildings increased considerably
during the first few decades of this century:
47 storeys (187m ) 1908
50 storeys (213m ) 1909
52 storeys (242 m ) 1913
102 storeys (382 m) 1931
(SingerBldgp,New York;M etropolitan Life 1n-
surance Bldg.,N ew Y ork;W oolw orth Bldg.,N ew
York;Em pire State Bldg.,New York).
A fter the end of W orld W ar 11 the construc-
tion of tall buildings gathered new im petus and
spread to m any countries. There are now m any
outstanding exam plesoftallbuildingsthroughout
the world.
IV
The principaluse oftallbuildingsis for offices,
but their use for residential purposes has been
growing steadily, particularly in the last 10 to
15 years.A nd,of course,there are m any notable
applications in the field of hoteland institutional
construction.
Earlier office buildingsdepended m ainly on nat-
urallighting and ventilation.Since W orld W ar 11
there has been a notable sw ing to artificiallight-
ing and air-conditioning and now these features
are incorporated in a11new talloffice buildings in
N orth A m erica. Residential buildings, however,
still rely to a large extent on natural light and
ventilation.
From the tow n planning point of view , the
nearly unlim ited freedom of the early skyscraper
builders has been severely curtailed by the enact-
m ent of building bylaws,w hich do not perm it the
creation of dark canyon-like streets.The contem -
porary tallbuildings areerected on relatively large
building lots,w ith aircorridorsbetween buildings
above a certain height.
1O9
 V W om en should feel they no longer need to be
Som e of the featuresw hich distinguish the con-
tem porary tallbuilding from its earlier relatives
are: the exterior walls are now largely of light-
w eight m aterials; glass, alum inum and precast
concrete havereplaced the m asonry;the services-
air-conditioning,lighting,verticaltransportation,
com m unications - have grow n and are m ore
com plicated;the interior and exterior details are
planned with ease of m aintenance in m ind; the
internal walls are light, and easily adjustable to
the varying needs ofoffice layout;the appearance
is sim ple and free of ornate detail.
And what of the future developm ents? Predic-
tionsare difficult,buttheapplication ofindustrial
building m ethods could wellfind m ore application
and expression in the tallbuildings to com e.
.- .*.- .
-aaaam xe 9.H poqnTa/q'e n nepeBeim '
- re c'
raTbzo.
O Kaxo/ npoo eMe 6oaszzzoro ropoaa B HeR nle'r peqs?
OTBeTBTe Ha Bonpocu .
Protect yourself
ltis sad that we need to discuss how to protect
ourselves.But the truth is that alm ost allwom en
feel scared at tim es.W e are angry that we have
lost our freedom . But there is no doubt w e are
worried w hen we w alk hom e through dark streets
late at night.
110
afraid;feelfreetolive fulland independentlives;be-
lievethatshould they everhave to face an attacker,
they are now fully arrived to protect them selves.
Crim inals of every category rely on opportunity,
and it therefore m akes sense to try to reduce that
*
opportunity where you can.
Ifyou find yourself having to walk hom e late at
night,som e basic steps apply across the board:
. Plan your route in advance.
* Fam iliarise yourself with your route so that
you know ,for exam ple,w here there are large
bushes or concealed entrances, and w here
your nearest points of help are (shops,pubs,
phones,etc).
Vary your route ifit's one you take frequently,
so that your m ovem ents are less predictable.
* Think about escape routes.
* K eep to well-lit streets where possible.
. Avoid short-cutsifyou know the longer route
is safer.
* A void pedestrian underpasses w here pos-
sible.
* Avoid cutting through parks and car-parks -
both provide the isolation and the hiding
places an attacker loves.
* Keep to the outside of the pavem ent,so that
it is harder for an attacker to spring from
a doorway or alleyw ay;w alk in the m iddle of
the road if traffic perm its.
111
* W alk towardsoncoming traffic. , Ca@$@Aa@e Ape- - M@AoAe* **.
* Don'twearradio headphones- you need the K yxxw abxe H en@pYHaab'e
use of allyour senses. . F aaaA euea - - .
* Neveracceptaliftfrom a stranger,nom atter H yrem ee@a -e.
how tempting itmightseem. K laxypewx,# eerHaaA-.
* lfsomeone is expecting you at your destina- A >e epaw a H H*K y*@+>@.
tion,callbeforeyou setoff,andconfirm what H po6AeMb'M@A@A** M.
time you expectto arrive. H pm u xoe H Haer@Am ee.
1 A a- eaae K HHM M @A@Ae' n
. W here is itsafer to live in the city or in the
country? W hy? .
j

2.Isitdangeroustowalkinthestreetsofyour j
city or town in the evening? - --

3 Do you know how to protect yourself?

. 1
Wv,=gaaaaxx
lcaucxoro noaq.
e1.rralp
a y oa'
ouruMeHa
yn'
vahve gnorpra
Ixero c'
nl
oaMepn-
nxor
rsopeHne.
(1OcTaBbTe HJIaH TPRCTJ.FIOAIYTOBBTO gOKJIM O M HYHH
l,
I'rsopqecTse y n'rMeHa.

W alt W hitm an
(j81g-j8n )
W alter W hitm an w as an A m erican poet and
1, son of Long Island. H is collection of poem s,
'
'dlueaves Of Grass''isconsidered one of the w orld's
j tnajor literary w orks.
W hitm an w as a true patriot. H is poem s sing
f)f the praises of the U nited States of A m erica
l'nd the cause of dem ocracy. The poet's love of
itis country grew from his faith that A m ericans
( Itlight reach new w orldly and spiritual heights.
w hitm an wrote:t<rrhe chief reason for the being
(Jf the United States of A m erica is to bring about
, q-
l
a
 &
the com m on good willof a1lm ankind,the olida-
rity of the w orld.''
W hitm an began w orking on d:lueaves of Grass''
in 1848.This collection of poetry w as so unusual
that no publisher w ould publish it. ln 1855, he
published ithim self.The edition contained only 12
poem s.In the preface,W hitm an said: d'The U ni-
ted States them selves are essentially the greatest
Poem .
Betw een 1855 and his death,W hitm an published
severalrevised and enlarged editions of his book.
H e believed thatK<lueavesofGrass''had grown with
his own em otionaland intellectual developm ent.
%<song of M yself,'' is considered W hitm an's
greatest.ltis a lyric poem told through the joyful
experiences of the narrator.Som etim es the narra-
tor, ::1,'' is the poet him self. ln other passages,
::1''speaks for the hum an race,the universe,or a
specific characterbeing dram atized.Like allW hit-
m an's m ajor poem s, :<song of M yself'' contains
sym bols. For exam ple, in the poem he describes
grass as a sym bolof life Ktthe babe ofvegetation,''
t<the handkerchief of the Lord.''
W hitm an wrote '<W hen Lilacs Lastin the Door-
yard Bloom 'd''on the death of Abraham Lincoln.
Lincoln died in A pril, springtim e - a tim e of
rebirth in nature.W hitm an says thateach spring
the bloom ing lilac willrem ind him notonly ofthe
death of Lincoln, but also of the eternal return
to life.
114
E*O C aptain!M y Captainl,''another poem on Lin-
troln'sdeath,isW hitm an'sm ostpopular poem ,but
tliffers from his others in rhym e and rhythm .
W hitm an wrote in a form sim ilar to f<thought-
r'ltythm .'' This form is found in O1d Testam ent
Iloetry. It is also found in sacred books of India,
sllch as the Bhagavad-G ita,which W hitm an knew
i11 translation.The rhythm of his lines suggests
the rise and fallof the sea he loved so m uch.This
structure is better suited to expressing em otion
tllan to logicaldiscussion.
In general,W hitm an's poetry is idealistic and
rom antic.
W alt W hitm an's life
W alter W hitm an was born in W est H ills,Long
Island,N ew York.W hile he grew up in Brooklyn,
Ike frequently returned to his roots. H e worked
lts a printer and journalist in the N ew Y ork City
area.He wrote articles on politics,civics,and the
ltrts.
W hitm an loved New York City and loved the
crowds.H e attended debates,thetheater,concerts,
lectures,and politicalm eetings.H e often rode on
stagecoaches and ferries just to talk with people.
During the CivilW ar,W hitm an w asa volunteer
assistant in the m ilitary hospitals in W ashington,
D.C.After the w ar,he w orked in severalgovern-
m ent departm ents until he suffered a stroke in
1873. H e spent the rest of his life in Cam den,
115
 '
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,
j
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N . J., w here he continued to write poem s and j
ticles. t The delicious singing of the m other, ;
ar
w hitm an believed thatthe vitalitv and varietv Or of the young wife at work, i
-'
of his life reflected the vitality a - n. Or of the girlsewing or washing,
nd varietv - -
A m erica.M ost crities accept this view of the ' Each Singing what belongs to him
m n ,a
and his poem s and som e insist he w as n nnw -
0-7--, , orherandtononeelse,
and unusuallyric poet. - *'-------
)
'
,
.'. Thedaywhatbelongstotheday
at night the party of young
t fellow s, robust,friendly,
Ih j
,

earAmericasinging
l hear A m erica singing,
l
l
singingwithopenmouths
their strong m elodious songs.

t);
the varied carols 1 hear, (
Those of m echanics,each one singing @'
, '?'
-c'
,: -Ar3M aM e 2.l'lpoquTax
= w e cseaeuns na 6uorpa-
his as it should be blithe .
' tllHII Xlaplzz< XlazzzzMxza.H arznzrzn'
re cssaz4szii paccxaa-
and strong, ispzorpatpxzo, xcnozzsays aazxxsze cseaexxx og avane
The carpenter singing his p 'I'BopqecTsa alcmepa. l
as he m easures his plank or beam , >, charlie chaplin
The m ason singing his r
y Biograpkg
as he m akes ready for work,or leaves off work, 'r
The boatm an singing w hat CharlieChaplin wasborn Charles Spencer Chap-
belongs to him in his boat,the deck hand lillin London,England on 16 A pril1889.H is pa-
singing on the steam boat deck, l'tlnts,Charles Chaplin,Sr.and H annah H illwere
The shoem aker singing l lllusic hallentertainersbutseparated shortly after
ashe sitson his bench, f
y tiharliewasborn,leaving Hannah to providefor
The hatter singing as he stands, 1
' llor children.
. )
ln 1896 w hen H annah w as no longer able to care
The woodclztter's song,
th t
,
l'()r her children, Charlie and his brother Sydney
e ploughboy's on his way in the m orning,
or at noon interm ission Were adm itted to Lam beth W orkhouse and later, j
or at sundow n ,
IfanwellSchoolfor Orphans and Destitute Chil- f
,
(
jjyw p g
116
,
117
 r/

Charlie had already debuted in the m usic hallin ' 1915

1894,when he had sung a song after his m other r Essanay film s.
was taken hoarse. i 27 Fej)ruary 1916
1903- 1906 Signs a contract w ith M utualFilm Corporation
Perform sin Sherlock H olm es,as the new spaper l'or $10,000/week plus $ 150,000 bonus.
boy Billy.
1916- 1917
1906--1907
M utualfilm s.
The Casey Circus.
).7 June 1917
1907- 1910 Signsa contractwith FirstN ationalExhibitor's
W orks with the K arno Pantom im e Troupe.
(lircuit for $1,075,000/year.
1910--1912
. .. ...- .

Firsttour of UsA/canada with Karno Troupe. 1LL.w .aaaaaxe 3.H pouHTaiTe TeKcT n oTBeTsTe Ha
.
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.

1912- 1913 BOIIPOCBI.

SecondtourofUsA/canadawith K arnoTroupe. I feel very excited at the thought that in
M ay 1913 another w eek l shall be w ith you again on
lloliday.l'm leaving here early on Friday,and
Acceptsofferfrom Adam Kessel(whohasinterests
l shall arrive on Saturday m orning; so I shall
in theKeystonen lm Company)for $ 125/week.
be hom e som ew here about lunch tim e. Can you
29 Decem ber 1913
lneet m e at the station,as 1 shall have a lot of
Signs a contract w ith K eystone. luggage?
January/February 1914 ln som e of m y letters l have told you allabout
Charlie Chaplin's first film :M aking a Living. the other students here.W ell,I want to ask m y
1914 friend, Jan, to com e w ith m e. W ill that be all
right? H e is a very nice boy 1 know you willlike
K eystone film s.
him ,and Ifeelsure thathe willenjoy the holiday
N ovem ber 1914 w ith us.
Signsa contractwith Essanay for $1,250/week Please let m e know , if his com ing will be a11
to m ake 14 film s during 1915. right.
119
)
f
 1. W hen will the author of the letter (Frieda)
arrive ather home town?
2. W illshe have a 1ot of luggage?
3. W hen is she leaving?
4. H OW is she planning to spend her holidays?
5. W h0 is she going to bring w ith her?
- '-
- - aaqaane 4.ovsevsve ua soupocsz.
1. W hy is travelling so popular?
2. Do you (your)family travel?
3. Speak aboutthem ostinteresting trip you have
ever m ade.
4. In w hat season do you prefer to travel?
W hy?
5. W ould you prefer to go abroad or to discover
your ow n country? Explain why.
6. w hy does Russia attract so m any tourists
from all over the world?
1. W hat w ould you show to your friends from
other countries?
8. H ave you everbeen to English-speaking coun-
tries?
9. W hat w ere your im pressions?
10. Do you know the nam es of any great tra-
Vellers? W ho are they? W ould you like to be
like them ? W hy?
.
7'-
c'-:
- aaAaxxe 5.npounvauve aasusze mpar-exvsr
- ,
W BBIIIM HHTeaalannl Ho Texcr
raM.
12O
Italy southward
(From Overthe H ilj.
Ssstyfarxway
t !)# x da csg/joorj/w z)
ltaly is not a greatcountry forw alkers;forbid-
ding high wallsclose in dusty or dirty roads lead-
*
ing out of ever y city or even village,a1lview of
' the landscape to right and left is,as a rule,shut
out.
M oreover,one feels that m ost Italians despise
the traveller on foot as a person who cannot af-
ford to travelin a carriage;they turn pitying eyes
on the sim ply clad pedestrian w earing inelegant
boots,not even yellow ,and if the hiker by great
luck finds som e grassy knoll or hollow inviting
him to rest and refreshm ent,so m uch the worse,
he loses caste still further in ltalian eyes that
pass by.
M other Earth is nota suitable place to recline if
yOu can afford any kind ofvehicle,even if drawn
by a sore-backed, lam e, and overburdened bit of
horseflesh.Thisattitudeisby no m eansso m arked
, in the m ountains,luckily,for m ountain folk are
m ore or less of one fam ily, wherever found. ln
Valtournanche,for instance,off the Va1d'A osta,
One saw little or none of this scornful attitude
towards the pedestrian.
'i
From Chatillon we had a few good walks. Go-
' ing up to Breuii, at the back of the M atterllorn !
;
t (and Whai a terrible Com e-down frOm the front,
121
 !
.
i
I
or swiss facadel),we made off eastward one j 1
day in, search of adventure, but with no great !
satisfaction. A nswer these questions: '
After a tim e Him sell (Himself- the author's 1 W hatwmsthe attitudeOfItaliansto pedestrians
.
husband,John Galsworthy, thew ell-known English at the tim e described by A da Galsworthy?
writer)wentforward to explore,and I remember 2. w as it considered proper in Italy for travel-
how vez'y desolate Ifelt, leftwatching him becom e lers to re
est and have refreshm ent sitting on
sm aller and sm aller and finally disappear com ple- the ground?
CYY' 3 W hatisthe differescebetw een the attitudeto
H e returned by the sam e stony- hearted route, w alkers in town districts and in m ountainous I
not having found anything likely to am useus and regions?
,
We setforth,along a high hillside, tow ards hom e, 4. Why isitnoteasy fOrinexperienced people 1
which was chatillon for the tim e being. to find their way is the m ountains?
com ing to a puzzling choke of routes, H im - jy
self w ent forw ard again to investigate, and this
tim e it was quite half an hour before we rejoined M ake up 10 questions of your OWn On the text. l
forces.Ihad sta#ed exactly where he leftme,
as ju
arranged, but 1ie had returned on a higher or ,

1OWer level without being aw are of it, and quite
hidden from m e. lt was grassy everyw here and
,
there w as a brisk wind, so that footsteps were
inaudible.
S P Shotlted; the wind was not Rm y way''. H e
then,having,ashe thought, investigated thenear
Colm tryym ade Off down a very steep hillside.
SY thP PKd Of half an hour he suddenly reappea -
O d* W P Were b0th Very glad to fling ourselves
(IOW X by & btlbbling stream let, bathe hotfaces and
ho ds,1ie Out in the kindly sunshine, and regain
tranquillity.
122
1 R elate the contents of the text.
jv
L
com plete the followinl Sentences.
1. They say thatltalians despise the travelleron
foot because ...
2. If the hiker finds som e g'rassy knollor hollow
$ inviting him to regi and refreshm ent he ...
' 3. M uch the worse if travellers don't ...
4. Those who can afford any kind ofvehicle turn
contem ptuous eyes toW ards pedestrians and
' often prefer . ..
' 123
 5. The tourists m ade off southward in search Cascade Boys Ranch is a hom e for boys ages 8
of ... to 18 located in the beautiful foothills of the
6. By great luck the m em bers of the expedition Southern Oregon Cascades. lt's a 50-acre ranch
m anaged to ... . where boys live with a perm anent fam ily,attend
7. W hen the walkers cam e to a puzzling choice SChOol, and have a chance to becom e productive,
of routes ... law-abiding citizens.Our purpose is to give xutra-
8. A sthe wind was nottheir way the travellers Zedy-based''nd/or Gat-risk''boyswhatthey may
could not hear ... never get in their critical developm ental years:
steo bv LOVe,Guidance,and a M odel for a N ew W ay of
9. The clim bers proceeded very slow ly,
step as ... - - Life.
Both nationaland localjuvenile statisticsshow
v an increase in the num ber of troubled boys.The
a) M ake up sentences using the following list of , criminaljustice system is overworked with hard
words and w ord-com u nations. cases and can't provide help for xuat-risk'' boys
b) M ake up a short story of your own using this : who,w ithoutdirection or parentalsupport,could
list. likely becom e crim inals them selves. W e want
a #j- . to keep boys out of the crim inal justice system
a walker,a travelleron foot,a peaestrian, by Offering them a perm anent hom e in which to
ker, to turn contemptuous or pitying eyes on so -
a suitabu learn A ccountability, Responsibility, and Trust.
m ebody,!/greatluck,a m arked attitude,
placeio recline,agoup, a comedown from,tomake Through love,hard work,and discipline,boyswill
to attain a healthy self esteem and a strong founda-
O// (in some direction),in searcltof adventure,
titm on w hich to build productive lives.
feeldesolate,to return by tke sam e route, to com e
totzpuzzling choice ofroutes,to rejoin forces,to be W e also have available a home forgirlslocated
in an agitated state,to regain tranquiltity. 40 m iles aw ay from CBR .
Cascade Boys Ranch and The W oods H om e for
m
'
. . Girls are owned and operated by ICA RE, lnc.,
-3aaazrxe 6. rlpouuva/ve vesc'
- r. u oeacvassvo
-
ce6e, u'
ro ssz gepeve uavepssm y upea-
cvv
M MHHHCTPaIIHIIqem paaxa vpm uszxuoapocasx
sosve.
caaq-
; a'federallytax-exempt501(c)(3)corporationde-
Sizned to help those in need.Your donation of
cadeBoysRanch.Icaswe6sysoupocszsszQ vaszraa..
-'
time,finances,orsupportin vocationalskills,
Hcnozzsaykvenumop-atwx,,aasuymsvexci.--' -' education,music,livestock,etc.willhelpuscon-
124 125

)
'
 '
. '

!j
t
ki
en
tt
bl
eilhaenVdistieonn
al n.iTshceofactislity
ur ,
alreadyfeaturesbas-
two 5,000 square foot
4 .<iR
r$. Ttr
omeoandJul
fw elfth N ight
'>
ie(t
A''
c(
tAc
2)t
.2). l
!
i
g
Ii
residences,Office Space,a barn,m iles of hiking (;. <dl-
lenry IV''(Part2,Act3). d
.
q
'
y
trails,and severaloutdoorm eeting areas.W eare t
'
7. 'tRichard 111''(Act5). t
constantly seeking waysofimproving and expand- 8 flfing Lear''(AC: 3).
.
!
1
ing, and w e certainly could use your help. f) *6X MidsummerNight'sDream''(Act1).
.
1
1l). <rrwelfth kight''(Act2).
.----.'.----.
(
'
-- k YW WRWP 7.ZM I
IOSHHTP TPCTM . s g
. =
. (
1 R ead the quotations from books. D o you rem em ber
In which of shakespeare's plays do the following t.I
l(,authorsandthetitlesofthesebooks? 1
!
m em orable lines appear? r ,,
' l. d<A l1is quiet on the western front. .
1. <<If m usic be the food of love,play on.'' '
,
2. K<I'l1 m ake him an offer he can ,t refuse.''
2. dparting is such sweet sorrow -'' ' a xlBig brother is watching you.''
3. d<out,dam ned spotl'' 4 K<please don't shoot the pianist.H e is doing
4. <$I'm a m an m ore sinned against than sin- his best. ''
1
ning-'' J
; Kdynor whom the belltolls-''
5. t .
<dA llthe world's a stage.'' .
' (;. Ksrhe rule is,jam tom orrow and jam yesterday
6. GBrevity is the soul of wit.'' but never jam today.''
7 Gsom e m en areborn great,som eachieve g'reat- 7. <<.N1lanim als are equal,but som e anim als are
ness and som e have greatness thrust upon m ore equalthan others.''
them .'' u uunh East is East, and W est is W est, and
8. f<uneasy lies the head that w ears a crown.'' never the tw ain shall m eet.''
9. <<A horse!A horse!M y kingdom for a horsel''
10 1 6:1984''by G eorge Orw ell.
. ''The course of the true love never did run 2' VtFor W hom the B ell T olls,, j)y s ruest H e-
sm ooth.'' '
m ingw ay.
i
1. xdM acbeth,, (Act 5). 3. K<The oodyather''by M ario Puzo.
2 uAsyou like it,, (Act2).
. t 4. (uThrougj.j the Looking-G lass''by Lew is Car-
3. d<l-
lam let''(Act 2). , roll.
126 127
 5. f61m PreSSiOnS Of A m erica''by Oscar W ilde. licans in their Struggle against the fascist reac-
6. ZW nim alFarm ''by George Orwell. ion.The events in Spain becam e the m ain them e
V* 66F1'l1P Szllad 0f East and W est''by Rudyard ()f his novelVfFor W hom the BellTolls''and som e
X iplilz. ( ()f his short stories.H em ingw ay's VIA Farew ell to
8* ZW llisQuietOn theW estern Front''by Erich Arms'' RFor W hom the BellTolls''and G'I'he Old
M aria R em arque. M an and the Sea''are classics of the zoth-century
*
3 literature.
M atch the nam esfrom the leftcolum n with the nam es r Jerom e D . Salinger
from the right colum n. For som e years the voice of the post-w ar ge-
1)Scylla a)Delilah lkeration seemed tobe thatofJerom eD.Salinger,
2)Rom ulus b)Cleopatra theauthorof<trl'heCatcherin theRye''(1951)and
3)Samson c)Abel ()fa quite sm allnumber ofshortstories.Salinger
4)Sodom d)Odysseus speaks for the young urban Am erican of middle-
5)Adam e)Remus classparentage.ln hisworld nooneisstarving,or
6)A ntony f)Charybdys ltkuch concerned with whatm ightbecalled public
13CZiK Z)XVe issues.Thebehaviour of his charactershas little
8)Penelopa h)Gomorrah to do with heroism .
A s in H em ingway, the people he adm ires are
7- -
= . 3a/m M e 8. l' re 14 nepecxa-n'
IpoqnTa/' re 6H0- . llbove al1sincere.Salinger's idealpeopleare child-
rpalm H nHcaqu ek.Bxqrzo.qHn'
re ynpaaxxeHna. ren, he is nice about them as any Victorian lady
ItOVC1iSi.They are disgusted by the m anifestations
Zrnpst S em ixW ay ()fPverytjay jyye ayyd capable Of poetic feelings.
Ernest Hem ingway (1899-1961) was born in ' In H'rhe Catcher in the Rye''Salinger surveys
Illinois. H is father wanted him to be a doctor, the A m erican life through the eyes of a confused
but he becam e a newspaper reporter. H em ingw ay llutvery sincere adolescent,H olden Caulfield,who
took part in w orld w ar I and he described it in (ran detect 1ie and who has a passionate devotion
hiS antiwar novel<dA Farewellto Arm s''. tow ard the few genuine people in his life. H e is
D uring the N ational R evolutionary W ar in L ltighly intelligent.But his despairs begin to seem
Spain (1936-1039),he actively helped the repub- old-fashioned.Tothem odern generation ofreaders
128 129
. 'I

and critics Salinger doesn't seem up-to-date. The 7. Do you think the theatre and the cinem a are '
verdict is that he produced a m odern version of m odern arts?
'dH uckleberry Finn''in R'rhe Catcher in the Rye''. E
8. W hy is video so popular now adays?
I 9. W hoisyourfavouriteactor(com poser,musi-
( cian , artist)? W hat makes him (her)specyaj .

1. Is there any difference between these tw o for you?

articles? w hat is it? j(). w hich do you prefer:ballet,opera,dram a or
2. W hich of the articles is m ore com plicated for ( com edy? Explain your choice. I
Y0t1? '
C
11p A re you a m em ber of any dram a circle? Do
3. W hatiscom m on in Hemingway's characters you enjoy it? W hy?
and in Salinger's characters?
4. Have you read any storiesornovelsby these t 1'''
-'aaaaxxe 10. l'Ipoqn'ra/'re Texcq'.H epecxa- nTe
writers? Did you enjoy their works? W hat )C
t .L
V.7
..
7
yjuaaor.Ovsevs're Ha Bonpocsz.
im pressed you m ost of all?
!
Covent Garden opera house
11
fsN ow we are going to see the RoyalOperaH ouse,
W rite a criticalessay on the subject of Salin- )k,
.
Or covent Garden as it is generally known,''says
ger,s or H em ingw ay's w orks.
l-larry.
1 gaaaaxrxe9.ovsevsveaasonpocsz
- *'-
--
W e See a lot of cabbages and potatoes,carrots
. aud tom atoes; rows of tulips, of roses, of car-
1 D0 yOu often listen to m usic? To what kind Daiions; a little further - lots of pears, apples
Of m usic? and bananas.W hy,this is a m arket?
2 Does it m ake you happy? $'Y eS, that's right, the London wholesale -
3 Can you play any m usicalinstrum ent? fruit,flow er and vegetable m arket Covent Gar-
4. ls a special m usical training necessary to un - den' A nd here, alm ost inside it, is the Opera !
derstand m usic? H ouse.''
5. A re you a fan ofany pop orrock group? W hat H ow strange!The Grand Opera in Paris is right
m akes it your favourite? in the centre ofthe Boulevards,theM oscow Bolshoi
6. Do y6u listen to m usic athom e or at the con- stands in frontoftwo squaresfullofflowers,right
cert/disco? in the centre of the tow n,and in London...
13O 131
 W e see a finebuilding with a pillared portico
it i - vhe girls exclaim ed:<'W onderful,w onderfull''
s the Opera H ouse.
<<r
l3hi Tjw guide told usthatthe fam oussingerA delina
s building,asw e see ittoday, ''says H arry, ' jyatti sang here m any tim es, and Tetrazzini and
%4
w as opened a hundred years ago - in 1858. Yet ; (raruso and the great R ussian Shaliapin,too.The
it
s tfather'' and its %tgrandfather'' both m uch
# jlom posprs gounod and Berlioz cam e to see their :
older than this one,stood on this very place (on
th (lperas perform ed.
e
Th snme site)before. Sux ow Covent Garden is busier than ever,it is
e first Covent G arden Theatre was built in
1732 ()yye of the few well-known opera houses open for
. ltwasm ore a theatre ofdram a than ofopera.
Y (ljeven m onths of the year and item ploys tw er 600
etm any of H andel's operas were perform ed here
f lleople both of the Opera com pany and the R oyal
or the firsttim e.This historic theatre was burnt '
d Ijauet,',H arry said. 'tA.
nd the ballet dancers had
ow n in 1808 and rebuilt exactly a year after
, tlAeir first strike here in 1766 w hen they refused
m ore beautiful than before - in 1809. It opened t()wear cotton stockings instead of silk.''
it
s season with Shakespeare's x<Mqacbeth.''But soon
itbecam e exclusively an opera house. 1. W hat is special about Covent Garden Opera
In 1856 a fire broke out again in the hall and H ouse? Com pare it w ith the Bolshoi Theatre
in a few hours the building was in ruins. ' in M oscow -
Two years later it was again rebuilt;you can 2. W hat is the history of the R oyal Opera
see how beautifulit looks now . '' H 0uSe?
W ejoined a group oftouristsand wereabletosee 3. W ho perform ed in CoventGarden?
theinterior.Insidewesaw awonderfulg' rand staircase E 4. Are the any excursions to Covent Garden?
With shining chandeliers,the stalls, the dress-circle, 5. W hat inform ation can one get from the
the b0XeS With pink frilled curtains, and so on. guide's Story?
W here areseatsfor 2,000 personsy''said thegtlide;
hepointed tothestriped wallpaperin thecorridors, l,ur
''
--
a 3aaax
.
zxe 11.l'
IpoxllxeraR'
re H nepecxa-n'
re
the pink setteesand the pink-shaded lnm ps and said 'l'eI<cv.
thatital1was exactly as in the old theatre before it M
usic knows no borders.
wasburnt down,alm ost a hundred years ago
<ilt l . The w orld Youth M usic Forum
ooksvery cosy for such a big place, doesn't h
it?''said H M ankind is on the thres old of another m illen-
arry. llium .W hat w u)unkte people in th 21st century?
132
133
 Probably m usic.Its universal language is easy
to understand and knows no borders. com panies
touring the world and international orchestras
prove that m usic can cope with the task.
A m ong the m ost fam ous international orches-
tras are the Philharm onic of N ations, consisting
of m usicians from 35 countries, the A m erican ;
Russian Youth Orchestra (ARYO)and the Euro-
pean Union Youth orchestra,allbringing together
gifted young com posers and perform ers
. )
w ith a view to supporting young talentthe Rus-
sian M inistry ofcultureand theRussian National ,
Federation ofM usic Festivals(Rosinterfest)have
proposed establishing the W orld Youth M usic Fo-
rum (w YNF- 2000)to beheld every threeyears.
M oscow hosted the First Forum in 1997 as part
ofcelebrationsofits 850th birthday.
lt's sym bolic that the Forum took place in
R ussia, a country w ith a great m usical culture
that has given the world such celebrated compo-
sers,conductors and perform ers as Tchaikovsky, '
Rachm aninov,Stravinsky,shostakovich, Schnitke,
Shchedrin, M ravinsky, svetlanov, Irina Arkh-
ipova, Galina Vishnevskaya, G ergiev, spivakov,
Rostropovich,Bashmet.
The Am erican Russian Youth Orchestra wmsfoun-
dedin 1987asaworld-classtraining orchestrafor :
the m ost prom ising and gifted perform ers of the
two countries. Its charter allow s adm ission only
to m usicians aged 17- 25. The orchestra is peri-
134
fdically renewed by open auditions in the United
States and Russia.Its sym phonic section consists
t)f 73 m usicians.
' Though still young, the A m erican R ussian
Youth Orchestra has attained fam e and prestige
tllanks to the cooperation of such outstanding
flonductors aseDm itry K itaenko,Zubin M ehta and
Arnold Katz.Since 1987 it has been on several
tours of the U nited States,the Soviet U nion and
ltussia.
*
1'
:
u
-*
w
.=
-7aaaau e 12.Hpounr
raR'ren nepeselnTeim azzo-
1.lx.Bsnoasn'
reynpaxeuHs.
1
a) Give prefaces to the following dialogues.
b) M em orize the dialogues.
c) Render their contentsin your own words.
M :l suppose it's (or it'llbe) too hazy to see
tlardiff w ith the naked eye? W hich direction's it
ia? - over there?
N:NO;(in)theoppositedirection,in alinewith
tlle end of the pier.
M :Ah!Ithink I can just seeitfaintly.
N JY Ou could m ake it out clearly w ith a good
Ilair of (field-) glasses. lf you wait till after I
tlusk l dare say you'll see the lights of Cardiff
ftuite plainly; they generally show up w ell at
lkig'ht.
. 13C$
 f

M. 'And What'sthenameof(orwhatd'you call) 71The flies m ust have been a perfectnuisance

that great big piece of land stretching out into ' (or pest) ...You'd have fOund It shadier in the
the Sea? Grove;it's a good Place to lounge about in.
N. 'That'sBrean Dow n.M ostpeople who haven't
b 3
een on it think it's a peninsula.
M .' Perhaps it w as an island once on a tim e. C M ake up exclam atory sentencesexpressing warning
lexpectyou've been on itheapsof times? according tofhefollowing patterns:
N . N o, indeed I haven't. Strange to say, I've 1 v ake care!Y our stirrups are far too short...
never once been there,though l've been m eaning
t ytm m ay injure yourlegs! (
o go,over and over again. 2 s e careful! It is far too late to go up, yOu
M : Is it easy to get to? ,
*
N , m ay... m eet with an accident in the m oun-
: Fairly, but it's not a great place for trip- talns!
pers, by any m eans. Fred's been there a good a M ark m y words!This path is far too lonely...
m any tim es, and says very often there's hardly the travellers m ay fall in w ith wild anim als
a creature to be seen. You have to walk to the there!
end of the sands and cross the river by a fer- (suggested warnings: !
ry. There w as som e talk of m aking a harbour .
Look out; i
at the end of the dow n, but it fell through . B e sure not to;
2 Y ou'd better not-.;
.

M in.d fhlf#0Lld*n't....)
V.
'Did you find your w ay up to the w oods a11 '
right
F this morning? )-.-(aaiewwe1a.Hcnozqsays HsfyopMaqHlo,aaHHylo
-
'
Yes- 1 w alked along in m y shirt sleeves; it '---Q
s cvavse,cocTassve vescv axcuypcuu ;as vypucvos uo
was simply broiling.I was (jolly) glad I had on
flannels. ocTpoBy.
V.' 1 thoug'ht you,d be nearly m elted. I expect Island of charm
VOu're feeling rather fagged. ' The first im pression of N orfolk lsland as the
F.
'1 am ,just a little bit;the hot weather takes plane circles to land is how rugged the coastline
it Out of one. l tried to keep out of the sun as 7 appearsagainstthe gentle,crystal-clear waters of
lnufth as 1 could. the South Pacific O cean .
36 2
137
 This natural contrast is a perfect m etaphor
for the history of this tiny island which is now
a holiday paradise but was once a living hell for
convicts,who m usthave believed they were atthe
end of the earth.
The scenicbeauty ofN orfolk, located 2 t/o hours
north-eastofSydney and two hours north ofA uck-
land, is reason enough to visit, but the island's
history willalso intrigue visitors.
The island was discovered by Captain Jam es
Cook in 1774 during his second voyage around
the w orld. H e believed that the indigenous pine
treesw ould m ake idealm asts, although he quickly
found that they w ere far too brittle.
The first of two penal settlem ents w as estab
lished 14 years after Cook's discovery and was
m aintained until 1814.
In 1826 a second penalsettlem ent was establi-
shed,butwas abandoned 30 years later after suc
cessful representations to England exposing the
atrociousconditions underwhich the convictsw ere
forced to live.
W hen the second penalsettlement(whose walls
arepictured above)wasdisbanded in 1856,Queen
Victoria gave the island to the descendants of the
Bounty m utineers,m any ofw hom left their hom e
on Pitcairn Island to establish the first free settle-
m ent on N orfolk.
Today the Bounty descendants m ake up nearly
30 per cent of the island's population of nearly
?38
1800 and you can'thelp butfeelthatyou are tak-
,
. ing part in living history w hen you m eet people
called Christian, but fett and Quintal.
N orfolk has a unique position as an A ustralian
protectorate. The island usesA ustralian currency
and x<native''eislanders are issued w ith Australian
passports.
N orfolk Island is not represented in Canberra.
It has its own customs and imm igration (which
meansAustraliansneed a passportto visit),there
is no incom e tax on the island and the shopping
is duty free.
A fter visiting the historic centre K ingston
during the day,taking in the three m useum s,the
- Georgian buildings and the cem etery - w hich is
, a fascinating look into the past - the Sound A nd i
Light show bus tour each week night depicts the
convicts'm iserable lives.
- The island, w hich is 32 km in circum ference,
has rolling hills and sw eeping valleys that spill
.
outinto green fields and fern-filled glades.M ount
Bates is the highest point at 321m and m uch of
the rugged coastline drops into the ocean from
50m verticalcliffs .
Em ily Bay hasone ofthe island'sfew swim m ing
beaches, w here a coral reef provides shelter for
snorkelling or diving.There are glass-bottom boat
tours for people to observe tropicalfish.
sub tropical fauna and flora can be enjoyed
-
while bushw alking and horseriding.
E
139
,
 ln the N ational Park, avocados grow wild in
season,asdo lem ons,m andarins,guavasand flowe-
ring plants such as hibiscus.
Rare native green parrots have been saved from
extinction and share the island with crim son ro-
sellas and white terns.Cows roam freely and have
right of w ay on roads sim ilar to winding country
lanes in D evon or Cornw all.
This is the charm of N orfolk lsland - its slow
pace and stress-free lifestyleare perfectforpeople
who want to do nothing but relax.
A ccom m odation rangesfrom deluxe hotels with
swim m ing pools to fam ily lodges and guesthouses.
W ith 20 restaurants,you can try a different one
each day of your stay.
Ansetthasa daily service (exceptTuesdays)to
N orfolk Island from Sydney, a Saturday service
from M elbourne, and three flights a week from
Brisbane.
oe aaosaaae
a 6yA- ax npe eeeM .
cae e- o6paaoaaaM
l cm A a Beu xoe araaax
)
' = .'
' 1= -.
. -.
Q- aaaaMxe 1.HpoqnTaRTe M nepeseAnTe w ucs.
CocTaBbTe nlaH nepeclaaa.
Oxbridge
For seven hundred yearstwo universitiesdom i-
)
llated British education,and today they dom inate
lltore than ever.Oxford and Cambridge preserve
,
11n antique way of life in the m idst of the 20th
:
lentury.Oxford and Cam bridge have always pro-
vided a large num ber of prom inent secretaries
, (W hitehallcivilservants),membersofParliament,
z'nd of the vice-chancellors of other universities.
t,
The students of Oxbridge m ake up one of the
!
ltlost elite elites in the world. Less than one per
. .!
trttnt of Britain's population go to Oxbridge.B.A .
' (Oxford) or B.A .(Cambridge) is quite different
j
J l'rom an ordinary B.A .
Oxbridge isonly in session half theyear,and the
Ilniversities adjourn for four m onths in the sum -
lyter - a relic from m edievaltim es,when scholars
I'ad to bring in the harvest.
Only since the 1870s have w om en been adm it-
t.ftd, and the wom en's colleges constitute only
141
12 percentof the Oxbridge population,so thatthe
com petition to reach them is fierce:only a sm all
per centof the candidates arechosen - m ainly on
the results of the written exam ination.
Oxbridge and R edbrick differ greatly.It is ab-
surd thatfour fifth of the undergraduates should )
be m ade to feelthatthey are inferior forlife.In
the civilservice,politics and law therehasbeen no
visible breach in thesuprem acy ofOxbridge gradu-
ates.The division is essentially a class one.W hile
a largerper centofOxbridge undergraduatescpm e
from public schools,vez'y few of Redbrick do:m any
blic school boys w ould rather go straight into
pu
business,into the services of a foreign university,
than go to a Redbrick university:they prefer no
degree to a Redbrick degree.
In England R edbrick has been separate from
the beginning.w hen Oxford and Cam bridge w ere
exclusively A nglican,the new Victorian universi-
ties w ere built to provide a liberaleducation for
thepoorerboysand dissentersoftheprovinces
and to give technological training.They grew up
outside the old aristocratic pattern.Oxford and
Cam bridge undergraduates scorned them .
7--*
-- a
- -
2 H oqnvaiive Tesc,
r 14 ovsevsw Ha
a aqalme . p
,
BOIIPOCM ,AaHl<ble nocJIe Hero.
On the thirty-first of July I started early for
the graduation cerem ony at the University.
142
W hen I arrived at the U niversity the Hallwas
ltlready full of students and their relatives.I did
ltot go in.I stood by the door.
l didn't see Jean in the Hall. But suddenly,
lllnong thatsea of facesI saw her fam ily.A l1wore
their best clothes and looked pleased and proud.
Atthatm dmentthe ceremony began.ThePrin-
ttipalm ade a short speech.Professor U cher stood
l'Oside him with the diplom as and helped him to
''CaP''the long procession of graduates.
1 left the H all and w ent to the robing-room .
lknew that Jean would com e there after the cere-
'1lOny-SO 1 sat down in a corner to wait.
1. W hen did Shannon start for the graduation
cerem ony?
2. Did shannon see Jean when the cerem ony
began?
3. W ho m ade a short speech?
4. W here did Shannon go to wait for Jean?
.
V
1
.J
''
.Q.
- faaaaxzxe3.l-
ipomzn'
raiverzporpaMMyHaqaas-
' lqoro o6paaoBaHns oauo/ na aMepMxcaHcxux m xoa.
IIepeBeim 're nporpaMMy Ha pyccxle saslx.Cocvass' re
t:I,ox)rzporpaMMy sazcoro-aze o avarza o6paaosa-ns zzo
t,ispaaqy gasuo/.
Lower elem entary curriculum
(grades 1-3)
L anguage arts
w ord A nalysis;
Listening skills and speaking skills;
143
 W ord study skills; usage, phonics, suffixes, M athem atics 1
prefixes,syllables,contractions,'com pound words, Operation;
hom onym s, synonym s,antonym s; Patterning;
Spelling and vocabulary;application; concrete whole number processes (addition,
P unctuation;periods,com m as,question m arks, subtraction , multiplication,division);
exclam ation m arks,quotation m arks; ' A bstractiop ofwhole num ber com putation skills
Study skills,test taking skills; to problem solving situations(story problem s);
Dictionary skills, alphabetizing, guide words, ) Factoring, m ultiples,squares and cubing;
key punctuation; s asic fraction operation,reduction,m ixed frac-
tions;
Reading K nowledge of equations, m issing num j)er,
R eading com prehension - 7 specific skills m ain ' tt
m ed tests, skip counting, rounding, R om an
idea,drawing conclusions,locating answers,get- j
ting details m aking inferences,vocabulary; llum
s era s;
,
Lib ecim als;
rary skills leading to research papers and
Projects; Al
R eference m aterials;thesaurus,atlas,encyclo- gebra
pedias dictionary,non-fiction books; Positive num bers; i
,
Concrete squaring and cubing binom ials and
H andw riting skill trinom ials,decanom ials;
s;
Italic; cursive; Square roots, cube roots;
W riting skills; Abstract square roots,cubing;
G ram m aticalw ord usage,editing skills,rew rit-
ing, m echanics; Geom etry .
Book Reports;group projects,cooperativelearn- Classification and nom enclature; angles, tri-
ing; 'lllgles,polygons,lines,quadrilaterals;
Creative w riting, biographies, anim al reports; Sim ilar,equaland congruent;
poetry;letter writing; ' Concrete perim eter, area, circum ference, and
Oraland silent reading,group reading; volum e of geom etric solids;
H isto/y of Language; Tables and graphs,protractor;
144 ' 145
 M easurement , Enrichm entSubjects
Tim e and m oney; Foreign Language:French,Japanese,Spanish;
Linear / Volume; language and culture;
M usic;appreciation,skills,annualperform ance;
H istory ! A rt;appreciation,technique;
Tim eline work;creation ofSolarsystem ,Earth,s
k oferas; PhysicalV ucation;dz'ug and alcoholawareness,
developm ent,clo8 sex,health,self-confidence;
Tim eline of Life; t history of civilization; Com m unication Skills;problem solving, nego-
H um an developm en ,
tiating,expressing feelings;

Ecology computer / Technology;

Plant survival; program m ing - LOGO ;
Geography/M apping Keyboarding / W ord processing;
Land/water form s, continents, U.S. state re- lnteractive problem solving;
search; Research / CD Rom ;
Electronic Com munication / M ulti-M edia.
current Events :
.

N ew spaper,the m edia; - '.

U nits on other cultures; cultural differences -.- 3a7!aM e 4.Bu6epn'

re npaszu susz/ sapnaav.
and likenesses,children of other lands,custom s, 1 wyter jje,d graduated from the university he
holidays; became a (an)....
U .S.Presidents,fam ous people;
a) senior;
Sciences , b) aspirant;
LifeScience; c) postgraduate.
Botany,Zoology;
PhysicalScience; 2. Do you ...school?
Chemistry,Physics; a) visit;
Earth Science; b) attend;
PhysicalGeography,Geology; '
'
,
c) go to.
146 147
3. Heisdoing hissecond yearin Harvard.Heis ( a) PIA.D.
a (an) .... j b) B.A.
a) pupil; 'l c) M .A .
b) undergraduate; '
c) graduate. 6). Studiessuch asancientand m odern literature,
4. Letm eintroduce our collegue from W ashing- history are called ... .
ton.H e is a ...in school. a) hum anity;
b) hum anities;
a) headm aster; c) humanitarians.
b) tutor;
c) principal. l(). Children with m ental problem s study in ...
schools.
5. H e looks so happy.H e's just ...the exam .
a) special;
a) failed; b) public;
b) satfot; c) specialized.
c) passed. '1. .
.'.--.
6* She works and studies.She is a ...student. (.t.- aaaau e 5.Tlpounr
raiiq'e Id nepecxaa nTe aHaaor.
III.IHOJIHHTe aalaHHeyBhl6paB HPaBHJIBHBIR BaPHJHT.
a) full-time;
b) graduate; A Job interview
c) part-tim e. : fnterview er:So,why do you wantto be a com -
lpllter program m er?
7 The studentg'ets the help of his own ...w hom Jason:W ell,Idon'tlikew orking in a fastfood
he m eets regularly. l'tlstaurant,and I want to m ake m ore m oney.
a) principal; fnterview ev: 1 see.D o you have any experi-
b) tutor; fqylce?
c) monitor. J ason: N o, but I'm a fast learner.
fn terview er: W hat kind of com puter do you
8. M terthreeyearsofstudies and successfulfinal Ilse?
exam inations in British or A m erican U niver- Jason:Com puter? U hm ,1et m e see.1 can use
sity you can get your firstdegree -- .... 11M ac.1 also used W indows 95 once.
148 149
 6. W hat kind of com puter does Jason use?
Interview er: That's good.
Jason:M ay I ask a question? a) M ac.
Interviewer:Please,go ahead. b) Unix.
J ason.
.W illlbe able to find a job asa com puter c) Amiga.
program m er? H as Jaspn ever used W indows 95?
Interview er:U m m ,err,ahh...
a) Yes.
b) No.
1. W hat job does Jason w ant?
a) Cook. 8. W illJason geta new job?
b) Computer Program mer. a) Yes.
c) Cameram an. b) No.
c) ldon'tknow.
2. W here does Jason work?
't..-.'
.-.
a) In a restaurant. k.z-. 3aqa> e 6.H poqnr
raR'
re H nepecua- uq,
e Izzy-
b) For a computer com pany. 's,
oquszepaccxaasz.O npelcTasue
relzsx ztaszzx npo*eccze
c) Ata school. 1, Hux Iu e'r peqs?

3. W hy does Jason want a new job? 1

a) He's bored. A photographer for a nationalm agazine was as-
b) He quit hisjob. signed to get photos of a great forest fire.Sm !ke
c) He wants more money. )ttthe scene was too thick to get any good shots so
Itefrantically called hishom e officeto hire a plm te.
4. Does Jason have program m ing experience? t<lt w illbe waiting for you at the airportl'' he
was assured by his editor.A s soon as he got t()
a) Yes.
tzlle sm all,ruralairport,sure enough,a plalle w as
b) No.
warming up near the runway.He jumped in witl1
5. Jason is a slow learner. l1isequipm ent and yelled,d<luet's go!Let's g()l'''1'116'
I)iIotsw ung the plane into the wind and soflllt,I!(.y
a) True.
wftre in the air.
b) False.
15O

<dF1y over the north side of the fire,''said the
photographer. dxand m ake three or four low level
asses.''
p
d<W hy?''asked the pilot.
<dBecause l'm going to take pictures!1'm a pho-
tographer,andphotographerstakepicturesl''said
the photographer w ith great exasperation.
After a long pause the pilot said, x<You m ean
you're not the instructor?''
2 the rest of m y life living on a huge yacht cruising
A young banker decided to get his first tallor
m ade suit.So he went to the finest tailor in town
and got m easured for a suit.A w eek later he w ent ,
in for his first fitting.H e put on the suit and he
looked stunning,he felt that in this suit he can
do business.
A s he was preening him self in frontofthe m ir-
rorhe reached down to puthishandsin thepockets
and to his surprise he noticed that there were no
pokets.H e m entioned this to the tailorw ho asked r
hiLz'1,t'Didn't you tellm e you w ere a bazlker?''
The young m an answered,e<' hres,I did.''
To this the tailor said, T<W rho ever heard of
a banker with his hands in his ow n pockets?''
:.
$ situation when you are asked for adv
Three m en: an editor, a photographer, and
a journalist are covering a politicalconventiollin
J'
kliam i.They decide to w alk tlp ancldow n tlebeach
152
j
(
'luring their lunch hour.H alfway up the beach,
C
they stum bled upon a lam p.A s they rub the lam p
a genie appears and says KuN orm ally I would grant
you three wishes,but since there are three ofyou,
1 will grant you each one wish.''
Thephotographerwentfirst.<<1wouldliketospend
e
j
therestofm y lifeliving in a hugehousein St.Thom ms
with no money worries.''The genie granted him ltis
wish and sent ltim on off to St.Thom as.
Thejournalistwentnext.$ilwould liketo spend
,, sjw ;
the M editerranean w ith no m oney w orries.
genie granted him his w ish and sent him off to
the M editerranean.
Last,butnotleast,itwasthe editor'sturn.'W nd
what would your wish be?''asked the genie.
d<Iw antthem both back after lunch''replied tbe
editort,dtthe deadline for tom orrow 's newspaper is
in about ten hours.
4
A doctor and a lawyer were attending a cocktai!
party when the doctor was approached by a m all
who asked advice on how to handle his ulcer.Tlt.
doctor m um bled sonle m edicaladvice,then tll. l-lll.tl
to the lawyer and asked,ftl-low do you hall(11(,t,Il4!
.ce fjtjj.jj;j;
asocialfullction?''t'Justseztd an accourtl,('4,1.>1tl#'1.
advice''replied the lawyer.On the next 111t1,.11ll1:
l,
he doctor arrived at his surgery a1'(I issllpfllIt,'
 F
ulcer-stricken m an a$ 50 account.Thatafternoon
hereceived a $ 100 accountfrom the lawyer.
5 to m edical schools, she was finally accepted by
A dog ran into a butcher shop and grabbed
a roast off the counter. Fortunately,the butcher
recognized the dog as belonging to a neighbor
of his. The neighbor happened to be a lawyer.
Incensed at the theft, the butcher called up his
neighbor and said,<<H ey,if your dog stole a roast
from m y butcher shop,w ould you be liable for the
costof the m eat?''The law yer replied,<$Ofcourse,
how m uch was the roast?''%<$ 7.98.,'A few days
later the butcher received a check in the m ailfor
$7.98.Attached to it was an invoice that read:
LegalConsultation Service:$ 150 .
6 to open a new hospital,the first for w om en and
A new client had just come in to see a fam ous
law yer.T<can you tellm e how m uch you charge?''>
said the client- $%Of course'', the lawyer replied,
f<lcharge $200 to answer three questionsl''<fvrell
that's a bit steep,isn't it?''ddYes it is'' said the
lawyer,SA nd what's your third question?''
q
,.
---'
> .
.-
-j*3aaaxxzxe 7.H poqHr
rai'
re r rlepesegnTe TeRc'
r.
BsluoaHHTe ynpav neHHe.
Elizabeth Blackwellwasborn in England in 1821.,
and em igrated to N ew York City when she was ten
years old.One day she decided that she w anted to
becom e a doctor.That was nearly im possible for a
wom an in the m iddle of the nineteenth century.
A fter writing m any letters seeking adm ission
:1doctor in Philadelphia.So determ ined was she,
that she taught school and gave m usic lessons to
(larn money iorhertuition.
In 1849,after graduation from m edicalschool,
she decided to further her education in Paris.She
wanted to be a surgeon,buta seriouseye infection
forced her to abandon the idea.
Upon returning to the U nited States,she found
it difficult to start her own practice because she
W aS a W om an.
By 1857 Elizabeth and her sister, also a doc-
t()r, along with another fem ale doctor, m anag'ed
trhildren.Besides being the first fem ale physician
tnd founding her own hospital,she also established
the first m edicalschoolfor w om en.
W hy couldn't Elizabeth Blackw ellrealize her
dream of becom ing a surgeon?
1) She couldn't get admitted to m edicnI
school.
2) She decided to further her educatiollijI
Paris.
3) A seriouseye infection halted her f1llt!st,.
4) ItwasdifficultforhertostartaI)''l14!i,i4't'
in the United States.
r

2. W hat m ain obstacle alm ost destroyed Eliza- H ayu oe exaaueeu / npoo eee
beth's chances for becom ing a doctor? x elape-eaa@e oKm eea o.
1) She was a woman. a xoal- x a a @x @A@>
2) She wrotetoo many letters.
3) Shecouldn'tgraduatefrom m edicalschool.
4) She couldn<testablish her hospital. . ..x ....

3. H ow m any years elapsed betw een her gradu- 1-- 3aaaxke 1.HpoqnTa/q'e H uepesean're Texc'r.
ation from m edicalschooland the opening of (JocTass're nxaH.H oa6epn'
re Ma Texc'
ra 2-3 npeaao- e-
her hospital? llus x Itaa goMy nyax'
ry naaaa.
1) 8. Siberia's fauna is am azingly rich
2) 10. There are m any species of fauna in the vast ex-
3) 19.
Ilanses of tundra, taiga and water-m eadows, the
4) 36.
4. A 1lof the following are Rfirsts''in the life of llum erous rivers and lakes.Scientists have regis-
tered 74 species of m am m als on the territory of
Elizabeth Blackwell,except ...
tlte region,m ore than 320 species of birds,4 spe-
1) she becam e the firstfem ale physician. (ries of reptiles, 5 species of am phibia and over
2) she was the firstwoman surgeon.
d0 species of fish.
3) sheand severalotherwomen founded the
first hospitalfor wom en and children. In the tundra are the reindqer,polar fox,lem -
Ikling and m any species of birds.On the islands
4) she established the first medical school Ctnd m ainland one finds the polar bear and skua,
for w om en.
l'nd in the coastalw aters,the Bay of Ob and other
llays the sea hare, the ringed seal and the white
whale.Further south in the tundra the w olf and
tllle W olverence are com m on.
T he anim al w orld of the taiga is even richer:
t,le squirrel,w hite hare,chipm unk and letyaga,
kts w ell as the brow n bear, fox, m arten, sable,
Iynx, weasel, Siberian plecat, badger,w olf and
wolverine. The pride of the taiga is the m oose.
The m ole and m usk-ratare widespread and there
are m any colonies of the water rat and the A sia-
tic beaver, w hich have survived in Condem n,
M alaya Sosva and D em yanka. The zone is also
being energetically settled w ith im ported A m eri-
can m ink.
The taiga isfullof birds.H ere you willfind the
wood-grouse,hazel-grouse,black grouse,nutcrack-
er, kuksha, osprey,great grey ow l, Tengm alm 's
own and pygm y ow1 and in m arshes the willow
grouse,crane,great snipe and jack snipe.The old
bedsofriversand lakes aredensely populated with
ducks,snipe and gulls.The trum peter swan nests
here, as do the red-throated and black-throated
loon and the red-necked sheldrake.
The forest-steppe is the hom e of the stoat and
fox,the m ountain hare and Siberian polecat,the
steppe polecat,the badger,the m usk-rat,theblack
grouse, the quail, the hazel-grouse and various
species of w ater-fowl. The wild goat and m oose
are also found here,and also their constant com -
panion - the w olf.
M any of the anim als in Tyum en R egion are
hunted for com m ercial purposes. There is also
a great deal of com m ercial fishing here. There
is world-wide dem and for the Siberian sturgeon,
steriet, white salm on, Siberian w hitefish, bond
white-fish, Siberian cisco and tugun. lde, dace,
roach,pike,perch and crucian are popular on the
local m arket.
The developm ent of the W estern Siberian oi1
l'nd gas com plex has unfortunately led to som e
ltlajor anom alies in the ecology of the area.For
tllis reason serious m easures to protect wild ani-
lnals and their habitats are being draw n up and
ilkm lem ented.Specialattention is being paid to the
l'tlproduction of the anim alw orld.
W ith the help of tem porary reservators the
llttm ber of the sable and river beaver,w hich were
Ilractically wiped outin the 19th century has been
t't,stored.
M any other anim als decilby m an,such as the
wild rein the m oose,thew ild goat,the m arten and
the grey goose,are also being restored.
N ature conservancy is becom ing particularly
l'elevant today. Tyum en R egion has eight state
Ilreserves under republican adm inistration and
265 under regional adm inistration. Together
t'lley account for 3.6 per cent of the region's ter-
d'itory.Preservesand reservations are particular-
Iy im portant for conserving and restoring rare
'tnd disappearing species of fauna w hich are
illcluded in the R ed Book of the International
(Tnion for N ature Conservancy and the Russian
Ipederation.
ln recentyearsinternationalcooperation to pre-
serve the anim alw orld has increased.The restora-
t'ion of the population of the w hite crane,w hich
is in the red books of al1countries in the world,
is being carried on in accordance with a special

R ussian - A m erican program under the supervi-
sion of the president of the International U nion
for the Protection of Cranes, D r. D . Archibald,
and A cadem ician V .A .Flint.
Thepreservation ofthefaunain Tyumen Region
and the utilization of its resources for econom ic,
scientific, cultural and educational purposes is
both a pressing task and one that it is our duty
t fulfill
O .
t3aaazxxe 2.l-
-
.,..........
lpoqyzva/l'e Ixnepesean'
ze w xcv.
s.
s-
B szuoaunve yupaa aeune.
Onecan possibly ask:how arenaturalsourcesof
energy used for generating electricity which can
be applied not only for the scientific purposes but
in everyday life?
w ind and solar energies are available for
m en .
w ind power available throughout the Earth
is believed to be equivalent to 100 billion w atts
every year.
A 100 kw t capacity wind generatcr built in
1931 in the Crimea (Balaelava)in Russia wasone
of the first in com m ercialproduction.Since that
tim e additional new ,large capacity w ind genera-
tors were installed.One ofthe w orld largestwind
g'eneratorsislocated in celinograd (Russia),gene-
rating 1,200 kw ts of electricity.
The solar energy reaching the Earth's atm o-
sphere am ounts to 1.395 kw ts per 1 sq.m .
16O
'
2.
.
1
The Earth's atm osphere filters sunlight by
absorbing m ost of the high-energy ultra-violet
. lightand som e of the infra-red light.About 30%
@ of the incident solar energy is directly reflected
'4 and scattered back into space as light,a short
w avelength radiation.A nother 47 % is absorbed
, by the atmosyhere,the land,and ocean surfaces
and converted to the form of long wave radia-
tion-heat.A n additional 23 To is utilized as the
energy source of the hydrologic cycle,driving the
processes of evaporation,winds,ocean currents
;t and w aves.
4 To use the sun's energy there are som e special
l
. solarcollectorsthatcould produceelectricalpower
r f'Or long space m issions, for instance. But solar
! energy is also used in everyday life. H ere is an
' OXam ple ofthe use of solarenergy in experim ental
l
l
solThe
arhe atingsystem foraschool.
conventionalelectricalheating systenlused
I atcleveland High schoolhasbeen modified to ac-
j
'
' cept supplem entary solar heat.About 4,500 sq.ft
Of experim ental solar heat collector panels have
been installed ata 45 degree angle offhorizontal
On top of the roof in three rectangular rows fac.
ing southw ard.
The system contains approxim ately 150.d l)y
8 ft panels consisting of a black,heat absorlpillg
surfacebeneath tw o rigid sheetsofplastic.A t.yII,
ng network inside the black surface is fillllflwtt,II
a water and antifreeze solution.W hen elltllxy 1.1.411,1
1f-
,t
the sun passes through the special plastic, it is 8) conventional
absorbed by the dark surface and converted into 9) rigid
heat, which in turn is transferred to the liquid. . 10) surface
The hotliquid isthen pum ped through the tubing ' 11) heatexchanger
!
network to a pair of specialsolar heat exchangers 12) to provide
thatwork in conjunction with two ofthe school's 13) humidity
ten conventional heating units.These solar heat 14) relative
exchangersthen heat the air thatwarm s a portion
of the building as needed to m aintain a com fort- 1) rzzcnaood-eazzuzc
2) olttlenwtlszlmbt:,o6btnttbtl'
i
able tem perature. 3) odccncvudamb
W henever the system generates m oreheatthan
isrequired,surplushotwaterisstored in a 2,000 1
,
4) rloaaougcrp,b
5)pacceueamb
galheatstorage tank.From here,the hotwater j 6) ucnapenue
can be pum ped to the solar heat exchangers and l
provide heat whenever clouds obscure the sun. ! 7) nosepxuocm b
The experim entalsystem is designed to provide 1
. 8) rzddpt-/yfl'
i
up to 20 percentof the heat required to w arm the 9) rzco /olzfzzl'
i
tllree-storey building.This percentage varieswith l 10) dacaczzocpzb
11) us/pcxpccsbf: ceem (uanynenue)
such factors as outside tem perature,cloudiness,
12) ua-cssmbcs, eapbupoeam blcs.)
relative hum idity,and tim e of day. !
13) t'lauzfc soattbt
1 1 14) opz/zocupzcabsbzt'i
h
. .

H og6epnTe aRBnBaaeHTsI:
15) tlcpzovztuzc
1) infra-red light 2
2) incident '
l OHHHIHTP I<paTlo , I<aK AORCTBFOT COJIHPYIHaS (!144:.1.6
4
t
3) to scatter ' Ma OTOIIJDHHS, HCIIOJIB3YS C.
qeAylolIJHe CJIOBa H C.)1t#l
1fI
*
4) Wavelength ' COVPTaH MS :
i solar heatcollector,to install,to Jhdorh,l(t//?1.
5) to utilize ;
6) source ) liquid,antifreezesolution,toconvert,to /l't??la#)l??l,
7) evaporation to pum p, lteat exchanger, collccf/r, /f) rf'/l/'/tl/f'
162
 l-- aaaaxxe a.upounva/ve vexcv-.oaaraassve
a
- t'ther planets that cicle our sun.Intelligent life
Ixx. H epecxaa nq'e.
1 1
lf w e are to fly to other planets w e shallhave to
design a giganticspacecraft.Theconditionsthere
m ust be as close to those of the Earth as possible
so that we w ill not have to w orry about a11 the
usualhardships of space travel.
The capability of m an as a space researcher
should be the subject of clise examination. The
problem ofoverload isto com e first.Depending on
its direction it is to be classified as longitudinal,
transverse, or perpendicular. N ext, the problem
of weightlessness is to be considered.
Each spacem en m ust know the design of his :
ow n craft, and he m ust be able to m aintain the
system s during the flight.If som e unforseen situ-
ation develops he should know w here to look for
the breakdown, and should be able to rem ove its
cause if the crew is to feel confident during the
flight and experim ents.
lnight exist on other worlds. If wonderful civili-
zations exist am ong the stars, it is only natural
.r that hum an beings would wantto visitthem ,or at
t Ieast to com m unicate w ith them .But m ankind m ay
lleverbeable to journey there to meettheinhabi-
, tantsbecause bf the enorm ous distancesinvolved.
No w onder the problem of intelligentlife on other
worlds should be so exciting!
.
(.
-..-
-r3aaazm e4.Hpohn,
raR'
revInepecxaucnTeTexc'
r.
l
! f)paapa6ovxax B I<alto/ Hayxzno/ o6aac'
rH Iu e'
r peqs
lkaaHHowzTexcq'e? OTBeTBTe Ha Bonpocsl,aanHslenocxe
'l' ttucl'a.
yk
ln recent years, scienti c ayyd technological
(Ievelopm entshave drastically changed jlum ayjIife
4,11 our planet, as w ejj as our views both of our-
:4(!jvesasindividualsin society and ofthe universe
a W uole. M aybe one of the m ost profound
tjevelopm ents of the last decade is the discovery
# 6)j. recom binant DN A technology, which allows
# :yjrjeyjtists tointroduce geneticm aterial(orgenes)
.

2 : ('rom one organism into another. ln its sim plest

I'flrm , the technology requires the isolation of
P lanets like the Earth m ust be quite com m on. :, piece of D N A , either directly from the D N A of
A question arises: w hat sort of life m ight exist ' t,jje organism under study, of artificially synthll-
;
w ithin our ow n solar system other than that on lkized from an R N A tem plate, by using a virllI
the Earth? lt is possible that sim ple form s of life .llzym e called reverse transcriptase. This piece ()1'
m ay exist on M ars.M ost astronom ers w ould agree E ! I)NA is then ligated to a fragm ent of bacterilll.

that they are not to find any intelligent life on the q lINA w hich has the capacity to replicate itsel1'
164 16')

'
''
L
independently. The recom binant m olecule thus
produced can be introduced into the com m on in-
testinal bacterium Escherishchia coli, which can
begrown in very large am ountsin synthetic m edia. tl
U nderproper conditions,the foreign gene willnot
r
1
, @6m ee a@.
only replicate in the bacteria, but also express
itself, through the process of transcription and
translation, to give rise to large am ounts of the
specific protein coded by the foreign gene.
The technology has already been successfully
applied to the production ofseveraltherapeutically
im portant biom olecules,such as insulin,interfe-
ron,and growth horm ones.M any other im portant
applications are under detailed investigation in
laboratories throughout the world.
1. W hen do scientific and technological deve-
lopm ents have drastically changed hum an life
on our planet?
2. W hat will the foreign gene do under proper
conditions?
3. H asthetechnology been applied to theproduc-
tion of therapeutically im portant biom o-
lecules?
c o aaa.
H @xxo xa.
H ew pa-eeu e > uH@e> .
P eu rM
'
j---
.'
---.t
f
xaaaaxxe 1.HpouMTaRTe TexcT.BsznoaHuTe
YHPaM HPHHS.
W estern and Eastern Siberia
There are three geo-econom ic regions in A sian
Siberia:W estern Siberia,Eastern Siberia and the
Far East.The riversY eniseiand Lena aretaken as
the dem arcation lines.This huge area is very rich
in m inerals and other naturalresources.
TheSiberia,theland beyond theU rals,is alm ost
the size of Europe and larger than the USA . It
(txtends from the U rals in the w est to the Pacifit:
ficean in the east,from the A rctic Ocean to China
illld M ongolia.
The econom ic region ofW estern Siberia liesbet.
ween the U rals and the Y eniseiRiver.lts biggest
ftity,Novosibirsk (over a m illion inhabitants) is
'iituated on the right bank of the River Ob.It is
'
1tltim portant railw ay junction and river port.
Novosibirsk isthe seatoftheSiberian branch ()) i'
f11e Russian Academ y of Sciences.lt has an f'pe,k!
'fzql,
!, vse bigger than hfoscow 's Bolshoi rrhefltz-f!
 Other m ajor cities include Tobolsk on the R iver
Irtysh,Om sk and Tom sk on the Rsver Tom .Tom sk
becam e the first university city of the Siberia in
1888.
From N ovosibirsk,by Trans-siberian express,
one can get to K rasnoyarsk, capital of the im -
m ense K rasnoyarsky Territory. K rasnoyarsk
stands on the banks of the Yenisei,which divides
the W estern and Eastern Siberian econom ic re-
gions. It rises in the w ooded Sayan M ountains
of the Tuva A tltonom ous R epublic, hom e of the
Turkic-speaking native Tuvinians.K yzyl,Tuva's
m ain city, situated at the confluence of the ri-
vers Bolshoi Yenisei and M aly Yenisei, is the
geographical centre of A sia.
Between the Yeniseiand Lena and north of the
Sayan highlands,the mineral-rich econom ic region
of Eastern Siberia is situated. lt includes Lake
Baikal and the autonom ous republics of Buryatia
and Sakha (form erly Yakutia).
Buryatia lies around the eastern and northern
shores of Lake Baikal and borders on M ongolia.
Its capital azld m ain industrial city, U lan-ude,
originated in 1666 as a cossack w intering for-
tress at the confluence of the rivers Uda and
Selenga.
To the north of Buryatia on the other side of
Lake Baikal stands the city of Irkutsk on the
River A ngara. Founded in 1652. it is one of
m ost illkportant adm inistrative ceptres of
Eastern Siberia. To the north-east of lrkutsk,
i.s the Sakha A utonom ous Republic, a region of
vast natural resources.The m ain w ealth of the
republic is the extraction of diam onds.Extract-
ing the diam onds is not easy as Sakha is one
of the coldrst inhabited regions of the world.
W inter tem perature often drops to 45 degrees
below zero centigrade.
ThetraditionaloccupationsofYakutpeople a#e
hunting,fishing and raising cattle.A s craftsm en
they are known for their bone carvings:delicately
fashioned boxes,pipes,chessm en,etc.
The m ain city ofthe region,Yakutsk,stands on
the leftbank of the R'iver Lena,one ofthe w orld's
Iongest rivers.One of the town's big attractions
is the m useum of perm afrost.
CoraacnTecB HaH onpoBeprHHTe clegymm ne yTBep-
v geuus.
1. There are three geo-econom ic regions in A sian
Siberia:W estern Siberia,Eastern Siberia and
N orthern Siberia.
2. This area is not very rich in m inerals 1,11(1
other natural resources.
3. Siberia extends from the Urals in tlle wftst,t,()
the Pacific Ocean in the east,froltltIl(!A l'(ti,l('
Ocean to China and M ongolta.
4. The econom ic region of W estern Siill'lwilk
betw een the Urals and tlle Yellisf'i I(ivf,1'
 5. lts biggest city is Tobolsk.
6. Novosibirsk is the seatofthe Siberian branch
ofthe Russian Academ y ofSciencesbut there
are no theatres and m useum s.
Krasnoyarsk stands on the banks of the Ye-
nisei,which divides the W estern and Eastern
Siberian econom ic regions.
8. Ulan-u de is the capitalof Yakutia.
9. Extracting the diam onds in Sakha is easy.
10. The traditional occupations of Y akut people
are hunting,fishing and raising cattle.
11. One of the town's big attractions of Yakutsk
is its Opera H ouse.
q
!-'--.
--w 3aaaaue 2.H pounva/Te H nepesegnTe vexcv.
CocTass' re naau.K Itapu oMy nyaxq'y naaxla nog6epn'
re
ua TeKc'ra 2-3 npeazzov eHns.
Toys from Sergiev Posad
One of the m ost frequented tourist attractions
around M oscow isthe town ofSergiev Posad,oneof
thecentersoftheRussimlOrthodox Church with fine
specim ens ofm edievalRussian culture.Thetown is
the site ofthe fam ousTrinity St.SergiusM onastery
tounded in the 15th centuryby SergiusofRadonezh,
who waslatercanonized by theChurch asasnint.But
Sergiev Posad is also know n as a center producing
folk toys,called after the town Sergiev toys.
Spiritual values have alw ays featured in the
folk arts. Legend links the toy handicraft with
Sergius of R adonezh,w ho m ade the first wooden
toys for children. Although no written evidence
survives,toy m asters have for centuries believed
that St.Sergius always protected their craft.
ln the late 17th century the boy w ho w ould be-
com e thepowerfulPeter the Greatplayed with toy
horses called Troitsky aftertheTrinity St.Sergius
M onastery.Laterhegave hisson wooden horsem en
with pole-axes,also m ade by Troitsky m asters.ln
the 19th century these toys were being sold by
the thousands.
Besides its aesthetic value,any souvenir carries
inform ation aboutthe spiritualand m aterialculture
of a nation and period.The wooden toys ofSergiev
Posad are an essentialpart of the Russian wooden
plasticarts.Ladies and hussars,m ulticolored horses
and painted matryoshkas(ordollnestswith smaller
dolls fitted into one another)look as if they have
com e from a m erry country fair.A good m aster
draws on tradition but never copies the existing
m odel. H e uses his im agination to develop tlte
m odel,adding his ow n em otions and details.
The Sergiev w ooden toy dates back m any centll-
ries.N ot far from Sergiev Posad there is anotlltlr
place fam ous for its toys, the settlem ent ()19 I1t,
gorodskoe,w hose traditions of the carved l'l,t,Il4.l'
Frost w ooden toy and sculpture go back t, (, t.l,t*
17th century.The Bogorodskoe toy is lk1l1t$4!fl'lpllt
soft woods,such aslinden and alder,w it,I1n11t,:o,
knife and set of chisels.Every artifllf!if
j4.11t1.Irt),,
at a go, w ith great precision though w ithout any
sketches in drawing or clay.
The m aster carver transform s a triangular
block of wood into the rough figure of a hum an
being orbeast,avoiding detail,seeking to produce
a sim ple and easily recognizable im age. Then he
carvesornam enton the rough figureand workson
it with chisels to create a bear's thick and shaggy
fur, a horse's m ane brushed into sm all curls or
the lacy plum age of a bird.
A specialtype of Bogorodskoe toy has parts set
in m otion by a sim ple device. The m ost popular
character is a bear with m oving paws.
U ntilthe 19th century the Sergiev carved toy
differed little from the toy of Bogorodskoe.But
then papier-m ache toys appeared and becam e
a landm ark in thehistory of thehandicraft.Skilled
cazw ers began to carry out orders for m odels,cal-
led d<balbeshki'', and the toy m asters cam e to be
dubbed <dbalbeshniks''.
The new ,papier-m ache, toy com bined high style
with thestyleofcheap popularprintsknown mslubok,
and elem entsofpopularfun culture and soon becmne
the visiting card of Sergiev Posad.A lso popular w ere
m atrm shkas,or dollnests,boxes,amd carved boards
to decorate a kitchen.Localm aster carvers used draw -
ings by professional artists but infused them with
their own ideas of life and the world.
The early 20th century saw pyrography used to
decorate wooden boxes, glasses, saltcellars, and
172
scoops.The Sergiev articles are characterized by
a com bination of dark and clear-cut pyrography
and brightly painted designs w ith the natural
golden wood for a background.
Som e of the toys are m ade on a lathe. These
include am using figures of people,anim als,birds,
and group com positions,allm ade ofsim plewooden
parts.Som e of the m ost popular are the figures of
Santa Claus,fairytale charactersw ith shields and
spears,Russian city dwellersin nationalcostum es,
and,of course,m atryoshkas.
The firstm atryoshkas appeared in R ussia in the
late 19th century.They consisted of seven dolls,
'
.
each depicting a girl wearing a sleeveless cotton
) dress,w hite apron and a m ulticolored shawl and
holding a black rooster in her hands.Toys were
)
' turned at a factory of children's toys in M oscow .
W hen the factory closed dow n,the m odels found
their w ay to a workshop in Sergiev Posad.A few
years later m any localm asters knew how to m a-
ke m atryoshkas. The doll soon becam e fam ous
throughoutRussia and abroad,and in 1900 it was
displayed at an exhibition in Paris.
There w ere a variety of m atryoshkas:a girl in
a m otley shawlwith a bouquet of flowers,or in a
fur jacketand a shawlwith tassels.and characters
from R ussian fairy tales,and later historical()r
literary characters. M ost often m atryosllkas frfllk.
sisted of six, eight or twelve dolls nested illsiflt?
each other.

M odern m atryoshkas are either painted or po-
kered.The colors include all shades of red,blue,
yellow and green.The design features sm all and
large flowers,spots or even what are called $%Tur-
kish cucum bers'', or at tim es sim ple geom etric
figures, raspberrie and cherries. The doll m ay
have a sm allbasket with berries in its hands.
The num ber of dolls rem ainstraditional,though
som etim es a giant m atryoshka consists of tw enty
and m ore.The largestcan be halfa m eter tall,the
sm allest shorter than one centim eter.
Sergiev Posad boastsseveralcentersproducing
genuine toysbased on old technologies and tradi-
tions.A m ong these are a toy factory and several
culturalassociations ofprofessionaland am ateur
craftsm en. The cultural and business center of
folk handicrafts aim s atpreserving and reviving
the old traditions of the folk toy.It contains an
extensive collection of articles of wood,ceram ics
and fabric.U nique specim ens ofthe work of folk
m asters can also be found in the city's M useum
of Toys, located near the Trinity St. Sergius
M onastery.The m useum displays item s of local
production and a variety of toys from all over
R ussia.
A lthough am ong them any thingsoffered for en-
tertainm ent,m odern children increasingly choose
virtual com puter gam es, the folk toy rem ains as
attractive as ever w ith its festive appearance and
im portant m essage of previous generations.
174
.- .*.- .
- .m
3aqaMxe 3.H poqnTaKTe H nepeBeAnTe TelcT.
CocTaBbTe HaaH nepeclaaa.H ol6epHTe R Eaa loR qacTH
nolxolsm H; aaroloBox:
Benjamin Franklin:the Scientist;
Birthplace of Benjam in Franklin: house on
M ilk Street;
A pprentice Franklin laboring at the presses;
Actualpress used by Benjamin and Jam es in
their printshop (1722))
H um ble beginnings:Franklin in Boston,Fran-
klin child;
A scientist and his discovery.
Franklin is considered to be one of the great-
estA m erican m inds and a proud pillar of A m eri-
.
?
:
,
can national heritage. H e seem s to em body and
personify the A m erican dream .Born the son of a
candlem aker,few people would havesurm ised that
Franklin would m aster so m any disciplines. H is
story proves that with determ ination and dedica-
tion,success is w ithin anyone's grasp.A ieading
A m erican statesm an, inventor, philanthropist,
publisher,revolutionary,and thinker,Benjamin
Franklin was truly the Enlightened A m erican.
1
Benjamin Franklin,one of the greatestAmeri-
can m inds of al1 tim e,arose from hum ble begin-
nings. Born in Boston on January 17, 1706 to
a tradesm an and a hom em aker,it seem ed unlikely
175
thatBenjam in would succeed in becom ing the em -
bodim ent of the A m erican dream .
Josiah Franklin, his father, a well-versed and
industrious young m an,w as a dyer of textiles in
Ecton,England.W ith his firstw ife A nne and his
three children, Elizabeth, Sam uel, and H annah,
Josiah em igrated to Boston in 1683,leaving behind
a tw o-hundred year legacy of the Franklin fam ily
in England.In theinfantsociety ofPuritan Boston
(population 5,000) there seldom was a need for
Josiah's skill, forcing him to adopt a new trade:
candle and soap m aking.Severalyears later,A nne
Franklin died of com plications w hile giving birth
to her seventh child. The grieving husband soon
m arried Abiah Folger of Nantucket,who went on
to bear him ten m ore children,of which Benjam in
was the eighth.From Benjam in's accounts,Abiall
w as a very affectionate and caring m other, who
served her fam ily w ith loving devotion.
2 Benjamin Franklin'sprecocioustalentand ingenu-
The Franklin shop and household were situated
together on M ilk Street,directly opposite the Old
South Church, of w hich the parents w ere m em -
bers.Josiah insisted that each of his sons learned
a trade.H e had great dream s of Benjam in beco-
m ing a m inister, consequently enrolling him in a
gram m ar school at the age of eight.A lthough he
grasped reading and writing w ith ease,the young
student had difficulty m astering arithm etic. A s
176
t
a result,his father was forced to rem oye him from
school, dashing all hopes of his son's future as
a clergym an.Benjam in began to assist his father
at his trade,but gained little satisfaction.A s an
alternative,Josiah decided to apprentice hisson in
the printing business,taking his son's voracious
appetite for reading into consideration.
James,Benjamin's elder brother, had already
established him self as a printer by the age of
tw enty-one. R ecognizing an opportunity, Josiah
had Benjamin sign his indentures in 1718.The
contract com m itted the apprentice to w ork for
his brother for the next nine years,untilthe age
of twenty-one. The new occupation opened new
horizons for the young Benjam in. Through his
brother's dealings with booksellers, the novice
w as exposed to the vast worlds of literature and
philosophy.
3
ity were instrum entalin m aking hisbrother's busi-
nessa success.Jam eshad a contractfortheprinting
of the B oston G azette. H ow ever, after ten m onths,
the contract w as transferred to a rivalprinter.ln
retaliation,the angered Franklin founded his own
newspaper, the N ew England Courant, in A ugust
of 1721. Benjnm in was assigned the task of conl-
posing the type and printing the pages.M oreover',
it w as his responsibility to distribute the paper ltltik

increase itsreadership.The New England Courant's
politicalsatires on the Puritan leadership in Boston
resulted in Jnm es's im prisonm enton two occasions.
During thesedifficultperiods.Benjnmin carried on
the publishing and boldly refused to surrender to
thepressuresofpoliticalleaders.A shis responsibili-
ties m ounted,the younger Franklin began to resent
the overbearing authority exerted upon him by his
brother.Inspired by drenm s of becom ing a w riter,
and certain thatJnm es would refuse to publish his
works, Benjamin adopted the pseudonym Silence
Dogood and slipped ltis stories underneath the door
of his brother's print shop.These lively tales were
published in the Franklin newspaper and received
wide acclaim .N o one suspected that a sixteen-year
old w ms capable of such witty writings.
4 provethisconjecture,hesetup tall,pointed rods
W hen the author's true identity w as revealed,
Jam esw as plagued with envy and the two siblings
soon cametophysicalblows.Quarrelingconstantly,
the brothers could no longer m aintain their roles
of m aster and apprentice. Benjam in desperately
sought to escape hisbrother's disapprovaland the
narrow -m indednessofPuritan society.ln Septem -
ber of 1723, he got his chance. W ith his close
friend John Collins, Franklin began an arduous
journey.A fter a brief stay in N ew York,they ar-
rived in Philadelphia on October8th,broke,w , -W
and facing an uncertain future.
178
( $,
W
5
Retiring early from theprinting industry,Benja-
m in Franklin wasdestined to achieve international
fam e through his experim entsin electricity.Frank-
lin,evercuriousand inquisitive,becam einterested
in the natural phenom enon known as electricity
after witnessing dem onstrations aboutstaticcharge
and theLeyden Jar.Consequently,he contacted Pe-
terCollinson,a friend from London,and asked him
to procure glasstubesand data on theprocedure of
electricalexperim ents.Rubbing theglasstubeswith
silk,Benjam in wasable to generate a static charge
that could be used in his m any experim ents.
Franklin was am ong the first to suggest that
lightning was m erely naturally-occurring electri-
city and thatitcould be draw n from the clouds.To
that provided an easy path for the electricity of
lightning to follow .In France,these 4philadelphia
experim entspywereduplicated for the king and his
court.Eventually,these pointed rods were m odi-
fied to serve as lightning rods designed to protect
people's dw ellings.By channeling the electricity
of lightning strikes through a safe route to the
g'round, lightning rods elim inated the threat of
fires.
6
'
) Jp 1752,Franklin perform ed his fam olls kitt'
t expelment with the aid of his twenty-ollf! y(!l1l
j
) 'h
1 ,
.
 o1d son, W illiam .The kite was constructed with
a sharp m etallic w ire situated on top,and at the
end of the kite string,the scientist tied a silk rib-
bon to w hich a key w as fastened.On a storm y day,
lightning struck the kite,and electricity stream ed
dow n tow ard the key,presenting the final proof
oflightning's electricalnature.M iraculously,the
charge w as not strong enough to be fatal to the
observing father and son.U nder norm al circum -
stances, a lightning strike w ould have instantly
killed the individualsbold enough to fly a kite du-
ring the heartof a thunderstorm .H owever,Benja-
m in qeem ed only dim ly aware of the experim ent's
poten ial danger. In fact, there were num erous
insta ces in w hich an experim enting Benjam in
on1 narrow ly escaped death. Once, he attem p-
t to killhis Christm as turkey by adm inistering
-,- an electrical shock.A ccidentally, Franklin m ade
-.
.
contactwith the current.The inventor's body im -
m ediately erupted into seizuresbut,after a while,
Benjam in m anaged to recover.
In any event,Franklin's electricalexperim ents
brought him instant fam e and, by sheer good
fortune, Benjam in m anaged to survive his own
inquisitiveness.Crowdsofgawkersbegan to gather
around hisPhiladelphian residence,hoping to catch
a glim pse ofthe wizard ofelectricity.Franklin had
transform ed electricity from a m ere curiosity into
a field of scientific study, exerting significant
influence on both the theoreticaland experim ental
18O
aspects of the phenom enon.A s a testam ent to his
pioneering research,m ostoftheelectricalterm swe
usetoday,such asbattery,positive/negative,and
charge,were originally coined by Franklin.Forhis
efforts,Benjam in received honorary degreesfrom
H arvard College,Yale College,and the College of
W illiam & M ary.The prestigious RoyalSociety in
London recognized Franklin with a gold m edalin
1753 and inducted him as a m em ber in 1756.Such
an honor was rarely bestow ed upon an individual
from fledgling colonialA m erica,where scientific
research had not yet been fully developed.W hat
lnade the achievem ent even m ore rem arkable w as
the fact that Franklin had no form aleducation in
the sciences,relying purely on his personalintel-
lectand curiosity.D espite the accolades,Franklin
rem ained m odest.H e even refused to patent the
lightning rod or attem pt to profit from it.
W hile electricity brought him internationalac-
claim ,thebrilliantFranklin investigated a variety
()f other sciences as w ell. Throughout his life,
llenjam in studied the weather and proposed m odels
t,odescribe the progression of storm system s across
the continent of N orth A m erica. H e also exa-
rnined m edicine under his own initiative.In fact,
l'ranklin invented the m edicalinstrum ent know n
:4s a catheter in order to treat his il1brother and
ttven form ulated theories abouthum an circulation.
Not wanting to see valuable arable land w asted,
l,l)e Philadelphia inventor sponsored experim ents
181
 <
designed to im prove agricultural techniques and
insisted that agriculturalsciences be included in
the curriculum at his Academ y of Pennsylvania.
In short,Franklin's genius m astered each and
every endeavor that he put his m ind to, and, as
the im m inent colonialconflicts w ould prove.this
''.
.i cluded politics.
'.
..
q--.
-
.
- 3a;eawe 4.l'
lpounTakq,e 14nepeseim'
re TexcT.
Cowboys were herders of cattle with m any hard
tasks to perform in dealing w ith large herds on
the range,theopen grasslands ofthe M iddleW est.
They becam e fam ous in the days of the Long
Drives,from about 1860 to 1886.
Every spring as the grass turned green,huge
herdsofTexassteerswere driven north to railroad
shipping centers. The drive northw ard covered
about half the length of the U nited States.A s the
cattle m oved along,they grazed and grew heavier.
From these centers the steers wereshipped by rail,
m ostly to the Cllicago m arket,where they w eresold
for about ten tim es their Texas price. The cow -
boys'work F as hard and unrom antic.From dawn
' '
to dark they prfor-med jheirduties,rounding up
the cattle,branding them for identification,and
repairing equipm ent.A sm all group of cowboys
had full responsibility for a herd of thousands.
They had to cope with harsh weather and to protect
the herd against cattle thieves, Indian fighters,
and angry farm ers,who feared the ruin of their
CrOPS.
182
ln 1886 as a result of very bad w eather,whicil
caused the death of huge num bers of cattle on tllc
xxopen range,y the Long Drives were discontinued.
From then on the steers had to be cared for allfl
fattened on large ranches in the Texas area beforp
being shipped north by rail;the cowboys now be-
cam e m ore settled ranch workers.
A lthough the cowboy was not the exciting,ro-
m antic hero or villain of the lw estern. m ovies.
he did play an im portantpart in the developm fll)t
of the A m erican W est.
.-w '.- .
3aaaaxe 5. H poqnTa'
re '
rexcq'sl 14 Bslnoallll'rf!
YHPaM HPHHS.
Sequoyah was a young Cherokee Indian,son ()1'
a white trader and an Indian squaw .A t an pllrly
age, he becam e fascinated by xxthe talking lt!l1l'#.
an expression that he used to describe tho w llltp
m an's w ritten records.A lthough m any lx'Ilflvpll
this xxtalking leaf@ to be a gift from tllf, (ll'oplt.
Spirit, Sequoyah refused to accept thllt l,I1p4I'y,
Like other Indiansofthe period,he w as ilIItl pl'n'#,,
but his determ ination to rem edy the sitlllltlflll t'Il
to the invention ofa unique 86-charatrtllrl1llpllfsllftf
based on the sound patterns that he 114,111.41,
H is fam ily and friends thought I1il,l lll#1fl,19$4l
while recuperating from a hunting l1(,4!l4lrlIl, l'#
diligently and independently set ()111, 1.4, $'tf'#I$t
a form ofcom m unication for hisow lpl,f!4'I,tt&fyftt&'''lI
as for other Indians.In 1821.,1)I't,(Il-4,wt.
'1
.wf' t':!$I'
of Avork,he had successfully df:lvf?ltpljoll11 w #1l4'','
 F

language that w ould enable thousands of lndians 4) He wanted the history of his people 1)1*4!-
served for future generations.
tvrqpd and w rite.
Seitm vah's desire to preserve words and 4. The word '<illiterate''m eans m ost nearly
events foltNlqter generations has caused him to 1) fierce
be remembere mmong the important inventors. 2) abandoned
The giant redw ood trees of California, called
xxsequoiasv in his honor,will further im print his
3) poor
4) unableto read orwrite
nam e in history.
5. H ow would you describe Sequoyah?
1. W hat is the m ost im portant reason that Se-
1) determ ined
quoya willbe rem em bered?
2) m ad
1) California redwoods were named in his 3) backwards
honor.
4) meek
2) He was illiterate.
3) H e created a unique alphabet. 6. W hich of the following is not trttt,'
?
4) Herecovered from hismadnessand helped 1) Sequoyah developed a forlll f)f w l'dt,i119:
m ankind. with the people of the Cheroktlt! t,l.il)(!.
2. H ow did Sequoyah's fam ily react to his idea 2) Sequoyah was a very obsttrvlllpt,yflttllg
of developing his own xxtalking leaf'
>? m an .
3) Sequoyah spent twelve ytlars tltlvtlloping
1) They arranged for hishunting accident.
his alphabet.
2) They thoughthe was crazy.
3) They decided to help him . 4) Sequoyah was honored k)y Ikltvillg some
4)'They asked him to teach them toread alld trees nam ed after him .
w rite. The znighty,warlike xfztec llzltifkl: f'trlt that its
existence depended upon hunlall slltrrifices. Th.e
3. W hat prom pted Sequoyah to develop his al-
sun w ould not shine, the crops wfl''ld not grow ,
phabet? and wars would not be won jf'fl,t!gofa -
!s Brere not,
1) Peoplewerewriting thingsabouthim that appeased-.A.s brutal as t.
la
zg c
al-rllrlol'
pies w.are, th
xe
he couldn't read.
victilns (usually takelkfrom alll()llg'captivesfrollI
2) H ewanted t,
o becom efam ous. battles)accepted heir fatepassively,having l)f!f'l,
3) After his hunting accident, he neecled pce.viously illdorztrna.teclaztd't
'leavi'
ly'sedated
. .
som ething to keep h5m busy. .
 F
1. W hy did the A ztecs offer hum an sacrifices?
1) They were crueland inhuman.
2) They believed they had to pacify the
gods.
3) They wanted to forcethe citizensto obey.
Jam es A . Garfield, a form er U nion arm y ge-
neral from Ohio,w as shot during his first year
in office (1881)by a m an to whom he wouldn't
give a job.
W hile in his second term of office (1901)W il-
liam M cK inley, another Ohioan, attended the.

4) They wanted to deter crim e. Pan-Am ericqn Exposition at Buffalo,New York.

Before the sacrifices,the victim s were ... During the reception, he was assassinated w hile
shaking hands with som e of the guests.
1) tortured and harassed. Three years after his election in 1920,W affen
2) bralnwashed and drugged. G .H arding died in office.A lthough it w as never
3) fed and entertained. proved,m any believe he was poisoned.
4) interrogated and drugged. Franklin D . R oosevelt had been elected four
In w hat m anner did the victim s accept their tim es(1932,1936,1940,and 1944),theonly man
to serve so long a term .He had contracted polio
destiny?
in 1921 and died of the illness in 1945.
1) submissively John F.K ennedy,the lmst of the line,was mssas-
2) violently sinated in 1963,only three years after his election.
3) rebelliously
4) notoriously. 1. W hich of the following was not an election
year?
't--'
-'F:
.1aaaM e 6.rlpouuvauve vexc'
r ,zsszrzoaunve 1)1960.
JTIIPaM HPHHS,OTBPTHB Ha BOnPOCBI. 2)1930.
A n election year is one in which a11 four nllm - 3)1888.
bers are evenly divisible by four (1944, 1948, 4)1824.
etc.)Since 1840,Am erican presidents elected in
years ending in zero have been destined to die in 2. W hich president served the shortest term in
office.W illiam H .l-larrison,the m an who served office?
the shortestterm ,died ofpneum onia severalweeks
after his inauguration.
1)Abraham Lincoln.
Abraham Lincoln w asone offourpresidentsw ho 2)W illiam M cKinley.
were assassinated.H ew aselected in 1860,and his 3)W arren G .Harding.
untim ely death cam e just five years later. 4)W illiam H .Harrison.
187
gv *
3. W hich of the following is true? ::
' -'- aaaaaxe 7. H poqnva/'re yznepecxaa n're Texcl',
1) Al1presidents elected in years ending in l ncnoasays caoBa, aaxzzlsze nocae TexcTa.
zero have died in office. t
2) Only presidents from Ohio have died in ' The English landscape
office. M any people say thatEngland looks like a large
3) Franklin D .Roosevelt com pleted four . Well-kept park. The country owes its park-like
term s as president. appearance to the hedges,which take up a large
4) Four Am erican presidents have been as- P art of English farm land and are green almost
a11 the year round. There are beautiful forests,
sassinated. : plenty of greenery everyw jjere. The best-known
is Bherw ood Forest in N otting-ham shire, w here
4. H ow m any presidents elected in years ending ' Robin H ood once lived, th legendary outlaw who
in zero since 1840 have died in office? ro
bbed the rich and gave their m oney to the poor.
1J1. The Englishm en love nature and the greenery of
2)5. ' their land.It is the aim of every Englishman to
3)4- have agarden nom atterhow small.In theEastof
4)3. London,working classfam iliesllave only window
garden.. In the sm all suburban cottages around
5 the big cities,where land is very expensive,people
. ln this reading, w hat does d<inauguration'' '
have a m inilaw n and plant a few bushes. In the
m ean? countryside we find a large num ber of beautiyul
1)Election gardens,w ith rosaries and well-keptlawns.
2)Swearing-in ceremonies vhere are many places of beauty in England .

3)Acceptance speech Devon and cornwallin the south-westare known

4)Cam paign ' fortjlebeauty oftheirlandscape In Devon you feel
.

that nature is m an's friend.There is friendliness

6. W hich of the follow ing w as not assassinated? iyj the pretty farm houses,the colourful gardens,
1)John F.Kennedy the green fields.
2)Abraham Lincoln people say that Devon xxsm iles'
:.ButCornwall
3)Franklin D.Roosevelt does not. Cornwall is barren.W hat do we find
4)Jam esA.Garfield. there? Granite farmhouses, stone-hedged fields,
high cliffs, green and blue seas.The G ulf Stream
188 :89

i
gives Devon and Cornwall a softer clim ate and @ rxasxeaae
an earlier spring that the east enjoys.Spring in
Dartm oor, a part of Devon,is a beautiful sight.
But in Cornwalltrees die w hen winter gales blow B3aHMOOTHOIIIPHHS B CeMbe.SHOrpa(l)HH.
over the country. TPaAz' Izrzz'
z.H po6reMa o'
rqos 14 '
qtrrfu
''.
A nother place of beauty is the Lake D istrict jgjj3aHMOOTHOHIPHHS IIOKOJIPHHM. *'
in the north-w est of England. There are sixteen FIPO6JIPMBICPMBH H Upalfa ....................-....... 1
big lakes and a large num ber of sm all m ountain SBIT 1/
106pa3 M H3HH.I' IPHBBILIRH,'l'l111/qll1$111!,
lakes in this district.They are al1very beautiful. CTHJIB a HaHI'
I.XVIZ
I3I-
IPHHBIH
1* y1f.)l11lift(!M 1>Il.
The largest is Lake W inderm ere.lt is narrow,ten Soxoghl.M oaa.L opoBbe.BHaH'
l'Iu.
m iles long, and looks like a w ide river. In som e IlpIlehi rocTei
Wl ..................................p......... l4
placesbare m ountain slopesreach the w aterof the M ePIM IIIIHOCTHBIe OTHOHIPHHS.X aPl11t'
I'
1!I)
lakes.In other places there are beautifulm eadows Ile.
qoBefa, BRycbl,IIPHBMIIKH.
or rich woods.The m ountains of the Lake District Jlpya6a H JIIO6OBb.XBOP H OJlHIIfhI6!4!'I'I14).
Yl:letll:locTb.IIICIICBI..............................,.....*11f1
are notvery high.The highestrise to about three
thousand feet. l'
IpO6JIeMbI MaJIBIX H 6OJIBHIHX rOP(NU)II.
The south coast of England, the valley of the RysbTypHble qeHTpbl.O6Pa3OBa'l'1!. JII.IlI:It!
Tham es and the fruit orchards of Kent are also qeHTpbl.A pxnTelfrypa 6O. 1IBtIIHX 14 M11. ?1I.IX
I'OPOgOB.Z CTOPHS,KyabTypa ...........,............8t)
very beautiful places, m uch visited by tourists.
CBo6o/m oe BpeMs Moaogea u.K y. plla'l'ylllll.It,
1.
1CIIOPTIL
'BHLIP PJBBJIPT-
IeHHS .l' ly'I'(!I1I4A4t't'1It131,
Landscape,to owe,appearance,greenery.ouflaw.
ROHKYW BI,YPCTHBaWH.JlHTePa'l'#I)1l
to rob, suburban, cottage, expensive, m inilaw n, H MCKYCCTBO.FIpO6JIeMbIMO.TIO7W 7I(lI.
bush,lawn pretty,barren,cliff,the Gulf Stream, Z POIIIJlOP H HaCTOSW eO.OTHOHIOI1111!
gale, Lake D jdfrjcf, bare, slope, m eadow, to rise, If >IIIA; AKOJIO;IP:KII..........................a........,,,,ll11
valley, orckard. O6paaoBaHne vI6yaym as npo*eccus.
CucTaMa o6paaoBaHns B CIIIA
:1 13e711111061:11TaIIIII...........................,,,,.....1'l
.l
H AYVHO-TPXHIW eCRHR 1IPOrPPCC H ()()l$I)4!Mt1tttl1,t!
o6m ece
rBo.3KoHoMHI<a 1.1altollol.uzl....,.....,,.,.I2
4'
/
C'
rpaxla.O6m eclmo.Hoan' ruxa.
H crropnuecxne JlnqHocr
l'
n .Pe-
qulqull.............,.11k'/

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