ABB Relays 1MDU04011-EN User’s Guide March 1991 Replaces UG03-5210E. Data subject to change ‘without notice ‘Type RAYA Voltage regulating relay for power transformers with on-load tap-changers GENERAL (SE 900.673) © Inverse or independent time-lag characteristics can be selected with a change-over switch © The regulate value can be adjusted between 90 and 110% of the rated voltage Regulation at more than 0.5 to 3% deviation from set regulate value © Undervoltage blocking < 70 and 90% of the rated voltage, adjustable @ Overcurrent blocking > 1.1 and 2 times the rated current, adjustable Compensation for the voltage drop in the line to enable the voltage at a remote point in the network to be maintained at a constant level © Parallel control of two or more power transformers © No auxiliary voltage required1MDU04011-EN LIST OF CONTENTS GENERAL DEFINITIONS APPLICATION Joint control of tap changers DESIGN AND MODE OF OPERATION Voltage regulating relay RXCE 41 Blocking unit RXTNB 21 Compensating units RXTND 21 RXTND 22 RXTND 4 TECHNICAL DATA PARALLEL CONTROL Simultaneous and master/follower methods Reversed reactance method and circulating current method Parallel control with RXTND 22 Voltage regulation when a transformer is taken out of operation TESTING AND COMMISSIONING Test equipment Scope Test the level detecting circuits Test the output relays for regulating Test the overcurrent blocking function of RXTNB 21 Test the compensating units Test the circulating current relay RXIG 21 Test the interconnection of several RAYAs including RXTND 4 Test separately operating RAYAs Test the parallel operating RAYAs incorporating RXTND 4 Extension to existing transformers Final inspection CIRCUIT AND TERMINAL DIAGRAMS 2DEFINITIONS Us AU AUL AUL UT,AU Ur Uri Ura Ure Tro Iso Inc 1MDU04011-EN 3 = regulate value. The mean value of two operate values, i., ~Antth 2 = degree of insensitivity. Half of the insensitivity range expressed as a percentage of the regulate value. A U,-U; Au-2. aa. U = =F 100% = Fi" 100% U, In other words, the degree of insensitivity is the percent deviation in voltage in relation to the regulate value which is necessary to provide the regulating operation. = upper operate value. The voltage at which the LOWER relay picks-up during an increase in voltage = lower operate value. The voltage at which the RAISE relay picks-up during a decrease in voltage = upper retum value. The voltage at which the LOWER relay drops-out when the voltage drops below Uz = lower return value. The voltage at which the RAISE relay drops-out when the voltage exceeds Uy = range of insensitivity. The difference between the operate values, A = U2- U1 = return ratio. The difference between the regulate value and the return value expressed as a percentage of half the insensitivity range. = Un-U,, (upper return ratio) apr 10% Un i 100% (lower return ratio) Normally, by = bz. = Primary voltage of the power transformer = Line to neutral voltages = Primary current rating of main current transformer = Line currents = percent resistive voltage drop in the line = percent reactive voltage drop in the line = percent voltage drop in the line = line resistance in ohms per phase = line reactance in ohms per phase = phase angle between voltage and current = Voltage drop in the line = (QU, in RAYA) = quantities seen from RAYA = quantities in the main point of the load = compensated quantities used in the reversed reactance method circulating currents1MDU04011-EN 4 ts ts w 2 90 —————— 60. 60 ———___________ 30 30 5 15 ° ° 0-2 6 6 & 1 2 % Téxau 024 6 8 0 1 % tbxay Operate time, with inverse Operate time, with independent time-lag characteristic time-lag characteristic Other terms and factors, given in the vector diagrams, and mathematical equations, are defined in the sections in which they occur. APPLICATION When the load in a power network increases the voltage decreases and when the load decreases the voltage increases. To maintain the network voltage at a constant level, the transformers are provided with on-load tap changers. A tap changer alters the transformer ratio in a number of steps. Each step usually represents a change in voltage of approximately 1,5%. ‘Tap changers can be controlled automatically by a RAYA regulating relay, which is connected to the voltage transformer adjacent to the transformer being regulated. The RAYA regulating relay can also be controlled by a current-compensated voltage, in which case the control point can be located out in the network. When necessary, the regulation can be controlled in accordance with a schedule, in which various regulating values are applicable, for example, days, nights and holidays. RAYA consists primarily of a regulating relay RXCE 41, a blocking unit RXTNB 21, a compensating unit of type RXTND 21, RXTND 22 or RXTND 4 and a test switch. The voltage regulating relay RAYA is used for regulating the secondary voltage of power transformers fitted with tap changers. The parallel control of two or more power transformers, each having a voltage regulating relay, can also be accomplished. The regulating function is brought about when the voltage, for a given time, deviates from the set regulate value by more than the set degree of insensitivity. The delay is dependent on whether the regulating relay is set for operation with an inverse or an indepen- dent time-lag characteristic. The time lag implies that undesired regulating functions during brief voltage deviations are avoided.1MDU04011-EN 5 Inverse time lag is used when it is required to have faster regulation during greater deviations in voltage. At exceedingly great deviations in voltage, a basic time of between 2.5 and 5 seconds is obtained. This basic time implies that regulating functions are prevented during brief and excessive deviations in the voltage. Independent time lag can be appropriate when the next following transformer also has a tap changer. When the voltage deviates in both a secondary and a tertiary station, it is desirable to regulate the transformer of the secondary station before that of the tertiary station, in order to avoid the unnecessary regulation of the transformer in the latter station. If an inverse time-lag is used in this case, the selectivity may be influenced in a detrimental manner. The task of the compensating unit is to compensate for the voltage drop in the line, so that the voltage in the main point of the load of the network can be maintained at a constant level, irrespective of any changes in the load. ‘When several transformers are operating in parallel, the tap-changers must be jointly controlled since the load can otherwise be unevenly distributed. Joint control of tap changers Different methods are used for the joint control of tap changers. The method selected depends on the various requirements imposed regarding the compensation of the voltage drop in the line running between the transformer and the main point of the load, the number of parallel controlled transformers and the configuration of the network. Example of a switch yard with jointly controlled transformers is shown in Fig. 1. Fig. 1 Example of a switchyard with jointly controlled transformers1MDU04011-EN 6 The simultaneous method, the master/follower method, the reversed reactance method and the circulating current method. Acommon characteristic of both the simultaneous method and the master/follower method is that the regulating relay of one of the parallel operating transformers, controls the tap changers of all the transformers. The other regulating relays do not participate in the task of joint control. Each set of regulating equipment has a selector switch with three positions, controlling, controlled and individual control. The selector switch of the controlling equipment is set in the “controlling” position and the switches of the other sets of equipment are set to the “controlled” position. These methods require a number of auxiliary contacts on each set of tap changer gear and connections between the respective groups of these contacts on the different sets of equipment. With the simultaneous method however, the tap changers receive a starting pulse simultaneously from the common regulating relay. In the master/follower method, a starting pulse is given first to one tap changer and, when this has switched a starting pulse is given to the next tap changer, and so on. In the reversed reactance method and the circulating current method, each tap changer is controlled by its own regulating relay. These methods are dealt with in more detail later on in this document. Some examples are given here of the connections of the RAYA regulating relay for the different regulating methods. ‘The RAYA, with compensating unit RXTND 21, Is used for parallel control in accordance with the simultaneous method of the master/follower method with simple Z-compensation, Fig. 2cn RAYA me, 1, _|axtNo 4| RXCE 41 cr 1MDU04011-EN i The RAYA, with RXTND 22, Is used for parallel control in accordance with the reversed reactance method but does not then provide complete R and X ‘compensation The RAYA, with resistor unit and without compensa- tion, Is used when the transformers are located near to the main point or the load, and for parallel control in accordance with the simultaneous method or the master/follower method. Un = Unt = Up-Ur alaalr sR The RAYA with RXTND 4, connected to a source of line-to-line voltage and two separate sources of phase current and for parallel control in accordance ‘with the clroulating current method and with complete R and X compensation. ta Fig. 5 ‘The RAYA with RXTND 4, connected to one source of phase voltage and one source of phase current and for Parallel control in accordance with the circulating cur- ent method and with complete R and X compensation If the parallel operating transformers are located at remote positions from each other, the RXTND 4 can be used for parallel control in accordance with the re- versed reactance method but does not then provide complete R and X compensation. Fig. 6 Only at directly earthed power system1MDU04011-EN 8 DESIGN AND MODE OF OPERATION Voltage regulating relay RXCE 41 Voltage regulating relay RXCE 41 constitutes the unit in RAYA which, via two built-in output relays, controls the motor operated mechanism of the transformer’s tap changer. The regulating relay alone can control the tap changer when compensation, undervoltage blocking and overcurrent blocking are not required. The relay, however, must be provided with a resistor (560 ohm), built into a component block of type RTXE, when the compensating unit is not used. Fig. 7 Block diagram of RAYA The relay incorporates two input transformers as shown in the block diagram Fig. 7. The secondary winding (1) of one of these transformers is used to measure the voltage for the regulating function. The other (2) is used for auxiliary voltage which, after rectification, smoothing (3), and stabilizing (4), supplies the static circuits of the regulating relay and also two output relays. One of these latter relays provides the raise signal (5) to the motor operated mechanism of the tap changer and the other provides the lower signal (6). In the event of a persistent deviation in voltage, for example undervoltage, repeated pulses or continuous regulating signals are transmitted from the RAISE relay until the network voltage has increased to a value greater than or equivalent to the lower reset value Upi.1MDU04011-EN 9 Settings on RXCE 41 Reconnection of nominal voltage 100, 110, 115, 120 V inside the cover Switch: Intermittent or continuous output signal Knob for setting the regulate value Us _ *. Knob for setting the ‘Switch: operating time t Inverse time or in- Py dependent time- & lag Knob for setting the Red LEDs sean ttawy I Ideal than ie au deviation of voltage ‘exceeds the set degree of insonsi- tivity Fig. 8 The front of RXCE 41 The regulating relay has potentiometers for setting the regulate value and the degree of insensitivity, Fig. 8. Furthermore, selector switches are included for choosing the time-lag characteristic, operate time and continuous signal or repeated pulses for regulation purposes. ‘Two light-emitting diodes are provided on the front and these indicate if undervoltage or overvoltage occurs outside the set degree of insensitivity. Since a tap changer alters the voltage of a transformer in a stepwise manner, the degree of insensitivity of the relay must be adapted accordingly. If the degree of insensitivity is too low, pendulations can arise, and if it is too high, the small steps of the transformer will not be utilized. A degree of insensitivity which is approximately 80% of the trans- former step voltage is most appropriate. Example: If the tap changer step is 1%, a degree of insensitivity equivalent to 0.89 x 1 = 0.8% should be selected. On transformers where the percent step voltage is not constant, a higher degree of insensitivity may be selected. Blocking unit RXTNB 21 [Wee | Tree] [murat [owe Pasar? [or (PSS fA bw GD Plate ose itt P| | a SL | Beste | Fig. 9 Block diagram of RXTNB 21Compensating units 1MDU04011-EN 10 The purposes of the blocking unit is to block the regulate pulse to the operating mechanism of the tap changer when power transformer’s current exceeds or its voltage drops below the preset values. RXTNB 21 incorporates level detecting circuits which control a transistor circuit of a built-in electromechanical relay, Fig. 9. This relay is normally in the picked-up position but for blocking functions it drops out and opens the circuits which operate the tap changer. The blocking unit is steplessly adjustable with potentiometers, Fig. 10. The undervoltage limit U < can be set between 70-90% of the rated voltage (U,) and the overcurrent limit I > to between 1,1 and 2 times the rated current (I,)- Reconnection terminals for rated current Reconnection of nominal voltage, Inside Knob for setting the undervoitage blocking Knob tor setting the overcurrent blocking Fig. 10 The front of RXTNB 21 On modern tap changers the overcurrent blocking need not be set to lower value than 1.5 to 2 times the rated current (1,). If the voltage between two phases and the current in the third phase are measured, the undervoltage blocking and overcurrent blocking supplement each other. If a heavy current flows through one of the first two phases, the voltage between these will be influenced and result in undervoltage blocking. Regulating relay RXCE 41 and blocking unit RXTNB 21 can be supplemented with compensating units RXTND 21, RXTND 22 and RXTND 4. The compensating units supply the regulating relay incorporated in RAYA with a compensating voltage proportional to the voltage drop on the line but of reversed polarity. The voltage which the regulating relay then senses is equivalent to the voltage at the main point of the load, which means that the latter voltage is held at a constant level irrespective of any changes in the load.1MDU04011-EN 11 RXTND 21 RXTND 21 consists primary of an intermediate current transformer and a potentiometer for setting the degree of compensation, Fig. 11. deraleit ri z— av a Fig. 11 Connection of RXTND 21 Setting the RXTND 21 Reconnection terminals for Knob for setting, ‘ sf the degree of rated current compensation (Z-compensation) Fig. 12 The front of RXTND 21 A terminal block and the potentiometer are located on the front, Fig. 12. The terminal block enables the RXTND 21 to be connected for a current rating of 1 A, 2 A or 5 A. The scale of the potentio- meter is graduated from 0 to 20% of the regulate value of RXCE 41, and compensation is obtained when the Z-knob is set to the percent voltage drop U2 of the line determined in accordance with the following formula: = 2:43 -TARy + Xt" 180) U,(/3 + tg) * 100%1MDU04011-EN 12 Mode of operation RXTND 21 is supplied via a current transformer with the load current in one of the phases. If the voltage regulating relay RAYA measures the voltage between phases T and R, the current for compensation is measured in phase R. In phase R, the secondary current I’p gives the voltage I’p x r across the connected resistor r in the potentiometer. This voltage has a component AU; which opposes the power transformer’s secondary voltage Uy - Up, which is supplied to the RXCE 41 regulating relay. The component AU: also reduces the voltage applied to the measuring circuits in the regulating relay. The resistor can be adjusted so that the voltage T’p x1 corresponds to the voltage drop caused by the load current and the line impedance. Fig. 13 Vector diagram illustrating Fig. 14 Vector diagram illustrating the line voltage and current voltage regulating relay in the R phase RXCE 41 In Fig. 13, Up represents the phase voltage and Ip the phase current. If X, and R_ are the line reactance and resistance respectively, the line voltage drop in the R-phase will be: Ir (Ri + iX1) From this, the voltage Up: is obtained at the main point of the load and the approximate voltage drop in the line can be written as: Up -Ur = AUL AU, = RrxIgxcos$ + X_xIgpxsind = Ipxcos px (Ry + XL x tg) An equivalent diagram is applicable to the regulating relay RXCE 41 (Fig. 14). U’r - U’p is the line-to-line voltage which, via a voltage transformer, is applied to RXCE 41. The voltage drop I’p x r, across the resistance r in the connected part of the potentiometer in RXTND 21, has a component AU’ in opposition to U’y - U’p and is approximately equivalent to the voltage drop in the line.1MDU04011-EN 13 AU’ = I’p xrcos (30° - $) = = Pp xr (cos 30° x cos > + sin 30° x sin $) = = Tpxrxcos$ B Pprcosg (e+ F180) A comparison between the vector diagrams (Fig. 13 and Fig. 14) gives with Ip = Ip and AU, = AUL: Ry + Xi" ted 2: AEF ALP 3+ tp RXTND 22 The RXTND 22 consists of two auxiliary current transformers, each with two primary windings and one secondary winding. A potentio- meter is connected to each secondary winding. These potentio- meters, in turn, are in series with each other and are connected to the RXCE 41 in the RAYA voltage regulating relay, Fig. 15. R RIND ea eee ytd | : = hl r= re Fig. 15 Connection of RXTND 22 Settings on RXTND 22 Knob (X) for setting the degree of ‘compensation (X-compensation) Knob (R) for setting the degree of compensation (R-compensation) Fig. 16 The front of RXTND 221MDU04011-EN 14 The scales on RXTND 22 are graduated 0 to 20% of the reactive and resistive voltage drop of the line, Fig. 16. Full compensation is permitted when: The X-knob is set to the percent reactive voltage drop u, of the line, calculated according to: BeIn Xi 7, Set the R-knob to the percent resistive voltage drop u, of the line, calculated according to: 4 = ak. 100% Mode of operation The voltage drop on a power line is made up of two components, one which depends on the current and the line resistance, R,/phase, and the other which depends on the current and the line reactance, Xz/phase. Ur, Us and Uy are the line to neutral voltages, at the supply end of the lines, and Ik, Is and Iy are the respective line currents, Fig. 17. The voltage drop in the lines will be: Tk (RL+iXD, Is (RL+JX1) and Ir (RL+ 7X1) It is assumed that the currents and impedances in the three lines are similar. From this, the respective line to neutral voltages, Uri, Usi and Ur; at the main point of the load can be obtained. A line to line voltage is almost always used as the metering voltage for the voltage regulating relays. In this case, the voltage between the T and R phases are used, where upon a line to line voltage Ur - Usk is obtained at the supply end and at the main point of the load, see Fig. 18. Un- Uri Un = Ur-lr Qi+jXy) = Ur-Ir (Ri + jXy) Uni - Uri = Ur- Ri (Ir - I) - XL (iy - Ik)1MDU04011-EN 15 Fig. 17 Vector diagram illustrating drops in line voltage The line to line voltage Ur - Up and the voltage drops Rx (Ir - Ir) and jX, (Ir - Ip) are added geometrically. This gives a line to line voltage of Ur; - Up: at the main point of the load. The RXTND 22 forms two voltages which are proportional to the voltage drops Ry (Ir - Ip) and jXz (Ir - Ip) but which are in opposition to these, Fig. 18. To obtain the counter-directional compensating voltage, the RXTND 22 is connected as shown in Fig. 15. The vector diagram in Fig. 19 shows the magnitude and phase angle of the compensating voltage, created by the geometrical sum of the vectors Rx (ir - In) = ur and jXz (Ir - It) = ux Us Fig. 18 Vector diagram illustrating drop in line-to-line voltageRXTND 4 1MDU04011-EN On the secondary side of the upper current transformer, (refer to Fig. 15 a current arises which is proportional to the differential current Ip - Iy which, across the potentiometer, gives a voltage ur proportional to the resistive voltage drop of the line. In a similar manner, a current is formed on the secondary side of the lower current transformer and this current is proportional to the summarised current Ip + Ir which, in turn, gives a voltage ux proportional to the reactive voltage drop in the line. A geometrical addition of u,, ux and (Uy - Up) gives line to line voltage Ur: - Uri at the main point of the load on the line. The voltages u, and u, can be assumed to be equivalent to Ry (Ir - Ip) and jXz (Ir - In) respectively provided that the transformer ratio is 1:1. Ur o/) Pudaly lux Ridp-lrlup Is Fig. 19 Vector diagram illustrating the magnitude and phase position of the compensating voltage Fig, 19 also shows that vector Ip - Ir is longer than In + Iy. This difference in length is eliminated by different ratio connection factors on the transformers in RXTND 22. The RXTND 4 consists primarily of current transformers, resistors, capacitors and 3 potentiometers for setting purposes, and a selector switch. This switch is used for selecting the circulating current method or the reversed reactance method. The voltage drop AUy in one phase, between the supply point and the main point of the load, will be I (Ry + jX1), where I represents the current, RL the Tesistance and XL the reactance. The compensating current is supplied to the compensating unit via terminals 131 and 141 (refer to Fig. 20). This current is divided by potentiometer X so that a portion of it flows directly to potentiometer R and the remaining portion flows to the primary windings in transformers T1 and T2. T1 has three windings and a core with air gap.1MDU04011-EN 17 When current flows through the primary winding in T1, a voltage, which is displaced 90° relative to the current, is induced in the secondary winding. Transformer T2, with capacitor C2, compensates the inductance in the primary winding of T1 so that a phase displacement of exactly 90° is obtained. E | Fig. 20 Connection of RXTND 4 From potentiometer R a voltage component u, is obtained and this is in phase with the compensating current. Furthermore, from the secondary winding in T1 a voltage component u, is obtained and this is phase displaced by 90°. These voltages constitute the R and X components of the compensating voltage; refer to Fig. 21, and are applied to the voltage metering circuit in the RXCE 41 regulating relay. Uy “Ry L=ur Fig. 21 Vector diagram illustrating the compensating voltage1MDU04011-EN 18 Settings on RXTND 4 Knob (X<) for setting, the Influence of the circulating current on its control of the tap changers Knob (X) for setting f tho oogreo 6 ; a compensation ee fxteompansstion) © fo ‘ — = Switch: 7 Direct (circulating . current method) = or Knob (R) for setting e Reverse (reverse the degree of reactance method) Sorption sole {R-compensation) O- : = Fig. 22 The front of RXTND 4 Complete compensation is permitted when: The X-knob is set to the percent reactive voltage drop u, of the line, calculated using the following formula: Bel Xt = 100% Uy The R-knob is set to the percent resistive voltage drop u,, calculated according to the formula: BI Re uy U, 100% With the X,-knob, the influence of the circulating current on the parallel control can be regulated. A one or two-step difference in the position of the tap changer should be tolerated since any demands on maintaining the same position would mean that the tap changers would operate unnecessarily often. Refer to the section entitled “Testing the parallel operation of RAYA incorporating RXTND 4”.TECHNICAL DATA 1MDU04011-EN 19 Rated voltage Un 100,110,115 or 120V 50-60 Hz, reconnectible Rated current In 1A,2Aand5A RXTNB 21, RXTND 21, reconn. 1A, 2A or SA RXTND 22, variants 0,2 A or RXTND 4 50 Hz, 60 Hz SA RXTND 4 50 Hz, 60 Hz, variants Power consumption 4. VA. RXCE 41 PF = 09 3.6 VA RXTNB 21 when U=U, and I=I 03 VA RXTND 21 when =I, and Z= 20% 0.5 VA per phase RXTND 22 when I=1, and R=X=20% 2.5 VA RXTND 4 when =I, and R=X=20% Regulate value Us 90-110% of Un Degree of insensitivity AU 10.5% to 3% of Un Reset ratio approx. 50% of AU Time-lag characteristic Independent or inverse time-lag Reconnectible Operate time 15, 30, 60, 90 or 120s For independent time-lag. For inverse time-lag, the times apply to a voltage deviation equivalent to AU Regulating pulse * A pulse (approx. 1s) after each delay period ora continuous pulse Pulse or continuous output during a persistent —_selectable by a switch at, deviation the front Consistency of operate voltage 10.2% of Us RXCE 41 Graduation error +0.5% of Us RXCE 4}, regulate value Us £0.05% of Us RXCE 41, degree of insensitivity U Consistency of operate time +10% RXCE 41, operate time t Percent deviation in operate voltage £0.1% of Un During changes in frequency 45-65 Hz 0.02% of Un per °C deviation in temperature Percent change in operate time £0.05% per °C temperature change at independent time 10.5% per °C temperature change at inverse time Blocking of regulate pulse 70-9% of Un atl, __Steplessly adjustable during undervoltage and overcurrent 1.1-2x In at Up Steplessty adjustable Permitted ambient temperature -S°C to +55°C * Ifa 2s pulse length is required, the regulating relay RXCE 41 is part nr. RK 821 012-AA, (standard RK 821 012-BA for 1s pulse)Contacts, Data on output relays in RXCE 41 and RXTNB 21 Maximum system voltage 250/250 V Making and conducting capacity 304 10A Current carrying capacity A of closed contact S0A SA Breaking capacity 8A 08A O4A 024 Component block RTXE 560 ohm Insulation test Dielectric tests 2.0 kV 2.5kV Impulse voltage test SOkV Disturbance test Power frequency test 0.5 kV Fast transient test 48kV 1 MHz burst test 2.5kV Separate auxiliary current transformer SLMF 123 Primary rated current 1A,1V3A 2A,2V3A SA5V3A Secondary rated current 0.16, 0.18, 0.20, 0.22 A. 0.24, 0.26, 0.28 A Also available: SA-SxV 3A 4A,45A,5A, SSA,6A,6.5A,7A Rated burden Separate auxiliary voltage transformer SLMF 86 Rated voltage 63.5/110 V 1MDU04011-EN 20 defac LR >10 ms, 200 ms 1s 200 ms 1s continuous ac, PF >0.4 max 220 V de, L/R >40 ms, Un = 55-220 V 55V 110V 220V Used in RXCE 41 when compensation is not required 50 Hz, 1 min ‘Voltage circuits to contact circuits and ground Current circuits to other circuits and ground 1.2/50 ps, 0.55 50 Hz, 2 min 2min 2s For 14,2, 5A primary For 5 A primary even 4,45, 44, 5,6.5,7A secondary1MDU04011-EN 21 PARALLEL CONTROL Simultaneous and master/follower methods Parallel control in accordance with the simultaneous method and master/follower method are described in “Joint control of tap changers”. Reversed reactance method and circulating current method Parallel control with RXTND 22 Parallel control, in accordance with the reversed reactance method, is used when two or more power transformers, provided with automatic tap changers, operate in parallel and are each provided with a regulating relay. The RXTND 22 must however be reconnected according to Fig. 23: Terminal 221 to be connected to terminal 111 and terminal 228 to 428. Compare with Fig. 15. When two transformers, Tr1 and Tr2, operate in parallel the tap changer of the Tr1 can, for example, be one step higher than that of the Tr2 tap changer. The Tr1 then drives a circulating current Ic between Trl and Tr2 whereupon IC adds to the load current in Tr1 unit RXTND 22, for Tr1, then senses an increased current and RXTND 22, for Tr2, a decreased current. Even if the change in current, due to a one-step difference between the tap changers, is insufficient to cause the regulating relays to operate, they will, sooner or later, operate when the load changes. The result will be that the tap changers will be steered towards their opposite end positions. Tr1 towards the highest and Tr2 towards the lowest, resulting in a high-magnitude circulating current. Fig. 23 Connection of RXTND 22 when parallel controlling in accordance with the reversed reactance method The circulating currents, Ipc, Isc and Iyc, are primarily reactive and lag the respective line to neutral voltage in Tr1 by approx. 90° and lead those in Tr2 by approx. 90°. Refer to Fig. 24 which applies to Trl (In the case of Tr2, the current vectors have the reversed direction).1MDU04011-EN 22 If the sum of Ipc + Itc is formed, the u, component in RXTND 22 will be in opposition to the line to line voltage Ur - Up and therefore the RXCE 41 for Tr1 will sense a lower voltage and move the tap changer to a higher position. In Tr2 the corresponding u, component is in phase with Uy - Up and therefore RXCE 41 for Tr2 senses a higher voltage and steps down the tap changer. The circulating current will thus increase considerably. When the reversed reactance method is used, the connections are made as shown in Fig. 23. The RXCE 41 for Tr1 will then sence a higher voltage and the RXCE 41 for Tr2 will sence a lower. (This is provided that the tap changer of Tri was higher than that of Tr2.) The pulses from the regulating relays then cause the tap changers to move to the same position. With the X-compensation knobs on the compensating units of Tr1 and Tr2, the permissible voltage difference between the transformers can be set. A difference of one or two steps can be desirable. If the difference is less than one step, the regulating relays will operate unnecessary often. With this method, correct R- and X-compensation are not obtained when the power factor varies. When the power factor is as good as constant, this can be remedied by over-compensation of the resistive component of current; refer to Fig. 24 where u, is greater at -ux than at ux. Ys Fig. 24 Vector diagram illustrating the circulating currents and over-compensation Parallel control with RXTND 4 and circulating current method: ‘When two or more power transformers incorporating automatic tap changers, for example Trl and Tr2, operate in parallel and the transformers are each controlled by their respective regulating relay, the tap changer of Tr1 can on certain occasions be at a higher step than that of Tr2. The Tr1 then drives a circulating current between Trl and Tr2 which adds to the load current in Tr] and subtracts from the load current in Tr2. The RXTND 4 for Tr1 then senses an increased current while the RXTND 4 for Tr2 senses a decreased current.1MDU04011-EN 23 Even if the change in current is not sufficiently great to immediately operate the regulating relay, the latter will however operate later when the load has changed sufficiently. This will result in the tap changers being moved to their opposite end positions, the Tr1 towards the highest and the Tr2 towards the lowest tap thus causing a very high circulating current. To avoid this, parallel operating transformers are controlled in accordance with the circulating current method. Fig. 25 Connections when parallel controlling of two power transformers When the transformers are in close vicinity to each other, the regulating relay RXCE 41 and RXTND 4 can, with the addition of two auxiliary current transformers for each power transformer, parallel control the power transformers at the same time as complete R- and X-compensation is maintained. The auxiliary current transformers are included in transformer unit RITD 181. The selector switch on the front is then in the DIRECT position (direct X-compensation).1MDU04011-EN 24 RXTND 4, having a current rating of 5 A, is used when the power transformers are located close to each other. If the distance between them is greater than 150 m, a RXTND 4 having a current rating of 0.2 A should be selected. The transformers each have their respective voltage regulating relay RXCE 41 connected to the R-phase and neutral N (Fig. 25). The main current transformer for the compensating current is connected to the R-phase. Auxiliary contacts on the circuit breakers of Tr1 and Tr2 are 1:1, 1:2, 2:1 and 2:2. The secondary circuits, of the T:10 auxiliary current transformers, are connected to each other, partly by direct connections and partly by the T:11 and T:21, T:12 and T:22. Between their primary sides, these have a ratio of 1/1. (The ratio between the primary and secondary sides is such that, at the rated current of the main current transformer, the secondary current is 0.2 A.) Provided that the Tr] tap changer is in a higher position than that of ‘Tr2, the Tr1 will drive a circulating current (—>) between the transformers and this current will be added to the load current (- >) of Tr] and will be subtracted from the load current of Tr2. Due to the conditions regarding ampere-turn balance in T:11 and T:21, the circulating current will be separated from the load current and flow in the direction shown in Fig. 25. The task of the T:12 and T:22 auxiliary transformers is to divide the compensating current when a power transformer is taken out of service and is not involved in the parallel control circuit. The separated circulating current is divided by the X, potentiometer so that a portion of it flows through the tertiary winding of the T1 transformer in RXTND 4 of both Trl and ‘Tr. The direction of the current in the tertiary winding will be different on both the compensating units. In the case of the Tr1, the circulating current will reduce the excitation from the primary winding in T1 so that a reduced u,-component is obtained in the secondary winding. In the case of the Tr2, however, this portion of the circulating current will increase the excitation from the primary winding in T1 so that an increased u,-component is obtained in the secondary winding. Since the circulating current between the transformers is almost entirely inductive, the change in the u,-component will be almost entirely opposed to or unidirectional with the U voltage in Fig. 21, unidirectional in the case of Trl and opposed to in the case of Tr2. If the change in the ux-component is sufficiently great, the Trl tap changer will step down or that or Tr2 will step up, depending on the regulate value, which is set on the regulating relays, and the actual voltage. The influence of the circulating current can be regulated with the X, potentiometer. A one or two step difference between the tap changers should be permissible, otherwise the tap changers wil! operate unnecessarily often.1MDU04011-EN 25 The T3 transformer, with the C3 capacitor, compensates the inductance in the tertiary winding of T1 in order to achieve the correct phase position of the circulating current in T1; refer to Fig. 20. When the tap changers are in the same position, no circulating current will flow and the load current will be divided equally between the two transformers. The conditions governing the ampere-turn balance in T:11 and T:21 then imply that no current will flow in the T1 tertiary windings of the two compensating units. ‘To monitor the circulating current, an overcurrent relay of type RXIG 21 (version 5631 161-AA) can be connected between the compensating units of the parallel operating transformers. If the circulating current is too high, the regulating function will be blocked. The relay requires an auxiliary supply which can be obtained via a rectifier from the ac supply which is being monitored. A rectifier unit for this purpose is incorporated in the RITD 181 transformer unit. Parallel control with RXTND 4 and reversed reactance method: This method is used when the distance between the parallel operating transformers is so great that the connections for the additional auxiliary current transformers, when controlling in accordance with the circulating current method, cannot be realized. Direct connections between the compensating units are omitted as are the connections for the RTTD 181 transformer unit and the RXIG 21 overcurrent relay. A selector switch, S in Fig. 20, is located on the RXTND 4 for the purpose of switching from DIRECT to REVERSE X-compensation. This switchover implies that the current through the primary winding of T1, in RXTND 4, will flow in the opposite direction compared to when direct X-compensation is used. The secondary voltage of T1, which constitutes the u,-component of the compensating voltage, will thus be reversed. Refer to Fig. 26 and 27. Provided that the Tr1 tap changer is at a higher step than that of the Tr2 tap changer, the regulating relay RXCE 41 for T1 will sense a higher voltage and the RXCE 4 for Tr2 a lower voltage. This means that the regulating relays will cause the tap changers to step towards the same position. XY; U 7 ur a ae j ux “Ux Yr uv 1 Fig. 26 Vector diagram illustrating Fig. 27 Vector diagram illustrating the the compensating voltage compensating voltage during during direct X-compensation reversed X-compensation1MDU04011-EN 26 With the knobs, on RXTND 4 for Trl and Tr2, for setting the X-compensation, the permissible voltage difference between the transformers can be set. With this method, the R- and X-compensation obtained will not be entirely correct. When the power factor is as good as constant, this can be remedied by overcompensating the resistive current component, see Fig. 27, where ur is greater at ~u, in Fig. 26. The overcompensation is to be so great that U2 achieves the same magnitude as U1 during direct X-compensation. Parallel control with RXTND 4 at different power ratings and circulating current method: During the parallel operation of transformers which have different power ratings but have similar percent short-circuit voltages, the load is divided according to the power ratings of the transformers. If, on the other hand, the short-circuit voltages differ, the load is divided in proportion to the power ratings and in reversed proportion to the percent short-circuit voltages. If the rated primary current of the main current transformers is selected in proportion to the different rated currents of the power transformers, the secondary currents of the current transformers will be of equal magnitude if the short-circuit voltages are alike and no circulating current flows, when the tap changers are in identical positions. It is assumed that parallel control is brought about as shown in Fig, 25. The secondary current will then flow entirely through the compensating circuit in RXTND 4 of the respective transformers. Due to the different ratios of the main current transformers, the circulating current will not entirely flow in the intended circuit. A Portion of it will flow in the same direction as the load current. However, this does not influence the parallel control if the relationship between the highest and lowest power rating is not too great. Parallel control with RXTND 4 of several parallel operating transformers: Several parallel operating transformers can also be controlled in accordance with the circulating current method (Fig. 28). Note that the secondary sides of T-11, T:21 and T:31 as well as those of T:12, 7:22 and T:32, are connected in series while the circulating current circuits through terminals 318 and 428 are connected in parallel. In cases when more than three transformers are involved, the corresponding RXTND 4s and current transformers are connected in the same manner.1MDU04011-EN 27 Fig. 28 Connection of current circuits of RXTND 4 when parallel controlling three transformers Voltage regulation when one transformer is taken out of service The Trl transformer is taken out of service and the Tr2 transformer takes over the entire load (Fig. 29). The auxiliary contact 1:1, on the circuit-breaker for Tr1, then opens the circulating current circuit to the RXTND 4 of Trl and the auxiliary contact 1:2 short circuits the secondary winding in T:11. Due to the condition governing ampere-turn balance in T:12 and T:22, the current from the main current transformer of Tr2 will be divided so that the RXTND 4 of Tr2 senses the same current as before the Tr1 was taken out of service. The total load current on the outgoing lines has not been changed and, for this reason, the compensation is to be maintained at the same level. To achieve the division of current, the contact 1:2 is closed. The only task of the T:12 and T:22 secondary windings is to divide the compensating current when either Tr] or Tr2 is taken out of service and is not subject to control.1MDU04011. EN 28 + Fig. 29 Voltage regulation when one of two parallel-operating faniiirne aintice1MDU04011-EN 29 It is recommended that RAYA is connected to measure phase-phase voltage. In a high impedance earthed system there may exist a displacement of the neutral voltage from earth. The phase to earth voltage is then not a correct measurement of system voltage and should not be used to regulate the system voltage. If voltage Up-Ur = Upr is used to RXCE 41 current to the RXTND 4 shall be (IR-IT)/V'3 to give the correct phase relation. To get this current one can use two interposing CTs SLMF 123 or one three-winding SLMF 123 as below: SLMF 123, Ratio: 2-winding i-p. CT 3-winding i-p. CT Ty = 1-1V 30.16-0.28 A 4781 020-MT 4781 020-AES = 2-2 3/0.16-0.28 A 4781 020-VP 4781 020-AET Lo S-5V3/0.16-0.28 A 4781 020-FH 4781 020-AEU In = S-SV3/4-7A 4781 020-VN 4781 020-AEV The interposing CTs SLMF 123 have secondary taps to allow some matching of power transformer rated current to nominal current of RAYA (I, = 5 Aor In = 0.2 A). In a power system with the regulated voltage side directly earthed, it is possible to use a phase to neutral voltage (Upn) and the corresponding phase current to RXTND 4 (Ig). It may then be necessary to adjust the measured voltage by v 3 e.g. from 1103 V to 110 V by an interposing VT SLMF 86, No. 4781 020-XC. This arrangement could be used if CT measurement is available only in one phase. Interposing CTs shall always be used to prevent double earthing of the CT secondary circuits at the circulating current connection. afl o an a in i Fig. 30 Example of use of 3-winding interposing CT1MDU04011-EN 30 TESTING AND COMMISSIONING Test Equipment The following equipment is required: © 2 universal instruments of moving coil type ®@ 1rms-value measuring voltmeter for the scale range 0-150 ac and of accuracy class 0.5 or better ¢ 1 relay test set provided with an adjustable transformer so that the output voltage and output current can be varied (0-150 V, 0-10 A, > 100 VA, 50-60 Hz) @ 1 torch battery of approx. 4 V @ 1 buzzer or ohmmeter (a universal instrument can be used as an ohmmeter) © 1 RTXM ammeter test plug e@ 1 Test handle RIXH The instructions cover the following versions: The actual tests for the particular version are to be selected. Circuit diagram Basic version 5631 162-AA with RXTND 21 5631 162-BA with RXTND 22 5631 162-CA 5631 162-DA with RXTND 4, RXIG 21 and RTTD 181 5631 161-AA Check that the transformers in RXCE 41 and the voltage transformer in RXTNB 21 are connected for the correct rated voltage. The primary windings have terminals for rated voltages 100, 110, 115 and 120 V. The current transformers in the blocking unit RXTNB 21 and in the compensating unit RXTND 21 can be reconnected for rated currents of 1, 2 and 5 A by reconnection inside the cover. Ensure that they are connected for the correct rated current. ‘The RXTND 22 compensating unit is available in three versions, for 1,2 and 5 A rated currents respectively. Ensure that the RXTND 22 has been chosen for the appropriate rated current. In a station which incorporates several parallel operating power transformers, the RTTD 181 and RXTND 4 are to have the same rated data for all regulating devices. Note! If two or more power transformers are interconnected for parallel control, the voltage transformer and the current transformer used for the compensating units of each power transformer must be connec- ted to the same phases at all the power transformers.1MDU04011-EN 31 HA XING 21 wOUA etth RXCE 41 IGA ITD 181, RXG YOISA KIND 4 Fig. 31 Schematic diagram showing standard CT and VT connection to RAYA with RXTND 4 The circuit diagram (Fig, 31) shows the connection of the voltage transformer between phase R and N, and the current transformer for compensation in phase R. On the up side, a current transformer is shown in the T phase and is connected to the RXTNB 21 blocking unit. The current transformer for compensation is to be connected to the same phase as the voltage transformer. Check the connections against the appropriate circuit diagram. Outer connections and functions can be tested in different ways. Such tests, however, should be made before the actual commissioning of RAYA and are therefore not dealt with in this document. it is essential that the polarity of the current transformer and voltage transformer circuits, to the test-switch terminals 5-6 and 11-12 respectively, is also tested. The phase position of the current transformer in the T phase on the up side lacks significance. Test the operation of the level detecting circuits Insert the test plug handle in the test switch - the secondary circuits of the voltage and current transformers will then be interrupted and the secondary windings of the primary current transformers will be short circuited. Set the U, knob in the 100% position. Switch on the power supply (100, 110, 115 or 120 V, 50-60 Hz) to the terminals 11 and 12 of the test plug handle (with relay test set or rotary transformer). Check that the output relay in RXTNB 21 picks up when rated voltage is applied. The pick-up of the relay implies that the terminals 9 and 10 in the test plug are short circuited.1MDU04011-EN 32 Set the U, knob on RXTNB 21 to the 90% position. Reduce the voltage applied to terminals 11 and 12, in the test plug handle, to slightly below 90% of the rated voltage and check that the output telay in RXTNB 21 drops out (short circuit between terminals 9 and 10 in the test plug handle is removed). Following this, raise the voltage to rated voltage. Set the Z knob on the RXTND 21 compensating unit, the R and X knobs on the RXTND 22 compensating unit, or the R, X and X, knobs on the RXTND 4 compensating unit, to the 0% position and the AU knob in the 1% position. Check that the light-emitting diodes on the front of RXCE 41 are extinguished. Lower the voltage, applied to terminals 11 and 12 of the test plug handle, by approximately 1% and check that the upper light-emitting diode lights up. Raise the voltage, applied to terminals 11 and 12 approximately 1% above the rated voltage and check that the lower light-emitting diode lights up. If an adjustable source of voltage is not available, the operation of the level detecting circuits can be tested but their operate values cannot be checked. In such cases, test according to the following: Set the Z knob on RXTND 21, the R and X knobs on RXTND 22 or the R, X, X, knobs on RXTND 4, to the 0% position and the AU knob to the 1% position. Apply rated voltage to terminals 11 and 12. If the voltage deviates from the rated voltage, set the U, knob to the corresponding higher or lower percentage so that both light-emitting diodes extinguish. Turn the U, knob to a little higher %-setting. The RAISE circuit should then operate and this is indicated by the lighting up of the upper light-emitting diode.Now turn the Us knob to a little lower %-setting. The LOWER circuit should then operate and this is indicated by the lighting up of the lower light-emitting diode. Set the U, knob on RXTNB 21 to the 90% position. Lower the voltage, applied to terminals 11 and 12, to a little below 90% of the rated voltage by connecting a series resistor and check that the output relay in RXTNB 21 drops out (short circuit between terminals 9 and 10 of the test plug handle is removed). Then, raise the voltage to rated voltage. Test the output relays for regulation Set the time switches to the 30 second independent time position. Vary the voltage, applied to terminals 11 and 12, or, if an adjustable source of voltage is not available, turn the U, knob so that the RAISE and LOWER circuits operate in successive order. The time from when the respective level detecting circuits operate to when the contacts of the output relays close, should be between 27 and 33 seconds. The pick-up of the RAISE relay signifies a connection between terminals 15 and 16 of the test plug handle.1MDU04011-EN 33 The pick-up of the LOWER relay signifies a connection between terminals 15 and 17 of the test plug handle. ‘Test the overcurrent blocking function of RXTNB 21 Set the U, knob to the 100% position. Apply rated voltage to terminals 11 and 12 of the test plug handle. Connect an adjustable source of current to terminals 3 and 4 of the test plug handle. Set the In knob on RXTNB 21 to the 2 x I, position. Close the current circuit and increase the current until the output relay in RXTNB 21 drops out (short circuit between terminals 9 and 10 of the test plug handle is removed). The drop-out should occur when the current has been raised to 2 x In. Open the current circuit, the output relay should then pick-up again. Remove the test plug handle. Test the compensating units RXTND 21 and RXTND 22 can be tested directly with operational current as described below. The secondary circuit of RXTND 4 must be tested as illustrated in Fig. 32. Set the Us, the AU knobs and the knobs on RXTNB 21 to their respective service positions. Set the tap changer equipment to the manual mode and step up to the correct tap changer position. To determine whether or not the current connections to the compensating units are correctly oriented, the transformer must be subject to a load. Set the knobs of the compensating unit to the 0% position, Manually operate the tap changer so that the voltage on the transformer corresponds to the regulating value set on the U, knob. Both light-emitting diodes should then be extinguished. RXTND 21 ‘Turn the U, knob to a little higher percentage so that the RAISE. circuit is on the verge of operation. When the RAISE circuit operates, the upper light-emitting diode lights up. When the Z knob is then turned upwards to the end position, the RAISE-circuit should operate. If this is not the case, set the Z knob to the 0 position and turn the U, knob to a little lower percentage so that the LOWER circuit is on the verge of operation. When the LOWER circuit operates, the lower light-emitting diode lights up. If the LOWER circuit operates when the Z knob is afterwards turned up to its end position, the current connections are incorrect and are to be reversed. RXTND 22 ‘When testing RXTND 22, the test should be made with one current at a time from the main current transformers in the R and T phases. ‘When measuring with current from the R phase, the main current transformer in the T phase must have its secondary short circuited at the terminal blocks and its cables to RAYA disconnected. When measuring with current from the T phase, the main current transformer in the R phase is short circuited and disconnected in the same manner. The order in which this is done is described in the following.1MDU04011-EN 34 ‘Turn the U, knob to a little higher percentage so that the RAISE circuit is on the verge of operation. When the RAISE circuit operates, the upper light-emitting diode lights up. Short circuit and disconnect the main current transformer in the T phase as described above. When the R knob is turned up to its end position, the RAISE circuit should operate. The RAISE circuit should also operate when the knob is afterwards turned back to the 0% position and the X knob is turned up to its end position. If the RAISE circuit does not operate in any of the said cases, set the R and X knobs to the 0% position and turn down the Us knob to a little lower percentage so that the LOWER circuit is on the verge of operation. When the LOWER circuit operates, the lower light-emitting diode lights up. If the LOWER circuit operates when the R and X knobs are individually turned up to their end positions, the current connections to the main current transformer in the R phase are incorrect and must be reversed. Restore the connection from the main current transformer in the T phase and remove its secondary short circuit. Short circuit the secondary side of the main current transformer in the R phase and disconnect its cable to RAYA. Set the R and X knobs to the 0 % position. Turn the U, knob up to a little higher percentage so that the RAISE circuit is on the verge of operation. When the R knob is afterwards turned up to its end position, the RAISE circuit should operate. Set the R and X knobs to the 0 % position. Turn the U, knob down to a little lower percentage so that the LOWER circuit is on the verge of operation. When the X knob is afterwards turned up to its end position, the LOWER circuit should operate. If the operation of the RAISE and LOWER circuits has nat occurred, check instead if operation occurs in LOWER and RAISE circuits. If such is the case, the current connections to the main current transformer in the T phase are incorrect and must be. teversed. Restore the connection from the main current transformer in the R phase and remove the short circuit from its secondary side. During the test, it has been assumed that RXTND 22 is connected for normal R and X compensation. If the RXTND 22 is connected for reversed X compensation (refer to note 1 in diagram 5631 162-CA), the opposite circuit to that mentioned above should operate when the X knob is turned to its end position. When the compensating unit and its connections have been checked the individually operating RAYA is, in principle, ready to be taken into service. RXIND 4 Set the R, X and X, knobs to the 0 position and the toggle switch to the DIRECT position. Set the AU and U; knobs in RXCE 41 to the 6.5% and 100% positions respectively.