Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chemistry PDF
Chemistry PDF
$]l$:
z E~{VSl ]ll t {l]l> E-l] ]l# $]l
]l* yl-MS Z]l*]l$lZ Er$.
1
v PV = >MS
p
AtMS l: *f$ l:
$ {VS*# ]lM> MSSZ G$ G[M>tl] $ (AMt S $ l$lMSlZ ly V> E]l yl$ AZ
>) E. C $]l ^lZ ^l$$MS$V> Yl] ]l#. ]l*$]l#$ "]l*]l QZ G[M>tl] l] $ ]l$MS*$* B
s $]l fylMS M> "AMt S ' G[M>tl ]l$ G[M>tl] l] $ $Vt > ^l$M]lyl > Hyl *f
{^$. Cl ]lMS ]l*$]l#$ G[M>tl] ]l$ $ l . ]l$]l >MS A]l O l $]l {s]l$, MS ^la
^l$M]lyl, {VS
^lyl MZ]lyl -> - - O- l $-l] l M>O{ylr$ (^lMSP$), BP llO ]l rsZ
"AMt S ' G[M>tl ly-M- S {$. D *f$ l l$ Er$.
{{MS$Z ]lM>$ *VS ^llyl ]l $]l l
Hyl$l$. ]l$*f$ > l>$:
z , {l]l AsMS $]l >$V> Es.
$]l Z ]lQOl$]l: z lMS$P]l {l]l~{VSl$ Es.
O{yfl l:
AMS $ l$lMSl E]l l (F), BMSfl (O), Ol{sZfl
(N) ]l*$]l# O {yfl lO l $ E]l#yl$ B
O {yflMS$, Al A$]l# Cl A$]l#Z F, O, NMS$ E]l
]lO l $]l yl BMS -- l] $ O {yfl l
As$. - - - ^l$MSP Xl (.............) *_ $.
E: HO ...HO ...HO ....
| | |
H H H
O{yfl l $:
z O {yfl M>V>l $ {l]lV> E. MS - -l
*Z Eyl. ($ Ol l F
^lyl)
z *f$ l$]l A]l sMS ^lMSP s H^l
O {yfl M>V>l sZ MS$VS$l$.
z sMS, BPMS$ AMS ]l]l l] EylsMS
O {yfl M>. C ]ll A {sZ
B M>]lyMS M> O {yfl $ MS]lyll$.
]l* {$
1. GMS$P]l E~{VSl ]ll MSVS ?
G) VS*Mg ) {Mtg
) ${Mg yl) yl$ MO yl
2. O, S$ JMS {VS*#l] MS$ ^l]l ]lM>$. H2O ($)
]l]l l] H2S (O{yfl O yl ]l#) MSs
]lM>$
& ]lM>$ 114 ]lM> VS$#
MV> B{MS$_ {l]l> MSW E]l HOl CsMS ]l*]l]l#yl $ 114MS$ O V> ]lM>]l$ VS$^yl$. sZ
A]l#l $. st >]l$ $]l, {l]l, 90 f ]lM>$. $VS]l ]l*]l]l#yl $ MS{]l$V>
>$V> h $. ZY * As$. l*$ ^l ]l. 92]l ]lMS $. l>l
*$ ]lZ A *Z ]lM>]l$ {sl>MS ]lM> As$. {sl
Er$. Z A$MS ^l Er$. >MS ]lM> yl*MSl]l$ {l. $
> Ha ]lM>$. *$l E]l ]ll$ E]l ]lM>Z 43]l sMS$, 61]l {$$.
A 90 f ]lM> Hyl Er$. $VS D yl$ MS*y MS{]l$V> l*O ]ll.
]lM> ]l$ MS{]l$V> l*$^l ]l. Z H *rZ AlMSV> MS lls Hyl$ ]lM>$
VSZ E]l A AMSPyl E]l l ]lM>O ]l$V>.. BMSfl, M>l, A*$$, C]l$]l, MS,
B yl Er$. yl$, s$. sZ BMSfl, M>l AZ $.
*rZ AlMSV> MS Z& A*$$.
]lZ V>Z AlMSV> Eyl ]l# ]l{lf
]lM>$ yl$ M>$
(78%). BMSfl (21 >l), B>Yl (0.9 >l) s B
]lM>$ { ]lV> yl$ M>$& Z$, AZ$.
(0.04 >l) M>l yO l BMS yl (0.03 >l).
ZMS$ l$ VS$ Er$. Z$ l$l E~
M>$V> ^l. Z]l$ $V> O l , MS$
*ZMS ]l*ayMS ]l#l$. Z]l$ $V> O l
Cl ]lQ ]l#$.
*ZMS ]l*aVSVS VS$ ylMSt s As$. Z$ BMSfl, , $, s$, Z$ ]lM>
$V> MS$ *ZMS ]l* VS$ ]l*$s ]l$ ^ZPf]l$ As$. l, Ml {Z$l, A*yll,
As$. BsOt l ]lM>]l$ Zf]l$ As$. $, *l,
E: C]l$]l, V>, lyl. D yl$ VS$$ AlMSV> B>Yl , {MStl , MSl, >yl ]lM>]l$ fyl]l#$
(Inert gases/noble gases) As$. V>, s ]l,
E]l Z V>. O Z S]l$ AZ$ lV >
{l^l]l#. lyl]l$ l$r As$. sO s$, hP$,
E: A*yll Ml. Z, AZ yls S]l$ {M$$, ]l*VS$ llO ]l Z]l$ [ts hMS Z$
{l^l ]lM>$ A Z$ (l$ryl) As$.
E: BMS, Bsl. O {yfl JMS AZ. ]lr ]l*l O {yhl lZ
l (l$$P) l $VS A Z$ $]l Z O{yfl]l$ E*W$. Al**]l$ {>$MSV>
Es. {Z$l l $VS A AZ$ $]l Z El ^l$yMS AMS ll Z O {yfl]l$ E*W $.
Es. As {l]l Z Eyl yl$ ]lM>$& l , AZZ M>l ]lQOl $. i]l$O ]l yl
{Z$l. $VS ]lM> GMS$P]lV> $]l Z >$, {s]l$, M]l#$, MS{lM>]l*$, r$]l Z M>l
Es. l MSMS As$. {Z$l]l$ yl Er$. ]l{f $lO l $]l M>l. {V>Os *Z M>l]l$
MSyl As$. ]lM>]l$ s lls AS yl$ yl , G{Mtyl l*Z E*W $. ]l{lf
AS>$ s sl ]l* AS> Z $. Al**, ]l{MS B]l$, $]l G$]l# l*Z E*
E: Hydrogen-H, Oxygen-O, Nitrogen-N, Aluminium- W $. ]l{lf fyl {l$ M>st B
Al, Bromine-Br. >]l$ {l ^ll$MS$ E*W $. ]l*PsZ ^l
M ]lM> Z Hl yl$ AS> MS*y l B > MSrl] $ (E: _ MSr$) ]l{lf
MS Z $. E: Manganese-Mn, Chromium- ]l# #$. {sO l {sZsl, O l {sZW l Al
Cr, Cadmium-Cd rM> l*Z MS*y ]l{lf *W $.
All lOMS ]l ]lMS O {yfl. All lOMS ]l Z
$. All Z B$. A$Ol ]l Z
yl$. A$ VSyl*>Z $]l$ E*W $. 6. A$ *MStZ $lM>V> E*W^l?
$lO l $]l M>l A MSV> ]l]l $. G) {V>Os ) $
Cs{VSsyl _ l*Z E*W $. ]l{l s ]l$_ ) g yl) A
fV> {VS ^l Z l$X$. $ l* 7. 94]l ]lMS #sZ$]l$ 1941Z MS]l$V]ll]l$?
Z yl$]l$ E{lMSV> *W $. {l]l yl$]l$ G) Gt ) VS l ZY
O$r(AMS E~{VSl l>$r$)Z E*W$. ) l ^l yl) O l Y
G{MSMt S $ l$s rVS t l l*O Er$. G{MSMt S 8. MS sZ H { C]l$]l All ]l$]lOl$?
$Z B>Yl ]l#l] $ #$. G) EMS$P C]l$]l ) lMS$P C]l$]l
$VS NZ {MS]l]l$ ^lyMS Ml]l$ ) ^ll C]l$]l yl) H M>l$
E*W $. ]l Al $]lZ yl *]l Z, 9. H yl$ Z ${]l* A$ *MStZ coolantV>
]l{l Zl$MS$ ^l yO l ]l BMSfl yl Z
$]l$ *W $?
#$. {MStl , MSl]l$ l$l $Z, s G) yl$, s$
r*$Z, O l $]l l Z E*W $. t ) l$X$, A$$$
>Z VS$ l] $ >yl > VSyl$. {MStl &MSl ) C]l$]l, MS yl) A*$$, C]l$]l
${]l* $Z E*W $. 10.]l$ llsV> l*$^l]l MS{]l$ ]lMS?
lyl, >W ]ls Z]l$ MSyl > V>>MS G) sMS$ ) {$$
VSst l ]l ]l $. lV> B l* l ]l$]l# ) $ yl) l Nt$
l$. V> $l l ]l$ carat(Karat)Z M$ $. $lO l $]l
V> $]l 24 M>r$. V>Z Cl Z]l$ MS
M M>s $]l lVS$Yl $. V> lZ 22
M>s V>> B l*Z GMS$P]lV> E*W ]l*$
$. 1 G 2 yl 3 4 5
22 M>s V>Z 22 V>$ $lO l $]l V> 2 6 yl 7 8 9 G 10 G
V>$ >W lyl Er$.
{MSt s
1. MS sZ H ]lM> {tl A MS*y As$?
G) ) l$X$
) M>l yl) ]l*VS$
2. Z AMSV> Eyl ]lMS?
G) ]l{lf ) BMSfl
) $ yl) O {yfl
3. GZ MSMS A H ]lM> $$?
G) yl$ ) $
) $ yl) H M>l$
4. MS H yl$ AOl$ B]l*Z ]l*{ll$ Er$?
G) O l, Bj ) $*l, t l
) VS l, Al yl) yt l l, sO l
5. AOylgz EZ A*yll V> H *Z
Er$?
G) s$ A*Oyl yl ) s$ A*yls
) $lO l $]l ]lMSV> yl) H M>l$
M>MS MS$ As?
M>--MS MS--$ (E.T.M.U).
s lls- VS$_]l > l l $ CTR Wilson, Hess. z 1985Z l > l l $, NASA > ll MS A]l$-
D MS]l$ {*V>l MSV> MS]l$V ]l*{l $M>-l . >- l Al E{VS- l>Z {*W_, M>-M- S MS
2. M>MS MSZ { ]l MS-$ G{M>tl , h{sl, {sl, VS$_ Al $]l ^l>$.
+ + 1 -z ]lS{ _]lMS$ Black hole (MS~ ) Al $-l] $
]l*{sl, Cl A*]l$ e,e,p,n M> D MSZ $]l*$ John Wheeler (Al$M>) st-$.
80 >l ]lMS$ {s]l$s. z ]lS{l black holeV> ]l*>s ]l- S {- l {l]l> *$yl
Note : h{sl Al G{M>tl MS$ ]lMS MS. {l]l>
{l]l>MS MS- 1.4 r$ Ey. "- ^l{l- Q- - -$-s -
G{M>tl {l]l>MS ]l*]lV> Eyl l l> MSW ' As$.
Er$. z 1 C.S.L= 1.4 2 10 30 KG.
3. M>MS MS EMS,- - l] $ l- $- $-M-l] y- -M- S M>MS = 1.4 *$ {l]l>
sP]l$ E*W$. 1 C.S.L = 2.8 10 30 kg.
4. M>MS MS {]ll {l $ ]ll GMS$P]l, *]l$l Q z {l]l> M]lyMS E*W^l l {]l* ^l{l
]ll lMS$P-l] V- > Er$. Q $s.
5. M>MS MS MS 109 ev ]l$_ 1020 ev ]lMS$ Er$, z {l]l> M]lyMS E*W-^l _]l {]l* =
M>st Z- M- S - - -Z M>MS MS- MS- l] $lO- l $-l] - . 1 Atomic mass unit = 1.67 10-27kg
s lVSO l lMS$P-l] V- > Er$. z
- M> M]ly- -M- S S E*W^l l {]l* & M>MS
hc
E = ]ll. JMS M>-MS ]l- l - = 250 $$l
]ll>$.
6. M>MS MS-- l] $ yl$ M>$V> ]lYMS ^l]l^l$a.
z JMS M>MS ]ll As *$yl$ JMS > ^l$st
G. ]l$l$ M>MS MS$:
>]lyMS st M>-.
z D MS$ 10 . ]l$l]l]l # l$ >
z M> M-l] y- -M- S E*W^l _]l {]l* shake. JMS
^^l$aM l ]l#. C *$yl El novae
shake = 108sec.
]l$_ l$]lyl Eyl]l^lal A-{- $]l.
. MSv]l M>MS MS$:
f yl* MSl:
z D MS$ 10 . ]l$l]l]l # ]l$ >
z ]l*$ MS{lMSZ {s]l$, ]l*{s]l$ MS{lMS
^^l$aMS$l. C super novae ]l$_ l$]lyl
]l (]l*MS* forces) _ Es, D $
Eyl]l^la $$.
Z A Ol $-l] - . D ]l$ MS*$ Al > l l
z ]l$]llZ M>MS MS VS$_ Al $]l ^l ]l -Z
yl$ M>$V>(MS*$ BMS , MS*$ MS $)
Z$ fX (H.J. baba), l$$l -, y.
]lYMS^yl$.
{MS ->--- ]ls {- l] -Q$-$-- - $.
z ]l*$ Q 1 ]l$_ 30 ]lMS$]l ]l*$ MS{lMSZ
z D MS- - A-- l - $--M- S {MS> AlZ
MS*$ BMS $ GMS$P]l, MS $ lMS$P]lV>
h-MS - - a - r
- - - H>-r
- $ ^l>- $. { $l C
Es, M>st D ]lM>MS$ l GMS$P]lV>
ISROZ -VS V> ^l.
Er$.
z >l>Z ]l$_ ]l^la A Zl MS$,
z ]l*$ Q 82 MSs GMS$P]lV> E]l ]l*$ MS{l
>$ MS$, M>-MS MS- -$.. *$ ^l$r$t {$
M>Z MS*$ BMS $ lMS$P]l, MS $ A
$l] ]l$V>]lO l]lO l $ MS-W- - . s ]l$_
l GMS$P]lV> Eyl, ly- -M- S
SMS$ space suite Al {lMS l$$- l] $ ]l$V>]l$
l]l$lr l$ , , MS]l$ $rMS$ llh]l
l $. MS- M- S ]l$ extra terrestrial mobile unit
. As$.
z D {{MS$]l$
f yl* MSl As$. z C B* yl*MS > ]lO B ylr
z D yl* MSl]l$ { MS 1896Z MS]l$Vyl$. ]l- l$ >Z $]l$ l$V> Es.
M>st , , MS]l$ MS MS- -$ As$. z { f yl* MS 82pb ( ) BMS
z
f yl* MSlO M>-- M>$- yl]l, Et{VSl lV>l l MSW yl*MSl BWl$. Al$
{]l Eyll$. ]l Ai lM> A]llV> $Ms$.
& MS: C yl$ r l l, $-VS $
-r {l]l> 2He4 ]l*$]l# MS{lM> MS{]l$ yl* MSl :
Er$ {*VS>Z - - O- l $-l] l ]lM> l MS lMst
z C lO l $-l] MS. D MS yl$lO ]l yl$ ^l. . A yl* MSl]l$ {l. D {{MS- $-l] $- Irine
]l*$]l# Q yl$ r$, {l]l> $-VS $ curie, Bl$ Fredrick Jolotio Curie$ MS]l$-V- $. Ex: -
r$ lVS$Yl$. z fermium
&MS: ]l*$ MS{lMSZ ]l*sl z Curium
_e]lOl $]l yl$ {sl, G{M>tl $V> yll$. sZ z Amera ciam
lO l $]l {sl ]l*$ MS{lMSZ Eyll, lMS$P]l z Larencium
{l]l> E]l G{M>tl ]l*$]l# MS{lMS ]l$_ $rMS$ z Stramcium
yl$l]l#l$. z Einsteinium
z D l V> l$]lyl]l G{M>tl ]l$ &MS As$. C z plutonium
l$]lyl]l yl$ ]lMS ]l*$ Q+1V> $VS$ ]lM> MS{]l$ ]l l] (Artificial transmutation of
elemnts):
l$. M> ]l*$]l# {l]l>Z Gr$]ls ]l*$
Eyll$. {*VS>Z ]lM> >-l O- l $-l] MS-- ]l*ay-
]lM> MS{]l$ ]l l] As$. *l z MS]l$-V-
n1
0 1
0
(+e )+ p
1 +
-yl$.
MS: D MS-MS Gs Bl, {l]l>$$ MS{lMS _a (Nuclear fission):
Eyl]l#. z JMS >l ]lM> Gs Bl ]l*{sl
z D MS MS l*$M l- $l] JM] MSO- l $-l] l$l lMl ^l. . A _e]lOl $ $]l*- $ yl$ Ml ]l*$
A$Pl lVS ]l*{ll$. M>st ]l*$ MS{lMS MS{lM>$V> yl, Z ]l$_ M ]l*{s]l$, A-
]l$_ &MS yl$lO ]l yl$ MS]l B ]l*$ MS MS $rMS$ yl$l M>]ly- - MS{lMS _e As$.
MS{lMS MS ]l*{ll$ lVS$Yl $. M> {l]l>, z MS{lMS _e MS]l$V]l > l l $ Ottohan, Strassmann
]l*$ QZ Gs ]l*$ Eyll$.
z l$l S{lZ l l E]l "' MS $MS O l #,
$l]l]l MS l ]l MS O l # ]lW {*.
M> Gs Bl MS $k ]l*Y Z
{*$.
{]l*$: &
z 1 CURIE = 3. 71010 $r-$ / 1SEC
z 1 MILLICURIE = 1/100 CURIE
z 1RUTHERFORD = 106 /
z 1 BECGUOREL = 1/ .
A il M> :
z yl* MS l]lZ ]l$_ yl* MS MS
]l$ $rMS$ llh]ll* l]l A$ {l]l>Z VS
{l]l> ]l*$ ^lly-M- S st M> A il M>
V> $r]l]l
*$&^l$r*t B]l_ E]lr$]ls AlMS ]l# ${]l$ MS*yl$MS$ E]l l
]l As$. C *$ MSP VS$$MS M>V> AVS ^lyl
Er$.
]l *$ El ]l$yl $]l*$ 250 Ol$$ E]l M $^lyl$l$.
# 5&11 Ol$$ As 7&16 MS.$. l>l ^ $^ yl$l$.
>{MS$MS$ lMSPZ fVS MSf]l *VS{MS$MS$ E*VSyl ]l V>l
V> "V>' A ]l]l^lyl f$VS$l$.
V> AlMS ]l# ${]l$ sZ ]lQOl$]l Ol{sZf, BMSf, B>Y, M>Oyl
BMSy, s B. ylV>Z s B Eyll$.
sZ Ol{sZf, BMSf, B>Y ]ls ]lMSZ Es s B, M>Oyl BMSy,
(VS$Y#$$ ]l#) M M> ({*), l ]ls l$$.
V> {lMS_ sZ l ]l#]l$ AMSl]l > l$^l$.
EMS$ &196C ]ll Ol{sZf]l$ lyl ^l$.
D ]l#Z ^l$$OMS]l BMSf
sZ sB, {*, $l, Ol{r BOMSy ]ls * El lylMSPy
M>]l$]l#l$. l lVS {]l As$.
yl V>Z l ]l# $r]l {MS lV> Er$. s $r]l {MS
lV> Er$. s $r]l $]l]l* >Z C]lyl fW.
]l# $]l]l* >l
Ol{sZf (N2) 78.08
BMSf (O2) 20.95
B>Y (Ar) 0.93
M>Oyl BMSy (Co2) 0.033
* (Ne) 0.0018
$ (He) 0.00052
$l (CH4) 0.0002
{MSt (kr) 0.00011
Ol{r BOMSy (N2O) 0.00005
O{yf (H2) 0.00005
MSj (Xe) 0.0000087
KgZ (O3) 0.000001
ll ]lZ 0.4% ]lMS$ s B Er$. Al l {Z *
ElO 1&4% ]lMS$ ]l*$l* Er$.
Z$ & g VS$$
$ (Li), yl$ (Na), s$ (K), $yl$ (Rb), $ (Cs)
Z]l$ >Z As$. s BMSyl$]l$ sZ MSW >>]l$ C. B]l]l
stMSZ C lls {VS*#]l$ B{MS$. C S&MS$MS$ ^l]l 1A {VS*#.
$ (Be), l$X$ (Mg), M> $ (Ca), {t $ (Sr), $ (Ba) Al
]lM>]l$ > ]l$MS Z$ As$. C B]l]l stMSZ yl]l {VS*# B{MS$.
C s&MS$MS$ ^l]l IIA {VS*#.
?
10 247
VS$yl
W
NO
MS, MS{yljZ fVS]l$]l Al>j$ MS$[t J*ylMS$
D O YO U K
Ol>l lMS$ ^l]l ]l$VS$$ $$ (AMS ll, ]l$MSu
Mu>, {$ M>{, $MS VS{V>) GMS*$. l$$l 29,000
]l$ $ ]l$_ ]l$ GMS ^l>$.
{l
} lMSs {$
"]l$a]l r' As H$s?
]l$. "Myl$MSMS$ ]l$l E]l >ll $k]l# ^l>yl$. ]l**Z "$lM>' (moderator)V> E*
$MS Fyl' As Cl. ]l$^l$ MSVSV> $W]l Z MS*y W$.
>l M>v]ll: f V>ll ^l Er$. ]l${ ^lr$t z O {yfl (yl$s$) l*MS
sZ M> $, l$X$ MO yl$, BMS$O, ]l sZ MS*y MV> E*W$.
r$ (CaCl2, MgCl2, CaSO4, MgSO4) f Er$. z *MS i, {MS$V> yl$.
Eylr ]l sMS >l MSv]ll MS$ f E]l s z $]l ^l> $ l$$M]l
VS$l$. l$ ^l D2O MSs lVSV> yMS "{s 'V> yl$.
s ]l$W Cr$]ls ]l$ $ $r]l ^l O {yfl
]l$- l] ]l- ^l *VS Ar $Y $r]l ^ll]l# M>st D - M>v-- l] -l - l] $ l$]lyl$l$. C {]l*Z $ O{yfl >MSyl (H2O2)
]ll$$ s MS l E. ]l{$, W^l. $W]lMS$ AV> l$ ^l O {yfl, BMSfl MS H^l ]l$-
]ll$$, ^l$]l#$, MS$rZ $r$. >l M>v]ll W^ll l l $$ $Wl f. $]l*$ 30 l r O {yfl >MS yl. "l 'z
Z $]l*$ 98 >l ]l{l . "$ss' Al MS{]l$ hO s > s l$ ^l r$ f MS]l$MPyl$.
Al ]l{Z Eyl AlMS ]l "M>Yl ' Al yl$ M>l$s ]l$. BMSfl MSW E]l sO *M>
M>V> A VSyMS, VS]l >MS$ s > MSv]l f , Z f l>$: yll C MV> Hyl$l$. Al 50
MS>l$. Al$MS 'water water every M> $, l$X$ A*]l$ W^l z s f >l *M>]l* l$ ^l
where but not a drop to drink' ]l^l$a. "$ss' "M>Yl '$ MSv]lf ]l~{VSl, $]l~{VSl, ^l$a. C "l_]l #MS'
As$. ]l{Z VSr$]l 25&35 >l Z M> $, l$X$ A*]l l] $ {ll, VSl$ GMS$P]l. C BMSZ Er$. 'OO' l
]l$s. ]l$l ]l{l ]l _, sZMS yl$ A*]l-]l$ 101.4C ]ll ]l$$VS$l$. ($ >MS l As$.
$l 293 >l (-{ - ^lZ AMS ]l- - yl$l ^l. GsMS yl$ ]l$Ol $ ]l$VS E~{VSl 100C). z 30 >l O {yfl >MS yl]l$ "O
$-l). A-MS {ll M>V> ]l$l ]l "M>Yl ', $ss']l$ { l z GMS$P]l V>llZ f E]l {y' As$. C ]l$_ *s
]l{l "sO ]lyl]lVS M- S *-y. ]l{l {]l (yl$ MOyl $ Nl tMS. V>*]l$ MSylVSyMS E*
sZl M>l$ ]ll$$, ^l$]l#$, Z- $ f{]l) #]l$ij z lMSP $VS$l f W^l $$]l$ VS ]l$l$ Cl.
]l#Z MS*y ]l$ MSW Es. (recharge) ^l $. {VS* 1, 2 Z lMS$P]l. z E, ll, r$t ]ls s-
Al sZ yl$ ]l C A*l ]l$$ l: z fZ _]l f]l ^l$yMS E*W $.
l$-$-yl-]l--s-MS, M>$, l$X$ D l Z MSv]l Cl s S ^l$ ^l---. z *s --Z kr$t]l$ V>$
]ll ]l$. f ]l$V> z MSt* $VS$ VS$MS$ l^lal$MS$ yl $
MSv]l f: "M>r*l ]l*yl {lMS l Eyll$. ${]l$Z Al** r$
$ ]l$VS- C]l s MSv]l f hl' l>l "B]l*l f E*V>$: O {yfl >MS yl Er$.
(hard water) As$. $ lMSV> ]l*yl hl' > z f A$ * z l O l ]l~ _{ (yl E]l
]l$VS^la f l$ f (soft $. ]l A MStZ lVSV> ^l^l sVS$) N M> #]l$l ^l
water) As$. V> Z$ M> A*]l$ VS$. ]l*{s]l lV> lWY^lyMS yMS E*W $.
]l# ]l$_ ]l^la sMS, G- MS$P]l Zl$ As A M> ]l$ VS$.
]l$_ sMS MSv]ll GMS$P]l. C ]l_a]l sl A*l l ]l* {$ Eyl s ]l*
sZ M> $, l$X$ O M> f]l$s$. l]l fMS 6. VS$yl$z ]l$_sZ ]l]l$VS$l$.
lr$, MOyl$, r$ (Ca(HCO3)2, l$$V> - -y^l$a. C $lO l $, ^le 1. s ">l M>v]ll' W_ l$ M> E l {]lZ (ylyl
Mg(HCO3)2, CaCl2, MgCl2, CaSO4, O l $. $_ Eyll$. fV> ]l*ayMS MS sZ sZ) l- y- -M- S M>- ?
MgSO4) Eylr ]l sMS MSv]ll { $l GMS$P]lV> AMS yl]l ]ll MS->--? G) {]lZ E]l$ $aM -
]l$. A lMS (Semi Permeable G) yl$ M>l$s s E- E$l$
s M>v]ll yl$ M>$: Membrane) > MSv]l f ) M> $ O {yMS yl (Ca(OH)2) ) B$$l MSW VS$yl$z
1. PMS M>v]ll l$ f l$-l $-- $. D {{MS ) yl$ M>ls (Na2CO3) lMS]l#l$
2. >l M>v]ll $Z C$yl E]l *{l VS]l$]l yl) $ss ) VS$yl$z {ll MSs E {]l
PMS M>v-]l-l: {l (Reverse Osmosis). 2. sMS M>v]ll MSVSyMS M>Ol $]l {ll GMS$P]l
M> $, l$X$ O M>lr$ (Ca r s $l Eyl R.O. sMSMS ]l M- >-- ? yl) ]l$_s ll]ll GMS$P]l
(HCO3)2, Mg (HCO3)2)$ sZ MSW As Cl. G) NaCl ) CaSO4 7. AlMS ]l- - $-l MS- W- - l] ]l-{- l ?
Eylr ]l sMS PMS M>v]ll A lMS MS]l s ) MgCl2 yl) CaHCO3 ({VS*&1, 2002)
]l $. D - M>v-l] -l - l] $ yl$ M>$V> ]l*{ll$ l]l > { g- $$. 3. f- VSyMS E* G) ]l$l ) M>$l
W^l]l^l$a. H Cl A*l]l* { ^l]ll$. D W^l. -MS M> M>? ) Es $ yl) G{
lls l l- > A]l O l $]l ]l]l$ MS*y 1) NlO l $ 2) QOl 8. I ]lMSP$, V>Z MSs sZ
s ]l$W^lyl (boiling) lls l $. O yl A*]l$ MS*y W- 3) i]l >O {]l lV> MSVSy- -M- S M>?
l. ]l$W^lyl ]l O M>lr$ $ . - - - -M- S "$]l ]l' D (Physiological action) G) V> MSs $ $Ol
r]l ^l M>lr$V> A]lS ^ll$ $]l r ^leOl $l, M> VSyMS s l$V> Eylr ) sO I l$l$
. BVSMSO l $ M>l$. MS $_ MS*y 4) ^lyl MS t ) sZ E~ MS V>Z MSs GMS$P]l
E: Eyll$. Al$]l {ylyl r G) 2, 4 ) 1, 2 yl) $, I- Z JMS $]l
Ca (HCO3 )2
CaCO3 + H 2O + CO2
sZ MS{]l$V> M $]l]l$ ) 1, 3 yl) 2, 3, 4 E
W *MS ]l*Z MS$- #- l $-- $. 4. fMS _ V> fl 9. f l* r$ GMSPyl
Al$]l -l] M- - s lyl ^l ]l MSv]l f ]l ]lt$: ^l--? E?
{l Ayl$VS$ VSZ l $$$ z $ ]l A]l#l $. G) ]l]l E~{VSl & 101.4C G) gZ ]lVS
Hylr VS]l$^l]l^l$a. Al M>$ z VSyMS A]l$]l#V> Eyll$. (lMS$P]l ) $]l]l E~{VSl & 3.82C ) ]lO Z {s
M>ls. O M^l B]l$ (acid) ]l*Z M>v]ll Es VS]l^l$a. ) VSt {ll E~{VSl&11.6C ) ]l$$VS*$ yl) O- - l]
S-.. $$]l$ W M>lOyl MSOl$ M>l$) yl) BMS & l_ E]l # M S 10. H s- Z Dl Mrtyl lMS?
BMS yl]l$ yl$l ^l $. z {]l$Z *W^l -Z 5. "]l$a]l r' As? ({VS*&2, 1991)
y l: yll ^l$a$ (scales) Hyl Z G) JMS El ]l$ ElV> ]l* G) ]l f$ ) M]l$
sMS lW]ll $P B O l$ (Milk of l -l - $. $ {{MS$Z *W^l$MS$l $ ) ]l{l f-$ yl) M>$]l- $
Lime) MSl MS*y PMS M>v]ll {]l*l MS*y E. ) Gy J* $Z $ ]l*$
l$. O M>lr$ M>lr$V> A]lS - z lyl ^l$]lyl$ $$$ Ml ) Z$ ]l$_ ^l -VS $
l- l] $-l] #-. Al M>--]l MSs E~ MS ]l ^l. $ 1 2 G 3 4 yl 5 G
GMS$P]l "$P B Ol$'-]l$l MSl sZ { 60000 V>Z 1 yl) ]l$ fl$]l# Z 6 7 G 8 9 yl 10
PMS M>v]ll >l M>v]ll VS f Er$l "' Al