Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Definition
the supply of water to crops and landscaping plants by artificial means
Estimates of magnitude
world-wide: 544 million acres
(17% of land 1/3 of food production)
Purpose
Raise a crop where nothing would grow otherwise (e.g., desert areas)
Grow a more profitable crop (e.g., alfalfa vs. wheat)
Increase the yield and/or quality of a given crop (e.g., fruit)
Increase the aesthetic value of a landscape (e.g., turf, ornamentals)
Leaching of salts
Frost protection
Plant/soil cooling
Chemical application
Wind erosion control
Waste disposal
Types of Systems
Sprinkler
pressurized irrigation through devices called sprinklers (water is
discharged into the air and hopefully infiltrates near where it lands)
used on agricultural and horticultural crops, turf, landscape plants
Surface
Irrigation water flows across the field to the point of infiltration
primarily used on agricultural crops and orchards
Micro (drip, trickle)
frequent, slow application of irrigation water using pressurized systems
used in landscape and nursery applications, and on high-value agricultural
and horticultural crops
Water Measurement
Volume
Quantity of water; Water at rest
Gallon, cubic foot, etc.
V = A d (units: acre-inch, acre-foot, hectare-meter etc.)
Depth
Rainfall measured as depth; Useful for irrigation applications as well
Inch, foot, millimeter, centimeter, etc.
D = V / A (units: usually inches or millimeters)
Flow
Volume of water per unit time; Water in motion
Gallons per minute, cubic feet per second, acre-inches per day, liters per
second, cubic meters per second etc.
Q = V / t (units must be consistent)
Soil Water Relationships
Texture
Definition: relative proportions of various sizes of individual soil particles
USDA classifications
Sand: 0.05 2.0 mm
Silt: 0.002 - 0.05 mm
Clay: <0.002 mm
Textural triangle: USDA Textural Classes
Coarse vs. Fine, Light vs. Heavy
Affects water movement and storage
Structure
Definition: how soil particles are grouped or arranged
Affects root penetration and water intake and movement
Water in Soils
Mw
Soil water content qm
Ms
Canals: Conveyance of water, open and closed conduits. Canals and tunnels functions
and classification of canals, canal alignment, balancing depth. design of lined canals,
design of unlined canals, critical velocity, regime canals, Kennedys and Laceys theories,
advantages of lines canals, method of lining. Design of lines canals.
.
Bridges and Culverts: Discharge, Waterway and sour depth computations, Depth of
Bridge foundation, spans and vertical clearance, efflux computations, pipe culverts and
box culverts.
Design of Hydraulic
Structures
Design of Hydraulic
Structures
COURSE Contents
1. Introduction
2. Gravity Dams Site selection,
Forces,
Stability analysis.
3. Diversion Works Weirs and
Barrages
4. Canals Design and Canal Falls.
5. Cross Drainage Works
6. Head Regulators and Cross
regulators
IS Codes
IS Code 6512: Criteria for Design of Solid Gravity
Dams
IS Code 1893: Criteria for Earthquake Resistant
Design of Structures
IS Code 7784-Cross-Drainage Works: Part 1 -
General
IS Code 7784- Cross-Drainage Works: Part 2 -
Aqueduct
IS Code 7784- Cross-Drainage Works: Part 2
Syphon Aqueduct
IS Code 7784- Cross-Drainage Works: Part 2
Canal Syphon
IS Code 7784- Cross-Drainage Works: Part 2
Superpassage
IS Code 7784- Cross-Drainage Works: Part 2
Level Crossing
CEL351: Design of
Why study Hydraulic Structures?
INTRODUCTION
Development of water resources of
a region
Requires
Conception
Planning
Design
Construction
Operation
of various facilities to utilise and
control water, and
to maintain water quality.
Utilize/Need water
Domestic & Industrial uses
Irrigation
Power generation
Navigation
Other purposes
Water Resources Engineering
Utilisation of water
Control of water
Water quality management
Water is controlled and regulated
Flood control
Land drainage
Sewerage
Bridges
Not cause damage to property,
inconvenience to the
public, or loss of life
Water-quality management
Required quality of water for
different uses
Preserve Ecological balance
Contamination of
Groundwater/Surface water
Water Resources development
projects are planned
to serve various purposes
Main Purposes
Domestic & Industrial uses,
Irrigation
Power generation, Navigation,
Flood control
Secondary Purposes
Recreational, Fish and wild life,
Drainage control,
Watershed management, Sediment
control,
Salinity control, Pollution
abatement
Miscellaneous Purposes
Employment, Accelerate
development etc
Single-purpose andMulti-purpose
Water Resources projects Two
Main Steps
First step How much water is
available?
Knowledge of Hydrology
Precipitation average
Abstraction Losses
Runoff, Yield of basin
Flood Peak runoff
Reservoir sizing Mass curve
Second step How to utilise and
control water?
Require various structure
Hydraulic Structures
Types of Hydraulic Structures
Storage
Diversion
Transportation
Regulation
Control
Main source of water is
Precipitation
Precipitation is not uniform over
space and time
Monsoon, North East, Himalaya,
W. Ghat
Store water at surplus location
during surplus
period Storage structures
Reservoirs
Dam and Reservoir coexist
Dam solid barrier across river
Reservoir artificial lake u/s of
dam
Reservoir
Dam
Reservoir
Dam Spillway
RESERVOIRS RESERVOIRS
Types of Reservoirs Single-purpose
and Multi-purpose
Storage (or conservation) reservoirs
Flood control reservoirs
Multipurpose reservoir
Distribution reservoirs
Balancing reservoirs
Flood Control runoff exceeding
safe capacity of
river is stored in the reservoir.
Stored water is
released in controlled manner
Multipurpose Reservoirs
Serve two or more purposes. In India,
most of the reservoirs
are designed as multipurpose reservoirs
to store water for
irrigation and hydropower, and also to
effect flood control
Distribution Reservoirs
Small storage reservoirs to tide over the
peak demand of
water. The distribution reservoir is
helpful in permitting
the pumps to work at a uniform rate. It
stores water
during the period of lean demand and
supplies the same
during the period of high demand. As the
storage is
limited, it merely helps in distribution of
water as per
demand for a day or so and not for
storing it for a long
period. Distribution reservoirs are mainly
used for
municipal water supply but rarely used
for the supply of
water for irrigation.
RESERVOIRS RESERVOIRS
Multipurpose Reservoirs
Serve two or more purposes. In India,
most of the reservoirs
are designed as multipurpose reservoirs
to store water for
irrigation and hydropower, and also to
effect flood control
Distribution Reservoirs
Small storage reservoirs to tide over the
peak demand of
water. The distribution reservoir is
helpful in permitting
the pumps to work at a uniform rate. It
stores water
during the period of lean demand and
supplies the same
during the period of high demand. As the
storage is
limited, it merely helps in distribution of
water as per
demand for a day or so and not for
storing it for a long
period. Distribution reservoirs are mainly
used for
municipal water supply but rarely used
for the supply of
water for irrigation.
RESERVOIRS RESERVOIRS
Balancing Reservoirs
A balancing reservoir is a small reservoir
constructed d/s of
the main reservoir for holding water
released from the
main reservoir.
RESERVOIRS RESERVOIRS
Storage Capacity of Reservoirs
Storage capacity of a reservoir depends
upon the topography of
the site and the height of dam.
Engineering surveys
The storage capacity and the water
spread area at different
elevations can be determined from the
contour map.
In addition to finding out the capacity of
a reservoir, the
contour map of the reservoir can also be
used to determine
the land and property which would be
submerged when the
reservoir is filled upto various elevations.
To estimate the compensation to be paid
to the owners of the
submerged property and land. The time
schedule,
according to which the areas should be
evacuated, as the
reservoir is gradually filled, can also be
drawn..
RESERVOIRS RESERVOIRS
Storage Capacity of a Reservoir
Both the elevation-area curve and the
elevation- storage curve on
the same paper. Abscissa - areas and
volumes - opposite
di ti
Area-Elevation Curve
from contour map An
elevation-area curve is
then drawn between
the surface area as
abscissa and the
elevation as ordinate.
Elevation-Capacity
Curve: is determined
from elevation-area
curve using diff
formulae.